WO2002014244A1 - Hydrocarbon compound, material for organic electroluminescent element and organic electroluminescent element - Google Patents

Hydrocarbon compound, material for organic electroluminescent element and organic electroluminescent element Download PDF

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WO2002014244A1
WO2002014244A1 PCT/JP2001/006920 JP0106920W WO0214244A1 WO 2002014244 A1 WO2002014244 A1 WO 2002014244A1 JP 0106920 W JP0106920 W JP 0106920W WO 0214244 A1 WO0214244 A1 WO 0214244A1
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group
compound
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French (fr)
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Tsutomu Ishida
Takehiko Shimamura
Yoshiyuki Totani
Masakatsu Nakatsuka
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Mitsui Chemicals Inc
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Mitsui Chemicals Inc
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Priority to EP01955670A priority Critical patent/EP1221434B1/en
Priority to US10/110,241 priority patent/US6929870B2/en
Publication of WO2002014244A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002014244A1/ja
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Priority to US10/930,874 priority patent/US7166240B2/en
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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent device, a material for an organic electroluminescent device that can be suitably used for the light-emitting device, and a novel hydrocarbon compound.
  • an inorganic electroluminescent element has been used as a panel-type light source such as a backlight, but a high AC voltage is required to drive the light-emitting element.
  • organic electroluminescent device organic electroluminescent device: organic EL device
  • An organic electroluminescent element has a structure in which a thin film containing a compound having a light emitting function is sandwiched between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and electrons and holes are injected into the thin film and recombined. An element that generates excitons and uses light emitted when these excitons are deactivated.
  • the organic electroluminescent device can emit light at a low DC voltage of about several volts to several tens of volts, and has various colors (for example, red, blue, and green) by selecting the type of the fluorescent organic compound. (Color).
  • Organic electroluminescent devices having such characteristics are expected to be applied to various light-emitting devices, display devices, and the like. However, in general, the luminance is low and is not practically sufficient.
  • As a method for improving the light emission luminance as a light emitting layer, for example, An organic electroluminescent device using lith (8-quinolinolate) aluminum as a host compound, a coumarin derivative, and a pyran derivative as a guest compound (dopant) has been proposed [J. App 1. Phys.
  • the present inventors have conducted extensive studies on the organic electroluminescent device, and as a result, completed the present invention.
  • a i and A 2 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted anthracenyl group; F 2 and F 3 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted fluorenediyl group;
  • X 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or Represents a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group; j, m and n represent 0 or 1; k and 1 represent 1 or 2; when k is 2, the groups may be the same or different , When 1 is 2, F 2 may be the same or different.)
  • 80 and A 2 are anthracene-1,9-diyl groups, and F x , F 2 and F 3 are fluorene-1,2,1-diyl groups
  • each R 2 and R 2 2 is independently, represent a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group, or a substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group
  • X 2 Q to 1 to X 2 2 4 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, or a substituted or represents the unsubstituted โ‡ re Ichiru group.
  • R 2 1, R 2 2 and X soi X ss is not a anthryl group and Furuoreniru group.
  • X 2 . 5 and X 2 4 is a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, hydrocarbons of a stomach according to 1 2, wherein a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group Compound,
  • X 2. 5 and X 2 4 is a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, there have included in this 1 Section 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group Hydrocarbon compounds, (1 5) X 2 0 1 X 2 0 4 X 2 0 6 X 2 0 9 X 2 1 0 X 2 1 3
  • X 2 E 5 and X 2 i 8 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, straight chain, hydrocarbon compound according to 1 2, wherein Ru alkoxy groups der branched or cyclic,
  • each R 3 and R 3 2 are independently a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group or a substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group,
  • a 3 E and a 3 2 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group
  • a Z 3 1 and Z 3 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, straight chain, branched Or a cyclic alkoxy group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
  • RR 4 4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group, there have represents a substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group, X 4 0 X 4 2 2 Each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. Represent. However, RR44 and X40X422 are not anthryl group or fluorenyl group. )
  • each R 5 i and R 5 2 is independently, represent a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group, or a substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group
  • X 5 Q in 1 โ‡ X 5 E 6 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group or substituted, or an unsubstituted โ‡ Lil group.
  • R 5 1, R 5 2 and X โ‡ XS is not en bets drill group and Furuoreniru group.
  • X 5 Q 5 is an octylogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
  • each R 6 E and R 6 2 is independently, represent a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group, or a substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group
  • a 6 1 represents a substitution or unsubstituted Ariru group
  • Z 6 E and Z 6 2 are, respectively it independently, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic โ‡ alkyl group, a linear, branched or Represents a cyclic alkoxy group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
  • an organic electroluminescent device comprising at least one layer containing at least one organic electroluminescent device material according to item 23 between a pair of electrodes;
  • the layer containing the material for an organic electroluminescent device according to item 23 is Furthermore, the organic electroluminescent device according to 24 or 25, comprising a triarylamine derivative,
  • An organic electroluminescent device according to any one of 24 to 27, further comprising a hole injecting and transporting layer, between the pair of electrodes,
  • FIGS. 1 to 8 are structural diagrams schematically showing the organic electroluminescent device, respectively, and FIG. 1 shows (A) anode / hole injection / transport layer Z light-emitting layer Z electron injection / transport layer Z cathode type device; Fig. 2 shows (B) anode / hole injection / transport layer / light emitting layer / cathode type device, Fig. 3 shows (C) anode / light emitting layer Z electron injection / transport layer Z cathode type device, Fig. 4 shows (D) Anode Z light emitting layer / cathode type device. Fig. 5 shows a device in which the light emitting layer is sandwiched between electron injection transport layers. (E) Anode Z hole injection transport.
  • Layer Z electron injection transport layer Z light emitting layer / electron injection transport layer Z is a cathode type device.
  • Figure 6 shows a (D) type device configuration in which the light emitting component is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes in a single layer.
  • (F) a layer in which a hole injecting / transporting component, a light emitting component, and an electron injecting / transporting component are mixed and sandwiched between a pair of electrodes.
  • FIG. 7 shows (G) a device in which a hole injection / transport component and a light emitting component are mixed and sandwiched between a pair of electrodes
  • FIG. 8 shows (H) a light emitting component and an electron. This is a device of a type in which an injection / transport component is mixed and sandwiched between a pair of electrodes.
  • substrate 2 Anode
  • the present invention relates to a hydrocarbon compound in which an anthracene ring and a fluorene ring are directly bonded.
  • the hydrocarbon compound according to the present invention in which an anthracene ring and a fluorene ring are directly bonded does not contain a polymer, and preferably has a molecular weight of 200 or less. And more preferably a compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less.
  • the compound A according to the present invention is preferably a compound having a fluorene ring bonded to an anthracene ring at a position other than the 9-position, and more preferably a compound represented by the general formula (1) .
  • each of A and A 2 independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted anthracenyl group, and F 2 and F 3 each independently.
  • x 2 is each independently a hydrogen atom, an halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group
  • X and X 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group. Represents a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group.
  • the aryl group represents a carbocyclic aromatic group such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, and a heterocyclic aromatic group such as a furyl group, a phenyl group and a pyridyl group.
  • the amino groups of X i and X 2 may have a substituent, and may have an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and an alkyl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms. It may be mono- or di-substituted by a substituent such as an aryl group having 20 or an aralkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • the aryl group and the aralkyl group of X i and X 2 may have a substituent, and may have a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.
  • X i and X 2 are preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkoxy group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, Unsubstituted amino group Substituted amino group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted carbon having 6 to 25 carbon atoms; aromatic aromatic group, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 3 to 25 carbon atoms A cyclic aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 5 to 16 carbon atoms, more preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a carbon atom; A linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms; a substituted amino
  • a substituted amino group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms, Alternatively, it is a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • โ‡ and X 2 include a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, and a bromine atom; a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, and sec.
  • a to E and A 2 Waso respectively independently, are each F 1, F 2 and F 3 represent a substituted or unsubstituted en Torasenjiiru group independently substituted or Represents an unsubstituted full orangeyl group.
  • a 2 F, F 2 and F 3 has a substituent, for example, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic โ‡ alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted Or an unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group.
  • the aryl group represents a carbocyclic aromatic group such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, and a heterocyclic aromatic group such as a furyl group, a phenyl group and a pyridyl group.
  • substituents include the halogen atom, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group mentioned as specific examples of X i and X 2 , Linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, substituted or unsubstituted amino group, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group, or substituted or unsubstituted Aralkyl groups.
  • a 2 are, for example, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-1,4-diyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-1,5-diyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-1,8-diyl group, Substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-1,9-diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-1,1,0โ€”diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted anthraceneโ€”2,3-diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted anthracene Tolcene-1,2โ€”diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-1,2,7โ€”diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted anthraceneโ€”29 1-diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-1,
  • F x , F 2 and F 3 are, for example, substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-1,3-diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-1,6-diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted fluorene 1,1, 7-diyl group Substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-1,8-diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-1,2,6-diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-1,2,7-diyl group, substituted or unsubstituted A substituted fluorene-3,6-diyl group, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-1,6-diyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene-17-diyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene 1,8-diy
  • j, m and n represent 0 or 1, and k and 1 represent 1 or 2.
  • 1 k is 1; 2 j and n are 0; 1 is 1; k + m is 2; 3 j + 1 + n is 2; k is 1; m is 0, and 4 j, m and n are 0, and k and 1 are 1.
  • the compound represented by the general formula (1) can be roughly classified into the following structures according to the values of j, k1, m, and โ‡ .
  • preferred forms of the compound represented by the general formula (1) include the following general formulas (2), (4) and (4).
  • the compound represented by (5) can be mentioned.
  • each R 2 t and R 2 2 is independently, represent a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group, or a substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group, X 2 0 1 X
  • R 24 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, or a substituted or unsubstituted Represents an aryl group.
  • R 2 1, R 2 2 and X 2 0 X 2 2 4 is not en bets drill group and Furuoreniru group.
  • R 4 1 R 4 4 independently represents a hydrogen atom straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru groups, some have a substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group
  • x 4 0 1 X 4 2 2 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, or a substituted or unsubstituted โ‡ re Ichiru group.
  • R 4 1 โ‡ R 4 4 and X oi X sa is not en bets drill group and Furuoreniru group.
  • each R 5 E and R 5 2 is independently, represent a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted Ariru group, or a substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group
  • X 5 0 1 X 6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, or a substituted or unsubstituted amino group.
  • Replacement โ€” represents a methyl group.
  • R 5 1, R 5 2 and X โ‡ i X s is not an anthryl group and Furuoreniru group.
  • R 2 โ‡ , R 2 2, R 4 i โ‡ R 4 4, R 5 โ‡ and R 5 2 is Each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group.
  • R 2 1, R 2 2 , R 4 1 โ‡ R 4 4, R 5 1 Contact and R 5 2 is not an anthryl group and Furuoreniru group.
  • the aryl group represents a carbocyclic aromatic group such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, and a heterocyclic aromatic group such as a furyl group, a phenyl group and a pyridyl group.
  • R 2 1, R 2 2, R 4 1 โ‡ R 4 4, R 5 1 and R 5 2 is preferably a hydrogen atom, a straight-chain of from 1 to 1 to 6 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl group having carbon atoms from 6 to A substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group having 25 or 25 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group having 3 to 25 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 5 to 16 carbon atoms.
  • a hydrogen atom a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and having 4 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • R 2 1 1 0 substituted or unsubstituted Ararukiru group specific examples of R 2 2, R 4 1 โ‡ R 4 4, R 5 1 and R 5 2 is a hydrogen atom or X E and X 2, Straight-chain branched or cyclic alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic Group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group.
  • X โ‡ i X โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ โ‡ X X 5 6 6 are each independently: Hydrogen atom, halogen atom, straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group, straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkoxy group A substituted or unsubstituted amino group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group.
  • 501 to X516 are not an anthryl group or a fluorenyl group.
  • the aryl group represents a carbocyclic aromatic group such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group, and a heterocyclic aromatic group such as a furyl group, a phenyl group and a pyridyl group.
  • 1 to 5 preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear or branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, a linear or branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms.
  • Alkoxy group substituted amino group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group having 3 to 25 carbon atoms Group, more preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkoxy group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, A substituted amino group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms And more preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • Killed group linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, substituted amino group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic having 6 to 10 carbon atoms Group or substitution with 4 to 10 carbon atoms Or an unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group.
  • X 2 0 1 โ‡ X 2 2 4 , 4. 1 โ‡ โ‡ 4 2 2 โ‡ 5 . 1
  • โ‡ 5 1 6 hydrogen atom or ani clogs halogen atom
  • X E and X 2 a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted Or an unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group.
  • X 2 . 5 and X 2 i 4 is a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted โ‡ Li Ichiru group compound, and X 2 0 1, X 2. 4, X 2. 6 , X2
  • X 2 1 . , X 2 1 3, X 2 i 5 and X 2 8 is hydrogen atom, halogen atom, linear, Toki or cyclic alkyl group, a straight-chain, compounds are branched or cyclic alkoxy group, and more preferably , x 2.
  • 5 and X 2 i 4 are compounds wherein a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic aromatic group.
  • X 4 15 X 4 18 , X 49 and X 42 2 are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, Compounds that are linear, branched or cyclic alkoxy groups.
  • X 5 . 5 is a halogen atom, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a linear, branch or cyclic alkoxy group or a substituted or unsubstituted โ‡ Li is - Le group compound, and X 5 0 1, X 5. 4, X 5 Q 6 and X 5.
  • 9 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl group, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkoxy group
  • Specific examples of the compound A according to the present invention include, for example, the following compounds, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the compound A according to the present invention is preferably exemplified compound numbers A-1 to A-60, B-1 to B-60, C-1 to C-45, F-1 to F-14, Gโ€”l to Gโ€”25, I-one :! To I-45, and M-1 to M-25, and more preferably, Exemplified Compound Nos. A-1 to A-60, B-1 to B-60, C- 1 to C45, F_1 to Fโ€”40, Iโ€” :! to I45, and Mโ€” :! To Mโ€”25, more preferably Aโ€” ;! To Aโ€”60 Bโ€”1 to Bโ€”60, Cโ€”1 to Cโ€”45, and Mโ€”1 to โ‡ โ€”25.
  • Compound A according to the present invention can be produced, for example, by the following method. That is, for example, a halogenoanthracene derivative is combined with a fluorenyl boric acid derivative and, for example, a palladium compound [eg, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium chloride] And a base (eg, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, triethylamine) [see, for example, the method described in Chem. Rev., โ‡ , 2457 (1995). Can be produced.
  • a halogenoanthracene derivative is combined with a fluorenyl boric acid derivative and, for example, a palladium compound [eg, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium chloride]
  • a base eg, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, trie
  • the compound A according to the present invention can be obtained, for example, by converting an anthryl boric acid derivative to an octogenofluorene derivative, for example, a palladium compound [for example, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) paradum, bis (Triphenylphosphine) palladium chloride] and a base (eg, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, triethylamine) in the presence of [for example, Chem. Rev., 2457 (1995) Can be referred to].
  • a palladium compound for example, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) paradum, bis (Triphenylphosphine) palladium chloride
  • a base eg, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, triethylamine
  • the compound represented by the general formula (1) according to the present invention is, for example, It can be manufactured by the following method.
  • a boric acid compound represented by the following general formula (7) is combined with a compound represented by the following general formula (8) and, for example, a palladium compound [for example, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) para.
  • a palladium compound for example, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) para.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of dime, bis (triphenylphosphine) ino, "radium chlorideโ€ and a base (eg, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate triethylamine) [eg, Chem. Rev., 2457 (1995) can be referred to].
  • AA 2 , F 2 , F 3 , X x , X 2 , j, k, 1 m and n represent the same meaning as in the case of the general formula (1), and represents an octogen atom.
  • 'In the general formula (8) represents a halogen atom, and preferably represents a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or an iodine atom.
  • the compound represented by the general formula (1) is, for example, a compound represented by the following general formula (9), a boric acid compound represented by the following general formula (10), and a palladium compound [
  • a compound represented by the following general formula (9) for example, in the presence of tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium, bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium chloride] and a base (eg, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, triethylamine).
  • a base eg, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, triethylamine
  • Upsilon 2 represents a halogen atom, preferably represents a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom.
  • the compounds represented by the general formulas (7) and (10) include, for example, compounds represented by the general formulas (9) and (8), for example, โ‡ -butyllithium, metallic magnesium
  • the compound can be produced by reacting a litho compound or a Grignard drug which can be adjusted by the action of a compound with, for example, trimethoxyboron or triisopropoxyboron.
  • Alpha 1 is substituted or unsubstituted anthracene - 9, 1 0 - compound is Jiiru group is, for example, can be produced by the following method. That is, for example, a compound represented by the general formula (8) and the following general formula (11) is replaced with, for example, a litho compound or a Grignard reagent which can be adjusted by the action of โ‡ -butyllithium or magnesium metal, and The compound obtained by reacting the unsubstituted anthraquinone is dehydrated and aromatized in the presence of an acid (eg, hydroiodic acid) to obtain a compound represented by the general formula (1). And At is a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-diyl group, and a compound in which k is 1 can be produced.
  • an acid eg, hydroiodic acid
  • Y 3 represents a halogen atom, and preferably represents a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or an iodine atom.
  • the general formula (8) and the general formula (11) A compound obtained by reacting a substituted or unsubstituted bianthrone with a litho compound or Grignard reagent which can be prepared by, for example, n-butyllithium or magnesium metal, is reacted with an acid (eg, hydroiodic acid). ),
  • the compound represented by the general formula (1) is substituted or unsubstituted anthracene-9,10-diyl group, and k is Compound (2) can be produced.
  • the compound A according to the present invention may be produced in the form of a solvation with a solvent (for example, an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene) used in some cases.
  • a solvent for example, an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene
  • the compound A according to the present invention includes such a solvate, and also includes a non-solvate containing no solvent.
  • organic electroluminescent device of the present invention not only a non-solvate of the compound A according to the present invention but also such a solvate can be used.
  • a purification method such as a recrystallization method, a column chromatography method, or a sublimation purification method, or a compound having an increased purity by using these methods in combination is used. It is preferable to do so.
  • the organic electroluminescent element usually has at least one light-emitting layer containing at least one light-emitting component sandwiched between a pair of electrodes.
  • a hole injection transport layer containing a hole injection transport component and Z or electron injection as required.
  • An electron injection / transport layer containing a transport component can be provided.
  • the light emitting layer is a hole injection and transport layer and a Z or electron injection transport layer.
  • Type device a structure of a device (single-layer device) in which both the hole injection / transport layer and the electron injection / transport layer are not provided may be employed.
  • Each of the hole injection / transport layer, the electron injection / transport layer, and the light emitting layer may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure. However, in each layer, a layer having an injection function and a layer having a transport function may be separately provided.
  • the compound โ‡ according to the present invention is preferably used for a hole injection / transport component, a luminescence component or an electron injection / transport component, and more preferably used for a hole injection / transport component or a luminescence component. It is more preferable to use it for a light emitting component.
  • the compound A according to the present invention may be used alone or in combination.
  • the configuration of the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is not particularly limited.
  • (D) Anode Z light emission Layer Z cathode type device (FIG. 4) can be mentioned. Furthermore, it is a device of the type in which the light emitting layer is sandwiched between electron injection and transport layers.
  • the (D) -type element configuration includes an element of a type in which a light-emitting component is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes in a single layer form.
  • Fig. 8 There is an element of the type sandwiched between them.
  • the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is not limited to these device configurations, and each type of device may be provided with a plurality of hole injection / transport layer light emitting layers and electron injection / transport layers. Further, in each type of device, the light emission between the hole injection transport layer and the light emitting layer, the mixed layer of the hole injection transport component and the light emitting component and / or the light emitting layer and the electron injection transport layer, A mixed layer of the component and the electron injection / transport component may be provided.
  • More preferable configurations of the organic electroluminescent device include (A) type, (B) type, (C) type, (E) type, (F) type, (G) type and (H) type. ) Type element, and more preferably an (A) type element, a (B) type element, a (C) type element, a (F) type element, or an (H) type element.
  • organic electroluminescent device of the present invention for example, a (A) anode Z hole injection transport layer Z light emitting layer Z electron injection transport layer cathode device shown in FIG. 1 will be described.
  • 1 is a substrate
  • 2 is an anode
  • 3 is a hole injection / transport layer
  • 4 is a light emitting layer
  • 5 is an electron injection / transport layer
  • 6 is a cathode
  • 7 is a power supply.
  • the electroluminescent device of the present invention is preferably supported on the substrate 1, and the substrate is not particularly limited, but is preferably transparent or translucent.
  • the substrate may be a glass plate or a transparent plastic sheet. (Eg, sheets of polyester, polycarbonate, polysulfone, methyl methacrylate, polypropylene, polyethylene, etc.), translucent plastic sheets, quartz, transparent Examples include ceramics or composite sheets combining these.
  • the emission color can be controlled by combining, for example, a color filter film, a color conversion film, and a dielectric reflection film on the substrate.
