US9494344B2 - Method for reconfiguring a cryostat configuration for recirculation cooling - Google Patents

Method for reconfiguring a cryostat configuration for recirculation cooling Download PDF

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US9494344B2
US9494344B2 US14/320,670 US201414320670A US9494344B2 US 9494344 B2 US9494344 B2 US 9494344B2 US 201414320670 A US201414320670 A US 201414320670A US 9494344 B2 US9494344 B2 US 9494344B2
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container
cooling
cooling medium
nitrogen
cooling circuit
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US20150007586A1 (en
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Andreas Kraus
Robert Schauwecker
Joerg HINDERER
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Bruker Switzerland AG
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Bruker Biospin SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D17/00—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
    • G01R33/38—Systems for generation, homogenisation or stabilisation of the main or gradient magnetic field
    • G01R33/3804—Additional hardware for cooling or heating of the magnet assembly, for housing a cooled or heated part of the magnet assembly or for temperature control of the magnet assembly
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/20—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance
    • G01R33/28—Details of apparatus provided for in groups G01R33/44 - G01R33/64
    • G01R33/38—Systems for generation, homogenisation or stabilisation of the main or gradient magnetic field
    • G01R33/381—Systems for generation, homogenisation or stabilisation of the main or gradient magnetic field using electromagnets
    • G01R33/3815—Systems for generation, homogenisation or stabilisation of the main or gradient magnetic field using electromagnets with superconducting coils, e.g. power supply therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F6/00—Superconducting magnets; Superconducting coils
    • H01F6/04—Cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/014—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/016—Noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe)
    • F17C2221/017—Helium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/05—Applications for industrial use
    • F17C2270/0527—Superconductors
    • F17C2270/0536—Magnetic resonance imaging

