WO1995006242A1 - Bod sensor and bod measuring method - Google Patents
Bod sensor and bod measuring method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995006242A1 WO1995006242A1 PCT/JP1994/001418 JP9401418W WO9506242A1 WO 1995006242 A1 WO1995006242 A1 WO 1995006242A1 JP 9401418 W JP9401418 W JP 9401418W WO 9506242 A1 WO9506242 A1 WO 9506242A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- bod
- sensor
- solution
- measuring
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/1806—Biological oxygen demand [BOD] or chemical oxygen demand [COD]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a BOD sensor, and more particularly, to a BOD sensor that does not use an oxygen electrode.
- BACKGROUND ART BOD biochemical oxygen demand
- BOD biochemical oxygen demand
- Water pollution caused by organic compounds is reduced or eliminated by the oxidation reaction of aerobic microorganisms, and dissolved oxygen is consumed according to the concentration of the organic substances. By measuring the amount of oxygen consumed, water pollution will become apparent. That is, BOD is an indirect expression of the concentration of the organic compound by the amount of oxygen.
- the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS defines a method for measuring BOD, but this method requires complicated operations, and has the problem of requiring five days for measurement. Therefore, there is a need for a BOD measurement method that can be performed quickly, easily, and on-line.
- a BOD sensor has already been developed and is being used for measuring wastewater from factories.
- a conventionally used B 0 D sensor is composed of a microbial membrane and an oxygen electrode, and measures B 0 D based on the amount of decrease in dissolved oxygen in a solution.
- a microbial electrode in which microorganisms that assimilate organic substances and consume oxygen are encapsulated between a diaphragm of an oxygen electrode and a dialysis membrane covering the same (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 54-476999) Is known.
- a sensor that measures B 0 D based on the amount of decrease in dissolved oxygen as described above has a problem that it is difficult to measure an accurate value with a low dissolved oxygen and waste liquid.
- the structure of the oxygen electrode required a certain size in order to incorporate an electrolyte or the like in the electrode.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and has been directly applied to an organic compound without using an oxygen electrode. It is an object of the present invention to provide a BOD sensor which can measure the concentration of a compound and can measure even if the amount of dissolved oxygen is low.
- a BOD sensor as follows. That is, the present invention is a BOD sensor having a working electrode (microbial electrode) formed of a metal or carbon electrode, a thin film containing microbial cells in contact with the electrode, and a counter electrode.
- the present invention provides a sensor having a working electrode (microbial electrode) comprising a metal or carbon electrode and a thin film containing microbial cells in contact with the electrode, and a counter electrode in a solution containing an organic substance. It provides a method for measuring the B 0 D of this solution by measuring the current flowing when immersed and applying a potential difference between the microbial electrode and the counter electrode.
- microbial electrode working electrode
- a counter electrode in a solution containing an organic substance.
- the present invention also provides a BOD sensor having a reference electrode in addition to the above configuration, and a current flowing when the BOD sensor is immersed in a solution containing an organic substance and a potential difference is applied between the working electrode and the reference electrode. Provides a way to measure the B 0 D of this solution by measuring
- the BOD sensor of the present invention includes an electrode made of metal or carbon (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “metal electrode”) and a thin film containing microbial cells in contact with the metal electrode (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “microbial membrane”). And a counter electrode.
- a BOD sensor according to another embodiment of the present invention includes a working electrode including a metal electrode and a thin film containing a microbial cell in contact with the metal electrode (hereinafter, also simply referred to as a “microbial membrane”), and a counter electrode. And a reference electrode.
- the microorganisms When microorganisms are present in a sample solution containing organic compounds, the microorganisms metabolize the organic compounds to obtain energy. In the process, electron transfer occurs in the electron transport system of the respiratory chain. At this time, there is a correlation between the concentration of metabolized organic substances and the amount of transferred electrons. Therefore, by measuring the amount of the moving electrons, the concentration of the organic substances existing around the microorganism can be determined, and the BOD can be measured. Of this electron Since it is difficult to directly measure the movement amount, in the present invention, the B0D sensor having the above configuration is immersed in a solution containing an organic compound, and the sensor is placed between the working electrode of the sensor and the counter electrode or reference electrode.
- the microbial membrane is for allowing microbial cells to be present on or near the surface of the metal electrode.