  • anode 2 a metal, an alloy or an electrically conductive compound having a relatively large work function is preferably used as an electrode material.
  • Examples of the electrode material used for the anode include gold, platinum, silver, copper, cobalt, nickel, palladium, vanadium, tungsten, tin oxide, zinc oxide, ITO (indium tin oxide), polythiophene, and polypyroquinone. Can be mentioned. These electrode substances may be used alone or in combination.
  • the anode can be formed on a substrate by using these electrode substances, for example, by a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, or the like.
  • the anode may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure. It may be.
  • the sheet electric resistance of the anode is preferably set to several hundreds of ohms or less, more preferably about 5 to 50 ohms or less.
  • the thickness of the anode depends on the material of the electrode substance to be used, it is generally set to 5 to about L O O nm, more preferably to about 10 to 500 nm.
  • the hole injection / transport layer 3 is a layer containing a compound having a function of facilitating the injection of holes (holes) from the anode and a function of transporting the injected holes.
  • the hole injecting and transporting layer is formed of the compound A according to the present invention and / or another compound having a hole injecting and transporting function (for example, a phthalocyanine derivative, a triarylmethane derivative, a triarylamine derivative, Xazolyl derivative, hydrazone derivative, stilbene derivative, pyrazoline derivative, polysilane derivative, polyphenylenevinylene and its derivatives, polythiophene and its derivatives, and poly-N-vinylcarbazole derivative).
  • a hole injecting and transporting function for example, a phthalocyanine derivative, a triarylmethane derivative, a triarylamine derivative, Xazolyl derivative, hydrazone derivative, stilbene derivative, pyrazoline derivative, polysilane derivative, polyphenylenevinylene and its derivatives, polythiophene and its derivatives, and poly-N-vinylcarbazole derivative.
  • the compounds having a hole injection / transport function may be used alone or in combination.
  • Other compounds having a hole injecting and transporting function used in the present invention include triarylamine derivatives (for example, 4,4โ€ฒ-bis [N-phenyl-1-Nโ€” (4 โ€ฒโ€ฒ -methylphenyl) amino).
  • Triarylamine derivatives for example, 4,4โ€ฒ-bis [N-phenyl-1-Nโ€” (4 โ€ฒโ€ฒ -methylphenyl) amino).
  • the light emitting layer 4 is a layer containing a compound having a function of injecting holes and electrons, a function of transporting them, and a function of generating excitons by recombination of holes and electrons.
  • the light-emitting layer may be formed of the compounds A and Z according to the present invention or a compound having another light-emitting function (e.g., an acridone derivative, a quinacridone derivative, a diketopyro-pyrrolidine derivative, a polycyclic aromatic compound [e.g., J-Levlen, Anthracene, Tetracene, Pyrene, Perylene, Chrysene, Dekacyclene, Coronene, Tetraphenylcyclopentadiene, Pennylphenylcyclohexadiene, 9,10โ€”Diphenyl Luanthracene, 9,10โ€” Bis (phenylenyl) anthracene, 1,4-bis (9, -ethynylanthracenyl) benzene 4,4,1-bis (9 "-ethynylanthracenyl) biphenyl] triarylamine derivative [eg hole injection Examples of the compound having a transport function include the
  • the light emitting layer preferably contains the compound A according to the present invention.
  • the compound A according to the present invention may be used alone in the light emitting layer, or may be used in combination with a compound having another light emitting function.
  • the ratio of the compound A according to the present invention in the light-emitting layer is preferably from 0.001 to 99.99.
  • the amount is adjusted to about 9% by weight, more preferably about 0.01 to 99.9% by weight, and even more preferably about 0.1 to 99.9% by weight.
  • the other compound having a light-emitting function used in the present invention a light-emitting organometallic complex is preferable.
  • the light-emitting layer is composed of a host compound and a guest compound (dopant). It can also be composed of
  • the compound A according to the present invention can be used as a host compound to form a light-emitting layer, and further can be used as a guest compound to form a light-emitting layer.
  • examples of the host compound include the above-mentioned compounds having another light emitting function.
  • the compound A according to the present invention is preferably used in an amount of about 0.01 to 40% by weight, more preferably about 0.04% by weight, based on the luminescent organometallic complex or the triarylamine derivative. About 1 to 30% by weight. Particularly preferably, about 0.1 to 20% by weight is used.
  • the luminescent organometallic complex used in combination with the compound A according to the present invention is not particularly limited, but a luminescent organoaluminum complex is preferred, and a substituted or unsubstituted 8-quinolinolate ligand is preferred. Having Luminescent organoaluminum complexes are more preferred.
  • Preferred luminescent organic metal complexes include, for example, luminescent organic aluminum complexes represented by formulas (a) to (c).
  • Q represents a substituted 8-quinolinolate ligand
  • Oโ€”L is a phenolate ligand
  • L is a C 6-C 24 containing phenyl moiety. Represents a hydrocarbon group
  • the luminescent organometallic complex include, for example, tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum, tris (4-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum, and tris (5-methylino 8) aluminum.
  • Tris (3,4โ€”Dimethyl-8โ€”Quinolinolate) Aluminum, Tris (4,5โ€”Dimethyl-8โ€”Quinolinolate) Aluminum, Tris (4 , 6 โ€”Dimethyl-8 โ€”quinolinolate) Aluminum, bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (phenolate) Aluminum, bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) ( 2โ€”Methylphenolate) Aluminum, bis (2โ€”methyl_8โ€”quinolinolate) (3โ€”methylphenolate) Aluminum, bis (2โ€”methyl-8โ€”quinolinate) Aluminum, bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (2โ€”fuelphenolate) aluminum, bis (2-methyl-8_quinolinolate) (3 โ€”Feelf enolate) Aluminum, bis (2-methyl-1-8) -quinolinolate
  • the electron injection / transport layer 5 is a layer containing a compound having a function of facilitating the injection of electrons from the cathode and a function of transporting the injected electrons.
  • the electron injecting and transporting layer is formed of the compound A according to the present invention and / or another compound having an electron injecting and transporting function (for example, an organometallic complex [for example, tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum, bis (1 0 โ€” benzo [h] quinolinolate) beryllium, 5 โ€” beryllium salt of hydroxyflavone, 5 โ€” aluminum salt of hydroxyflavone] oxaziazole derivative [eg, 1, 3 โ€” bis [5 ' โ€” (4 "-tert-butylphenyl) 1-1 ', 3,, 4'-oxazidazolu-2'-yl] benzene], triazole derivative [for example, 3- (4'-tert-butylphenyl) 14 One phenyl โ€” 5 โ€” (4 " โ€”Phenylphenyl) 1,2,4 โ€” triazole], triazine derivative, perylene derivative, quinoline derivative, quinoxaline derivative, diphen
  • the compounds having an electron injecting / transporting function may be used alone or in combination.
  • the proportion of the compound A according to the present invention in the electron injecting and transporting layer is preferably about 0.1 to 40% by weight.
  • an organometallic complex for example, the compounds represented by the general formulas (a) to (c)] be used together to form an electron injection transport layer.
  • a metal, an alloy or an electrically conductive compound having a relatively small work function is preferably used as an electrode material.
  • Examples of the electrode material used for the cathode include lithium, lithium-modium alloy, sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, calcium, magnesium, magnesium-silver alloy, magnesium Modium alloy, indium, ruthenium, titanium, magnesium, and magnesium.
  • Examples include manganese, yttrium, aluminum, aluminum-lithium alloys, aluminum-calcium alloys, aluminum-magnesium alloys, and graphite thin films. These electrode substances may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the cathode can be formed on the electron injecting and transporting layer using these electrode materials by a method such as a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, an ionization vapor deposition method, an ion plating method, or a cluster ion beam method. it can.
  • the cathode may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure.
  • the sheet electric resistance of the cathode is preferably set to several hundreds of ohms or less.
  • the thickness of the cathode depends on the material of the electrode substance to be used, it is generally set to 5 to about L0Onm, more preferably to about 10 to 500 nm.
  • At least one of the anode and the cathode is transparent or translucent, and the transmittance of the emitted light is generally 70% or more.
  • the material and thickness of the anode it is more preferable to set the material and thickness of the anode.
  • At least one of the layers may contain a singlet oxygen quencher.
  • the singlet oxygen quencher is not particularly limited, and includes, for example, ruprene, a nickel complex, and diphenylisobenzofuran, with rubrene being particularly preferred.
  • the layer containing the singlet oxygen quencher is not particularly limited, but is preferably a light emitting layer or a hole injection transport layer, and more preferably a hole injection transport layer.
  • a singlet quencher when a singlet quencher is contained in the hole injection transport layer, it may be contained uniformly in the hole injection transport layer, and a layer adjacent to the hole injection transport layer (for example, a light emitting layer, (An electron injection / transport layer having a light emitting function).
  • the content of the singlet oxygen quencher is from 0.01 to 50% by weight, preferably from 0.05 to 50% by weight, of the total amount of the contained layer (for example, the hole injecting and transporting layer). 30% by weight, more preferably 0% It is 1 to 20% by weight.
  • the method for forming the hole injecting and transporting layer, the light emitting layer, and the electron injecting and transporting layer is not particularly limited.
  • a vacuum evaporation method, an ionization evaporation method, a solution coating method for example, a spin coating method, a casting method, It can be formed by forming a thin film by a die coating method, a bar coating method, a roll coating method, a Langmuir * blotting method, or an inkjet method.
  • the conditions of the vacuum deposition is not particularly limited, 1 X 1 0 - 4 under a vacuum of about P a, 5 0 โ‡ 6 0 0 ยฐ C about Pau It is preferable to perform the deposition at a substrate temperature of about 150 to 300 ยฐ C. and a deposition rate of about 0.05 to 50 nm Z sec.
  • the layers such as the hole injection / transport layer, the light-emitting layer, and the electron injection / transport layer are continuously formed under vacuum to manufacture an organic electroluminescent device having more excellent characteristics. it can.
  • each layer such as a hole injection transport layer, a light emitting layer, and an electron injection transport layer is formed using multiple compounds by vacuum evaporation
  • co-deposition is performed by individually controlling the temperature of each port containing the compound.
  • each layer is formed by a solution coating method, the components forming each layer or the components and a binder resin are dissolved or dispersed in a solvent to form a coating solution.
  • the binder resin that can be used for each of the hole injection transport layer, the light emitting layer, and the electron injection transport layer is poly-N-vinylcarbazole, polyacrylate, polystyrene, polyester, polysiloxane, polyacrylate, Polymethyl methacrylate, polyether, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyimide, polyamide, polyparaxylene, polyethylene, polyphenylenoxa And high molecular compounds such as ido, polyethersulfone, polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, polyphenylenevinylene and derivatives thereof, polyfluorene and derivatives thereof, and polychenylenevinylene and derivatives thereof.
  • the binder resin may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • each layer is formed by a solution coating method
  • the components forming each layer or the components and a binder resin are combined with an appropriate organic solvent (hexane, octane, decane, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, 1-methylnaphthalene).
  • Hydrocarbon solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, etc .; dichloromethane, chloroform, formaldehyde, tetrachloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, etc.
  • Octogenated hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, dichlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and dichlorobenzene; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and amyl acetate; methanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, and hexanol , Cyclohexanol, Alcohol solvents such as le cellosolve, ethyl ethyl solvent, and ethylene glycol; ether solvents such as dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, and anisol; N, N-dimethylformamide; N, N-dimethylacetamide , 1-methyl-2-piperidone, 1-methyl-2-polar solvents such as imidazolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide) and Z or water, or by dispersing into a coating solution to form thin films by various coating methods. Can be formed.
  • the method of dispersing is not particularly limited, but it may be a pole mill, a sand mill, a paint shaker, an a lighter, a ho
  • the particles can be dispersed in a fine particle form using a modifier.
  • the concentration of the coating solution is not particularly limited, and can be set to a concentration range suitable for producing a desired thickness depending on the coating method to be performed. %, Preferably about 1 to 30% by weight.
  • the amount of the binder resin used is not particularly limited. However, in general, the binder resin is used with respect to the components forming each layer. The total amount is set to about 5 to 99.9% by weight, preferably about 10 to 99.9% by weight, and more preferably about 15 to 90% by weight.
  • the thickness of the hole injecting and transporting layer, the light emitting layer, and the electron injecting and transporting layer is not particularly limited, but is generally preferably set to about 5 nm to 5 m.
  • a protective layer may be provided on the fabricated device for the purpose of preventing contact with oxygen or moisture, and the device may be provided with paraffin, liquid paraffin, silicon oil, fluorocarbon oil, It can be protected by encapsulating it in an inert substance such as zeolite-containing fluorocarbon oil.
  • the material used for the protective layer examples include organic polymer materials (for example, fluorinated resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, epoxy silicone resin, polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyamide, polyimide, polyamide imide) , Polyparaxylene, polyethylene, polyphenylene oxide), inorganic materials (for example, diamond thin film, amorphous silica, electrically insulating glass, metal oxide, metal nitride, metal carbide, metal sulfide)
  • a photocurable resin can be used, and the material used for the protective layer may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the protective layer may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure. Further, for example, a metal oxide film (for example, an aluminum oxide film) or a metal fluoride film may be provided as a protective layer on the electrode. it can.
  • a surface layer made of, for example, an organic phosphorus compound, polysilane, an aromatic amine derivative, or a phthalocyanine derivative can be provided on the surface of the anode.
  • an electrode for example, an anode can be used by treating its surface with, for example, an acid, ammonia Z hydrogen peroxide, or plasma.
  • the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention is generally used as a DC-driven device, but can also be used as an AC-driven device. Further, the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention may be a passive drive type such as a segment type or a simple matrix drive type, a TFT (thin film transistor) type, a MIM (metal-insulator-metal) type. Active drive type may be used.
  • the driving voltage is generally about 2 to 30 V.
  • the organic electroluminescent device of the present invention can be used for, for example, a panel light source, various light emitting devices, various display devices, various labels, various sensors, and the like.
  • Production Example 1 Production of Compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-5
  • this compound was sublimated under the conditions of 3 0 0, X 1 0- 4 P a.
  • the produced compounds were yellow to orange-yellow crystals, and the melting points of those compounds were 250 ยฐ C. or higher.
  • Tables 6 to 8 show the used boric acid derivatives and dihalogeno compounds. In addition, the produced compounds are indicated by exemplified compound numbers.
  • the produced compounds were yellow to orange-yellow crystals, and the melting points of those compounds were 250 ยฐ C. or higher.
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using a nitrogen gas, after UV / ozone cleaning is al, after fixing the substrate holder one deposition apparatus, followed by vacuum vapor deposition tank 4 X 1 0 one 4 P a.
  • tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 50 nm to form an electron injection transport layer.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 200 nm (weight ratio: 10: 1) to form a cathode, thereby producing an organic electroluminescent device. .
  • the vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure of the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 1 When a DC voltage of 12 V was applied to the manufactured organic electroluminescent device in a dry atmosphere, a current of 54 mAZcm 2 flowed. Blue-green light emission with a luminance of 2 420 cd Zm 2 was confirmed.
  • Example 2 instead of using the compound of Exemplified Compound A-5 in forming the light emitting layer, the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-6 (Example 2) and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-8 (Example 3) ), The compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-9 (Example 4), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-11 (Example 5), the compound of Exemplified Compound No.
  • Example 6 Exemplified Compound No. A- 14 compound (Example 7), Exemplified compound number A- 17 compound (Example 8), Exemplified compound number A- 19 compound (Example 9), Exemplified compound number A- 21 Compound (Example 10), Exemplified Compound No. A-23 (Example 11), Exemplified Compound No. A-25 (Example 12), Exemplified Compound No. A-26 Compound (Example 13) of Example Compound No. Aโ€”
  • Example 76 the compound of Exemplified Compound No. K-16 (Example 77), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. L-11 (Example 78), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. L-l9 (Example 79), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. L-32 (Example 80), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. M-1 ( Example 81 1), compound of Exemplified Compound No. M-3 (Example 82), compound of Exemplified Compound No. M-5 (Example 83), Exemplified Compound No. M-14 (Example 84), Compound No. M-17 (Example 85), Compound No.
  • Example 86 Compound Compound of Example No. M-22 (Example 87), Compound of Example Compound No. M-24 (Example 88), Compound of Example Compound No. N-1 (Example 89), Example Compound Compound No. Nโ€”24 (Example 90), Compound No. 13 (Example 91), Compound No. Oโ€”15 (Example 92), Compound No. Oโ€”21 compound (Example 93), Exemplified Compound No. Pโ€”1 compound (Example 94), Exemplified Compound No. Pโ€”16 compound (Example 95), Exemplified Compound No.
  • Example 1 only bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum was used in forming the light-emitting layer without using the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-15.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 1 except that the film was vapor-deposited to a thickness of 50 nm by using the method described above. When a DC voltage of 12 V was applied to this element in a dry atmosphere, blue light emission was confirmed. The characteristics were further examined, and the results are shown in Table 13.
  • Example 1 was repeated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that N-methyl-2-methacrylicone was used instead of the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A5 in forming the light emitting layer.
  • An electro-mechanical light emitting device was fabricated. When a DC voltage of 12 V was applied to the device under a dry atmosphere, blue light emission was confirmed. The characteristics were further investigated, and the results are shown in Table 13.
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using nitrogen gas, further washed with UVZ ozone, fixed to a substrate holder of a vapor deposition device, and the pressure in the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10 -4 Pa.
  • a tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum was deposited thereon to a thickness of 50 nm at a deposition rate of 0.2 nmZ sec to form an electron injection transport layer. Furthermore, magnesium and silver were co-deposited (weight ratio: 10: 1) at a vapor deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 20 O nm to form a cathode to produce an organic electroluminescent device. did. The vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure state of the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 100 instead of using the compound of Exemplified Compound A-15 in forming the light emitting layer, the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-6 (Example 101), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-8 was used.
  • Compound (Example 102), compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-9 (Example 103), compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-11 (Example 104), Compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-14 Compound (Example 105), compound of Exemplified Compound No. Aโ€”17 (Example 106), compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-19 (Example 107), Exemplified Compound No.
  • Example 108 Exemplified compound number Aโ€”23 compound (Example 109), Exemplified compound number A- 40 compound (Example 110), Exemplified compound number Aโ€” 43 compound (Example 11 1), Exemplified compound number Aโ€”45 compound (Example 11 12), Exemplified compound number A-47 compound (Example Example 113), compound of Exemplified Compound No.A_53 (Example 114), compound of Exemplified Compound No.A-55 (Example 115), compound of Exemplified Compound No.A-58 (Example 1 16), compound of Exemplified Compound No.
  • Example 1335 Example 1335
  • Example 1338 Example 1338
  • Exemplified Compound No. C-20 Compound (Example 1339)
  • Compound No. C1-25 Example 140
  • Compound No. Dโ€”1 Example 1441
  • Compound No. D-8 Compound (Example 144) of Example Compound No. E-1 (Example 144), Compound of Example Compound No.
  • Example 144 Compound of Example Compound G_l Compound (Example 144), compound of Exemplified Compound No. H-1 (Example 144), compound of Exemplified Compound No. I-11 (Example 1447), Compound of Exemplified Compound No. I-14 Compound (Example 148), compound of Exemplified Compound No. J-13 (Example 1449), compound of Exemplified Compound No. K-13 (Example 150), compound of Exemplified Compound No. L-11 Compound (Example 15 1), Compound with Exemplified Compound No. M-1 (Example 15 2), Compound with Exemplified Compound No.
  • Example 15 3 Compound with Exemplified Compound No. M-15 (Example 15 54), Compound of Exemplified Compound No. M-14 Compound (Example 1555), Compound of Exemplified Compound No. Mโ€”20 (Example 1556), Compound of Exemplified Compound No. Mโ€”22 (Example 1557), Exemplified Compound No. Mโ€”24 Compound (Example 158), Compound No. N-1 (Example 159), Compound No. O-3 (Example 160), Compound No. P-1
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 100 except that the compound of Example 16 1) and Exemplified Compound No. Q-1 (Example 16 2) were used. When a DC voltage of 15 V was applied to each device under a dry atmosphere, blue to blue-green light emission was confirmed. The characteristics were further examined, and the results are shown in Tables 14 to 16.
  • a glass substrate having an IT transparent electrode (anode) having a thickness of 200 nm was ultrasonically cleaned using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using nitrogen gas, further cleaned with UV / ozone, fixed to a substrate holder of a vapor deposition device, and then the pressure in the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10 4 Pa.
  • tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum was vapor-deposited at a vapor deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 5 O nm to form an electron injection / transport layer.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited (weight ratio: 10: 1) at a deposition rate of 0.2 n / sec to a thickness of 200 nm to form an organic electroluminescent device. .
  • the vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure of the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 16 3 when forming the light emitting layer, Chill-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) Instead of using aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-6, bis (2-methyl-18-quinolinolate) aluminum 1-oxo-1 Using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Compound No. Aโ€”21, co-evaporating it to a thickness of 50 nm (weight ratio: 100: 2.0), An organic electroluminescent device was manufactured by the method described in Example 163 except that the light emitting layer was used.
