WO1980001351A1 - Nourriture pour ruminants a partir de bagasses - Google Patents

Nourriture pour ruminants a partir de bagasses Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1980001351A1
WO1980001351A1 PCT/US1979/001116 US7901116W WO8001351A1 WO 1980001351 A1 WO1980001351 A1 WO 1980001351A1 US 7901116 W US7901116 W US 7901116W WO 8001351 A1 WO8001351 A1 WO 8001351A1
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recited
cellulose material
hydrolyzing
feed
mixture
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F Andrews
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BREWER CO Ltd
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BREWER CO Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/32—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from hydrolysates of wood or straw
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Definitions

  • cellulose could be chemically degraded to an alcohol by hydrolysis with acid or alkali.
  • the decomposition products are dependent upon the acid or alkali used in the hydrolysis, the particle size of the cellulosic material, the temperature, the pressure and length of time of the hydrolysis reaction. If a concentrated acid or alkali is used, a fine particle size is formed upon hydrolysis. The hydrolysis reaction required shorter reaction times when conducted at higher temperatures and higher pressures.
  • ceilulosic material Depending upon the hydrolyzing agent, acid or alkali, a partial hydrolysis of ceilulosic material yields alpha, beta, or gamma cellulose.
  • the lignin present in ceilulosic materials can be removed by an alkali hydrolysis and the pentosans present can be removed by acid hydrolysis.
  • Lignin is the chemical name given to an unclassified group of highmolecular weight substances whose exact nature is not known, but which are assumed to bind or hold cellulose or hemicellulose together. They are composed of aromatic benzene rings which contain some methylated phenolic groups.
  • cellulose material is the refining of sugar from sugarcane. After the sugar has been extracted from the sugarcane plants, the remaining plant material is a ceilulosic material which is called bagasse. In the normal operation of a sugar mill, about 70 percent of the bagasse produced is burned in the boilers of the sugar mill for generation of process steam and electricity. The remainder of the bagasse generated is considered as a waste product and its conversion to a valuable by-product would be highly desirable.
  • bagasse in its natural state after exiting a sugar mill, has been used as an animal feed.
  • bagasse has a high lignin content and ruminants cannot beneficially digest lignin found in bagasse.
  • the high lignin content also retards the digestion of other ceilulosic materials which may be ingested by the ruminants.
  • Bagasse also contains a negligible amount of protein, generally, on the order of 1 to 3 percent by weight of the bagasse. Bagasse fibers can also be too coarse for good digestion or so fine that they pass through the ruminant's stomach too quickly.
  • Bagasse in its natural state is generally too hard and coarse for good digestion.
  • the sharp fibers present in bagasse can .pierce stomach walls and cause internal bleeding if not macerated by the animal to an extent which destroys such sharp edges.
  • Bagasse does contain some important trace elements like calcium, chromium, and potassium, but it lacks essential vitamin complexes such as vitamins A and B complexes.
  • the fibrous fraction of sugarcane bagasse like other ligno-cellulosic materials (examples, wood, bamboo, etc.) contain as primary constituents cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses.
  • the latter include both pentosans and hexosans in amounts of about 28 weight percent total hemicellulose which average about 12 weight percent pentosans (about 90 to 95 weight percent xylan) and about 16 weight percent hexosans on a dry weight basis in a typical bagasse.
  • a process for making ruminant feeds from ceilulosic material comprises the steps of shredding the ceilulosic material to a particle size of less than about 1 inch (2.54 cm) wide, about 2-1/2 inches (6.35 cm) long and about 3/8 inch (0.9525 cm) thick.
  • the sized ceilulosic material is hydrolyzed in an acid or alkaline hydrolyzing media under hydrolyzing conditions with agitation sufficient to provide thorough mixing and maintain fiber length of the cellulose material of from about 3/8 (0.9525 cm) to about 1-1/4 inches (3.175 cm).
  • the hydrolyzed cellulose particles are separated and washed for removing excess acid or alkaline hydrolyzing media.
  • the collected hydrolyzed cellulose is washed and the pH is adjusted to a range of from about 4 to about 6.
  • Feed additives are then mixed with the hydrolyzed cellulose.
  • the feed additives added are selected from the group consisting of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, urea, calcium phosphate, filter mud from sugar mills, molasses, water and mixtures thereof.
  • the hydrolyzed cellulose and feed additives are then thoroughly mixed and dried to a moisture content of from about 2 to about 4 percent less than the desired moisture content of the final feed product. The dried mixture is then pelletized or cubed to provide the final feed product.
  • Additional water can be added during the cubing or pelletizing steps to enhance the cubing or pelletizing properties of the mixture and to raise the moisture content of the final feed cubes or pellets to the desired moisture level.