Definitions

  • the invention concerns a method for converting a cryostat configuration
  • a room temperature vacuum container containing a first container with a liquid helium bath, the operating temperature of which is kept below 5K by means of helium evaporation, wherein the room temperature vacuum container also encloses a second container which is filled with liquid nitrogen for thermally shielding the first container and can be kept at an operating temperature of between 75 and 80K by means of nitrogen evaporation.
  • a cryostat configuration of this type is used, in particular, for cooling superconducting magnet coils.
  • Magnet coils of this type are used i.a. for NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) measurements.
  • NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method of instrumental analysis.
  • RF (radio frequency) pulses are thereby irradiated into a test sample located in a strong static magnetic field and the RF reaction of the test sample is measured. The relevant information is integrally obtained over a certain area of the test sample, the so-called active volume.
  • the high magnetic fields that are required for this purpose are generated by superconducting magnet coils which are advantageously operated in liquid helium.
  • the magnet coil and the liquid helium are located in a first container.
  • the temperature of this container remains constant due to continuous evaporation of helium.
  • One or more radiation shields may additionally be arranged around this container.
  • a ring-shaped second container is arranged between these radiation shields and the outer room temperature vacuum container.
  • the second container is filled with liquid nitrogen whose temperature is kept constant at approximately 77K by means of continuous evaporation of nitrogen.
  • FIG. 8 A configuration of this type is illustrated in FIG. 8 .
  • This structure minimizes the heat input into the first container caused by radiation heat, thereby minimizing, in particular, the evaporation rate of helium in the first container such that helium must be refilled typically only every couple of months.
  • liquid helium and nitrogen In view of this passive cooling by means of the evaporating cryogenic helium and nitrogen, liquid helium and nitrogen must always be refilled within certain time intervals. Liquid nitrogen must be refilled within considerably shorter time intervals of one to two weeks.
  • the evaporating cryogens could also be collected outside of the cryostat configuration and be reliquefied by means of a separate cryosystem.
  • a separate cryosystem is offered e.g. by the company Cryomech (“Liquid Helium Plants”) but is disadvantageous in that only helium is reliquefied and must be transferred back into the cryostat configuration within relatively short time periods.
  • a further object of the present invention is to substantially reduce helium consumption of the cryostat configuration and moreover enable continuous operation over a long time period with minimum mechanical disturbances.
  • a fluid cooling medium is introduced into the second container, which is gaseous at a temperature of 60K and a pressure of 1 bar, and the cooling medium is cooled to an operating temperature of ⁇ 60K by a refrigerator by means of a cooling circuit, the coolant lines of which are guided into the second container.
  • the originally intended function of the second container is changed in that liquid nitrogen is no longer used and the container is instead cooled to a temperature below 60K by a different coolant having a lower boiling point, which can by no means be achieved with nitrogen, since nitrogen already freezes at 63K.
  • the cooling medium is cooled via a closed cooling circuit using an external refrigerator in order to keep the low temperature of the cooling medium.
  • the coolant lines of the cooling circuit are connected to the outputs of the second container through which nitrogen gas normally flows to the outside in conventional cryostat configurations according to prior art.
  • Refrigerators which achieve the required cooling performances and temperatures below 60K are commercially available. Pulse tube coolers, Gifford-McMahon coolers or Stirling coolers can e.g. be used as refrigerators.
  • refrigerators of this type for cooling the gaseous cryogen (previously always nitrogen) in the second container but exclusively only for cooling or reliquefying the helium in the first container.
  • the evaporation rate of liquid helium in the first container is decisively determined by the heat input in the form of thermal radiation and thermal conduction between the first container and the second container that is arranged around the first.
  • the second container is normally at a constant temperature which was determined up to now by the boiling point of nitrogen of approximately 77K at a pressure of 1 bar.
  • One possibility of reducing the evaporation rate of liquid helium from the first container is obtained in a very simple fashion by reducing the temperature of the second container (with respect to the previously normal temperature level of liquid nitrogen).
  • the second container By converting the second container to cooling by means of a different cooling fluid which has a substantially lower boiling point than nitrogen, the evaporation rate of helium from the first container can be reduced to considerably lower values (e.g. 50% of the normal value) since the cooling medium is in good thermal contact with the second container even in a gaseous state, i.e. the second container consequently assumes the temperature of the cooling medium.
  • the lower evaporation rate of helium moreover offers the great advantage that helium must be refilled less frequently and at larger intervals. Dwell times of more than one year can easily be achieved in this fashion. This is of great advantage, in particular, in countries in which liquid helium can be procured only within large time intervals and the helium price is particularly high.
  • the inventive system is furthermore advantageous in that it is only connected to the second container of the cryostat configuration via flexible vacuum-insulated coolant lines. For this reason, the refrigerator can be freely placed next to the cryostat configuration without any limitations with respect to room height and requires only little space.
  • refrigerators can e.g. be used that have a higher vibration level but have a greater thermodynamic efficiency, i.e. yield better cooling performance with the same electrical power. Refrigerators of this type are moreover often considerably less expensive and more robust with respect to their service life.