  • Example 163 instead of using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-fuelphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-6 in forming the light emitting layer, Bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenolphenol) Using aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. Aโ€”40, co-deposited to a thickness of 50 nm (weight ratio: 100%) : 1.0), and an organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 163 except that the light emitting layer was used.
  • Example 163 instead of using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-6 in forming the light emitting layer, , Tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and Exemplified Compound No. B-1
  • An organic electroluminescent device was prepared by the method described in Example 163, except that the compound was co-deposited (weight ratio: 100: 30) to a thickness of 50 nm using the compound of Example 1 to form a light emitting layer. did.
  • Example 16-3 instead of using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenol) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-6 in forming the light emitting layer, Using tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-12, it was co-deposited to a thickness of 50 nm (weight ratio: 100: 6.0). An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 163 except that the light emitting layer was used.
  • Example 163 instead of using the compound of Bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and Exemplified Compound A-6 in forming the light emitting layer, (2-Methyl-8-quinolinolate) Aluminum-I-oxo-bis (2-Methyl-8-quinolinolate) Aluminum and example Compound No. C-11 is used to make a 50 nm thick
  • An organic electroluminescent device was manufactured by the method described in Example 163 except that the light emitting layer was formed by co-evaporation (weight ratio: 100: 2.0).
  • Example 163 instead of using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-6 in forming the light emitting layer, Using tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. C- 12, co-deposition (weight ratio: 100: 10.0) to a thickness of 50 nm, An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 163 except that the light emitting layer was used.
  • Example 16-3 a compound of bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified compound A-6 were used for forming the light emitting layer. Instead, bis (2,4-dimethyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum 1-year-old oxomonobis (2,4-dimethyl_8_quinolinolate) aluminum and exemplified compound No. D-1
  • An organic electroluminescent device was prepared by the method described in Example 163, except that the compound was used for co-evaporation (weight ratio: 100: 1.0) to a thickness of 50 nm to form a light emitting layer. Produced.
  • Example 16 when forming the light emitting layer, instead of using the compound of C-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and Exemplified compound A-6, bis
  • Example 16-3 instead of using bis (2-methyl-18-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-6 in forming the light emitting layer, Bis (2,4-dimethyl-18-quinolinolate) aluminum-n-oxo-bis (2,4-dimethyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. F-3
  • An organic electroluminescent device was fabricated by the method described in Example 163 except that the light emitting layer was co-evaporated (weight ratio: 100: 4.0) to a thickness of 50 nm using .
  • Example 16-3 instead of using bis (2-methyl-18-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-6 in forming the light emitting layer, Lis (8-quinolinolate) Aluminum and Exemplified Compound No. M-1
  • An organic electroluminescent device was prepared by the method described in Example 163, except that the compound was co-deposited (weight ratio: 100: 30) to a thickness of 50 nm using the compound of Example 1 to form a light emitting layer. did.
  • Example 163 instead of using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-6, the light-emitting layer was formed. Lithium (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and a compound of Exemplified Compound No. M-20 were co-deposited (weight ratio: 100: 6.0) to a thickness of 50 nm to form a light emitting layer. Except for the above, an organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 163.
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using nitrogen gas, further washed with UVZ ozone, fixed to a substrate holder of a vapor deposition device, and the pressure in the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10 4 Pa.
  • tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum was vapor-deposited at a vapor deposition rate of 0.2 nmZ sec to a thickness of 5 nm to form an electron injection / transport layer.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited (weight ratio: 10: 1) at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 20 O nm to form a cathode, and an organic electroluminescent device was fabricated. .
  • the vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure in the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 1775 instead of using bis (2-methyl-18-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-5 in forming the light emitting layer, Bis (2,4-dimethyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum-oxo-bis (2,4-dimethyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-1 Except that it was co-deposited (weight ratio: 100: 1.0) to a thickness of 50 nm to form a light emitting layer.
  • Example 1 An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 5-5.
  • Example 17-5 instead of using bis (2-methyl-18-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-5 in forming the light emitting layer, Using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminumโ€”โ€”oxo-bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum and compound No. C-11, 50 n.m An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 175 except that the light-emitting layer was co-deposited (weight ratio: 100: 3.0) to a thickness of.
  • Example 17 75 instead of using bis (2-methyl-18-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-5 in forming the light emitting layer, Using tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. D-1 as a light emitting layer, co-deposited to a thickness of 5 O nm (weight ratio: 100: 20). An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 175.
  • Example 17 75 instead of using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-5 in forming the light emitting layer, in addition, bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum- โ‡ -oxo-bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum and exemplified compound No. Fโ€”24
  • An organic electroluminescent device was manufactured by the method described in Example 175 except that the light emitting layer was co-deposited (weight ratio: 100: 4.0) 'to a thickness of 0 nm.
  • Example 17 75 instead of using bis (2-methyl-18-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-5 in forming the light emitting layer, Tris (8-quinolinolate) Aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. G-1 were co-deposited to a thickness of 50 nm (weight ratio: 100: 20), except for forming a light emitting layer.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 175.
  • Example 1 75 instead of using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-5 in forming the light emitting layer, Screw (2,4_Dimethyl-8-quinolinolate) Aluminum oxobis (2,4_dimethyl-8_quinolinolate) Using aluminum compound and Compound No. K_3, 5
  • An organic electroluminescent device was manufactured by the method described in Example 175 except that the layer was co-deposited to a thickness of 0 nm (weight ratio: 100: 2.0) to form a light emitting layer. When a DC voltage of 12 V was applied to the fabricated organic electroluminescent device in a dry atmosphere, a current of 53 mAZcm 2 flowed. Blue-green light emission of luminance 2510 cd Zm 2 was confirmed.
  • Example 175 the compound of bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified compound A-5 were used for forming the light emitting layer.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was prepared by the method described in Example 1775, except that the compound was used for co-evaporation (weight ratio: 100: 3.0) to a thickness of 50 nm to form a light emitting layer. Produced.
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using a nitrogen gas, washed U VZ ozone is al, after fixing to a substrate holder of the vapor deposition apparatus, followed by vacuum vapor deposition tank 4 X 1 0 one 4 P a.
  • 1,3-bis [5,-(4 "-tert-butylphenyl)-1 ', 3', 4, oxoxadiazo-l-2'-yl] benzene was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec. was deposited to a thickness of 50 nm to form an electron injection / transport layer.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited (weight ratio: 10: 1) at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 20 nm, thereby forming an organic electroluminescent device.
  • the vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure state of the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 1 83 instead of using bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A-20 in forming the light emitting layer, Using tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. E-21, co-evaporation (weight ratio: 100: 4.0) to a thickness of 5 O nm was performed, and light emission was performed.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 18 except that the layer was formed as a layer.
  • a 12 V DC voltage was applied to the fabricated organic electroluminescent device in a dry atmosphere. When pressure was applied, a current of 56 mAZ cm 2 flowed. Blue-green light emission of a luminance of 2430 cdZm 2 was confirmed.
  • Example 183 in forming a light emitting layer, a compound of bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) (4-phenylphenolate) aluminum and an exemplified compound A-20 was used. Instead, bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum-oxo-bis (2-methyl-18-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exhibit No. L-11 were used. Then, an organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 183 except that a light emitting layer was formed by co-evaporation to a thickness of 50 nm (weight ratio: 100: 3.0).
  • a glass substrate having an ITO transparent electrode (anode) with a thickness of 200 nm was ultrasonically cleaned using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using nitrogen gas, further washed with UVZ ozone, fixed to a substrate holder of a vapor deposition device, and the pressure in the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10 4 Pa.
  • the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-12 was deposited thereon to a thickness of 50 nm at a deposition rate of 0.2 nmZ sec to form a light emitting layer.
  • tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum was deposited at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 50 nm to form an electron injection transport layer.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited thereon (at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec) to a thickness of 2 O Onm (weight ratio: 10: 1) to form a cathode, thereby producing an organic electroluminescent device.
  • the vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure of the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 186 is described in Example 1886 except that the compound of Exemplified Compound No. J-3 was used instead of the compound of Exemplified Compound B-112 in forming the light emitting layer.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in (1).
  • the organic electroluminescent element produced in a dry atmosphere, upon application of a direct current voltage of 1 2 V, 5 6 m A cm 2 of current flows. Blue-green light emission with a luminance of 2660 cd Zm 2 was observed.
  • Example 1886 is described in Example 1886 except that the compound of Exemplified Compound No. L-11 was used instead of using the compound of Exemplified Compound B-112 in forming the light emitting layer.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in (1).
  • Example 18 9 A glass substrate with a 200 nm thick IT โ‡ transparent electrode (anode) was ultrasonically cleaned using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol. The substrate was dried using nitrogen gas, further washed with UV ozone, fixed to a substrate holder of a vapor deposition apparatus, and then the pressure in the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10 -4 Pa.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited (weight ratio: 10: 1) to a thickness of 20 O nm at a deposition rate of 0.2 nmZsec to form an organic electroluminescent device. .
  • the vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure of the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 18 89 the method described in Example 18 89 was repeated except that the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-9 was used instead of the compound of Exemplified Compound A-5 in forming the light emitting layer.
  • an organic electroluminescent device was produced.
  • a DC voltage of 14 V was applied to the fabricated organic electroluminescent device in a dry atmosphere, a current of 44 mA / cm 2 flowed. Blue-green light emission with a luminance of 1,820 cd / m 2 was confirmed.
  • Example 18 89 is described in Example 1889, except that the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-55 was used in forming the light emitting layer instead of using the compound of Exemplified Compound A-15.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in (1).
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using nitrogen gas, further washed with UVZ ozone, fixed to a substrate holder of a vapor deposition device, and then the pressure in the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10 14 Pa.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 20 nm (weight ratio: 10: 1), and the cathode was formed.
  • an organic electroluminescent device was produced.
  • the vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure state of the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 1992 when forming a light emitting layer, instead of using tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of compound A-17, tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum was used as an example.
  • the method described in Example 1992 was used, except that it was co-deposited to a thickness of 50 nm (weight ratio: 100: 1.0) to form a light emitting layer.
  • Example 1993 instead of using tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound A_17 in forming the light emitting layer, bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) was used.
  • Aluminum-oxo-bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) Co-deposited to a thickness of 50 nm using aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. Fโ€”24 (weight ratio) 100: 2.0), and an organic electroluminescent device was produced in the same manner as in Example 193, except that a light emitting layer was formed.
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using a nitrogen gas, washed U VZ ozone is al, after fixing the substrate holder one deposition apparatus, followed by vacuum vapor deposition tank 4 X 1 0 one 4 P a.
  • a compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-55 was vapor-deposited on the ITO transparent electrode to a thickness of 55 nm at a vapor deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to form a light emitting layer.
  • 1,3-bis [5,1- (4 "-tert-butylphenyl) 1-1 ', 3,, 4, oxoxadiazo-l-2, yl] benzene is deposited thereon with a vapor deposition rate of 0,1.
  • 1 111 3 6 was deposited to a thickness of 75 11 111 to form an electron injection transport layer.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited (weight ratio: 10: 1) at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 200 nm to form an organic electroluminescent device.
  • the vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure of the vapor deposition tank.
  • Example 1995 except that the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-55 was used instead of the compound of Exemplified Compound A-155 in forming the light emitting layer, the compound described in Example 1995 was used.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method.
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using nitrogen gas and further washed with UVZ ozone.
  • the pressure of the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10-4 Pa.
  • 3โ€” (4โ€ฒ-tert-butylphenyl) -14-phenyl-1-5 -โ€” (4 โ€-phenylphenyl) 1-1,2,4-triazole is deposited at a deposition rate of 0.2.
  • 11111 3 โ‚ฌ (deposited to a thickness of 21011111, and then tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum was further deposited thereon at a deposition rate of 0.211] 1136 (: 3 It was deposited to a thickness of 0 11111 to form an electron injection transport layer.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited (weight ratio: 10: 1) to a thickness of 200 nm at a deposition rate of 0.2 nmZsec to produce an organic electroluminescent device. did.
  • a DC voltage of 12 V was applied to the fabricated organic electroluminescent device in a dry atmosphere, A current of AZ cm 2 flowed. White light emission with a luminance of 1350 cd / m 2 was confirmed.
  • Example 197 instead of using the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-12, the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-43 (Example 198), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. C-13 (Example Example 19 9), compound of Exemplified Compound No. C-15 (Example 200), compound of Exemplified Compound No. E-7 (Example 201), compound of Exemplified Compound No. E-18 ( Example 202), compound of Exemplified Compound No. F-24 (Example 203), compound of Exemplified Compound No. I-4 (Example 204), compound of Exemplified Compound No.
  • Example 205 (executed An organic electroluminescent device was produced in the same manner as in Example 197 except that Example 205) was used. When a DC voltage of 12 V was applied to each device under a dry atmosphere, white light emission was observed. The characteristics were further examined, and the results are shown in Table 17.
  • Example 205 1 260 74
  • Example 2 0 6
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was ultrasonically cleaned using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using nitrogen gas and further washed with UVZ ozone.
  • poly-1N-vinylcarbazole weight average molecular weight: 15000
  • 1,3-bis [5 '-(4 "-tert-butylphenyl) 1-1', ' 3,, 4'-oxaziazolo-2'-yl] A 3% by weight dichloroethane solution containing benzene and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. C-13 in a weight ratio of 100: 30: 3, respectively.
  • a light emitting layer having a thickness of 30 O nm was formed by a dip coating method.
  • the glass substrate having the light emitting layer was fixed to a substrate holder of a vapor deposition apparatus, and then the vapor deposition tank was cooled to 4 โ‡ 10 โ‡ . The pressure was reduced to 4 Pa.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited (weight ratio: 10: 1) on the light-emitting layer to a thickness of 2 011111 at a deposition rate of 0.211111 / 36 to obtain a cathode.
  • an organic electroluminescent device was produced.
  • Example 206 except that the compound of Exemplified Compound No. M-3 was used instead of the compound of Exemplified Compound No. C-13 in forming the light emitting layer, An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method.
  • Example 206 except that 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene was used in forming the light emitting layer instead of using the compound of Exemplified Compound No. C-3, An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described in Example 206.
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol. The substrate was dried using nitrogen gas and further washed with UV / ozone.
  • polycarbonate weight average molecular weight: 500,000
  • 4,4'-bis [ โ‡ -phenyl ( โ‡ )-(3 "-methylphenyl) amino] biphe Nil bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum-oxo-bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Ex.
  • An emission layer of 300 nm was formed by a dip coating method using a 3% by weight dichloroethane solution containing a ratio of 100: 40: 60: 1.
  • the pressure of the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10-4 Pa.
  • magnesium and silver were co-deposited (at a weight ratio of 10: 1) to a thickness of 0.2] 1 111 36 (; An organic electroluminescent device was manufactured.
  • Example 208 the compound of Example Compound No. B-53 was used in place of the compound of Example Compound No. A-53 in forming the light emitting layer.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described.
  • a glass substrate having a 200 nm thick ITO transparent electrode (anode) was subjected to ultrasonic cleaning using a neutral detergent, acetone, and ethanol.
  • the substrate was dried using nitrogen gas, further washed with UVZ ozone, fixed to a substrate holder of a vapor deposition device, and the pressure in the vapor deposition tank was reduced to 4 โ‡ 10 4 Pa.
  • Tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum and the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-5 were combined on the top of this with a thickness of 5 O nm at a deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec from different deposition sources. Evaporation (weight ratio: 100: 3.0) was performed to form a light emitting layer.
  • tris (8-quinolinolate) aluminum was vapor-deposited at a vapor deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec to a thickness of 5 O nm to form an electron injection / transport layer.
  • a vapor deposition rate of 0.2 nm / sec electroluminescent device was produced by depositing magnesium and silver thereon. The vapor deposition was performed while maintaining the reduced pressure of the vapor deposition tank.
  • the prepared organic electroluminescent device was continuously driven at a constant current density of 10 mAZ cm 2 in a dry atmosphere. Initially, blue-green light emission of 6.7 V and luminance of 500 cd / m 2 was observed. The half-life of the luminance was 240 hours.
  • Example 210 instead of using the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-5, the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-6 (Example 21) The compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-23 (Example 21) 2), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-1 (Example 21 3), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-3 (Example 21), the compound of Exemplified Compound No. B-24 (Example 21) 5) The compound of Exemplified Compound No. C-11 (Example 216) Except that the compound of Exemplified Compound No. C-28 (Example 217) and the compound of Exemplified Compound No.
  • Example 2128 Example 228 were used, the organic electric field was measured by the method described in Example 210. A light-emitting element was manufactured. Each element was continuously driven at a constant current density of 1 O mAZ cm 2 in a dry atmosphere. Light emission of blue to blue-green was confirmed from each element. The characteristics were further examined, and the results are shown in Table 18.
  • Example 10 was repeated except that 9,10-diphenyllanthracene was used instead of the compound of Exemplified Compound No. A-5 in forming the light emitting layer.
  • An organic electroluminescent device was produced by the method described.
  • the fabricated organic electroluminescent device was continuously driven at a constant current density of 1 O mAZ cm 2 in a dry atmosphere. Blue light emission was confirmed from the device. The characteristics were further examined, and the results are shown in Table 18. Table 18 Initial characteristics of organic electric field
  • Example 2 1 2 550 6.4 2300
  • Example 2 1 4 560 6.5 5 2500
  • Example 2 1 6 540 6.5 5 2500
  • Example 2 1 7 530 6.5 5 2400
  • an organic electroluminescent device having excellent emission luminance and a long emission life. Further, it has become possible to provide a hydrocarbon compound suitable for the light-emitting element.