- a microbial cell encapsulated in a three-dimensionally crosslinked structure such as an alginate gel film, an agarose gel film, a photocrosslinkable polyvinyl alcohol film, or a polyacrylamide film may be used.
- Microorganisms may be encapsulated between the metal electrode and a membrane such as a dialysis membrane that does not allow microbial cells to permeate.
- Microbial cells may be immobilized on the polymer membrane. Further, a microorganism in which microorganisms are immobilized on the surface of the metal film constituting the working electrode using glutaraldehyde or the like may be used. It is desirable that the microorganisms in the thin film survive.
- the microorganism is not particularly limited as long as it can transfer electrons to the electron transfer system by metabolizing organic substances. Either prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganisms can be used.However, in eukaryotic cells, since the transfer of respiratory chain electrons takes place in the mitochondria, the amount of electrons transferred to the working electrode is relatively small. Prokaryotic microorganisms are preferred in terms of BOD measurement sensitivity.
- prokaryotic microorganisms examples include prokaryotic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Gluconobacter and Pseudomonas, and eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeast belonging to the genus Trichosporon.
- prokaryotic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Gluconobacter and Pseudomonas
- eukaryotic microorganisms such as yeast belonging to the genus Trichosporon.
- the electrode made of metal or carbon receives electrons generated by the metabolism of organic matter in the BOD measurement sample by microorganisms.
- the material for the working electrode may be any material that is stable, has high conductivity, and is substantially harmless to microorganisms, such as metals such as platinum, gold, and silver, or graphite, carbon, and the like. Carbon material.
- the shape is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a rod shape, a cylindrical shape, and a sheet shape.
- the working electrode constituting the BOD sensor of the present invention is obtained by bringing a microbial membrane into contact with the metal electrode. If the distance between the metal electrode and the microbial membrane is too large, electrons generated at the microbial membrane cannot transfer to the metal electrode. In this sense, “contact” does not necessarily mean complete contact, but is as close as possible to the extent that electrons can move in solution. Just do it.
- the working electrode include a structure in which microorganisms are immobilized on the surface of a metal electrode via a functional group, a structure in which a gel film containing microorganisms is adhered to a metal electrode, a dialysis membrane covering a metal electrode end, and a metal electrode. And a dialysis membrane containing microorganisms.
- the microorganism suspension is suction-filtered on a thin film of acetyl cellulose or the like, and the microorganisms are collected in a membrane on the thin film.
- the dialysis membrane is covered from outside the acetyl cellulose membrane with a metal electrode. May be covered.
- the shape of the metal electrode and the shape of the microbial membrane should preferably be such that their contact area is large.
- the BOD sensor of the present invention has the working electrode and the counter electrode, and further has a reference electrode as needed.
- Materials for the opposite electrode include platinum, silver, gold, and carbon.
- the BOD measurement method of the present invention is based on a method in which the above BOD sensor is immersed in a solution containing an organic substance (measurement sample solution), and a current flowing between both electrodes when a potential difference is applied between the working electrode and the counter electrode or the reference electrode. This is a method of measuring the BOD of this solution by measuring the BOD.
- the BOD sensor is immersed in a measurement sample solution, a potential difference is applied between the working electrode and the counter electrode, and the current flowing between both electrodes is measured.
- a potential difference is applied between the working electrode and the reference electrode, and the current flowing between the two electrodes is measured.
- the potential difference load and the current may be measured using a potentiostat or the like.
- a mediator to the sample liquid, because measurement with higher sensitivity is possible.
- media between the microbial membrane or between the microbial membrane and the metal electrode An eta may be included.
- the media will promote the transfer of electrons generated by the metabolism of organic matter by microorganisms to metal electrodes.
- the mediator may be any mediator that promotes the transfer of electrons from the microorganism to the metal electrode.
- 1-methoxy-5-methylphenadinium methylsulfonate (1M-PMS) 2,6-Dichloromouth Indophenol (DCIP), 9-Dimethylaminobenzo- ⁇ -Phenazoxonium Chloride, Methylene Blue, Indigotrisulfonic Acid, Phenosa Furanin, Thionine, New Methylene Blue, 2,6-Dichloro Mouth phenol, indophenol, azure ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ , -tetramethyl- ⁇ -phenylenediamindihydrochloride, resorufin, safranin, sodium anthraquinone / 3-sulfonate, indigo carmine, dyes such as riboflavin, rib
- the BOD is measured by measuring the current flowing between the counter electrode or reference electrode and the working electrode using a buffer solution containing no organic substance, and then using the measurement sample or the measurement sample solution diluted with the above buffer solution. This is done by measuring the current and comparing the difference between these currents with the current difference when using the standard sample.