  • vitamin supplements such as the vitamin complexes A, B, C, D and E.
  • the protein value of the feed can be increased by adding a high protein value plant material such as taro, manioc, cassava, tapioca and other natural protein-containing materials or high protein substances such as cottonseed meal and soybean meal.
  • An exemplary ruminant animal feed produced by the process and suitable for feed for ruminants can contain at least about 50 parts by weight hydrolyzed cellulose, up to about 10 parts by weight urea, up to about 2.5 parts by weight calcium phosphate and up to about 30 parts by weight molasses.
  • the various feed additives generally comprise up to about 50 parts by weight of the final feed product.
  • a ruminant animal feed can also be made from taro, cassava and tapioca plants. To make such a ruminant animal feed the plants are shredded, chopped and washed. The chopped plants are then sized for a suitable size for a ruminant feed, such as particles up to about 1-1/2 inches (3.81 cm) in the greatest dimension. The sized plants are then dried at a temperature below the charring temperature to a moisture content of about 5 percent by weight. Alternatively, the chopped and sized plants can be boiled in water for up to about 10 minutes, drained and then dried to a moisture content of about 5 to about 10 weight percent. The dried plants, rich in natural protein, can be used as a ruminant animal feed or can be added to feed as a feed supplement.
  • a suitable size for a ruminant feed such as particles up to about 1-1/2 inches (3.81 cm) in the greatest dimension.
  • the sized plants are then dried at a temperature below the charring temperature to a moisture content of about 5 percent
  • FIG.1 illustrates a schematic outline and arrangment of equipment for carrying out the process of this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graph of the average daily milk production of dairy cattle fed a hydrolyzed cellulose feed made by the process of the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a graph of the butterfat content of milk produced by dairy cattle fed a hydrolyzed cellulose feed made by the process of this invention
  • FIG. 4 is a graph of the non-butterfat solids of milk produced as depicted in FIG. 3.
  • the process of this invention produces an animal feed for ruminant animals from a cellulose material.
  • Any cellulose material can be used in the process, such as rice hulls, cottonseed hulls, cane trash (leafy portion of sugarcane), nut hulls (such as almond hulls), wood particles, corn stalks, corncobs and the like.
  • sugarcane bagasse resulting from the refining of sugarcane. The process is herein described with reference to
  • the cellulose material to be treated by this process is other than sugarcane bagasse, it may have to be shredded in a shredder 10.
  • mill run bagasse which is the fibrous waste of sugarcane after the majority of the sugar has been extracted, is of sufficiently small size that it does not require further shredding.
  • the cellulose material is shredded, chopped, or cut to physically and mechanically break down the long cellulose fibers present in such cellulose material.
  • the shredded cellulose material is then screened in screen 12. In the screen 12 the cellulose material is separated into three fractions. The particles greater than the preferred range are discarded or preferably recycled to the shredder.
  • the particles having dimensions less than about 1 ⁇ 2-1/2 ⁇ 3/8 inches (2.54 ⁇ 6.35 ⁇ 0.9525 cm) but greater than the fines, are retained for further processing.
  • fines are considered to be those particles which pass through a 100 mesh sieve. The fines can be discarded because such small particles in ruminant animal feeds can inhibit digestion and interfere with the rumination process. Further, if the feed is for dairy cattle, the fines contribute to low fat content in the milk.
  • the fines are comprised of substantially hemicellulose which can be used for other purposes, such as special purpose feeds.
  • the fines can be fed to the mixer 28 where some of the fines can be mixed into the finished product mix prior to drying and agglomerating in the cuber 36 to make such a special purpose feed.
  • Cellulose material particles of greater than 100 mesh and less than about 1 inch (2.54 cm) wide, about 2-1/2 inches (6.35 cm) long and about 3/8 inch (0.9525 cm) thick are preferred for use in the subsequent hydrolysis reaction under the conditions hereinafter disclosed.
  • this initial particle size is sufficiently large to prevent formation of particles upon hydrolysis that are too small for utility as a ruminant animal feed.
  • the length of the fiber in a ruminant animal feed is preferably greater than about 3/8 of an inch (0.9525 cm) to about 5/8 inch (1.5875 cm) in order to prevent digestive problems in the animals and low fat in dairy cow's milk.
  • the preferred initial range of cellulose particle sizes is sufficiently small as to provide upon hydrolysis an end particle size that can be easily ingested and digested by the ruminant animal for which the feed is intended.
  • the cellulose material is fed into the hydrolysis reactor 16.
  • the cellulose material is partially hydrolyzed for removal of a substantial proportion of the lignin contained in the cellulose.