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Description

ๆ˜Ž ็ดฐ ๆ›ธ ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใŠใ‚ˆใณๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰ ็ด ๅญ ๆŠ€่ก“ๅˆ†้‡Ž
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฏใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใŠใ‚ˆใณ่ฉฒ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซๅฅฝ้ฉใซไฝฟ็”จใง ใใ‚‹ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใชใ‚‰ใณใซๆ–ฐ่ฆใช็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซ้–ข ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ่ƒŒๆ™ฏๆŠ€่ก“
ๅพ“ๆฅใ€ ็„กๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ค ใƒˆใชใฉใฎใƒ‘ใƒ ใƒซๅž‹ๅ…‰ๆบใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸใŒใ€ ่ฉฒ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’้ง†ๅ‹•ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใซใฏ ไบคๆตใฎ้ซ˜้›ปๅœงใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใซใชใ‚Šใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆๆ–™ใซๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆๆ–™ใ‚’ ็”จใ„ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ๏ผˆๆœ‰ๆฉŸใ‚จใƒฌใ‚ฏ ใƒˆๅฃใƒซใƒŸใƒใƒƒใ‚ปใƒณใ‚น็ด ๅญ ๏ผš ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ E L็ด ๅญ๏ผ‰ ใŒ้–‹็™บใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ [App l . Phys . L e t t . , l, 91 3 ( 1 987) ]ใ€‚ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅซใ‚€่–„่†œใ‚’ใ€ ้™ฝ ๆฅตใจ้™ฐๆฅต้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆง‹้€ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ—ใ€ ่ฉฒ่–„่†œใซ้›ปๅญใŠใ‚ˆใณๆญฃๅญ” ๏ผˆ ใƒ›ใƒผใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆณจๅ…ฅใ—ใฆใ€ ๅ†็ตๅˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠฑ่ตทๅญ ๏ผˆใ‚จใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒˆ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ›ใ€ ใ“ใฎๅŠฑ่ตทๅญใŒๅคฑๆดปใ™ใ‚‹้š›ใซๆ”พๅ‡บใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅ…‰ใ‚’ๅˆฉ็”จ ใ—ใฆ็™บๅ…‰ใ™ใ‚‹็ด ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ๆ•ฐ Vใ€œๆ•ฐๅ V็จ‹ ๅบฆใฎ็›ดๆตใฎไฝŽ้›ปๅœงใงใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใพใŸ่›ๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใฎ็จฎ้กžใ‚’้ธๆŠžใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š็จฎใ€…ใฎ่‰ฒ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ่ตค่‰ฒใ€ ้’่‰ฒใ€ ็ท‘ ่‰ฒ๏ผ‰ ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช็‰นๅพดใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰ ็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ็จฎใ€…ใฎ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€ ่กจ็คบ็ด ๅญ็ญ‰ใธใฎๅฟœ็”จใŒๆœŸๅพ…ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰่ผๅบฆใŒไฝŽใใ€ ๅฎŸ็”จไธŠๅๅˆ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ็™บๅ…‰่ผๅบฆใ‚’ๅ‘ไธŠใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ—ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ( 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ใƒ›ใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒž ใƒช ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ”ใƒฉใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‚’ใ‚ฒใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆใƒ‰ใƒผใƒ‘ใƒณใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใจใ—ใฆ ็”จใ„ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใŒๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ [ J . App 1. Phys . , ฯ‹๏ผŒ 361 0 (1989)]ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๆๆ–™ใจใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‚’็”จ ใ„ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใŒๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๏ผˆ็‰น้–‹ๅนณ 8 โ€” 1 2 6 0 0 ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑใ€ ็‰น้–‹ๅนณ 1 1 ไธ€ 1 1 1 4 5 8ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑ๏ผ‰ ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎใ‚ฒ ใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ—ใฆใ€ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‚’็”จใ„ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด  ๅญใŒๆๆกˆใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ๏ผˆ็‰น้–‹ๅนณ 1 0 โ€” 3 6 8 3 2ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑใ€ ็‰น้–‹ๅนณ 1 0 โ€” 2 9 4 1 7 9ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑ๏ผ‰ ใ€‚
ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใชใŒใ‚‰ใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚‚ๅ……ๅˆ†ใช็™บๅ…‰่ผๅบฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฏฟๅ‘ฝ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใฏ่จ€ใ„้›ฃใ„ใ€‚
็พๅœจใงใฏใ€ ไธ€ๅฑค้ซ˜่ผๅบฆใ€ ้•ทๅฏฟๅ‘ฝใซ็™บๅ…‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใŒ ๆœ›ใพใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็™บๆ˜Žใฎ้–‹็คบ
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎ็›ฎ็š„ใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅŠน็Ž‡ใซๅ„ชใ‚Œใ€ ้ซ˜่ผๅบฆใ€ ้•ทๅฏฟๅ‘ฝใซ็™บๅ…‰ใ™ใ‚‹ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ่ฉฒ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซๅฅฝ ้ฉใซไฝฟ็”จใงใใ‚‹ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใฏใ€ ๆ–ฐ่ฆใช็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Ž่€…็ญ‰ใฏใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ้‹ญๆ„ๆคœ่จŽใ—ใŸ็ตๆžœใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใ‚’ๅฎŒๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใซๅˆฐใฃใŸใ€‚
ใ™ใชใ‚ใกใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฏใ€
( 1 ) ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ็’ฐใจใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ็’ฐใŒ็›ดๆŽฅ็ตๅˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด ็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 2 ) ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ็’ฐใŒ 9ไฝไปฅๅค–ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใง็ตๅˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 3 ) โ€”่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ( - (A , ) k - ( F 2) , - ( A 2)m - ( F 3) n-X 2
( 1 )
(ๅผไธญใ€ A iใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆ ใณ X 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒ ใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ j ใ€ mใŠใ‚ˆใณ n ใฏ 0 ใพใŸใฏ 1 ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ kใŠใ‚ˆใณ 1 ใฏ 1 ใพใŸใฏ 2 ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ kใŒ 2ใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใๅ…ซใ‚งๅŒๅฃซใฏๅŒไธ€ใงใ‚‚็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ ใ€ 1 ใŒ 2 ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ F 2ๅŒๅฃซใฏๅŒไธ€ใงใ‚‚็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
( 4 ) kใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 5 ) ๅ…ซ ไธ„ใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใŒใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9 ๏ผŒ 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ ใ‚Šใ€ F xใ€ F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใŒใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 7 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹
4้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 6 ) j ใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใŒ 0ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ 1 ใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ k + mใŒ 2ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 7 ) ๅ…ซ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใŒใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ ใ‚Šใ€ F 2ใŒใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 2๏ผŒ 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 6้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญ ๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 8 ) j + 1 + nใŒ 2ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ kใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ mใŒ 0ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 3้ … ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 9 ) ๅ…ซ ไธ„ใŒใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Š ใ€ F xใ€ F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใŒใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 8้ …ใซ่จ˜ ่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 1 0 ) j ใ€ mใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใŒ 0ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ kใŠใ‚ˆใณ 1 ใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 3้ … ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( ใ‚ง ไธ„ ๅ…ซ ใŒใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9๏ผŒ 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ ใ‚Šใ€ F 2 ใŒใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 7 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 1 0้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด  ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 1 2 ) โ€”่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 2 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
Figure imgf000006_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 2 ใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 2 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ X 2 Q 1ใ€œX 2 2 4ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพ ใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒช ไธ€ใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ—ใ€ R 2 1ใ€ R 2 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X s o i X s s ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒชใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
( 1 3 ) X 2ใ€‚ 5ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 4ใŒใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 1 2้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด ็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 1 4 ) X 2ใ€‚ 5ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 4ใŒใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 1 2้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ( 1 5 ) X 2 0 1 X 2 0 4 X 2 0 6 X 2 0 9 X 2 1 0 X 2 1 3
X 2ใ‚ง 5ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 i 8ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸ ใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ ใ‚‹ 1 2้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 1 6 ) ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 3 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
Figure imgf000007_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 3 ใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 3 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ A 3ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 3 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ Z 3 1ใŠใ‚ˆใณ Z 3 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ก ใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
( 1 7 ) ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 4 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
Figure imgf000007_0002
(ๅผไธญใ€ R R 4 4ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒ ใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ X 4 0 X 4 2 2ใฏ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพ ใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบ ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ—ใ€ R R 44ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 4 0 X 4 2 2ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ๅœ ใƒชใƒซ ๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
( 1 8 ) X 4๏ผ 5 , X 4 ฮง 8 , X 4 9ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 4 2 2ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒŽ\ๅฃ ใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸ ใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 1 7้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
( 1 9 ) ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 5 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
Figure imgf000008_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 5 iใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 5 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ X 5 Q 1 ใ€œ X 5 ใ‚ง 6ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพ ใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒช โ€”ใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ—ใ€ R 5 1 ใ€ R 5 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X ^ X S ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆ ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
( 2 0 ) X 5 Q 5ใŒๅ…ซใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸ ใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 1 9้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ( 2 1 ) X 5ใ€‚ใ„ X 5ใ€‚ 4ใ€ X 5ใ€‚ 6ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 5ใ€‚ 9ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญ ใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸ ใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 1 9้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
( 2 2 ) ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 6 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€
Figure imgf000009_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 6ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 6 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ A 6 1ใฏใ€ ็ฝฎ ๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ Z 6ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ Z 6 2ใฏใใ‚Œใž ใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ก ใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ› ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
( 2 3 ) 1ไนƒ่‡ณ 2 2้ …ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ็”จๆๆ–™ใ€
( 2 4 ) โ€”ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซใ€ 2 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆ ๆ–™ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€็จฎๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใ‚’ใ€ ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€ๅฑคๆŒŸๆŒใ—ใฆใชใ‚‹ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€
( 2 5 ) 2 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใŒ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ 2 4้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€
( 2 6 ) 2 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใŒ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็‰นๅพดใจใ™ใ‚‹ 2 4ใพ ใŸใฏ 2 5้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€
( 2 7 ) 2 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใŒ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็‰นๅพดใจใ™ใ‚‹ 2 4ใพใŸใฏ 2 5้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€
( 2 8 ) ไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ 2 4 ไนƒ่‡ณ 2 7้ …ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€
( 2 9 ) ไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ 2 4 ไนƒ่‡ณ 2 8้ …ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€ ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅ›ณ้ขใฎ็ฐกๅ˜ใช่ชฌๆ˜Ž
็ฌฌ 1ใ€œ 8ๅ›ณใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฎๆฆ‚็•ฅใ‚’็คบใ™ๆง‹้€ ๅ›ณ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ็ฌฌ 1 ๅ›ณใฏ ๏ผˆA) ้™ฝๆฅต/ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค Z้›ปๅญๆณจ ๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ็ฌฌ 2ๅ›ณใฏใ€ ๏ผˆB ) ้™ฝๆฅต/ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค ใƒŽ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค/้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ็ฌฌ 3ๅ›ณใฏใ€ ๏ผˆ C ) ้™ฝๆฅต/็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค Z้›ปๅญๆณจ ๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ็ฌฌ 4ๅ›ณใฏใ€ ๏ผˆD) ้™ฝๆฅต Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค/้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹ ็ด ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใฏใ€ ็ฌฌ 5ๅ›ณใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใงๆŒŸ ใฟ่พผใ‚“ใ ๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ๏ผˆE) ้™ฝๆฅต Zๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค/้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹็ด ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€.็ฌฌ 6ๅ›ณใฏ (D ) ๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญๆง‹ๆˆใŒ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ไธ€ๅฑคๅฝขๆ…‹ใงไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒ ใ•ใ›ใŸๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใ‚’ๅŒ…ๅซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ( F ) ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆทท ๅˆใ•ใ›ใŸไธ€ๅฑคๅฝขๆ…‹ใงไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒใ•ใ›ใŸๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใ€ ็ฌฌ 7ๅ›ณ ใฏใ€ ๏ผˆ G) ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใŠใ‚ˆใณ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆททๅˆใ•ใ›ใŸไธ€ๅฑคๅฝข ๆ…‹ใงไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒใ•ใ›ใŸๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใ€ ็ฌฌ 8 ๅ›ณใฏใ€ ๏ผˆH) ็™บๅ…‰ ๆˆๅˆ†ใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆททๅˆใ•ใ›ใŸไธ€ๅฑคๅฝขๆ…‹ใงไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต ้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒใ•ใ›ใŸๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅ›ณใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็ฌฆๅทใฏใ€ ๆฌกใฎ้€šใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
1 ๏ผš ๅŸบๆฟ 2 ๏ผš ้™ฝๆฅต
3 ๏ผš ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค
3 a ๏ผš ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†
4 โ€ข ยพยพฯ‹
4 a ๏ผš ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†
.โ€ข ้›ท ยพๅญ j ใ€ < ๅ…ซ 7 *็”ฒ^ๅˆ– i <<Sยพ )m
5 ๏ผš ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค
5 a ๏ผš ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†
6 ๏ผš ้™ฐๆฅต
7 ๏ผš ้›ปๆบ ็™บๆ˜Žใ‚’ๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ™ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใฎๆœ€่‰ฏใฎๅฝขๆ…‹
ไปฅไธ‹ใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใ€ ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฏใ€ ใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ็’ฐใจใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ็’ฐใŒ็›ดๆŽฅ็ตๅˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ็’ฐใจใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ็’ฐใŒ็›ดๆŽฅ็ตๅˆใ—ใฆใ„ ใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆไปฅไธ‹ใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใจ็•ฅ่จ˜ใ™ใ‚‹๏ผ‰ ใฏ ้‡ๅˆไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ๅˆ†ๅญ้‡ 2 0 0 0ไปฅไธ‹ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ๅˆ†ๅญ้‡ 1 0 0 0ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฏใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ็’ฐใŒ 9ไฝไปฅ ๅค–ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใงใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ็’ฐใซ็ตๅˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝ ใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
X ๏ผˆ F j - (A j k - ( F 2) , - ( A 2)m - ( F 3) n-X 2
( 1 )
(ๅผไธญใ€ ๅ…ซใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ ใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆ ใณ x 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ๅ…ซใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒ ใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ j ใ€ mใŠใ‚ˆใณ ]! ใฏ 0 ใพใŸใฏ 1 ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ kใŠใ‚ˆใณ 1 ใฏ 1 ใพใŸใฏ 2 ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ kใŒ 2ใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ ๅŒๅฃซใฏๅŒไธ€ใงใ‚‚็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ 1 ใŒ 2 ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ F 2ๅŒๅฃซใฏๅŒไธ€ใงใ‚‚็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2ใฏใ ใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถ ใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸ ใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใจใฏใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใƒ•ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ X iใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2ใฎใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใฏใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ๅŸบใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 2 0 ใฎ ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 3ใ€œ 2 0ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 4 ใ€œ 2 0ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ๅŸบใงๅ˜็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ‚ธ็ฝฎๆ›ใ•ใ‚Œ ใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ X iใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ๅŸบใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 2 0 ใฎ N _ใƒขใƒŽ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 2ใ€œ 4 0ใฎ N๏ผŒ N โ€”ใ‚ธ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 3 ใ€œ 2 5 ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 5 ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ๅŸบใงๅ˜็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅคš็ฝฎๆ›ใ•ใ‚Œใฆ ใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
X iใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2ใฏใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 2 4ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6ใ€œ 2 5ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช ็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ.็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 3ใ€œ 2 5 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 5ใ€œ 1 6ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ› ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 2 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6ใ€œ 1 2ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 4ใ€œ 1 2 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ— ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 7ใ€œ 1 2ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒŽใ€ใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 8ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 8 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 2ใ€œ 2 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 4ใ€œ 1 0ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็‚ญ็ด  ๆ•ฐ 7ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ฮง ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2ใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญ ๏ผ› ใƒ•ใƒƒ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ๅกฉ ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ่‡ญ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใชใฉใฎใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญ ๏ผ› ใƒกใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚งใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ n ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซๅŸบใ€ nโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ–ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ secโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ nโ€”ใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒšใƒณใƒ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒใ‚ชใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ tertโ€”ใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ nโ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ 1 ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒšใƒณ ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 , 3 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ–ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ–ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏ ๅฃใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใƒ˜ใƒ—ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 1 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญ ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒกใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ t e r tโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใธ ใƒ—ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใƒ—ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ nโ€”ๆ‰ใ‚ฏใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใƒใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ t e r t โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 1 ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ˜ใƒ—ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญ ใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใƒŽใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 2 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒ˜ใƒ—ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 4ไธ€ใธใƒ—ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 , 5 , 5 โ€” ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒกใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใ‚ฅใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ 1 ใƒผใƒกใƒ Jใƒฌใƒ‡ใ‚ท ใƒฌยพใ€ n โ€” ใƒ‰ใƒ†ใ‚ท Jใƒฌ ใ€ nโ€” ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚ขใ‚ทใƒชใƒฌๅŸบใ€ 1 ไธ€ ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ˜ใƒ—ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ nโ€”ใƒ†ใƒˆใƒฉใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใƒšใƒณๅค•ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบ n โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใƒ˜ใƒ—ๅค•ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบ n โ€”ใ‚จใ‚คใ‚ณใ‚ทใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบ ๏ผ› ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚จ ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ n โ€”ใƒ–ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ–ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ s e cโ€”ใƒ–ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท _ใƒšใƒณ ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใƒใ‚ชใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบ ฮท โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ 3๏ผŒ 3 โ€”ใ‚ธ ใƒใƒซใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€” ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€”ใธใƒ—ใƒใƒซ ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท ไธ€ๆ‰ใ‚ฏใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ 2 ไธ€ใ‚งใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบ ฮท โ€”ใƒŽใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€”ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€”ใ‚ฅใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญ ใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€” ใƒ‰ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€” ใƒˆ ใƒชใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€”ใƒ† ใƒˆใƒฉใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€”ใƒšใƒณๅค•ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮทโ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒ‡ ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€”ใธใƒ—ใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮทโ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใ‚ฟใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉ ใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ฮท โ€”ใ‚จใ‚คใ‚ณใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎ ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบ ๏ผ› ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮโ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮ โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮโ€” ฮท โ€”ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮ โ€”ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮโ€” ฮท โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮโ€” ฮท โ€”ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮ โ€”ใƒ™ใƒณ ใ‚ธใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮ โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮโ€” ๏ผˆ 3 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮโ€” ( 4โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ฮโ€” ๏ผˆ 4 โ€” n โ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€” ๏ผˆ 4 โ€” ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€” ( 3 โ€” ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€” ( 4 ไธ€ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€” ( 1 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽ ๅŸบใ€ Nโ€” ( 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบ N , Nโ€”ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใƒซใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N , Nโ€”ใ‚ธไธ€ nโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N , Nโ€”ใ‚ธโ€” nโ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธไธ€ n โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใƒใƒซ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธ _ n โ€”ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N, Nโ€”ใ‚ธใƒผ n โ€” ใƒ‰ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ Nโ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€. Nโ€”ใ‚งใƒ ใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” n โ€”ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N _ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽ ๅŸบใ€ Nโ€” n โ€”ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ๏ผˆ 3 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ( 4 _ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N , N _ใ‚ธ ( 4 ใƒผใ‚งใƒ ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N , Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ( 4 โ€” tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ๏ผˆ 4 โ€” n โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽ ๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ๏ผˆ 4 ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ( 4 ไธ€ใ‚จ ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ( 4 โ€” n โ€”ใƒ—ใƒ ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N , Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ( 4 _ n โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉ ใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N๏ผŒ Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ( 1 _ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบ N , Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ( 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 3 ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซโ€” Nโ€” ( 4 ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 4 ไธ€ๆ‰ใ‚ฏใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซไธ€ Nโ€” ( 4 ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ก ใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 4 ไธ€ใ‚จ ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบ. Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 4 ไธ€ n โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽ ๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 4 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ N ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซโ€” Nโ€” ๏ผˆ 1 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ N โ€• ( 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 4 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบ ๏ผ› ใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 _ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบ 2 โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ nโ€”ใƒ—ใƒญ ใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ใ‚ค ใ‚ฝ ใƒ—ใƒญ ใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ nโ€”ใƒ– ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 _ใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€” s e cโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€” secโ€”ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ• ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 ไธ€ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€” tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จ ใ‚จใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4โ€• nโ€”ใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ใƒใ‚ชใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ tertโ€”ใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€” ( 2 ' ใƒผใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ–ใƒ ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 - nโ€”ใƒ˜ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ nโ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใƒ ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ ( 2 ' ใƒผใ‚งใƒใƒซใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ nโ€” ใƒŽใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4โ€” nโ€”ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ไธ€ nโ€”ใ‚ฅ ใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n โ€” ใƒ‰ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n โ€”ใƒ† ใƒˆ ใƒฉใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ใƒผ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏ ใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€” ( 4 ' ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚ทใ‚ฏ ๅฃใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ไธ€ ( 4 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ tert ใƒผใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ทใ‚ฏ ๅฃใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใ‚ทใ‚ฏ ใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ง ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 ใƒผใ‚ทใ‚ฏ ๅฃใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 3 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 4โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 5 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3๏ผŒ 4ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ 3๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3๏ผŒ 4 , 5 โ€” ๅœ ใƒช ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 โ€”ใƒ† ใƒˆใƒฉใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 4โ€”ใ‚ธ ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃ ใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ค ใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 6 ใƒผใ‚ธใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 4 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒผ t e r tโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒผ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใ‚ธโ€” tert ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 5 โ€” t e r tโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 ใƒผใƒกใƒ ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ t e โ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบ 1 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 1 , 2๏ผŒ 3 , 4ใƒผใƒ† ใƒˆใƒฉใƒ’ ใƒ‰ ใƒญใƒผ 5 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 1๏ผŒ 2 , 3 , 4 โ€”ใƒ† ใƒˆใƒฉใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใƒผ 6 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ• ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒผ 1 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 6 โ€” nโ€”ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒŠ ใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 5 โ€”ใ‚คใƒณใƒ€ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ใƒผใ‚งๅœใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใ‚จใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚จ ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€” n โ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€” nโ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 ไธ€ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซ ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 - n ไธ€ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใ‚คใ‚ฝ ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 _ s e cโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4โ€” n โ€”ใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใ‚คใ‚ฝในใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ• ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใƒใ‚ชใƒšใƒณใƒ ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒใ‚ชใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n ไธ€ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ ( 2 , โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ–ใƒใƒซ) ใ‚ฉ ใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ nโ€”ใธใƒ—ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ nโ€” ใ‚ฉใ‚ฏใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n โ€”ใƒŽใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒชใƒฌ ใ€ 4 โ€” n โ€”ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4โ€” n โ€”ใ‚ฅใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ• ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4โ€” nโ€” ใƒ‰ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n โ€”ใƒ† ๅœใƒฉ ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4โ€”ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบ 2 ใƒผใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 3 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ• X ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 4โ€”ใ‚ธใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 5 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒก ๅœใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ• ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 , 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒก ๅœใ‚ญใ‚ท ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚จใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทไธ€ 4 ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทไธ€ 5 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒŽใƒฌๅŸบใ€ 2 ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 4 ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 4ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ท ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 5 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญ ใ‚ทโ€” 1 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 1 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ nโ€” ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทไธ€ 1 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 5 โ€”ใ‚ง ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 1 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบ 6 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 6 โ€”ใ‚จ ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบ 6 ไธ€ n โ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทไธ€ 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 6 โ€” n โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญ ใ‚ทโ€” 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 7 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทโ€” 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 7 โ€” nโ€” ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทไธ€ 2 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€” ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 ไธ€ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ ๏ผˆ 4 ๏ผŒ ใƒผใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4โ€• ( 3 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ ( 4 ' ไธ€ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4โ€” ( 4 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญ ใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ ๏ผˆ 4 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ t e r tโ€”ใƒ–ใƒ ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ ๏ผˆ 4 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ n โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€• ( 4 ' โ€” n โ€”ๆ‰ใ‚ฏใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ ( 4 ๏ผŒ ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€• ( 4 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ n โ€” ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 ไธ€ ( 2 ๏ผŒ ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 - ( 4 ๏ผŒ โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 4 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 9 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 9 , 9 - ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ 2 ไธ€ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 9 ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 9 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ 2 ไธ€ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 9 โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซไธ€ 9 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ 2 ไธ€ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 _ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 ไธ€ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ— ใƒญใƒขใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒญใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 3 โ€” ใ‚ธใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 5 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 , 4 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 3 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 4 ใƒผใ‚ธใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 5 ใƒผใ‚ธใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฏ ใƒญ ใƒญใƒ•ๅทฅใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 , 5 โ€” ใ‚ธใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 4 , 6 ไธ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฏ ใƒญ ๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญ ใƒผ 4 ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบ 2 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 5 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒชใƒฌใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒ ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 4 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒ ใƒซใƒผ 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 5 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 _ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใƒผ 4 โ€” ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃโ€” 5 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒญไธ€ 6 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃโ€” 4 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 3 _ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 4 โ€”ใ‚ฏใƒญ ๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 4 ไธ€ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃ ไธ€ 4 , 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃ _ 1 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 1๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒญใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทโ€” 4 โ€” ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 4 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 4 ใƒผใ‚ง ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 6 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 ไธ€ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 4 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 4 ไธ€ใ‚จใƒˆ ใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃโ€” 4 ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญใƒญไธ€ 4 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 5 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 4 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทโ€” 6 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญๅฃใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 5 โ€”ใ‚ฏ ใƒญ ใƒญใƒผ 2 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบ ๏ผ› 4 ไธ€ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒชใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€” ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€” ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 2 โ€” ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 5 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 6 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 2 โ€” ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 6 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒผ 3 โ€”ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 6 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 3 โ€”ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 6 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทโ€” 2 โ€”ใƒ”ใƒชใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ• ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบ๏ผŒ 4 ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 3 โ€”ใƒ ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 5 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 2 โ€”ใƒใ‚ง ใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚พใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒใ‚ขใ‚พใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พใ‚ฉ ใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚พใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พใƒใ‚ขใ‚พใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ในใƒณใ‚พใ‚คใƒŸใƒ€ใ‚พใƒช ใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบ ๏ผ› ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ฮฑ โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ a , a ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 1 ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซใƒกใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซใƒกใƒใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒ•ใƒซใƒ•ใƒช ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 _ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ใƒผใƒกใƒ ใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 _ใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€” t e r tโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n โ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n โ€”ใƒŽใ‚จใƒซในใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 ๏ผŒ 4 ไธ€ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒšใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใ‚งๅœใ‚ญ ใ‚ทใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n ไธ€ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ n โ€”ใธใ‚ญ ใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 - n โ€”ใƒŽใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 3 - ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉๅฃในใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉๅฃในใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃใƒ™ใƒณ ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใ€ 4 ไธ€ใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃในใƒณใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซ ใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ Aใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใฏใ ใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ— F 1 , F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซ ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
A๏ผ , A 2ใ€ F ใ€ F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใŒ็ฝฎๆ›ๅŸบใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฎ็ฝฎๆ› ๅŸบใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ก ใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช ็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ› ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅฐšใ€ ใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใจใฏใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใƒ•ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
A , , A 2ใ€ F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใŒ็ฝฎๆ›ๅŸบใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใฎ็ฝฎๆ› ๅŸบใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ X iใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2ใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆๆŒ™ใ’ใŸใƒใƒญ ใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸ ใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸ ใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ไธ€ 1 ๏ผŒ 4 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 1 , 5 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 1 , 8 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 1 , 9 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ› ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 1 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏ ๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 2๏ผŒ 3 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ ใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉ ใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 2 , 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 2 9 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธ ใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 1 , 4 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 1๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ› ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช ็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ F x , F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌ ใƒณโ€” 1 , 3โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 1 , 6 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 1๏ผŒ 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 1 , 8โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏ ๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 6โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ• ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 , 7โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 3๏ผŒ 6โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซ ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 1 , 6โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 1 7โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 1๏ผŒ 8โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 , 6โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพ ใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 7โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ› ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 3 , 6โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ็ฝฎๆ› ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 1 , 8โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎ ๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 , 7โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉ ใƒฌใƒณโ€” 3๏ผŒ 6โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏ ๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 2๏ผŒ 7โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ j ใ€ mใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใฏ 0 ใพใŸใฏ 1 ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ kใŠใ‚ˆใณ 1 ใฏ 1ใพใŸใฏ 2ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ โ‘  kใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ โ‘ก j ใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใŒ 0ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ 1 ใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ k + mใŒ 2ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ โ‘ข j + 1 + nใŒ 2ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ kใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ mใŒ 0 ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณโ‘ฃ j ใ€ mใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใŒ 0ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ kใŠใ‚ˆใณ 1ใŒ 1ใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ j ใ€ k 1 ใ€ mใŠใ‚ˆใณ ฮทใฎ ๅ€คใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆง‹้€ ใซๅคงๅˆฅใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹
1 ไธ€ A i โ€” F 2ไธ€ๅ…ฅ 2 ( l a )
X - โ€” A๏ผŒ ไธ€ F 2โ€” 2 ( 1 b )
1 ไธ€ Aใ€— ไธ€ r 2โ€” ฮ‘ 2โ€” ฮง 2 ( 1 c ) X ,ไธ€ ฮ‘๏ผ F 2 F X ( I d )
X !ไธ€ A , A F X ( 1 e )
X !ไธ€ F A ! F A ไธ€ ( I f )
X !ไธ€ F , A ! F F ไธ€ ( 1 g )
X !ไธ€ F A ! A F ไธ€ ( 1 h )
X !ไธ€ A F 2 F A ไธ€ ( 1 i )
X ไธ€ A A ! F A - X 2 ( ฮŠ j )
X , - A A ! F F ไธ€ ( I k )
X ,ไธ€ A F 2 F F ไธ€ ( I I )
X ไธ€ F A ! F A ไธ€ F ไธ€ ( 1 m)
X ฮ›ไธ€ F A , F F ไธ€ A - X ( 1 n )
X ไธ€ F A 1 A F ไธ€ A ,ไธ€ X ( 1 o )
X F A ! A F F 2 ( 1 )
X A A , F F A - X ( 1 q )
X F A ! F F F ไธ€ ( 1 r )
X ฮป - A A , F A _ F - X ( 1 s )
X 1ไธ€ A A ! F F ไธ€ F - X 2 ( 1 t )
X F A ! A F - F 2ไธ€ 2ไธ€ X ( 1 u )
X F A ! F F A 2 - F - X ( 1 v )
X - F ฮ” ฮ” ไธ€ ฮ” โ€• F ( 1 w)
X ,ไธ€ F A ! A F โ€• 2 - F ไธ€ X ( 1 x )
X ไธ€ A A , F F ไธ€ A 2ไธ€ F ไธ€ X ( 1 y )
X ไธ€ F A ! A F - F 2 - A 2ไธ€ F ( 1 z )
ใ€”ๅผไธญใ€ A A F F 2 F 3 X ใŠ
( 1 ) ใฎๅ ดๅˆใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ใ€•
ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆง‹้€ ใฎใ†ใกใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๏ผˆ l a ) ใ€ ( l b ) , ( 1 c ) ใ€ ( I d ) , ( I f ) , ( l g ) ใ€ ๏ผˆ l i ) ใ€ ๏ผˆ 1 1 ) ใ€ ( l m) ใ€ ( I n ) , ( l r ) ใ€ ๏ผˆ l v ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณ ๏ผˆ l y ) ใง่กจใ• ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๏ผˆ l a ) ใ€ ( l b ) , ( 1 c ) ใ€ ( I f ) , ( l g ) ใ€ ๏ผˆ l i ) ใ€ ๏ผˆ l m) ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ ๏ผˆ 1 v ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๏ผˆ l a ) ใ€ ๏ผˆ 1 b ) ใ€ ( 1 c ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณ ๏ผˆ l m) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ๅฝขๆ…‹ใจใ—ใฆ ใฏใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 2 ) ใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 4 ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณไธ‹่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ
( 5 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
Figure imgf000024_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 2 tใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 2 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ X 2 0 1 X
2 4ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพ ใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒช ไธ€ใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ—ใ€ R 2 1ใ€ R 2 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 0 X 2 2 4ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆ ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
Figure imgf000025_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 4 1 R 4 4ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒ ใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ x 4 0 1 X 4 2 2ใฏ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพ ใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชไธ€ใƒซๅŸบ ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ—ใ€ R 4 1ใ€œ R 4 4ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X o i X s aใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆ ใƒชใƒซ ๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
Figure imgf000025_0002
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 5ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 5 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ X 5 0 1 X ใ‚ง 6ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพ ใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒช โ€”ใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ—ใ€ R 5 1 ใ€ R 5 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X ^ i X s ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒชใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 2 ) ใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 4 ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 5 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ R 2 ไธ„ ใ€ R 2 2 ใ€ R 4 iใ€œ R 4 4ใ€ R 5 ไธ„ใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 5 2ใฏ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ก ใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ—ใ€ R 2 1 ใ€ R 2 2 ใ€ R 4 1 ใ€œ R 4 4 ใ€ R 5 1ใŠ ใ‚ˆใณ R 5 2ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒชใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใจใฏใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใƒ•ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
R 2 1 ใ€ R 2 2 ใ€ R 4 1 ใ€œ R 4 4ใ€ R 5 1ใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 5 2ใฏใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6ใ€œ 2 5 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 3ใ€œ 2 5 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็‚ญ็ด  ๆ•ฐ 5ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ— ใใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 1 0ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซ ใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6 ~ 1 2ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 4ใ€œ 1 2 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ ใฏ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 7ใ€œ 1 2 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 8 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถ ใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 4ใ€œ 1 0ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ๏ผŸใ€œ 1 0ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ R 2 1 ใ€ R 2 2 ใ€ R 4 1 ใ€œ R 4 4 ใ€ R 5 1ใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 5 2ใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆ ใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใพใŸใฏ Xใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2ใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆๆŒ™ใ’ใŸ็›ด้Ž– ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸ ใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 2 ) ใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 4 ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 5 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ X ^ i X ^ ^ไธ„ ใ€œ ^ใ‰ใ‚‡ใณ ^ใ‚ง ใ€œ X 5ใ‚ง 6ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒ ใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒช ไธ€ใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไผนใ—ใ€ X 2 () 1ใ€œ X 2 2 4ใ€ X^ Q i X sใŠใ‚ˆใณ X
5 0 1 ใ€œ X 5 1 6ใฏใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒชใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๅฐšใ€ ใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใจใฏใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใƒ•ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใƒ”ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒซๅŸบใชใฉใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
2ใ€‚ 1ใ€œ 2 2 4ใ€ 4ใ€‚ 1 ~ 4 2 2ใ‰ใ‚‡ใณๅ…ฅ 5ใ€‚ 1ใ€œ 5 1 6 ใ€ ๅฅฝ ใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ† 'ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 1 6 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 2 4ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6 ใ€œ 2 5 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 3ใ€œ 2 5 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซ ใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 2 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6ใ€œ 1 2 ใฎ็ฝฎ ๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 4ใ€œ 1 2 ใฎ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1 ใ€œ 8 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถ ใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 1ใ€œ 8 ใฎ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญ ใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 2ใ€œ 2 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ›ใพ ใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 4ใ€œ 1 0 ใฎ็ฝฎๆ› ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
X 2 0 1ใ€œX 2 2 4ใ€ 4ใ€‚ 1ใ€œโˆ‘ 4 2 2ใ‰ใ‚‡ใณ 5ใ€‚ 1ใ€œ 5 1 6ใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใพใŸใฏ Xใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2ใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆๆŒ™ ใ’ใŸใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ็‚ญ็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด  ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 2 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ X 2ใ€‚ 5 ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 i 4ใŒใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ ใ‚กใƒชไธ€ใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 0 1ใ€ X 2ใ€‚ 4ใ€ X 2ใ€‚ 6ใ€ X 2
0 9ใ€ X 2 1 ใ€‚ใ€ X 2 1 3ใ€ X 2 i 5ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 8ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒ ใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ x 2 ใ€‚ 5ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 i 4ใŒใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซ ใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎ ๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 4 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ X 4 1 5 X 4 1 8ใ€ X 4 9ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 4 2 2ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใ ใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญ ใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 5 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ X 5ใ€‚ 5 ใŒใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ† ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒช โ€”ใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 5 0 1 ใ€ X 5ใ€‚ 4ใ€ X 5 Q 6ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 5 ใ€‚ 9ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญ ใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซ้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใง ใฏใชใ„ใ€‚
ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท
Figure imgf000030_0001
A-5 H3C CH
Figure imgf000031_0001
A-
Figure imgf000032_0001
ฮตฯ„-ฮฝ
Figure imgf000033_0001
Figure imgf000033_0002
A16-
Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000034_0002
A21-
Figure imgf000035_0001
Figure imgf000035_0002
6 A2-
Figure imgf000036_0001
ฮตฮ—0 ใ€‡ฮตฮ— ฮกยฃ-ฮฅ
Figure imgf000036_0002
ฮท
0Z690/T0df/X3d /ZO OAV
Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000038_0001
980df/X3d
Figure imgf000039_0001
A64-
Figure imgf000040_0001
Figure imgf000040_0002
A15-
Figure imgf000041_0001
62
df/X3d mn/zo ฮŸ Cd
B
ฯ‰
Figure imgf000042_0001
ฯ‰
Figure imgf000043_0001
B
B
Figure imgf000044_0001
B
B
Figure imgf000045_0001
Figure imgf000045_0002
Figure imgf000045_0003
Figure imgf000045_0004
0269 /I0df/X3d ttZn/ZO OfA
Figure imgf000046_0001
B - 25 H3C CH3
Figure imgf000047_0001
Figure imgf000047_0002
62 B-
Figure imgf000048_0001
ฮ’
Figure imgf000049_0001
ฮ’
ฮ’
Figure imgf000050_0001
14 B-
Figure imgf000051_0001
0Z690/I0df/X3d
Figure imgf000052_0001
Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000054_0001
Figure imgf000055_0001
C-10 ้—จไธ€ G Hg n- 4Hq
Figure imgf000056_0001
01690/T0df/X3d ฮถฮท/ฮถฮฟ ฮŸ 55
Figure imgf000057_0001
Figure imgf000058_0001
C21-
Figure imgf000059_0001
0Z690/T0df/X3d ฮฟ OAV p
Figure imgf000060_0001
2 C3-
Figure imgf000061_0001
C-40 n-C3H7 n-C3H n-C3H7 n-C3H7
Figure imgf000062_0001
้บต OAVๅฏธ๏ผš
d ยฃ-
Figure imgf000063_0001
ฮฑ -
Figure imgf000064_0001
6 D-
Figure imgf000065_0001
Figure imgf000065_0002
Figure imgf000065_0003
Figure imgf000065_0004
S9
f/X3d nzn/zo OA ้บตๅฏธ๏ผš
S 9
ฮฑโ€” ฮฑ-
Figure imgf000066_0001
Figure imgf000067_0001
Figure imgf000068_0001
Figure imgf000068_0002
2 D--
ใ‚ป ฮต-ฮฑ
ยฃยฃ-ฮฑ
ฮ–ยฃ~ฮฑ
Figure imgf000069_0001
ฮนฮต-ฮฑ
ฮ–9
f/X3d ฮทฮถฮท/ฮถฮฟ ฮŸ
Figure imgf000070_0001
Figure imgf000070_0002
oa -
Figure imgf000071_0001
Figure imgf000071_0002
Figure imgf000071_0003
69 d
Figure imgf000072_0001
Figure imgf000072_0002
ฮ•2-
Figure imgf000073_0001
Figure imgf000074_0001
Figure imgf000074_0002
E12- ้บต OAVๅฏธ๏ผš
Figure imgf000075_0001
6ฯŽฮ
Figure imgf000075_0002
Figure imgf000076_0001
Figure imgf000076_0002
E2- ฯˆ
ฮ•
Figure imgf000077_0001
ฮ•
ฮ•
Figure imgf000078_0001
ฮ—ฮต0-!
ฮตฮ—0 ฮŸฮตฮ— 0ใƒฃ -3
Figure imgf000079_0001
hi
0Z690/I0df/X3d mn/zo OAV t 1
F5,
Figure imgf000080_0001
Figure imgf000081_0001
Figure imgf000082_0001
Figure imgf000082_0002
l Fl-
Figure imgf000083_0001
18
ฮŸฮฏ 690/10dT/X3d i" O
SH0 ใ€‡ฮตฮ— HO ฮŸฮตฮ— ฯ‚ฮถ-d
Figure imgf000084_0001
ฮ–8
Z690/l0df/XJd
Figure imgf000085_0001
26 F-
Figure imgf000086_0001
p zmzo OAV
0Z690/l0dT/X3d
Figure imgf000087_0001
98
0Z690/T0df/X3d
Figure imgf000088_0001
G-5 n-C6Hi3 n-C6Hi3 H3C CH3 H3C CH3
G-6 H3C CH; C2H5 C2H5 C2H5 p2H5
Figure imgf000089_0001
Figure imgf000090_0001
G-13 H3C CH3 H3C CH H3C โ€” CH:
G-14
G - 15
Figure imgf000091_0001
G-17 H3Cใ€ CH3 H3C CH3 H3C CH3
G-1S
G-19
G-20
Figure imgf000092_0001
elH90-u elH90-u eiH90-u eiH90-u S-H
Figure imgf000093_0001
16
/13d t nizo OAV
Figure imgf000094_0001
H-10 n-C4Hg n-C4Hg n-C6Hi3 n-C6Hi3
ฮ•ฮ—0 ใ€‡ฮตฮ— BH0 ฮŸฮตฮ—
Figure imgf000095_0001
S6
0Z690/I0df/X3d ฮถฮท/ฮถฮฟ ฮŸ
Figure imgf000096_0001
^6
0/T0df/X3d o OAV
Figure imgf000097_0001
H22-
Figure imgf000098_0001
96
0Z690/I0ยซif/X3d 0 OA
Figure imgf000099_0001
A6
0ฮ–690/ฮช0<ฮ™ฮ“/ฮง3<1
Figure imgf000100_0001
86
OZ690/TOdf/X3d ฮถฮท/ฮถฮฟ ฮธฮ›
Figure imgf000101_0001
66
0Z690/I0df/X3d ฮทฮถฮท/ฮถฮฟ ฮŸ
Figure imgf000102_0001
Figure imgf000103_0001
ฮฮธฮ
01690/1 Odf/X3d mi-ฮ/ฮฏฮธ OAV
Figure imgf000104_0001
2 S
Figure imgf000105_0001
Figure imgf000106_0001
OZ690/lOdT/13d
Figure imgf000107_0001
90ฮ
ฮŸฮฏ 690/1 Odf/X3d tun/zo OAV
Figure imgf000108_0001
901
OZ690/lOdf/X3d
Figure imgf000109_0001
Z01
OZ690/lOdf/13d ttzn/zo OAV
Figure imgf000110_0001
่ฌ
0Z690/T0df/X3d mn/zo OA
Figure imgf000111_0001
Figure imgf000112_0001
Figure imgf000113_0001
ฮ ฮ
0J690/I0df/X3d
Figure imgf000114_0001
Figure imgf000115_0001
S11 d
Figure imgf000116_0001
7 K-
Figure imgf000117_0001
9ฮ 
0/T0df/X3d zn/zo ฮŸฮ›\
Figure imgf000118_0001
Figure imgf000119_0001
ฮš2:-
Figure imgf000120_0001
K-30 H3C CH3 H3C CH3
Figure imgf000121_0001
Kไธ€
ฮšไธ€
Figure imgf000122_0001
Figure imgf000123_0001
H3C CH3 H3G CH3
Figure imgf000124_0001
L-10 H3C CH3 H3C CH3 H3C CH3
Figure imgf000125_0001
/l0df/X3d 0 OAV
Figure imgf000126_0001
HI
01690/lOJf/lDd tnn/zo
Figure imgf000127_0001
ใƒฌ 24 H3C CH3 H3C CH3 H3 CHg
L-25
Figure imgf000128_0001
un/z OAV
0l690/l0dT/I3d
Figure imgf000129_0001
ฮตฮ—0 ฮŸฮตฮ— ฮตฮ—0 ฮŸฮตฮ— ฮตฮ—0 ฮŸฮตฮ— 1ยฃ-ฮŠ
0Z690/T0df/X3d ฮทฮถฮท/ฮถฮฟ ฮŸ
2 - ยฃฮŠ,
ยฃฮŠ,
Figure imgf000130_0001
Figure imgf000131_0001
H3C CH3 H3C CH3
Figure imgf000132_0001
08ฮ
0/T0df/X3d mn/zo o/sx
Figure imgf000133_0001
0Z690/l0dT/X3d /ZO OAV
Figure imgf000134_0001
Figure imgf000135_0001
Figure imgf000136_0001
Figure imgf000137_0001
HsO-u ฮผฮ—90-ฯ… "HsO-u HsO-u H90-u ^HsO-u ใ‚ป -N
Figure imgf000137_0002
98ฮ
Z690/T0dT/X3d
stH90-u eiH90-u etH90-u ฮตฮนฮผ90-ฯ… 6H ใ€‡-u 6ฮ—*ฮŒ-ฯ… OT-N
Figure imgf000138_0001
Z690/T0df/X3d ๎…Ž
Figure imgf000139_0001
Figure imgf000140_0001
TOdf/X3d /ZO OAV
Figure imgf000141_0001
95
Figure imgf000142_0001
ฮตฮ—ใ€‡ ฮŸฮตฮ— ฮตฮ—0 ฮŸฮตฮ— ฮฟฯ„-ฮฟ
Figure imgf000143_0001
9-0
0Z690/T0df/X3d mn/zo OA
Figure imgf000144_0001
0/T0df/X3d mn/zo OA
Figure imgf000145_0001
Figure imgf000146_0001
Z690/T0df/X3d ฮทฮถฮท/ฮถฮฟ ฮŸ ้บตๅฏธ๏ผš
Figure imgf000147_0001
ใ€‡ไธ€โ€”
Figure imgf000148_0001
0Z690/T0df/X3d mn/zo OA ๎…ฏ
Figure imgf000149_0001
Figure imgf000150_0001
Figure imgf000151_0001
6^1
0Z690/T0dT/X3d nzn/zo ojx
Figure imgf000152_0001
OS!