- the current flowing through the sensor depends on the type of microorganism, the contact area between the metal electrode and the microbial membrane, the type and concentration of the media, the potential difference applied between the counter electrode and the metal electrode, the BOD concentration, etc. May be set appropriately by conducting preliminary experiments.
- the BOD sensor of the present invention When the BOD sensor of the present invention is immersed in an organic substance-containing solution, the organic substances are metabolized by microorganisms in the microbial membrane of the sensor. As a result, the electrons move to the electron transport system.
- a potential difference is applied between the counter electrode and the metal electrode, electrons are transferred from the microbial membrane to the metal electrode. As a result, the obtained current is different from when no electrons are generated.
- the organic matter concentration that is, the BOD can be measured.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing an embodiment of a working electrode constituting a BOD sensor of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a front view showing an example of a BOD measurement system using the BOD sensor of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the load voltage and the current value.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the buffer concentration and the current value.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the media concentration (DC IP) concentration and the current value.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the mediator concentration (1 M-PMS) concentration and the current value.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between B 0 D and the current value when the type of media is changed.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing an example of a calibration curve for BOD measurement.
- FIG. 9 is a rough diagram showing the effect of dissolved gas on B 0 D measurement.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the BOD and the current value when using an 8 mM ferricyanide power realm as a media.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between B 0 D and current when 40 nM 9-dimethylaminobenzo-phenazoxonium chloride was used as a mediator.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between BOD and current value when using 80 nM 1-M-PMS as a media.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the BOD and the current value when the electrode material was changed.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the relationship between the BOD and the current value when Escherichia coli is used as the microorganism of the microbial membrane.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the relationship between BOD and current value when Bacillus stearothermophilus is used as the microorganism in the microbial membrane.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the relationship between BOD and current value when using Acinetobacter calcoaceticus as a microorganism in a microbial membrane.
- FIG. 17 is a graph showing the relationship between BOD and current value when Trichosporone ctaneum is used as a microorganism in a microorganism membrane.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the relationship between BOD and current value when Gluconobacter suboxydans is used as a microorganism in a microorganism membrane.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the relationship between BOD and current value when Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used as the microorganism of the microbial membrane.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing the effect of low dissolved oxygen on BOD measurement.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing the measurement of BOD by a B0D sensor in which microbial cells are fixed to a metal electrode using agarose.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the measurement of BOD by a B 0 D sensor in which microbial cells are fixed to a metal electrode using photocrosslinkable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA—SbQ: polyvinyl alcohol stilbazole quaternized).
- PVA—SbQ polyvinyl alcohol stilbazole quaternized
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the measurement of B 0 D by a B 0 D sensor in which microbial cells are fixed to a metal electrode using glutaraldehyde.
- BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described.
- a microorganism belonging to the genus Bacillus which is screened from the activated sludge (and named L- GL 3), 0. 3% K 2 HP0 4, 0. 1% ⁇ 2 ⁇ 4 0. 0 3% Mg S 0 4 ⁇ 7 ⁇ 2 Inoculate 80 ml (pH 7.0) of a medium containing 0.5% ammonium sulfate, 0.01% L-glutamic acid and 0.1% yeast extract, and shake at 30 ° for 48 hours. did. The culture was centrifuged to separate the cells from the medium, and the cells were washed with a buffer (0.05 M phosphoric acid, pH 7.0) and suspended in the same buffer.
- a buffer 0.05 M phosphoric acid, pH 7.0
- the bacterial suspension obtained above was filtered through a porous acetyl cellulose membrane 1a (pore diameter: 0.45 ⁇ m), and bacterial cells 1b were attached to the membrane surface.
- This membrane 1 is used as a microbial membrane, and the bacterial cell 1b of the membrane adheres to one end of a cylindrical platinum electrode 2 having a diameter of 3 mm, the side of which is insulated by coating a Teflon tube 8.
- the dialysis membrane 1 c was covered from above, and fixed with a 0-ring 3 (Fig. 1).
- the other end of the electrode was connected by bonding a lead wire 4 with silver paste.