  • the lignin content in sugarcane bagasse is from about 20 to 22 percent by weight. Ruminant animals are unable to digest lignin and lignin interferes with the digestion of cellulose and other foodstuffs in the rumen.
  • the hydrolysis is conducted under conditions sufficient to prevent loss of pentosans which are also found in cellulose material.
  • Pentosans are an important energy source and it is, therefore, desirableto retain the pentosans in the final feed produced, the hydrolysis step is, therefore, conducted under hydrolyzing conditions such that there is a substantial reduction in the lignin content of the cellulose material without destroying the pentosan. content.
  • An important discovery in using the feed produced from the present process is that it is not necessary to completely remove lignin from the hydrolyzed cellulose material which is to be used as a ruminant feed. For example, lignin is present in almost everything ruminant animals generally eat. Alfalfa, a long used feed for ruminants, contains as much as 7 to 10 percent lignin.
  • ruminant animals such as cattle
  • the amount of lignin which can be present in ruminant feeds is directly related to the acid detergent value of the feed. Ruminant animals can tolerate an acid detergent fiber to lignin ratio of at least about 4 to 1.
  • Acid detergent fiber (ADF) is a system of stating the crude fiber content of a feed. Prior to the use of ADF, analysis of animal feed was. stated in terms of crude fiber content to designate the cellulose content of the feed. Chemically, the crude fiber method is a measure of the residue which remains after a weak acid and weak alkali are boiled with cellulose.
  • Crude fiber is used as a measure of the bulk or roughage in feeds or as a rough indication of the undigestible portion of the feed. This system of analysis overlooks the fact that in about one case out of four, the digestibility of the crude fiber exceeds the fraction containing sugar and starches.
  • the acid detergent fiber method is an improvement over the crude fiber analysis.
  • the approach of the acid detergent fiber method is to remove the hemicelluloses (pentosans) and the soluble and digestible components of the feed leaving only lignin and cellulose. It is, thereby, possible to determine the lignin value of a given feed by use of a modified ADF analysis. By then subtracting the lignin value from the determined ADF value, it is possible to derive the cellulose value.
  • the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) method is another method for determining the cellulose value for a given animal feed.
  • the neutral detergent fiber method solubilizes lipids and proteins, removes minerals, gelatinizes starches at a neutral pH to prevent hydrolysis of the hemicelluloses and isolates the cell walls containing cellulose and lignin.
  • the hydrolysis step conducted in the process of this invention is critical.
  • the hydrolysis is conducted under hydrolyzing conditions such that the cellulose material is partially hydrolyzed to produce at least a 4 to 1 ADF to lignin ratio in the final feed product and retain a satisfactory effective fiber length of at least about 3/8 inch (0.9525 cm) for the final feed product.
  • the hydrolysis can be conducted using either an acid hydrolysis or an alkaline hydrolysis.
  • acid hydrolysis any strong inorganic acid can be utilized as the hydrolyzing agent.
  • acids which can be used include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like.
  • the alkaline hydrolyzing agent can be selected from any strong concentrated base, such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and the like.
  • Alkaline hydrolysis is preferred because it provides an increase in acid detergent fiber and reduction of lignin content without substantial loss of the pentosans.
  • Particularly preferred is the use of ammonium hydroxide as the hydrolyzing agent.
  • Ammonium hydroxide is preferred because the ammonia formed upon dissociation can react with cellulose derivatives forming amino glucoside complexes which behave as, or, are natural protein compounds. Such natural protein compounds are more digestable by ruminant animals than urea added to a feed.
  • Acid hydrolysis provides a smaller increase in crude fiber, ADF and NDF values, and a decrease in pentosans, while the lignin values remain substantially equivalent to those values found in untreated bagasse. There is also a higher recovery of usable fiber using alkaline hydrolysis than when acid hydrolysis is utilized.
  • the concentration of the alkaline hydrolyzing agent can be up to 20 percent by weight alkaline compound in water. It is particularly preferred to use concentration of up to about 5 percent alkaline solution because such a concentration yields the greatest increase in crude fiber, ADF and NDF values, while substantially decreasing the percentage of lignin during a relatively short reaction time of about 30 minutes or less.
  • concentration of up to about 5 percent alkali results in retention of about half of the pentosans which provide an important energy source when left in the food.
  • the hydrolysis step is conducted in a hydrolysis reactor which is fitted with means for providing heat to the reactor.
  • Such means can include direct heating means or the reactor can be jacketed, such as with a steam jacket or hot water jacket for providing the necessary heat for hydrolysis.
  • the reactor is also equipped with means for providing agitation to the material in the reactor.