mn/zo OA
Figure imgf000153_0001
Figure imgf000154_0001
Figure imgf000154_0002
P-25 H3C CH3 H3C CH3
Figure imgf000155_0001
P
P
Figure imgf000156_0001
Figure imgf000157_0001
Figure imgf000158_0001
Figure imgf000159_0001
Figure imgf000160_0001
9-0
891
0Z690/T0df/X3d
Figure imgf000161_0001
631
0Z690/I0df/X3d mmzQ OAV
Figure imgf000162_0001
8T-0 ฮ-D
Figure imgf000162_0002
9ฮ-0
091
0Z690/I0df/X3d mxvz^ OAV
Figure imgf000163_0001
Figure imgf000164_0001
Figure imgf000165_0001
S9I
0Z690/T0df/X3d ฮทฮถฮท/ฮถฮฟ ฮŸ
Figure imgf000166_0001
Figure imgf000167_0001
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฏใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 ใ€œAโ€” 6 0ใ€ Bโ€” 1ใ€œ Bโ€” 6 0ใ€ Cโ€” l ใ€œ Cโ€” 4 5ใ€ Fโ€” 1 ใ€œ F ไธ€ 4 0ใ€ Gโ€” lใ€œ Gโ€” 2 5ใ€ I ไธ€ ๏ผš๏ผ ใ€œ I ไธ€ 4 5ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ Mโ€” 1ใ€œ Mโ€” 2 5ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1ใ€œAโ€” 6 0ใ€ Bโ€” 1 ใ€œ B - 6 0ใ€ Cโ€” 1 ใ€œ Cไธ€ 4 5ใ€ F _ 1 ใ€œ Fโ€” 4 0ใ€ I โ€” ๏ผš!ใ€œ I ไธ€ 4 5ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ Mโ€” ๏ผš๏ผ ใ€œ Mโ€” 2 5 ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ Aโ€” ๏ผ›๏ผใ€œ Aโ€” 6 0 Bโ€” 1 ~ Bโ€” 6 0ใ€ Cไธ€ 1ใ€œ Cโ€” 4 5ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ Mโ€” 1ใ€œฮœโ€” 2 5 ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ™ใชใ‚ใกใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒŽใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ‚’ใ€ ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใจใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ† ๅœใƒฉใ‚ญใ‚น ( ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ  ใƒ“ใ‚น ( ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒฉใ‚ค ใƒ‰ใ€• ใŠใ‚ˆ ใณๅกฉๅŸบ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธใƒŠใƒˆใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธๆฐด็ด ใƒŠใƒˆใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚จ ใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจไธ‹ใงๅๅฟœใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ Chem.Rev.๏ผŒ^ , 245 7 (1995)ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅ‚่€ƒใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€• ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Š่ฃฝ ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒชใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‚’ใ€ ๅ…ซใƒญใ‚ฒใƒŽใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใจใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ† ๅœใƒฉใ‚ญใ‚น ( ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น (ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒฉใ‚ค ใƒ‰ใ€• ใŠใ‚ˆใณๅกฉๅŸบ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธใƒŠใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธๆฐด็ด ใƒŠใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจไธ‹ใงๅๅฟœใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ Chem.Rev. , 2457 (1995)ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅ‚่€ƒใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€• ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ '
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ‚ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ไปฅ ไธ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ™ใชใ‚ใกใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 7 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 8 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ  ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ†ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ญใ‚น ๏ผˆใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉ ใ‚ธใ‚ฅใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒŽใ€"ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒฉใ‚ค ใƒ‰ใ€• ใŠใ‚ˆใณๅกฉๅŸบ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธใƒŠใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธๆฐด็ด ใƒŠใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ  ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚งใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจไธ‹ใงๅๅฟœใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ Chem. Rev.๏ผŒ 2457 ( 1995)ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ๅ‚่€ƒใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€• ใ“ใจใซ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
X - ( F , ) ๏ผ› - ( A , ) k ~ B ( O H ) 2 ( 7 )
Y , - ( F 2) , - ( A 2)m - ( F 3) n - X 2 ( 8 )
ใ€”ไธŠๅผไธญใ€ A A 2ใ€ F 2ใ€ F 3ใ€ X x , X 2ใ€ j ใ€ kใ€ 1 mใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใฏใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใฎๅ ดๅˆใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ ใฏๅ…ซ ใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€• ' ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 8 ) ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ใฏใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๅกฉ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ่‡ญ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒจใ‚ฆ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ( 9 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ไธ‹่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 0 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ ้…ธๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ† ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ญใ‚น ( ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆใƒˆใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒฉใ‚ค ใƒ‰ใ€• ใŠใ‚ˆใณๅกฉๅŸบ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็‚ญ ้…ธใƒŠใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธๆฐด็ด ใƒŠใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚งใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจ ไธ‹ใงๅๅฟœใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ Chem. Rev. ,ฯ‹๏ผŒ 2457 (1995)ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–น ๆณ•ใ‚’ๅ‚่€ƒใซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€• ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ X , - ( F , ) j - ( A , ) k - Y 2 ( 9 )
( H O) 2 B - ( F 2) , - ( A 2)m - ( F 3) n - X 2 ( 1 0 ) ใ€”ไธŠๅผไธญใ€ A A 2ใ€ F 2ใ€ F 3ใ€ X ยฑ , X 2ใ€ j ใ€ kใ€ 1 mใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใฏใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใฎๅ ดๅˆใจๅŒใ˜ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ Y 2ใฏใƒ ใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€•
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 9 ) ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ฮฅ 2ใฏใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๅกฉ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ่‡ญ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒจใ‚ฆ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 7 ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 0 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 9 ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 8 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ฮท โ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒชใƒใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ไฝœ็”จใ•ใ›ใฆ่ชฟ ๆ•ดใงใใ‚‹ใƒชใƒใ‚ฉๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใพใŸใฏใ‚ฐใƒชใƒ‹ใƒฃใƒผใƒซ ฮœ่–ฌใจใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ›ใ‚ฆ็ด ใ€ ใƒˆใƒชใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ›ใ‚ฆ็ด ใชใฉใ‚’ๅๅฟœใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ ใจใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎใ†ใกใ€ ฮ‘ 1ใŒ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸ ใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9๏ผŒ 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ไปฅไธ‹ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ™ใชใ‚ใกใ€ ไพ‹ ใˆใฐใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 8 ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณไธ‹่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใซใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ฮท โ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒชใƒใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ไฝœ็”จใ•ใ› ใฆ่ชฟๆ•ดใงใใ‚‹ใƒชใƒใ‚ฉๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใพใŸใฏใ‚ฐใƒชใƒ‹ใƒฃใƒผใƒซ่ฉฆ่–ฌใจใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸ ใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒณใ‚’ๅๅฟœใ•ใ›ใฆๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ้…ธ (ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒจใ‚ฆๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ้…ธ๏ผ‰ ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจไธ‹ใ€ ่„ฑๆฐด่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎใ†ใกใ€ A tใŒ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช ็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9๏ผŒ 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ kใŒ 1 ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
1 - ( F , ) j - Y 3 ( 1 1 )
ใ€”ไธŠๅผไธญใ€ X , , ใŠใ‚ˆใณ j ใฏใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใฎๅ ดๅˆใจๅŒใ˜ ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ Y 3ใฏใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€•
ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 1 ) ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ Y 3ใฏใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ— ใใฏใ€ ๅกฉ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ่‡ญ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒจใ‚ฆ็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ๅŒๆง˜ใซใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 8 ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใซใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ n โ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒชใƒใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ไฝœ ็”จใ•ใ›ใฆ่ชฟๆ•ดใงใใ‚‹ใƒชใƒใ‚ฉๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใพใŸใฏใ‚ฐใƒชใƒ‹ใƒฃใƒผใƒซ่ฉฆ่–ฌใจใ€ ็ฝฎ ๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒญใƒณใ‚’ๅๅฟœใ•ใ›ใฆๅพ—ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ้…ธ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒจใ‚ฆๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ้…ธ๏ผ‰ ใฎๅญ˜ๅœจไธ‹ใ€ ่„ฑๆฐด่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŒ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎใ†ใกใ€ ๅ…ซใ‚งใŒ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏ ๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ kใŒ 2ใงใ‚ ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฏใ€ ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸๆบถๅช’ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณใชใฉใฎ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ็ณปๆบถๅช’๏ผ‰ ใจใฎๆบถๅช’ๅ’Œใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—ใŸๅฝข ใง่ฃฝ้€ ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฏใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆบถ ๅช’ๅ’Œ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅŒ…ๅซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ๅ‹ฟ่ซ–ใ€ ๆบถๅช’ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ—ใชใ„็„กๆบถๅช’ๅ’Œ ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ‚‚ๅŒ…ๅซใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใฏใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฎ็„กๆบถ ๅช’ๅ’Œ็‰ฉใฏๅ‹ฟ่ซ–ใ€ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆบถๅช’ๅ’Œ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใ‚’ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆ ๅ†็ตๆ™ถๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚ซใƒฉใƒ ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒž ใƒˆใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผๆณ•ใ€ ๆ˜‡่ฏ็ฒพ่ฃฝๆณ•ใชใฉใฎ็ฒพ่ฃฝ ๆ–นๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’ไฝต็”จใ—ใฆใ€ ็ด”ๅบฆใ‚’้ซ˜ใ‚ใŸๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ้€šๅธธใ€ ไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซใ€ ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€็จฎ ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ใ€ ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€ๅฑคๆŒŸๆŒใ—ใฆใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅใŠใ‚ˆใณๆญฃๅญ”่ผธ้€ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญ่ผธ้€ใฎๅ„ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใƒฌใƒ™ใƒซใ‚’่€ƒๆ…ฎใ—ใ€ ๆ‰€ๆœ›ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใŠใ‚ˆใณ ZใพใŸใฏ้›ปๅญ ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’่จญใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ ่ƒฝใŠใ‚ˆใณ ZใพใŸใฏ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ€ ้›ปๅญ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใŒ่‰ฏๅฅฝใชๅ ดๅˆใซใฏ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใŒๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใŠใ‚ˆใณ ZใพใŸใฏ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’ๅ…ผใญใŸ ๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใฎๆง‹ๆˆใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅ‹ฟ่ซ–ใ€ ๅ ดๅˆใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใฏใ€ ๆญฃ ๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ ฮฯŠ้€ๅฑคใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใฎไธกๆ–นใฎๅฑคใ‚’่จญใ‘ใชใ„ๅž‹ใฎ็ด  ๅญ ๏ผˆไธ€ๅฑคๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญ๏ผ‰ ใฎๆง‹ๆˆใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใŠใ‚ˆใณ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎใใ‚Œใž ใ‚Œใฎๅฑคใฏใ€ ไธ€ๅฑคๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ€ ใพใŸใ€ ๅคšๅฑคๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใฏใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚ŒใฎๅฑคใซใŠใ„ใฆ ๆณจๅ…ฅๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใจ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใ‚’ๅˆฅใ€…ใซ่จญใ‘ใฆๆง‹ๆˆใ™ ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰ ๅญใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ฮ‘ใฏ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใพใŸใฏ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใซ็”จใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใพใŸใฏ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใซ็”จใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใซ็”จใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ•ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ A ใฏใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไฝต็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฎๆง‹ๆˆใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎ ใงใฏใชใใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ๏ผˆA ) ้™ฝๆฅต Zๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค Z้›ปๅญ ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค/้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹็ด ๅญ ๏ผˆ็ฌฌ 1 ๅ›ณ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ๏ผˆB ) ้™ฝๆฅต Zๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ ๅฑค Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใƒŽ้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹็ด ๅญ ๏ผˆ็ฌฌ 2 ๅ›ณ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ๏ผˆ C ) ้™ฝๆฅต Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค Z้›ปๅญ ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค/้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹็ด ๅญ ๏ผˆ็ฌฌ 3ๅ›ณ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ๏ผˆD ) ้™ฝๆฅต Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค Z้™ฐๆฅต ๅž‹็ด ๅญ ๏ผˆ็ฌฌ 4ๅ›ณ๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’้›ป ๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใงๆŒŸใฟ่พผใ‚“ใ ๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ๏ผˆ E ) ้™ฝๆฅต Zๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค Z้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹็ด ๅญ
(็ฌฌ 5ๅ›ณ๏ผ‰ ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๏ผˆD ) ๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญๆง‹ๆˆใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ไธ€ๅฑคๅฝขๆ…‹ใงไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒใ•ใ›ใŸๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใ‚’ๅŒ…ๅซ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ๏ผˆ F ) ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ† ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆททๅˆใ•ใ›ใŸไธ€ๅฑคๅฝขๆ…‹ใงไธ€ๅฏพใฎ ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒใ•ใ›ใŸๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญ ๏ผˆ็ฌฌ 6 ๅ›ณ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ๏ผˆ G ) ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆ ๅˆ†ใŠใ‚ˆใณ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆททๅˆใ•ใ›ใŸไธ€ๅฑคๅฝขๆ…‹ใงไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒใ• ใ›ใŸๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญ ๏ผˆ็ฌฌ 7 ๅ›ณ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ๏ผˆH) ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆ ๅˆ†ใ‚’ๆททๅˆใ•ใ›ใŸไธ€ๅฑคๅฝขๆ…‹ใงไธ€ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซๆŒŸๆŒใ•ใ›ใŸๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญ (็ฌฌ 8ๅ›ณ๏ผ‰ ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็ด ๅญๆง‹ๆˆใซ้™ ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’่ค‡ๆ•ฐๅฑค่จญใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใพ ใŸใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใฎ ้–“ใซใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใจ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใฎๆททๅˆๅฑคใŠใ‚ˆใณ/ใพใŸใฏ็™บๅ…‰ ๅฑคใจ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใฎ้–“ใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†ใจ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆˆๅˆ†ใฎๆทท ๅˆๅฑคใ‚’่จญใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใ„ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฎๆง‹ๆˆใฏใ€ ๏ผˆ A ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ( B ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ๏ผˆ C ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ๏ผˆ E ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ๏ผˆ F ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ( G ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใพใŸใฏ ๏ผˆH) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใงใ‚ ใ‚Šใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ( A) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ๏ผˆ B ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ๏ผˆ C ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ๏ผˆ F ) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใ€ ใพ ใŸใฏ ๏ผˆH) ๅž‹็ด ๅญใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็ฌฌ 1 ๅ›ณใซ็คบใ™ ( A) ้™ฝๆฅต Zๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค Z็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค Z้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค ้™ฐๆฅตๅž‹ ็ด ๅญใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
็ฌฌ 1 ๅ›ณใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ 1 ใฏๅŸบๆฟใ€ 2ใฏ้™ฝๆฅตใ€ 3 ใฏๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ€ 4ใฏ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ€ 5ใฏ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ€ 6ใฏ้™ฐๆฅตใ€ 7 ใฏ้›ปๆบใ‚’็คบใ™ใ€‚ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ๅŸบๆฟ 1 ใซๆ”ฏๆŒใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใใ€ ๅŸบๆฟใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ ้€ๆ˜Žใชใ„ใ— ๅŠ้€ๆ˜Žใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๆฟใ€ ้€ๆ˜Žใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚นใƒ ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผ ใƒˆ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ซใƒผใƒœใƒใƒผใƒˆใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚น ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒกใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใƒช ใƒฌใƒผ ใƒˆใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚จ ใƒใƒฌใƒณใชใฉใฎใ‚ทใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ๅŠ้€ๆ˜Žใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚นใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผ ใƒˆใ€ ็Ÿณ่‹ฑใ€ ้€ๆ˜Ž ใ‚ปใƒฉใƒŸ ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใŸ่ค‡ๅˆใ‚ทใƒผ ใƒˆใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ‚‹ ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ๅŸบๆฟใซใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ซใƒฉไธ€ใƒ• ใ‚ฃใƒซใ‚ฟใƒผ่†œใ€ ่‰ฒๅค‰ๆ›่†œใ€ ่ช˜้›ปไฝ“ๅๅฐ„่†œใ‚’็ต„ใฟๅˆใ‚ใ›ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰่‰ฒใ‚’ ใ‚ณใƒณใƒˆใƒญใƒผใƒซใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
้™ฝๆฅต 2 ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ๆฏ”่ผƒ็š„ไป•ไบ‹้–ขๆ•ฐใฎๅคงใใ„้‡‘ๅฑžใ€ ๅˆ้‡‘ใพใŸใฏ้›ป ๆฐ—ไผๅฐŽๆ€งๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
้™ฝๆฅตใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ้‡‘ใ€ ็™ฝ้‡‘ใ€ ้Š€ใ€ ้Š… ใ‚ณใƒใƒซใƒˆใ€ ใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒซใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒใƒŠใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ฟใƒณใ‚ฐใ‚นใƒ†ใƒณใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–้Œซใ€ ้…ธๅŒ–ไบœ้‰›ใ€ I T O (ใ‚ฃ ใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฅใƒ  ยท ใƒ†ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ ยท ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ค ใƒ‰๏ผ‰ ใƒใƒชใƒใ‚ฉใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒ”ใƒญไธ€ใƒซใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ ้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใฏใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไฝต็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆ ใ„ใ€‚
้™ฝๆฅตใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒƒ ๅค•ใƒช ใƒณใ‚ฐๆณ•ใชใฉใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ๅŸบๆฟใฎไธŠใซๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ ใพใŸใ€ ้™ฝๆฅตใฏไธ€ๅฑคๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅคšๅฑคๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใค ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
้™ฝๆฅตใฎใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆ้›ปๆฐ—ๆŠตๆŠ—ใฏใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๆ•ฐ็™พ ฮฉ ฮ–ๅฃไปฅไธ‹ใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 5ใ€œ 5 0 ฮฉ ฮ–ๅฃ็จ‹ๅบฆใซ่จญๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