  • the cooling circuit Since the cooling circuit is closed, refilling or replacing of coolant is not necessary during operation. Since the refrigerator can be largely freely selected, the customers can choose different cooling powers in accordance with their requirements. For this reason, the filling intervals for refilling liquid helium into the first container can be varied within a wide range and e.g. be combined with the service intervals for the refrigerator.
  • helium or neon is used as the gaseous cooling medium.
  • These two lightest inert gases have already been used in cryotechnology for many decades to generate extremely low temperatures during use, since they remain in a gaseous state down to low temperatures during normal conditions, whereas nitrogen already freezes at 63K.
  • helium only condenses at 4.2K and helium gas is much easier to obtain in the form of compressed gas cylinders than is liquid helium.
  • a heat exchanger is arranged in the second container and is connected to the coolant lines of the cooling circuit and the cooling medium is cooled to an operating temperature of ⁇ 60K by means of the heat exchanger. Advantages and mode of operation are described in detail in the description in connection with FIG. 2 .
  • coolant lines of the cooling circuit are open inside the second container, wherein the cooling medium is guided from the second container into the coolant lines of the cooling circuit and cooled to an operating temperature of ⁇ 60K. Advantages and mode of operation are described in detail in the description in connection with FIG. 1 .
  • the second container is filled with liquid nitrogen prior to conversion, and is supplemented or replaced by the introduced cooling medium during conversion of the cryostat configuration.
  • a system is converted which has already been in operation in its original configuration, i.e. with evaporating nitrogen in the second container, and is then converted in accordance with the inventive method.
  • an amount of nitrogen is left in and/or introduced into the second container in addition to the fluid cooling medium, the nitrogen occupying a volume of at least 5 l at an operating temperature of ⁇ 60K.
  • the present invention also concerns a cryostat configuration for performing the above-mentioned inventive method with a room temperature vacuum container in which a first container containing a liquid helium bath is arranged, the operating temperature of which is held below 5K by means of helium evaporation, wherein a second container is also arranged in the room temperature vacuum container, which is filled with liquid nitrogen for thermally shielding the first container and which can be kept at an operating temperature of 75 to 80K by means of nitrogen evaporation.
  • This cryostat configuration is characterized in that a fluid cooling medium is provided in the second container which is gaseous at a temperature of 60K and at a pressure of 1 bar, that coolant lines are guided into the second container and the cooling medium is cooled to an operating temperature of ⁇ 60K by a refrigerator and a cooling circuit.
  • This cryostat configuration has the advantage that the second container is already cooled during first start-up by the cooling medium that circulates in the cooling circuit and the operator of the device benefits from the advantages right from the start.
  • the configuration has furthermore the great advantage that it can be converted back at any time, i.e. the second container can be disconnected from the cooling circuit and filled with liquid nitrogen without impairing normal use of the cryostat configuration.
  • One preferred embodiment of the inventive cryostat configuration is characterized in that it is part of a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus and is used to cool a superconducting magnet configuration. Apparatus of this type are generally used for analysis purposes and have high capacity utilization rates such that disturbance-free and, in particular, low-maintenance operation is advantageous. This is achieved by the present invention in that refilling of liquid nitrogen is no longer required and the refilling intervals for liquid helium are also considerably extended.
  • an element for insulating mechanical vibrations is integrated in the coolant lines of the cooling circuit. Advantages and mode of operation can be extracted in detail from the description in connection with FIG. 3 .
  • One further preferred embodiment of the inventive cryostat configuration is characterized in that the second container has a volume of at least 50.
  • This configuration has the advantage that the second container has a volume which is sufficiently large to permit both operation with liquid nitrogen and also operation with the cooling circuit.
  • the cooling circuit comprises a compactor which is designed as a refrigerator compressor, as a cold gas compressor or as a pump that is operated at ambient temperature and is integrated in the cooling circuit by a counterflow heat exchanger.
  • the coolant must circulate in the cooling circuit for cooling the second container by means of a thermally conducting connection to the cooling medium and the coolant, since it is heated up inside the second container and must be cooled again by the refrigerator.
  • a counterflow heat exchanger of the type that is used in many fields of application in heating and cooling technology is typically used. Further advantages and the mode of operation of a cold gas compressor can be extracted in detail from the description in connection with FIG. 6 .
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic vertical section through an embodiment of the inventive cryostat configuration, in which the coolant that circulates in the cooling circuit is identical with that in the second container;
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment like in FIG. 1 , however, with the second container comprising a different cooling medium than the cooling circuit;
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment like in FIG. 1 , however with elements for damping vibrations on the coolant lines;
  • FIG. 4 shows an embodiment like in FIG. 3 , however, with an additional supply volume of cooling medium in a cooling medium tank that is connected to the coolant circuit;
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment like in FIG. 2 , however, with an additional residual volume of liquid nitrogen that has not been completely removed during conversion;