  • such means for agitating the cellulose material and hydrolyzing agent can be an air sparger.
  • Such means for agitation can also be a mechanical stirring device or other mechanical agitation means. Agitation of the reaction mixture is critical for the proper hydrolysis and production of hydrolyzed cellulose material to be used as ruminant feed. Rapid agitation of the reaction material breaks down the cellulose in the material to micron particle sizes.
  • the hydrolysis reaction is conducted at a temperature from about 200° to about 280°F (93-138°C) for a time period up to about 90 minutes. It is preferred that the hydrolysis reaction be conducted at a temperature from about 214° to about 250°F (101-121°C). Such a temperature can be achieved by direct heating of the reaction vessel or by supplying the heat, such as with superheated steam through a jacket on the outside of the reactor. When superheated steam is utilized in a jacketed reactor, the superheated steam is at about a temperature of 400°F (205°C) and a pressure of 100 psi (7.031 kgkm 2 ).
  • the hydrolyzing media used in the preferred practice of the invention is an alkaline solution comprising three components.
  • the alkaline solution comprises fresh alkaline solution from tank 18, recycled and reconstituted alkaline solution from tank 21 and water. The water is added to adjust the pH within the range from about 12 to 13 and to maintain the desired boiling point.
  • the desired end point of the hydrolysis reaction can be determined by monitoring the reaction time for hydrolysis if the concentration of the alkaline solution is maintained constant and the quantity of cellulose material is controlled.
  • the end point can also be determined by chemical analysis of crude fiber, ADF and lignin.
  • the cellulose material being hydrolyzed forms a reaction mixture which becomes darker as the hydrolysis reaction progresses.
  • the end point can also be determined by noting the color of the reaction mixture, the texture of the coarser cellulose material, and physically noting the softness of the cellulose material.
  • the contents of the reactor are dropped from the hydrolysis reactor into a means for separating the hydrolyzed cellulose material from the hydrolysis media.
  • a means for separating the solid cellulose material from the liquid media can be any suitable solids/liquids separation apparatus, such as a filter, sequential centrifuges, filter press, centrifuge, dewatering press and the like.
  • FIG. 1 a centrifuge 22 is shown wherein the excess hydrolyzing agent is separated from the hydrolyzed cellulose material.
  • the excess hydrolyzing agent is pumped to the holding tank 23 or can be pumped directly to the evaporator 20. Fresh water is used to wash the alkaline hydrolyzing agent from the cellulose material cake in the centrifuge.
  • Dilute hydrochloric acid from vessel 24 can be used to return the pH of the cellulose material cake to about 4 to 5. If the hydrolysis reaction is conducted under acidic conditions, then the cellulose material separated in the centrifuge 22 is washed with a dilute basic solution such as dilute sodium hydroxide to also return the pH of the bagasse cake to about 4 to 6. The excess hydrolyzing agent removed from the cellulose material can be recycled to reactor 16 from the centrifuge 22 to the evaporator 20 and to recycle tank 21. In the evaporator 20 the hydrolyzing agent can be reconstituted and transferred to a recycle tank 21 for recycling to the hydrolysis reactor 16 for further use in a subsequent hydrolysis reaction.
  • a dilute basic solution such as dilute sodium hydroxide
  • the hydrolyzed cellulose material is transferred to a storage hopper 26.
  • the cellulose material is stored in such a hopper until it is to be formed into the final feed.
  • feed additives that can be added can be selected from the group consisting of filter mud from a sugar mill, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, flavorings, nutritional additives, molasses, urea, water and mixtures thereof.
  • natural protein material such as taro, manioc, cassava, tapioca and the like can be added to the hydrolyzed cellulose to increase the protein value of the cellulose material as feed.
  • Urea while a good source of nitrogen for protein, is limited in the amount that can safely be added to a ruminant animal's diet. Usually, the use of urea is restricted to about one-third of the protein nitrogen in a ruminant's total ration. If more than this amount is added, the animal cannot utilize the protein efficiently. In extreme cases of too much urea, an animal may die of urea toxicity. While urea is a convenient method of adding a limited amount of crude protein, it is relatively expensive. Taro and other substances containing a high percentage of natural protein offer inexpensive substitutes. For example, taro has the following general composition:
  • Taro contains an undesirably large amount of calcium oxalate which gives it such a bitter taste that most ruminants refuse to eat it as a feed or feed additive.
  • taro leaves, stems and corms can be prepared in either of two methods. First, taro can be washed, chopped to suitable size, such as up to about 1-1/2 inches (3.81 cm) in their greatest dimension, and dried at a temperature below its charring point to a moisture content of about 5 percent. Then, it can be blended with other nutritional supplements and fed to a cuber which uses molasses as a binding agent if the taro is to be the basic feed stock.