้™ฝๆฅตใฎๅŽšใฟใฏใ€ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใฎๆๆ–™ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€ 5ใ€œ ๏ผš L O O O n m็จ‹ๅบฆใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ 1 0ใ€œ 5 0 0 n m็จ‹ๅบฆ ใซ่จญๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค 3ใฏใ€ ้™ฝๆฅตใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎๆญฃๅญ” ๏ผˆใƒ›ใƒผใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใฎๆณจๅ…ฅใ‚’ๅฎนๆ˜“ ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณๆณจๅ…ฅใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๆญฃๅญ”ใ‚’่ผธ้€ใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใฏใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ AใŠใ‚ˆใณ/ใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚ฟใƒญใ‚ทใ‚ขใƒ‹ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽ ไฝ“ใ€ ใƒˆใƒชใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใƒซใƒกใ‚ฟใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒˆใƒชใ‚ขใƒชใƒผใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚ฉ ใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚พไธ€ใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚พใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚นใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ”ใƒฉ ใ‚พใƒช ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ทใƒฉใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒฌใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆ ใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒใ‚ฉใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒช โ€” Nโ€”ใƒ“ ไบŒใƒซใ‚ซใƒซใƒใ‚พใƒผใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€็จฎ็”จใ„ใฆๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆ ใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไฝต็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜ŽใซใŠใ„ใฆ็”จใ„ใ‚‹ไป–ใฎๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจ ใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚กใƒชไธ€ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4 ' โ€” ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซไธ€ Nโ€” ๏ผˆ 4 " ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4 ' โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 3 " โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ€ 4 , 4 ' ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ N - ( 3 " ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4 ' - ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ N _ ( 1 " โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใ€ 3 , 3 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 4๏ผŒ 4 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซไธ€ Nโ€” ( 3 " ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ€ 1 , 1 โ€” ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 4 ' โ€• [ N , Nโ€”ใ‚ธ ๏ผˆ 4 " โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽ ] ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใ€• ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒณใ€ 9๏ผŒ 1 0 โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€” ( 4 ' โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ Nโ€” ๏ผˆ 4 " ไธ€ n _ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŠใƒณ ๅœ ใƒฌใƒณใ€ 3๏ผŒ 8 โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆN, Nโ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽ๏ผ‰ _ 6 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŠใƒณ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ธใƒณใ€ 4 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ N , Nโ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 4 " ๏ผŒ 4 ' ' ' ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น [N๏ผŒ ๏ผŒ N ' ใƒผใ‚ธ ๏ผˆ 4โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽ ] ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จ ไบŒใƒซใƒผ 4 โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• ใ‚กใƒ‹ใƒช ใƒณใ€ N, N ' โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 4โ€” (ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ€• ไธ€ N, N ' ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ 1 , 3 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ€ N๏ผŒ N ' ไธ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 4 โ€” (ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใ€• ไธ€ N๏ผŒ N ' โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซโ€” 1 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ€ 5๏ผŒ 5 " โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 4 โ€” (ใƒ“ใ‚น [ 4โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ] ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽ๏ผ‰ ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใ€• ไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 2 ' : 5๏ผŒ ๏ผŒ 2 " _ๅค•ไธ€ใƒใ‚ฉใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใ€ 1๏ผŒ 3๏ผŒ 5 โ€” ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽ๏ผ‰ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4๏ผŒ ๏ผŒ 4 " ใƒผ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ( Nโ€”ๅŠ›ใƒซใƒใ‚พใƒชใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒˆใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณใ€ 4 , 4 ๏ผŒ ๏ผŒ 4 " ไธ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ใ€” ฮโ€” ( 3 ' ' ' โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ โ€” Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4๏ผŒ , 4 " โ€” ใƒˆใƒชใ‚น ใ€”N , Nโ€”ใƒ“ ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 4 ' ' 'ไธ€ t e r t โ€”ใƒ—ใƒใƒซใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซโ€” 4 " "โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณใ€ 1 , 3 , 5 โ€” ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€” ( 4 ' ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ N โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณ๏ผ‰ .ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒ ใ‚ฉใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชไธ€ Nโ€”ใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ซใƒซใƒใ‚พไธ€ใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽ ไฝ“ใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใจไป–ใฎๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ‚’ไฝต็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคไธญใซๅ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฎๅ‰ฒๅˆใฏใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 0 . 1ใ€œ4 0้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใซ่ชฟ่ฃฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค 4ใฏใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ใŠใ‚ˆใณ้›ปๅญใฎๆณจๅ…ฅๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ใจ้›ปๅญใฎๅ†็ตๅˆใซใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๅŠฑ่ตทๅญใ‚’็”Ÿๆˆใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฏใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ AใŠใ‚ˆใณ ZใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚กใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใƒ‰ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚ญใƒŠใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใƒ‰ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽ ไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚ธใ‚ฑใƒˆใƒ”ใƒญๅฃใƒ”ใƒญไธ€ใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ๅคš็’ฐ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ Jใƒฌใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใ€ ใƒ† ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใ€ ใƒ”ใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒšใƒช ใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒช ใ‚ปใƒณใ€ ใƒ‡ใ‚ซใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใ‚ณใƒญใƒใƒณใ€ ใƒ†ใƒˆใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใƒšใƒณใ‚ฟใ‚ธ ใ‚งใƒณใ€ ใƒšใƒณๅค•ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใ€ 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใ€ 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚งใƒใ‚งใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒณ ๅœใƒฉ ใ‚ปใƒณใ€ 1 , 4โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 9 ๏ผŒ โ€”ใ‚งใƒไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณ 4๏ผŒ 4๏ผŒ ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 9 " ไธ€ใ‚งใƒใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ€• ใƒˆใƒชใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ—ใฆๅ‰่ฟฐใ—ใŸๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€• ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž ้Œฏไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 1 0 โ€”ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พ [h]ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใƒ™ใƒช ใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ 2 โ€” ( 2 ' - ใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚พใƒผใƒซใฎไบœ้‰›ๅกฉใ€ 2 โ€” ( 2 ' ใƒผใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พใƒใ‚ขใ‚พไธ€ใƒซใฎไบœ้‰›ๅกฉใ€ 4 โ€”ใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญ ใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚กใ‚ฏ ใƒชใ‚ธใƒณใฎไบœ้‰›ๅกฉใ€ 3 โ€”ใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒฉใƒœใƒณใฎไบœ้‰›ๅกฉใ€ 5 ใƒผใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒฉใƒœใƒณใฎใƒ™ใƒช ใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ ๅกฉใ€ 5 โ€”ใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒฉใƒœใƒณ ใฎใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ๅกฉใ€• ใ€ ใ‚นใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ 1 ๏ผŒ 1 , 4 , 4 ใƒผใƒ†ใƒˆใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซไธ€ 1 , 3 ไธ€ใƒ–ใ‚ฟใ‚ธใ‚จใƒณใ€ 4 , 4 ' โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 2 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4 ' ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” ๏ผˆ 1 ๏ผŒ 1 2 _ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚งใƒ†ใƒ‹ใƒซใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 1 ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 6ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 7ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 3 0ใ€ ใ‚ฏ ใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 1 0 6ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 1 3 8ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 1 5 1 ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 1 5 2 ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 1 5 3ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 3 0 7ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 3 1 1 ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 3 1 4ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 3 3 4ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 3 3 8ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 3 4 3ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 5 0 0ใ€• ใ€ ใƒ”ใƒฉใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ D C M 1 ใ€ D C M 2ใ€• ใ€ ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚พใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒŠใ‚คใƒซใƒฌใƒ„ ใƒ‰ใ€• ใ€ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พใƒใ‚ข ใ‚พไธ€ใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚พใƒผใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พใ‚คใƒŸใƒ€ใ‚พไธ€ใƒซ ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ”ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚ฑใ‚ฃ็šฎ้…ธใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชไธ€ N _ ใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ซใƒซใƒใ‚พใƒผใƒซใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒใ‚ฉใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใ ใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใŠ ใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒฌใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ ใƒช ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒฌใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ•ใ‚งไบŒใƒฌใƒณ ใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒฌใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒใ‚งไบŒใƒฌใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€• ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจ ใ‚‚ไธ€็จฎ็”จใ„ใฆๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใซๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใซๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใ‚’ใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏไป–ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจไฝต็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใจไป–ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝต็”จใ™ ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคไธญใซๅ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฎๅ‰ฒๅˆใฏใ€ ๅฅฝใพ ใ—ใใฏใ€ 0. 0 0 1ใ€œ 9 9. 9 9 9้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏ. 0. 0 1ใ€œ 9 9. 9 9้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 0. 1ใ€œ 9 9. 9้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใซ่ชฟ่ฃฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜ŽใซใŠใ„ใฆ็”จใ„ใ‚‹ไป–ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ๏ผ› ฮ“. Appl. Phys. ,ฯ‹๏ผŒ 3610 (1989)ใ€ ็‰น้–‹ๅนณ 5 โ€” 2 1 4 3 3 2ๅทๅ…ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑค ใ‚’ใƒ›ใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ‚ฒใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆใƒ‰ใƒผใƒ‘ใƒณ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆง‹ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฏใ€ ใƒ›ใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ—ใฆ็”จใ„ใฆ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใฏใ€ ใ‚ฒใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ—ใฆ็”จใ„ใฆ็™บๅ…‰ ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใ‚’ใ€ ใ‚ฒใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ—ใฆ็”จใ„ใฆ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใƒ›ใ‚น ใƒˆๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ๅ‰่จ˜ใฎไป–ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใพใŸใฏๅ‰่จ˜ใฎ ใƒˆใƒชใ‚กใƒชไธ€ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใพใŸใฏใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซใ‚ขใƒŸใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽ ไฝ“ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใ‚’ใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 0. 0 0 1 ใ€œ 4 0้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใ€ ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 0. 0 1 ใ€œ 3 0้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆ. ็‰นใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 0. 1 ใ€œ 2 0้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใจไฝต็”จใ™ใ‚‹็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆใฏ. ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ้Œฏไฝ“ใŒๅฅฝ ใพใ—ใใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ้…ไฝๅญใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ ็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ้Œฏไฝ“ใŒใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ a ) ใ€œไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ c ) ใง่กจ ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ้Œฏไฝ“ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
( Q) a - A๏ผ ( a )
(ๅผไธญใ€ Qใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ้…ไฝๅญใ‚’่กจ ใ™๏ผ‰
( Q) 2 - A , - O - L ( b )
(ๅผไธญใ€ Qใฏ็ฝฎๆ› 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ้…ไฝๅญใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ Oโ€” Lใฏใƒ• ใ‚งใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ้…ไฝๅญใงใ‚ ใ‚Šใ€ Lใฏใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ้ƒจๅˆ†ใ‚’ๅซใ‚€็‚ญ็ด ๆ•ฐ 6ใ€œ 2 4ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™๏ผ‰
( Q) 2 - A , - O - A , - ( Q) 2 ( c )
(ๅผไธญใ€ Qใฏ็ฝฎๆ› 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ้…ไฝๅญใ‚’่กจใ™๏ผ‰
็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใฎๅ…ทไฝ“ไพ‹ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€” ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ( 4 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ( 5 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ๅœ ใƒชใ‚น ( 3 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 4๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 4 , 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญ ใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ (ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 ใƒผใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซ _ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 3 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉ ใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ( 2 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 3 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ• ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉ ใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 4 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€” ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 2 ๏ผŒ 3 _ ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 2๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 3๏ผŒ 4 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 3 , 5 _ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 3 ๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธไธ€ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 2 , 6 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€” ใƒกใƒใƒซ _ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 2๏ผŒ 4 , 6 โ€” ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 2๏ผŒ 4 , 6 โ€” ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ” ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 2๏ผŒ 4๏ผŒ 5๏ผŒ 6 โ€”ใƒ† ใƒˆ ใƒฉใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€” ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 1 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ• ใƒˆใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒŠใƒ• ใƒˆใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸไบŒ ใ‚ฅใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒ• ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2๏ผŒ 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 3 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2๏ผŒ 4 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จ ใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 ไธ€ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 3๏ผŒ 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2๏ผŒ 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 3 , 5 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒผ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2๏ผŒ 4 ไธ€ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ ไธ€ โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 4 ไธ€ใ‚งใƒใƒซโ€” 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 4 โ€” ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซ ไธ€ 4ใƒผใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญ ใ‚ฝโ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 4โ€”ใƒก ใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ก ใƒซใƒŸไบŒใ‚ฅใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 5 โ€”ใ‚ทใ‚กใƒŽไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ ไธ€ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 5 โ€”ใ‚ทใ‚กใƒŽ ไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซ _ 5 _ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒญใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ โ€” โ€” ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 5 _ ใƒˆใƒช ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒญใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅ‹ฟ่ซ–ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆ€ง ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใฏใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไฝต็”จใ—ใฆ ใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค 5 ใฏใ€ ้™ฐๆฅตใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ้›ปๅญใฎๆณจๅ…ฅใ‚’ๅฎนๆ˜“ใซใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸ่ƒฝ ใใ—ใฆๆณจๅ…ฅใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ้›ปๅญใ‚’่ผธ้€ใ™ใ‚‹ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ ๅฑคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใฏใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ AใŠใ‚ˆใณ/ใพใŸใฏไป–ใฎ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆ ใฐใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 1 0 โ€” ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚พ [h]ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใƒ™ใƒช ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ 5 โ€” ใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒฉใƒœ ใƒณใฎใƒ™ใƒช ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ ๅกฉใ€ 5 โ€”ใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒฉใƒœใƒณใฎใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ๅกฉใ€• ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ธใ‚กใ‚พใƒผใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ 1 , 3 โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น [ 5 ' โ€” ๏ผˆ 4 " ไธ€ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 1 ' , 3๏ผŒ , 4 ' โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ธใ‚กใ‚พไธ€ ใƒซใƒผ 2 ' โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ] ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ€• ใ€ ๅœ ใƒช ใ‚ขใ‚พใƒผใƒซ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ 3 ไธ€ ( 4 ' โ€” tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซโ€” 5 โ€” ( 4 " โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 1 , 2๏ผŒ 4 โ€” ใƒˆใƒชใ‚กใ‚พใƒผใƒซใ€• ใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚ขใ‚ธ ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒšใƒช ใƒฌใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚ญใƒŽใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒช ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽ ไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ญใƒŽใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ‹ใƒˆใƒญ็ฝฎๆ›ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒŽ ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใ‚ฉใƒ”ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ชใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ค ใƒ‰่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€็จฎ็”จใ„ใฆๅฝขๆˆใ™ ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆ ใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไฝต็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใจไป–ใฎ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ‚’ไฝต็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคไธญใซๅ ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใฎๅ‰ฒๅˆใฏใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 0 . 1ใ€œ 4 0้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใซ่ชฟ่ฃฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜ŽใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซไฟ‚ใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aใจๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ ใ€”ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ๅ‰่จ˜ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ a ) ใ€œไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ c ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€• ใ‚’ไฝต็”จใ—ใฆ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
้™ฐๆฅต 6 ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ๆฏ”่ผƒ็š„ไป•ไบ‹้–ขๆ•ฐใฎๅฐใ•ใ„้‡‘ๅฑžใ€ ๅˆ้‡‘ใพใŸใฏ้›ป ๆฐ—ไผๅฐŽๆ€งๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใจใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
้™ฐๆฅตใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒชใƒใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒชใƒใ‚ฆ ใƒ ใƒผใ‚ค ใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ๅˆ้‡‘ใ€ ใƒŠใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒŠใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฆใƒ โ€”ใ‚ซใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ ๅˆ้‡‘ใ€ ใ‚ซใƒซใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€้Š€ๅˆ้‡‘ใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใƒผใ‚ฃ ใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฅใƒ ๅˆ้‡‘ใ€ ใ‚ค ใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒซใƒ†ใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒใ‚ฟใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใƒž ใƒณใ‚ฌใƒณใ€ ใ‚ค ใƒƒ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ใƒชใƒใ‚ฆใƒ  ๅˆ้‡‘ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ โ€”ใ‚ซใƒซใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ๅˆ้‡‘ใ€ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ โ€”ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ท ใ‚ฅใƒ ๅˆ้‡‘ใ€ ใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚ขใ‚ค ใƒˆ่–„่†œใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้›ป ๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใฏใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไฝต็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆ ใ„ใ€‚
้™ฐๆฅตใฏใ€ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚นใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ฟใƒช ใƒณใ‚ฐๆณ• ใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณๅŒ–่’ธ็€ๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃ ใƒณใ‚ฐๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณใƒ“ โ€”ใƒ ๆณ•ใชใฉใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใฎไธŠใซๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ้™ฐๆฅตใฏไธ€ๅฑคๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏๅคšๅฑคๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ ใคใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ้™ฐๆฅตใฎใ‚ทใƒผ ใƒˆ้›ปๆฐ—ๆŠตๆŠ—ใฏใ€ ๆ•ฐ็™พ ฮฉ ฮ–ๅฃไปฅไธ‹ใซ่จญๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
้™ฐๆฅตใฎๅŽšใฟใฏใ€ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹้›ปๆฅต็‰ฉ่ณชใฎๆๆ–™ใซใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€ 5ใ€œ ๏ผ› L 0 0 O n m็จ‹ๅบฆใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 1 0ใ€œ 5 0 0 n m็จ‹ๅบฆ ใซ่จญๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใ‚’ๅŠน็Ž‡ใ‚ˆใๅ–ใ‚Šๅ‡บใ™ใŸใ‚ใซใ€ ้™ฝๆฅต ใพใŸใฏ้™ฐๆฅตใฎๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€ๆ–นใฎ้›ปๆฅตใŒใ€ ้€ๆ˜Žใชใ„ใ—ๅŠ้€ๆ˜Žใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅ…‰ใฎ้€้Ž็Ž‡ใŒ 7 0 %ไปฅไธŠใจใชใ‚‹ใ‚ˆ ใ†ใซ้™ฝๆฅตใฎๆๆ–™ใ€ ๅŽšใฟใ‚’่จญๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใŠใ„ใฆใฏใ€ ใใฎๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ ไธ€ๅฑคไธญใซใ€ ไธ€้‡้ …้…ธ็ด ใ‚ฏใ‚งใƒณใƒใƒคไธ€ใŒๅซๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ไธ€้‡้ …้…ธ็ด ใ‚ฏใ‚งใƒณใƒใƒคไธ€ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒซใƒ—ใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฑใƒซ้Œฏไฝ“ใ€ ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚คใ‚ฝในใƒณใ‚พใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณ ใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ€ ็‰นใซๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ ใƒซใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไธ€้‡้ …้…ธ็ด ใ‚ฏใ‚งใƒณใƒใƒคไธ€ใŒๅซๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅฑคใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใพใŸใฏๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ ๅฑคใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅฐšใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใซไธ€้‡้ …ใ‚ฏใ‚งใƒณใƒใƒคไธ€ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจ ๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคไธญใซๅ‡ไธ€ใซๅซๆœ‰ใ•ใ›ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจ้šฃๆŽฅใ™ ใ‚‹ๅฑค ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆฉŸ่ƒฝใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค๏ผ‰ ใฎ่ฟ‘ ๅ‚ใซๅซๆœ‰ใ•ใ›ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
ไธ€้‡้ …้…ธ็ด ใ‚ฏใ‚งใƒณใƒใƒคไธ€ใฎๅซๆœ‰้‡ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ๅซๆœ‰ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅฑค ๏ผˆไพ‹ ใˆใฐใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆง‹ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ…จไฝ“้‡ใฎ 0 . 0 1 ใ€œ 5 0้‡ ้‡๏ผ…ใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ 0 . 0 5ใ€œ 3 0้‡้‡๏ผ…ใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ 0 1 ใ€œ 2 0้‡้‡๏ผ…ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆๆ–นๆณ•ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ ใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ็œŸ็ฉบ่’ธ็€ๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚คใ‚ชใƒณๅŒ– ่’ธ็€ๆณ•ใ€ ๆบถๆถฒๅก—ๅธƒๆณ• ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒณใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚ญใƒฃใ‚น ๅœๆณ•ใ€ ใƒ‡ ใ‚ค ใƒƒใƒ–ใ‚ณใƒผ ใƒˆๆณ•ใ€ ใƒใƒผใ‚ณไธ€ ใƒˆๆณ•ใ€ ใƒญใƒผใƒซใ‚ณใƒผ ใƒˆๆณ•ใ€ ใƒฉใƒณใ‚ฐใƒŸ ใƒฅ ใ‚ก * ใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ผใƒƒ ใƒˆๆณ•ใ€ ใ‚คใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚ธใ‚งใƒƒ ใƒˆๆณ•๏ผ‰ ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š่–„่†œใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ ใจใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