- the lead wire may be fixed to the metal electrode using a clip or the like.
- the connection between the lead wire and the metal electrode was insulated by coating a heat-shrinkable tube. Insulation of the side surface of the metal electrode and the connection portion with the lead wire was performed in the following examples in the same manner as described above.
- a BOD measurement method was examined by the following measurement system (triode method) (FIG. 2).
- the working electrode, the reference electrode 5 (Ag / AgCl electrode) and the counter electrode (platinum electrode) 7 were connected to a potentiostat 6 and immersed in a sample tank 9 containing a buffer solution to obtain a BOD sensor.
- a constant voltage was applied between the reference electrode and the working electrode, and the flowing current was measured.
- a BOD standard solution or L-glutamic acid solution was added, and the current value was measured in the same manner.
- the sample solution was stirred using a magnetic stirrer 10. Measurements were recorded on recorder 12.
- Sample solution 30 was 40 nM DC IP, 40 nM 1-M- PMS containing 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and the BOD sensor was inserted into the sample tank containing 5 ml of this buffer.
- the load potential was set at +200 mV to IV; a constant concentration of organic substance (15 Omg / 1 L-glutamic acid) 40 ⁇ 1 was added, and the increase in the current value was measured. The results are shown in Figure 3.
- Example 3 Examination of optimal concentration of buffer solution The concentration of buffer solution was examined. The increase in the current value was measured in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the concentration of the phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was changed between 10 mM and 20 OmM, and the load potential was fixed at +400 mV.
- Fig. 4 shows the results.
- the optimal DC IP concentration at 0 nM was examined. Same as Example 2 except that the concentration of the phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was 0.01 M, the load potential was fixed at +40 OmV, and the DC IP concentration was varied between 10 and 80 nM. Then, the increase in the current value was measured. Fig. 5 shows the results. A good response value was obtained at a DC IP concentration of 10 nM or more.
- Example 8 Investigation of the effect of dissolved oxygen The effect of dissolved oxygen on the method of the present invention was examined. 0.011 ⁇ 1 Phosphate buffer (H7.0) 5 ml of nitrogen, oxygen, and air are passed through each for 30 minutes, and DC IP and 11M-PMS are adjusted to a final concentration of 40 nM each. Add the BOD sensor, apply a potential of +40 OmV, add 40 ⁇ l of BOD standard solution, The increase in value was measured. Similarly, the measurement was performed without passing gas. Fig. 9 shows the results.
- the current value was constant irrespective of the presence or absence of ventilation of various gases, and the BOD sensor of the present invention could measure BOD without being affected by dissolved oxygen.
- the BOD sensor of the present invention does not measure BOD based on a decrease in dissolved oxygen, but measures BOD by measuring electrons generated by metabolism of organic matter. It supports that it is.
- Example 9 Examination of other medias
- Example 10 Examination of electrode material A BOD sensor was manufactured using a gold, silver, and carbon electrode having a diameter of 3 mm as in the case of the platinum electrode, and the BOD was measured in the same manner as in Example 6. However, a potential difference was applied between the working electrode and the counter electrode without using the reference electrode, and the current flowing between both electrodes was measured.
- Figure 13 shows the results. As is clear from these results, similar results were obtained for the platinum, gold, silver, and carbon electrodes, and it was found that measurement was possible with a stable conductive material such as metal or carbon.
- Example 11 Examination of types of microorganisms used for microbial membrane
- Escherichia coli JMl09 was cultured with shaking at 37 ° C for 12 hours, immobilized on a Nitrocell orifice membrane, and attached to a Pt electrode.
- the obtained BOD sensor consisting of the working electrode, counter electrode and reference electrode is inserted into a buffer solution containing media (11 M—PMS, DC IP 4 OnM each), and BOD standard solution is added. Then, the increase in the current value was measured in the same manner as above.
- Acinetobacter calcoaceticus IFN552 was cultured in 30 cells and a similar experiment was performed. Overnight on media, potassium fluoride (8 mM) was used. The results are shown in FIG.
- Gluconobacter suboxydans (Gluconobacter suboxydans) The same experiment was carried out by culturing D. fulconobacter suboxydans IF30172 with 30 cells. In the media evening, potassium furocyanide (lOmM) was used. The results are shown in FIG.