  • the taro is washed, chopped and sized.
  • the sized taro is boiled in water for up to about 10 minutes, drained and added to the mixing chamber 28 for blending with the hydrolyzed cellulose material.
  • the amount of water used is held to a minimum to prevent the over-leaching of protein from the taro.
  • the weight of the natural protein containing material added to the hydrolyzed cellulose depends upon the amount of protein in such material and the amount of natural protein desired in the finished feed.
  • taro (leaves and stems) should be added to the hydrolyzed cellulose material in a range up to about 75 percent of the dry weight of the final feed.
  • the above-described feed additives are blended into the hydrolyzed cellulose to keep the crude fiber, ADF value, NDF value, protein, fat and ash at the desired levels for the final feed product. Additionally, minerals such as calcium phosphate can be added from the mixing tank.
  • the feed additives to be added in the mixing chamber 28 can be fed from holding tank 34 into a mixing tank 30. In the mixing tank 30 the additives are thoroughly mixed and from the mixing tank 30 are fed into the mixing chamber 28 to be mixed with the hydrolyzed cellulose.
  • a mixture of urea, calcium phosphate and molasses can be diluted with a sufficient amount of water to allow the mixture to be .sprayed into the mixing chamber 28.
  • the amounts of urea, calcium phosphate and molasses can vary from about 1 to about 12 pounds (0.454 to 5.443 kg), 0.5 to about 3.0 pounds (0.227 to 1.361 kg) and 5 to 30 pounds (2.268 to 13.608 kg) respectively per 100 pounds (45.359 kg) of feed to be formed.
  • the hydrolyzed cellulose containing the additives is fed to a dryer 32.
  • the dryer can be any type of dryer, such as a continuous, direct-fired rotary dryer.
  • the mixture of hydrolyzed cellulose and food additives is fed to the dryer and is dried to a moisture content of from about 2 to about 4 percent less moisture than the desired moisture content of the finished feed product.
  • the dried feed material coming out of the dryer 32 is cooled and transported to a cuber or pellitizer 36.
  • the feed is a spagnum-like material.
  • the feed is cubed or pellitized into 1-1/4 inch (3.175 cm) cubes or smaller pellets.
  • vitamin complexes such as vitamins A, B, C, D and E complexes
  • tank 38 vitamins A and B complexes can be mixed with water and added to the feed at a rate of about 1/2 to about 1 gram per minute to the cuber to provide the proper amounts of these vitamins to the cubed feed.
  • the water with which the vitamins are mixed reacts with the molasses already present in the feed to provide the binder which allows for the formation and stability of the cubes. Due to the drying in dryer 32 to a moisture content less than the desired end moisture content, such water added during the cubing process can raise the moisture content to the desired level.
  • the finished cubes are removed from the cuber, cooled and transported to storage.
  • the vitamins are added during the cubing process to prevent possible degradation of the vitamins during the drying step in dryer 32.
  • the temperature in dryer 32 can be sufficiently high to degrade the vitamin added and, therefore, it is desirable to add vitamins to the feed during the cubing step.
  • Examples 1-27 were conducted to determine the effect of hydrolysis upon bagasse obtained from sugarcane. Both acid hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis experiments were conducted. The effects of various concentrations of both the alkaline hydrolyzing agent and acidic hydrolyzing agent were also noted. Further, the effects of time upon the hydrolysis reaction were observed.
  • the wet neutralized samples of hydrolyzed cellulose were spread as uniformly as possible on a glass tray and placed in a microwave oven for a series of alternate three minutes drying and two minute cooling periods. The samples were turned over after every drying sequence until a level of approximately 5 to 10 percent moisture was obtained. Following drying, the samples were analyzed for moisture, crude fiber, ADF and NDF values, lignin, pentosans, proteins, ash content and invert sugar content.
  • Table I lists the results of hydrolysis reactions of Examples 1-27.
  • concentration of hydrolyzing agent is listed in the second column, headed Sample, along with the type of hydrolyzing agent used and time period for the hydrolysis reaction.
  • the "C” stands for caustic which was an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
  • the “M” stands for an acid hydrolyzing agent which was aqueous hydrochloric acid for these experiments.
  • the time for the reaction is given in minutes as the last number of the series in the column.
  • sodium hydroxide solution was used to hydrolyze bagasse for a hydrolysis reaction sequence of 15 minutes.
  • the temperature at which the hydrolysis reaction was conducted is given in the right hand column and was generally between 200 and 260°F (93 and 127°C).
  • the increase in acid detergent fiber and reduction of lignin content are an indication of increased digestibility for ruminant animals.