  • FIG. 6 shows an embodiment like in FIG. 1 , however, with a compressor integrated in the coldbox, which compresses the coolant at a low temperature and obviates the need for a counterflow heat exchanger;
  • FIG. 7 shows an embodiment like in FIG. 6 , however, with an additional Joule-Thomson valve in the coolant line prior to entry into the second container;
  • FIG. 8 shows a cryostat configuration according to prior art.
  • the present invention concerns, in general, a method for converting a conventional cryostat configuration of prior art, which is schematically illustrated in FIG. 8 and which has been extensively discussed above.
  • the cryostat configuration 1 has a room temperature vacuum container 10 housing a first container 2 with a liquid helium bath 3 , the operating temperature of which is kept below 5K by means of helium evaporation, wherein the room temperature vacuum container 10 additionally contains a second container 6 which is filled with a liquid nitrogen bath 7 for thermally shielding the first container 2 , and can be kept at an operating temperature of 75 to 80K by means of nitrogen evaporation.
  • the cryostat configuration 1 according to prior art and illustrated in FIG. 8 , as well as the inventive configuration are typically used for NMR devices.
  • the first container 2 of the configuration 1 is filled with liquid helium 3 and generally contains a superconducting magnet configuration 4 which is surrounded by a radiation shield 5 that, in turn, is surrounded by the second container 6 containing liquid nitrogen 7 .
  • the room temperature vacuum container 10 surrounds both containers 2 , 6 and the radiation shield 5 .
  • the first container 2 has a filling opening 9 and the second container 6 has a filling opening 8 through which the evaporating cryogens can escape and each of which can also be used for refilling.
  • the helium evaporation rate from the first container 2 is determined by the heat input from the outside due to radiation and thermal conduction through the filling openings 8 , 9 . Due to the vacuum that prevails in the outer room temperature container 10 and the described onion-like layered structure of the configuration 1 , the helium evaporation rate can typically be kept less than 100 ml/h.
  • the present invention is characterized in that, in the course of conversion or retrofitting of a cryostat configuration 1 in accordance with prior art, a fluid cooling medium 12 is introduced into the second container 6 which is gaseous at a temperature of 60K and a pressure of 1 bar and the cooling medium 12 is cooled to an operating temperature of ⁇ 60K by a refrigerator 16 by means of a cooling circuit 11 , the coolant lines of which are guided into the second container 6 .
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of the inventive cryostat configuration 1 with cooling circuit 11 which is connected to the filling openings of the second container 6 .
  • the cooling medium in the second container 6 is identical with the coolant that circulates in the cooling circuit 11 .
  • the cooling medium 12 is guided by a compressor 13 via a counterflow heat exchanger 15 to a second heat exchanger 17 which is cooled by the refrigerator 16 .
  • the cooling medium 12 then flows through the second container 6 and cools it to a temperature of below 60K.
  • the cooling medium 12 that leaves the second container 6 subsequently flows through the counterflow heat exchanger 15 back to the compressor 13 .
  • the heat exchangers 15 , 17 and the refrigerator 16 are installed in a closed coldbox 14 which is held under vacuum.
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment that is similar to FIG. 1 , in which, however the cooling medium 12 in the second container 6 does not correspond to the coolant 18 that circulates in the cooling circuit 11 .
  • the heat exchange in the second container 6 is performed via the surface of a heat exchanging element 19 .
  • This element may e.g. be introduced into the second container 6 using a long hose.
  • the cooling circuit 11 is completely tight with respect to the cryostat configuration 1 .
  • a different coolant 18 can be used in the cooling circuit 11 and the working pressure of the coolant 18 is not dependent on the cooling pressure in the second container 6 . Since the second container 6 only permits a slight overpressure with respect to atmosphere due to its corresponding mechanical design, the pressure in the cooling circuit 11 can be selected to be much higher, thereby increasing the density of the coolant 18 and increasing the thermodynamic efficiency of the cooling loop.
  • the liquid nitrogen 7 contained in the second container 6 for the intended use of the cryostat configuration 1 in the configuration according to FIG. 5 was not completely removed prior to connection of the cooling circuit 11 . Since the fluid chambers of coolant 18 and cooling medium 12 are not connected, the nitrogen will freeze at temperatures below approximately 63K.
  • the advantage of this nitrogen reservoir 22 for a residual amount of N2 is apparent in cases in which the coolant circuit 11 is no longer fully functional, for example due to a power breakdown or defect of the refrigerator 16 or of the compressor 13 . In these cases, the second container 6 will only heat up to a temperature of approximately 77K due to the contained nitrogen, which ensures operation of the cryostat configuration 1 over a long period.
  • the cryostat configuration 1 illustrated in FIG. 6 has a cold gas compressor 23 that is integrated in the coldbox 14 and operates at the temperature of the cold coolant 12 .
  • This is advantageous in that the coolant 12 does not have to be heated in a counterflow heat exchanger prior to reaching the compressor 23 .
  • Compressors of this type that operate at low temperatures are distributed e.g. by the company Cryozone BV. This configuration considerably increases the efficiency of the coolant circuit 11 while reducing the cost due to omission of the counterflow heat exchanger.
  • the coolant 12 of the cryostat configuration illustrated in FIG. 7 is released upon entry into the second container 6 via a Joule-Thomson expansion valve 24 .
  • release of gas can reduce the temperature, thereby achieving an additional cooling effect. This effect is utilized e.g. in the well-known Linde method for liquefying air.
  • This additional cooling can be utilized when the compressor 23 yields high compression of the coolant 12 and a suitable gas such as e.g. neon is used for the coolant 12 .
  • a suitable gas such as e.g. neon