- Example 13 Another Example of B0D Sensor
- the cells of the L-GL3 strain obtained by culturing in the same manner as in Example 1 were placed on a metal surface of a columnar platinum electrode having a diameter of 3 mm by agarose, A working electrode was prepared by immobilization using photo-crosslinkable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-SbQ: polyvinyl alcohol stilbazole quatemized) or guanolethanoleanolaldehyde.
- PVA-SbQ photo-crosslinkable polyvinyl alcohol
- B 0D was measured using these working electrodes and a B 0 D sensor composed of a counter electrode and a reference electrode.
- Agarose was dissolved by heating to an appropriate concentration (for example, 2%), and a suspension prepared by suspending L-GL3 cells in a phosphate buffer was mixed with the solution while maintaining the concentration at about 60. .
- the agarose solution in which the cells thus obtained were suspended was evenly attached to one end face of a cylindrical platinum electrode having a diameter of 3 mm, and cooled to obtain a working electrode.
- B 0 D can be measured using the B 0 D sensor of the present invention regardless of the method of immobilizing the cells on the metal electrode.
- BOD can be measured without being affected by the dissolved oxygen concentration.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP94925015A EP0667521A4 (en) | 1993-08-26 | 1994-08-26 | BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN REQUIREMENT SENSOR AND METHOD FOR MEASURING THE BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN REQUIREMENT. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP21195493 | 1993-08-26 | ||
| JP5/211954 | 1993-08-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1995006242A1 true WO1995006242A1 (en) | 1995-03-02 |
Family
ID=16614454
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP1994/001418 Ceased WO1995006242A1 (en) | 1993-08-26 | 1994-08-26 | Bod sensor and bod measuring method |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0667521A4 (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2147861A1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO1995006242A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112119304A (zh) * | 2018-07-24 | 2020-12-22 | 哈希公司 | 通过将金属氧化到较高化合价的水样测量 |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100303611B1 (ko) * | 1999-07-07 | 2001-09-24 | 박호군 | 미생물의 전기화학적 농화배양 방법 및 유기물질 및 bod 분석용 바이오센서 |
| CA2783256C (en) | 2009-12-08 | 2018-06-12 | Justin Buck | Microbially-based sensors for environmental monitoring |
| EP3242352A1 (en) | 2011-06-14 | 2017-11-08 | Cambrian Innovation, Inc. | Method for determining the biological oxygen demand |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5447699A (en) * | 1977-09-21 | 1979-04-14 | Ajinomoto Kk | Bod measuring method |
| JPH0442049A (ja) * | 1990-06-08 | 1992-02-12 | New Japan Radio Co Ltd | バイオセンサ |
| JPH04337453A (ja) * | 1991-05-13 | 1992-11-25 | Mizuo Iki | Bod迅速測定方法及びこれに用いる微生物電極 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4350763A (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1982-09-21 | Ajinomoto Company, Inc. | Method for determining biochemical oxygen demand |
| DE3707815A1 (de) * | 1987-03-09 | 1988-09-22 | Ulrich Pilz | Verfahren zur bestimmung des chemischen sauerstoffbedarfs von wasser |
| EP0360276A3 (en) * | 1988-09-22 | 1991-12-11 | Kao Corporation | Microbial adsorbent and microbial sensor using the same |
-
1994
- 1994-08-26 CA CA 2147861 patent/CA2147861A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-08-26 EP EP94925015A patent/EP0667521A4/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-08-26 WO PCT/JP1994/001418 patent/WO1995006242A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5447699A (en) * | 1977-09-21 | 1979-04-14 | Ajinomoto Kk | Bod measuring method |
| JPH0442049A (ja) * | 1990-06-08 | 1992-02-12 | New Japan Radio Co Ltd | バイオセンサ |
| JPH04337453A (ja) * | 1991-05-13 | 1992-11-25 | Mizuo Iki | Bod迅速測定方法及びこれに用いる微生物電極 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of EP0667521A4 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112119304A (zh) * | 2018-07-24 | 2020-12-22 | 哈希公司 | 通过将金属氧化到较高化合价的水样测量 |
| CN112119304B (zh) * | 2018-07-24 | 2024-04-09 | 哈希公司 | 通过将金属氧化到较高化合价的水样测量 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0667521A1 (en) | 1995-08-16 |
| CA2147861A1 (en) | 1995-03-02 |
| EP0667521A4 (en) | 1997-02-05 |
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