  • the partial hydrolysis performed in the examples is shown to increase the ruminant's ability to assimilate the processed bagasse.
  • the results of the examples expressed in Table I also show that the values of crude fiber, ADF and NDF, differ slightly with time and concentration up to and including a concentration of 20 percent sodium hydroxide as the hydrolyzing agent. At 30 percent sodium hydroxide concentration all the values fall off slightly with time indicating the beginning of caustic degradation of cellulose into its complex components, such as glucosides and saccharides.
  • the acid hydrolysis of the bagasse when compared to alkaline hydrolysis, results in a smaller increase in crude fiber, ADF and NDF values, and a decrease in pentosans to zero while the lignin values remain almost equivalent to that of untreated bagasse.
  • An increase of acid concentration above 10 percent results in a decrease in crude fiber, ADF and NDF values.
  • the values of pentosans and lignin remain substantially about the same.
  • the solution becomes black, indicating a marked degradation of the cellulose. The experiments were terminated when degradation of cellulose began.
  • Example 28 Mill run bagasse was sieved through a 100 mesh screen. The particles passing through the screen were discarded. Particles greater than 1 inch (2.54 cm) wide, 2-1/2 inches (6.35 cm) long, and 3/8 inch (0.9525 cm) thick were also discarded. The remaining bagasse particles were stored in a hopper for feed to a hydrolysis reactor.
  • a 10 weight percent aqueous alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide in water was introduced to the hydrolysis reactor and heated to its boiling temperature.
  • the reactor was heated by passing superheated steam at a temperature of 400°F (204°C) and pressure of 100 psi (7.031 kg/cm 2 ) through a jacket on the outside of the reactor.
  • the sized bagasse was added gradually to the boiling alkaline hydrolyzing solution to prevent any sizable temperature drop.
  • the mixture of bagasse and hydrolyzing agent was agitated by a slow speed paddle which turned at 5 to 10 revolutions per minute. The paddle provided sufficient agitation to uniformly heat and wet the bagasse to insure uniform hydrolysis.
  • the mixture was dropped from the reactor into a centrifuge, In the centrifuge the excess caustic hydrolyzing agent was separated from the hydrolyzed bagasse; The bagasse was washed with distilled water to remove remaining alkaline hydrolyzing agent. Dilute hydrochloric acid was used to wash the bagasse and to return the pH of the bagasse to a pH of 4 to 6.
  • the hydrolyzed bagasse can then be combined with nutritional food additives for making a ruminant animal feed.
  • Example 29 Ruminant Feed from.Hydrolyzed Bagasse A ruminant animal feed was prepared from hydrolyzed bagasse prepared as described in Example 28. The ruminant feed was prepared by mixing 83.2 pbw of the hydrolyzed bagasse, 3.6 parts urea, 12.0 parts molasses (dry basis), 1.2 parts calcium phosphate and 22 grams vitamin A (500,000 IU/g).
  • the ruminant feed thus produced is suitable for feeding to ruminant animals.
  • Example 30 Feed, from a 1/4 ton (226.8 kg) a day pilot plant built on the principles described in the preferred embodiment and FIG. 1, was tested for crude protein, fiber, fat and dry matter digestibility in accordance with the procedures of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, "Official Method of Analysis," 10th Ed., 1965. For comparison purposes, three different feeds were tested using alfalfa cube hay as the control feed.
  • the processed feed was composed of processed bagasse, cottonseed meal, urea, calcium phosphate, molasses and vitamin A.
  • the processed bagasse rations and a similar unprocessed bagasse ration were fed to the sheep. An adjustment period of seven days or until intake was stabilized followed by a seven-day preliminary and a seven-day collection period was utilized to evaluate all feeds.
  • the ad libitum intake level was established during the adjustment period and approximately 90 percent of this value was fed during the subsequent preliminary and collective periods. Water was available to all animals at all times.
  • the voluntary intake per pound of body weight was 8.02 gm/lb (8.02 gm/0.454 kg).
  • the average dry matter consumption over the collective period was 722 gms per sheep per day for the processed bagasse feed.
  • the relative intake of this feed, as compared to textbook information on alfalfa hay, was 57.
  • the nutritive value index was 56.
  • the ration analysis is presented in Table II, and the digestive coefficients are given in Table III.
  • the total digestible nutrient (TDN) values are. also presented in Table III.
  • the processed bagasse is a more useful feed than the tabular data for alfalfa hay. Digestion coefficients were higher for the processed bagasse for fiber (74.2 v. 46.1); either extract (88.8 v. 38.1); and nitrogen-free extract (80 v. 69.9).
  • the tabular data for alfalfa hay is higher for crude protein (74.5 v. 61.2).