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Containers, Films, And Cooling For Superconductive Devices (AREA)
US14/320,670 2013-07-03 2014-07-01 Method for reconfiguring a cryostat configuration for recirculation cooling Active 2035-02-27 US9494344B2 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE201310213020 DE102013213020A1 (de) 2013-07-03 2013-07-03 Verfahren zum Umrüsten einer Kryostatanordnung auf Umlaufkühlung
DE102013213020.1 2013-07-03
DE102013213020 2013-07-03

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US20180261366A1 (en) * 2015-09-04 2018-09-13 Tokamak Energy Ltd Cryogenics for hts magnets
US20240093836A1 (en) * 2022-09-21 2024-03-21 Bruker Switzerland Ag Device for transferring liquid helium, with reduced transfer losses

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DE102015212314B3 (de) * 2015-07-01 2016-10-20 Bruker Biospin Gmbh Kryostat mit aktiver Halsrohrkühlung durch ein zweites Kryogen
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JP7096238B2 (ja) * 2016-10-06 2022-07-05 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェ 極低温熱サイホンの受動流れ方向バイアシング
JP7139303B2 (ja) * 2019-11-01 2022-09-20 ジャパンスーパーコンダクタテクノロジー株式会社 クライオスタット用ヘリウム再凝縮装置
DE102020201522A1 (de) * 2020-02-07 2021-08-12 Bruker Switzerland Ag NMR-Messanordnung mit kalter Bohrung des Kryostaten
CN112712958B (zh) * 2020-12-23 2023-01-31 中国科学院电工研究所 一种液氮屏蔽混合液体介质冷却的高温超导磁体
EP4426983A4 (fr) * 2021-11-02 2025-09-17 Anyon Systems Inc Réfrigérateur à dilution comprenant un liquéfacteur d'hélium à écoulement continu
CN114637349B (zh) * 2022-03-04 2023-04-11 中国科学院电工研究所 一种液氦温区恒温装置及恒温控制方法

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DE102013213020A1 (de) 2015-01-08

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