  • the TDN value for alfalfa hay was 54.8 and for the processed bagasse was 70.97.
  • Acid detergent fiber %* 39.4 62.1 71.6
  • TDN total digestible nutrients
  • TDN Total Digestible Nutrients
  • a ruminant feed prepared from hydrolyzed bagasse as described in Examples 28 and 30 was tested as a feed for dairy cattle.
  • the herd was divided in half. One-half was fed alfalfa cube hay and the other half was fed the processed bagasse feed for 56 days in accordance with the schedule in Table IV which amounted to 90 percent of their ad libitum intake.
  • Each cow was identified for the records by an ear tag.
  • Each test group of 12 cows was kept in a separate corral and milked as a group.
  • the 20 percent grain mix for each cow in both groups was fed in the following manner:
  • the following examples illustrate formulations of an animal feed using a natural protein containing material.
  • Example 32 A ruminant animal feed using only taro leaves and stems which have been harvested together like alfalfa, is prepared dry with a moisture content of 5 percent.
  • the feed has the following composition based on a 100 pound (45.36 kg) dry basis.
  • Example 33 A ruminant animal feed is prepared using partially hydrolyzed bagasse which was prepared as described in Example 28.
  • the feed has the following composition on a 110 pound dry basis:
  • Vitamin A (10 gms) -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  • a ruminant animal feed is prepared using partially hydrolyzed bagasse which has been prepared as described in Example 29.
  • the feed has the following composition on a 100 pound basis:
  • the processes herein and the ruminant feeds made from such processes provide a new, useful and efficient feed product using basic materials which are generally considered waste products and which have little nutritive or beneficial use as foodstuffs for humans.
  • the ruminant animal feeds produced by these processes are readily consumed by ruminants and have been shown to be substantially equivalent to an alfalfa feed for such ruminants.
  • alfalfa feed is considered to be an efficient and beneficial food source for ruminant animals.
  • the use as a feed material of cellulose material which is generally not used, frees material that is generally utilized as feed for animals and makes it available for use and consumption by humans.

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Abstract

Procede pour la production de nourriture pour ruminants a partir de materiau cellulosique et produit ainsi obtenu. Le materiau cellulosique est en premier lieu conditionne pour fournir des particules d'environ 2,54 cm de large, d'environ 6,35 cm de long et de 0,9525 cm d'epaisseur. Le materiau cellulosique conditionne est melange avec un milieu d'hydrolyse et hydrolyse dans des conditions d'hydrolyse basique ou acide. Pendant l'etape d'hydrolyse le materiau cellulosique est degrade en fibres d'environ 0,9525 a 3,172 cm. Pendant l'hydrolyse le materiau est agite dans des conditions d'agitation douce suffisante pour amener une hydrolyse complete mais evitant une degradation plus avancee de la taille des fibres. A la suite de cette hydrolyse, le materiau cellulosique hydrolyse est separe du milieu d'hydrolyse et lave pour eliminer tout milieu restant d'hydrolyse acide ou basique. Le pH du materiau cellulosique hydrolyse est alors ajuste a environ 4 jusqu'a environ 6. Le materiau cellulosique hydrolyse est alors melange avec des additifs nutritifs afin d'accroitre les proprietes du materiau cellulosique en tant que produit nutritif. Ce melange de materiau cellulosique et d'additifs nutritifs est alors completement melange et seche afin d'en reduire le contenu en eau. Le melange est alors presente sous forme de cubes ou de comprimes afin d'etre utilise en tant que produit nutritif. Des supplements en vitamines et en mineraux peuvent egalement etre rajoutes pendant les etapes de faconnage en cubes ou en comprimes afin d'accroitre la valeur nutritive du produit.
PCT/US1979/001116 1978-12-26 1979-12-21 Nourriture pour ruminants a partir de bagasses Ceased WO1980001351A1 (fr)

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2141316A (en) * 1983-05-30 1984-12-19 Martin Clancy Animal feedstuff
GB2285806A (en) * 1993-12-27 1995-07-26 Hayashibara Biochem Lab Alkali-treated bagasse
WO2006056628A1 (fr) * 2004-11-19 2006-06-01 Aspero, S.A. Aliment humide pour animaux destine a l'alimentation des ruminants et des monogastriques obtenu par melange de fibres longues et hachees avec des residus industriels ou des sous-produits agricoles
US20080220125A1 (en) * 2007-03-05 2008-09-11 Charles Abbas Method of Preparing More Digestible Animal Feed
WO2014145136A3 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2014-11-06 Yulex Corporation Procédé de production d'un caoutchouc naturel de haute qualité sans hévéa
US20140342038A1 (en) * 2011-12-19 2014-11-20 Novozymes A/S Processes and Compositions For Increasing The Digestibility of Cellulosic Materials
US20150056324A1 (en) * 2007-03-05 2015-02-26 Archer Daniels Midland Company Archer daniels midland company
WO2016126683A1 (fr) * 2015-02-02 2016-08-11 Benemilk Oy Composition d'aliment pour animaux et son procédé de fabrication
CN112868918A (zh) * 2021-02-05 2021-06-01 华南理工大学 一种利用制糖剩余物制备反刍动物用饲料的方法和应用

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US3939286A (en) * 1973-01-29 1976-02-17 Jelks James W Process for oxidizing and hydrolyzing plant organic matter particles to increase the digestability thereof by ruminants
US4053645A (en) * 1976-02-02 1977-10-11 Jelks James W Process of increasing the digestability of cellulosic material using nitric acid
US4082859A (en) * 1975-07-01 1978-04-04 Sol Katzen Conversion of cellulose and lignin organic waste material into a more digestible and manageable form

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US3251716A (en) * 1964-05-28 1966-05-17 Allied Chem Hydrolysis of lignocellulose materials with concentrated hydrochloric acid
US3939286A (en) * 1973-01-29 1976-02-17 Jelks James W Process for oxidizing and hydrolyzing plant organic matter particles to increase the digestability thereof by ruminants
US4082859A (en) * 1975-07-01 1978-04-04 Sol Katzen Conversion of cellulose and lignin organic waste material into a more digestible and manageable form
US4053645A (en) * 1976-02-02 1977-10-11 Jelks James W Process of increasing the digestability of cellulosic material using nitric acid

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CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, VOLUME 84, NUMBER 21, ISSUED 24 MAY 1976 (COLUMBUS, OHIO, U.S.A.) A. CABELLO, 'OPTIMIZATION OF A METHOD FOR INCREASING THE DIGESTIBILITY OF CELLULOSE RESIDUE FROM SUGARCANE' SEE PAGE 458 COLUMN 2, THE ANSTRACT NO. 149515P, SOBRE DERIV. CANA AZUCAR 1975, 9(2) 34-37 (SPAN.). *
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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2141316A (en) * 1983-05-30 1984-12-19 Martin Clancy Animal feedstuff
GB2285806A (en) * 1993-12-27 1995-07-26 Hayashibara Biochem Lab Alkali-treated bagasse
US5545418A (en) * 1993-12-27 1996-08-13 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Alkali-treated bagasse, and its preparation and uses
US5622859A (en) * 1993-12-27 1997-04-22 Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo Biologically pure strain of Enterococcus falcium FERM BP-4504
GB2285806B (en) * 1993-12-27 1998-04-29 Hayashibara Biochem Lab Alkali-treated bagasse,and its preparation and uses
ES2262413A1 (es) * 2004-11-19 2006-11-16 Aspero, S.A. Pienso humedo para la alimentacion de rumiantes y monogastricos obtenido mediante la mezcla de fibra larga y picada con residuos industriales o subproductos agricolas.
WO2006056628A1 (fr) * 2004-11-19 2006-06-01 Aspero, S.A. Aliment humide pour animaux destine a l'alimentation des ruminants et des monogastriques obtenu par melange de fibres longues et hachees avec des residus industriels ou des sous-produits agricoles
ES2262413B2 (es) * 2004-11-19 2007-09-16 Aspero, S.A. Pienso humedo para la alimentacion de rumiantes y monogastricos obtenido mediante la mezcla de fibra larga y picada con residuos industriales o subproductos agricolas.
US20080220125A1 (en) * 2007-03-05 2008-09-11 Charles Abbas Method of Preparing More Digestible Animal Feed
US20150056324A1 (en) * 2007-03-05 2015-02-26 Archer Daniels Midland Company Archer daniels midland company
US20140342038A1 (en) * 2011-12-19 2014-11-20 Novozymes A/S Processes and Compositions For Increasing The Digestibility of Cellulosic Materials
WO2014145136A3 (fr) * 2013-03-15 2014-11-06 Yulex Corporation Procédé de production d'un caoutchouc naturel de haute qualité sans hévéa
WO2016126683A1 (fr) * 2015-02-02 2016-08-11 Benemilk Oy Composition d'aliment pour animaux et son procédé de fabrication
CN107205437A (zh) * 2015-02-02 2017-09-26 拜内梅尔克公司 动物饲料组合物及其制造方法
CN112868918A (zh) * 2021-02-05 2021-06-01 华南理工大学 一种利用制糖剩余物制备反刍动物用饲料的方法和应用

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