็œŸ็ฉบ่’ธ็€ๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ๅ„ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ็œŸ็ฉบ่’ธ็€ใฎๆกไปถใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ 1 X 1 0 - 4 P a็จ‹ๅบฆใฎ็œŸ็ฉบไธ‹ใงใ€ 5 0ใ€œ 6 0 0 ยฐC็จ‹ๅบฆใฎใƒใƒผ ใƒˆๆธฉๅบฆ ๏ผˆ่’ธ็€ๆบๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ไธ€ 5 0ใ€œ 3 0 0 ยฐC็จ‹ๅบฆใฎๅŸบๆฟๆธฉๅบฆใงใ€ 0 . 0 0 5 ใ€œ 5 0 n m Z s e c็จ‹ๅบฆใฎ่’ธ ็€้€ŸๅบฆใงๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
ใ“ใฎๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใชใฉใฎๅ„ ๅฑคใฏใ€ ็œŸ็ฉบไธ‹ใงใ€ ้€ฃ็ถšใ—ใฆๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ่ซธ็‰นๆ€งใซไธ€ๅฑคๅ„ช ใ‚ŒใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’่ฃฝ้€ ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
็œŸ็ฉบ่’ธ็€ๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค ใชใฉใฎๅ„ๅฑคใ‚’ใ€ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๅ…ฅ ใ‚ŒใŸๅ„ใƒใƒผใƒˆใ‚’ๅ€‹ๅˆฅใซๆธฉๅบฆๅˆถๅพกใ—ใฆใ€ ๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ ๆบถๆถฒๅก—ๅธƒๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ๅ„ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๅ„ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆˆๅˆ† ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใใฎๆˆๅˆ†ใจใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒ€ใƒผๆจน่„‚ใ‚’ใ€ ๆบถๅช’ใซๆบถ่งฃใ€ ใพใŸใฏๅˆ†ๆ•ฃ ใ•ใ›ใฆๅก—ๅธƒๆถฒใจใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใฎๅ„ๅฑคใซไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ†ใ‚‹ ใƒใ‚คใƒณใƒ€ใƒผๆจน่„‚ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ใƒใƒช โ€” N โ€”ใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ซใƒซใƒใ‚พไธ€ใƒซใ€ ใƒใƒช ใ‚กใƒช ใƒฌใƒผใƒˆใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚นใƒใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซใ€ ใƒใƒช ใ‚ทใƒญใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒณใ€ ใƒ ใƒช ใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚กใ‚ฏใƒช ใƒฌใƒผ ใƒˆใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒกใ‚ฟใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใƒฌใƒผ ใƒˆใ€ ใƒœใƒชใ‚จใƒผใƒ† ใƒซใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ซใƒผใƒœใƒใƒผใƒˆใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚คใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ‚ฃ ใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚จใƒใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒฌใƒณใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ต ใ‚ค ใƒ‰ใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚จใƒผใƒ†ใƒซใ‚นใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ขไบŒใƒชใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใƒใƒชใƒใ‚ฉใƒ•ใ‚งใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒฌใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆ ใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒฌ ใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฌใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณใใฎ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใชใฉใฎ้ซ˜ๅˆ†ๅญๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใŒๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใƒใ‚ค ใƒณใƒ€ใƒผๆจน่„‚ใฏใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใ€ ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไฝต็”จ ใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚
ๆบถๆถฒๅก—ๅธƒๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šใ€ ๅ„ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ๅ„ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆˆๅˆ† ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใใฎๆˆๅˆ†ใจใƒใ‚ค ใƒณใƒ€ใƒผๆจน่„‚ใ‚’ใ€ ้ฉๅฝ“ใชๆœ‰ๆฉŸๆบถๅช’ ๏ผˆใธใ‚ญใ‚ต ใƒณใ€ ใ‚ชใ‚ฏใ‚ฟใƒณใ€ ใƒ‡ใ‚ซใƒณใ€ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ€ ใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ€ 1 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒŠใƒ•ใ‚ฟใƒฌใƒณใชใฉใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ็ณปๆบถๅช’ใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใƒกใƒใƒซ ใ‚งใƒใƒซใ‚ฑ ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚คใ‚ฝใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฑ ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒŽใƒณใชใฉ ใฎใ‚ฑ ใƒˆใƒณ็ณปๆบถๅช’ใ€ ใ‚ธใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใƒกใ‚ฟใƒณใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃใƒ›ใƒซใƒ ใ€ ใƒ†ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃ ใƒกใ‚ฟใƒณใ€ ใ‚ธใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใ‚งใ‚ฟใƒณใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใ‚งใ‚ฟใƒณใ€ ใƒ† ๅœใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃใ‚จใ‚ฟ ใƒณใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ€ ใ‚ธใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒญๅฃ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณใชใฉใฎ ๅ…ซใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŒ–็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ็ณปๆบถๅช’ใ€ ้…ข้…ธใ‚งใƒใƒซใ€ ้…ข้…ธใƒ—ใƒใƒซใ€ ้…ข้…ธใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒซใชใฉใฎใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซ็ณปๆบถๅช’ใ€ ใƒกใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ€ ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ‘ใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ€ ใƒ–ใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผ ใƒซใ€ ใƒšใƒณใ‚ฟใƒŽไธ€ใƒซใ€ ใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ€ ใ‚ทใ‚ฏใƒญใธใ‚ญใ‚ตใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ€ ใƒกใƒใƒซ ใ‚ปใƒญใ‚ฝใƒซใƒ–ใ€ ใ‚งใƒใƒซใ‚ปๅฃใ‚ฝใƒซใƒ–ใ€ ใ‚จใƒใƒฌใƒณใ‚ฐใƒชใ‚ณใƒผใƒซใชใฉใฎใ‚ขใƒซ ใ‚ณใƒผใƒซ็ณปๆบถๅช’ใ€ ใ‚ธใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚จใƒผใƒ†ใƒซใ€ ใƒ†ๅœใƒฉใƒ’ ใƒ‰ใƒญใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ€ ใ‚ธใ‚ฉใ‚ญ ใ‚ตใƒณใ€ ใ‚กใƒ‹ใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒซใชใฉใฎใ‚จใƒผใƒ†ใƒซ็ณปๆบถๅช’ใ€ N , N โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ›ใƒซ ใƒ ใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ€ N , N โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚กใ‚ป ใƒˆใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ€ 1 ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒ” ๅฃใƒช ใƒ‰ใƒณใ€ 1 ใƒผใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใ‚คใƒŸใƒ€ใ‚พใƒช ใ‚ธใƒŽ ใƒณใ€ ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚นใƒซใƒ• ใ‚ชใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ค ใƒ‰ใชใฉใฎๆฅตๆ€งๆบถๅช’๏ผ‰ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ ZใพใŸใฏๆฐดใซๆบถ่งฃใ€ ใพใŸใฏๅˆ† ๆ•ฃใ•ใ›ใฆๅก—ๅธƒๆถฒใจใ—ใ€ ๅ„็จฎใฎๅก—ๅธƒๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ่–„่†œใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ๅˆ†ๆ•ฃใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ ใƒ โ€”ใƒซใƒŸใƒซใ€ ใ‚ตใƒณ ใƒ‰ใƒŸใƒซใ€ ใƒšใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใ‚ทใ‚จไธ€ใ‚ซใƒผใ€ ใ‚ข ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ฟใƒผใ€ ใƒ› ใƒขใ‚ธใƒŠใ‚คใ‚ถใƒผใชใฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆๅพฎ็ฒ’ๅญ็Šถใซๅˆ†ๆ•ฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅก—ๅธƒๆถฒใฎๆฟƒๅบฆใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ™ใ‚‹ ๅก—ๅธƒๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šใ€ ๆ‰€ๆœ›ใฎๅŽšใฟใ‚’ไฝœๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ้ฉใ—ใŸๆฟƒๅบฆ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒใซ่จญๅฎšใ™ ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใฏใ€ 0 . 1 ใ€œ 5 0้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏ. 1 ใ€œ 3 0้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใฎๆบถๆถฒๆฟƒๅบฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ใƒใ‚ค ใƒณใƒ€ใƒผๆจน่„‚ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ€ ใใฎไฝฟ็”จ้‡ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็‰นใซๅˆถ้™ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใฏใ€ ๅ„ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๆˆๅˆ†ใซ ๅฏพใ—ใฆ ๏ผˆไธ€ๅฑคๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใซใฏใ€ ๅ„ๆˆๅˆ†ใฎ็ท้‡ใซๅฏพใ— ใฆ๏ผ‰ ใ€ 5ใ€œ 9 9 . 9้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใ€ ๅฅฝใพใ—ใ ใฏใ€ 1 0ใ€œ 9 9 . 9้‡ ้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใ€ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฅฝใพใ—ใใฏใ€ 1 5ใ€œ 9 0้‡้‡๏ผ…็จ‹ๅบฆใซ่จญๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใฎ่†œๅŽšใซ้–ขใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ็‰นใซ้™ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใŒใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€ 5 n mใ€œ 5 m็จ‹ๅบฆใซ่จญ ๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฅฝใพใ—ใ„ใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸ็ด ๅญใซๅฏพใ—ใ€ ้…ธ็ด ใ‚„ๆฐดๅˆ†ใจใฎๆŽฅ่งฆใ‚’้˜ฒๆญขใ™ใ‚‹็›ฎ็š„ ใงใ€ ไฟ่ญทๅฑค ๏ผˆๅฐๆญขๅฑค๏ผ‰ ใ‚’่จญใ‘ใŸใ‚Šใ€ ใพใŸใ€ ็ด ๅญใ‚’ใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณใ€ ๆตๅ‹•ใƒ‘ใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ณใƒณใ‚ชใ‚คใƒซใ€ ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒญใ‚ซใƒผใƒœใƒณๆฒนใ€ ใ‚ผใ‚ชใƒฉ ใ‚ฃ ใƒˆๅซๆœ‰ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒญใ‚ซใƒผใƒœใƒณๆฒนใชใฉใฎไธๆดปๆ€ง็‰ฉ่ณชไธญใซๅฐๅ…ฅใ—ใฆไฟ่ญท ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ไฟ่ญทๅฑคใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆๆ–™ใจใ—ใฆใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้ซ˜ๅˆ†ๅญๆๆ–™ ๏ผˆไพ‹ ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ•ใƒƒ็ด ๅŒ–ๆจน่„‚ใ€ ใ‚จใƒใ‚ญใ‚ทๆจน่„‚ใ€ ใ‚ทใƒช ใ‚ณใƒผใƒณๆจน่„‚ใ€ ใ‚จใƒใ‚ญใ‚ท ใ‚ทใƒชใ‚ณใƒผใƒณๆจน่„‚ใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚นใƒใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚จใ‚นใƒ†ใƒซใ€ ใƒœใƒชใ‚ซใƒผใƒœใƒใƒผ ใƒˆใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚คใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ‚คใƒŸ ใƒ‰ใ€ ใƒใƒชใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ญใ‚ท ใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒช ใ‚จใƒใƒฌใƒณใ€ ใƒใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒฌใƒณใ‚ชใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ค ใƒ‰๏ผ‰ ใ€ ็„กๆฉŸๆๆ–™ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ€ใ‚คใƒคใƒขใƒณใƒ‰่–„่†œใ€ ใ‚ขใƒขใƒซใƒ•ใ‚กใ‚นใ‚ทใƒชใ‚ซใ€ ้›ปๆฐ—็ตถ็ธๆ€ง ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–็‰ฉใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž็ช’ๅŒ–็‰ฉใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž็‚ญ็ด ๅŒ–็‰ฉใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž็กซๅŒ–็‰ฉ๏ผ‰ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใฏๅ…‰็กฌๅŒ–ๆ€งๆจน่„‚ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ’ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ€ ไฟ่ญทๅฑคใซไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ๆ ๆ–™ใฏใ€ ๅ˜็‹ฌใงไฝฟ็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐไฝต็”จใ—ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ไฟ ่ญทๅฑคใฏใ€ ไธ€ๅฑคๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ ใ€ ใพใŸๅคšๅฑคๆง‹้€ ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ ใพใŸใ€ ้›ปๆฅตใซไฟ่ญทๅฑคใจใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑž้…ธๅŒ–่†œ ๏ผˆไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ้…ธ ๅŒ–ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ่†œ๏ผ‰ ใ€ ้‡‘ๅฑžใƒ•ใƒƒๅŒ–่†œใ‚’่จญใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ้™ฝๆฅตใฎ่กจ้ขใซใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸใƒช ใƒณๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ใƒใƒช ใ‚ทใƒฉใƒณใ€ ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ใ‚กใƒŸใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใƒ•ใ‚ฟใƒญใ‚ทใ‚ขใƒ‹ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆˆใ‚‹็•Œ ้ขๅฑค ๏ผˆไธญ้–“ๅฑค๏ผ‰ ใ‚’่จญใ‘ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ้›ปๆฅตใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ้™ฝๆฅตใฏใใฎ่กจ้ขใ‚’ใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ้…ธใ€ ใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒขใƒ‹ใ‚ก Z้Ž้…ธๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏใƒ—ใƒฉใ‚บใƒžใงๅ‡ฆ็†ใ—ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใ‚‚ใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€ ็›ดๆต้ง†ๅ‹•ๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใจใ— ใฆไฝฟ็”จใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ไบคๆต้ง†ๅ‹•ๅž‹ใฎ็ด ๅญใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใ ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใพใŸใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ใ‚ปใ‚ฐใƒกใƒณใƒˆๅž‹ใ€ ๅ˜็ด”ใƒž ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น้ง†ๅ‹•ๅž‹ใชใฉใฎใƒ‘ใƒƒใ‚ทใƒ–้ง†ๅ‹•ๅž‹ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ T F T (่–„่†œใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใ‚ธใ‚นใ‚ฟ๏ผ‰ ๅž‹ใ€ M I M (ใƒกใ‚ฟใƒซโ€”ใ‚คใƒณใ‚นใƒฌใƒผๅค•โ€”โ€”ใƒก ใ‚ฟใƒซ๏ผ‰ ๅž‹ใชใฉใฎใ‚ขใ‚ฏใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒ–้ง†ๅ‹•ๅž‹ใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ้ง†ๅ‹•้›ปๅœงใฏใ€ ไธ€่ˆฌใซใ€ 2 ใ€œ 3 0 V็จ‹ๅบฆใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใฏใ€ ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€ ใƒ‘ใƒใƒซๅž‹ๅ…‰ๆบใ€ ๅ„็จฎใฎ ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€ ๅ„็จฎใฎ่กจ็คบ็ด ๅญใ€ ๅ„็จฎใฎๆจ™่ญ˜ใ€ ๅ„็จฎใฎใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ตใƒผใชใฉใซ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹
ไปฅไธ‹ใ€ ่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ใŠใ‚ˆใณๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใ‚’ๆ›ดใซ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ ใ‚‹ใŒใ€ ๅ‹ฟ่ซ–ใ€ ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใฏใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š้™ๅฎšใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ 1 ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎ่ฃฝ้€ 
9 ใƒผใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 1 0 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 3 . 3 3 g ใ€ 9 , 9 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 2 โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ 2 . 3 8 gใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธใƒŠใƒˆใƒช ใ‚ฅใƒ  2 . 1 2 gใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ†ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ญใ‚น ๏ผˆ ใƒˆใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ  0. 3 5 gใ‚’ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณ ๏ผˆ 1 0 0 m l ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณๆฐด ๏ผˆ 5 0 m l ) ไธญใง 5ๆ™‚้–“ๅŠ ็†ฑ้‚„ๆตใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅๅฟœๆททๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚ˆใ‚Š ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ‚’็•™ๅŽป ใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ๆžๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ›บไฝ“ใ‚’ๆฟพ้Žใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ›บไฝ“ใ‚’ใ‚ทใƒชใ‚ซใ‚ฒใƒซๅŠ› ใƒฉใƒ ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒž ใƒˆใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผ ๏ผˆๆบถๅ‡บๆถฒ ๏ผš ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใงๅ‡ฆ็†ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใƒˆใƒซ ใ‚งใƒณใ‚’ๆธ›ๅœงไธ‹็•™ๅŽปใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ๆฎ‹ๆธฃใ‚’ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณใจใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใฎๆททๅˆๆบถๅช’ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅ†็ตๆ™ถใ—ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’้ป„่‰ฒใฎ็ตๆ™ถใจใ—ใฆ 2 1 8 gๅพ—ใŸใ€‚
่ณช้‡ๅˆ†ๆž ๏ผš m/ z = 4 4 6
ๅ…ƒ็ด ๅˆ†ๆž ๏ผš ๏ผˆ C 3 5 H 2 6ใจใ—ใฆ๏ผ‰
C H
่จˆ็ฎ—ๅ€ค ๏ผˆ๏ผ…) 9 4. 1 3 5. 8 7
ๅฎŸๆธฌๅ€ค ๏ผˆ๏ผ…) 9 4. 2 0 5. 8 0
่ž็‚น 2 5 0 ยฐCไปฅไธŠ
ๅฐšใ€ ใ“ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ 3 0 0 ใ€ X 1 0โ€” 4 P aใฎๆกไปถไธ‹ใงๆ˜‡่ฏ ใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๅธๅŽๆฅตๅคง ๏ผˆใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณไธญ๏ผ‰ 3 9 0 n m
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ 2ใ€œ 6 2
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ 1 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ 9 โ€”ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 1 0 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ็จฎใ€…ใฎใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŒ–็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ 9๏ผŒ 9 ใƒผใ‚ธ ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ็จฎใ€…ใฎ ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ 1 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใ—ใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใซๅพ“ใ„ ็จฎใ€…ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใŸใ€‚
่กจ 1ใ€œ 5 ใซใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŒ–็‰ฉใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใช ใ‚‰ใณใซ่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใŸๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅทใง็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณไธญใฎๅธๅŽๆฅตๅคง ๏ผˆ n m) ใ‚‚ไฝตใ›ใฆ็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ่ฃฝ้€ ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ ้ป„่‰ฒใ€œๆฉ™้ป„่‰ฒใฎ็ตๆ™ถใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎ่ž็‚นใฏใ€ 2 5 0 ยฐCไปฅไธŠใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
Figure imgf000189_0001
่กจ 2
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŒ–็‰ฉ ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๅธๅŽๆฅตๅคง ็•ชๅท (nm)
18 9ใƒผใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (4'โ€” tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ 9,9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ ฮ‘-45 393 ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ
19 9ใƒผใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (4'โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆ 9, 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ ฮ‘-47 393 ใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ
20 9ไธ€ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขไธ€10โ€”๏ผˆ4' _nโ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ 9,9โ€”ใ‚ธไธ€ ฮทโ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ ฮ‘-53 395 ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ้…ธ
21 9ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (6'โ€”ใƒกๅœใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 2'โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ ฮ‘โ€” 55 398 ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ
22 9ไธ€ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขไธ€10โ€” ใ€”4'ไธ€๏ผˆ4"ไธ€ nโ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ท 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ A-58 400 ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ€• ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ
23 9ไธ€ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขไธ€10โ€” (9', 9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 9๏ผŒ 9-ใ‚ธใƒผ ฮทโ€”ใƒšใƒณใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ C-8 398 'ไธ€ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ้…ธ
24 9ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (9'โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซ -9'โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ C-12 404 ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ
25 9ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€”๏ผˆ9',9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 9,9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ C-14 407 ไธ€ 2' _ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ
26 9ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (9'๏ผŒ9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 9, 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒผ ฮทโ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ C-20 408 -2'ไธ€ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ้…ธ
27 9ใƒผใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณๅœใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 7 -๏ผˆ9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€9๏ผŒ D 1 405
9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใƒผ2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
28 9ใƒผใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (4'โ€” nโ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก 7-(9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใƒผ9, Dโ€” 8 407 ใƒณๅœใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
29 9ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (4'โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆ 7-(9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, D- 16 408 ใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
30 9ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10_(4'โ€”ใƒกใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆ 7-(9',9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€9, Dโ€” 31 398 ใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
31 9ไธ€ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 10โ€”๏ผˆ9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก Eโ€” 1 416 ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
32 9ใƒผใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” ใ€”4'โ€” (ฮ,ฮโ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽ๏ผ‰ 10-(9' ,9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก E-7 414 ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
่กจ 3
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŒ–็‰ฉ ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๅธๅŽๆฅตๅคง ็•ชๅท (nm)
33 9 ใƒ–ใƒญใƒข 10โ€”๏ผˆ4'โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆ 10-(9',9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2' ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก 418 ใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
34 9 ใƒ–ใƒญใƒข 10โ€” (2' ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆ 10-(9',9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก E-18 414 ใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
35 9 ใƒ–ใƒญใƒข 10_(4'โ€”ใƒกใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆ 10โ€”๏ผˆ9' 9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2' ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก 410 ใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ใƒณๅœใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ _9 ฮ“ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฅ้…ธ
36 9โ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (6'ใƒผใƒกใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒผ 2' ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ 10- (9' 9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก 420 ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
37 9- (7' ใƒ‰ไธ€ 9', 9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 10- (9' , 9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2' ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก F-3 410 ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ 10โ€”๏ผˆ4"โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
ใƒณ
38 9ไธ€๏ผˆ7' ใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ใƒผ 9' 9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 10โ€” (9' ,9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก 412 ' ใƒฌ๏ผ‰ 10โ€”๏ผˆ3" _ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ _Jใƒฌ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉ ใƒณๅœใƒฉ ใƒณใƒผ 9 ^ f Jใƒฌใƒ› ้…ธ
ใ‚ปใƒณ
39 9- (7'โ€”ใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ไธ€ 9', 9 ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2 10-(9' ,9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2' ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก F-24 408 'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใƒผ10 ใ€”4"_(N,Nโ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽ๏ผ‰ใƒ•ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
40 2โ€”ใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ใƒผ 7โ€”๏ผˆ9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2' 10โ€” (9' ,9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”^ fใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก G- 1 414 ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ 9 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
41 2 ใƒ‰ใƒผ 7โ€”๏ผˆ9', 9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2' 10- ใ€”7' N Nโ€”ใ‚ธ๏ผˆ1 " ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽไธ€ 9',9' Gโ€” 13 414 ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ -9, 9 ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒฌใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ
โ€”9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
42 2 ใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ _7_(9',9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 10_(9' ,9' ใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2' ฮ“ใƒซ๏ผ‰ G-25 418 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ _9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
43 9 ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10โ€” (9' 9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒผ n ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉ 10โ€”๏ผˆ9' 9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2' ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก H-7 420 ใƒฌใƒณ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
44 10โ€”ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10'โ€” (4" ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ 9, 9' 7- ใ€”10' _ (4" ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ S J -3 422 ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• 9,9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ _2_ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›
ใ‚ฅ้…ธ
45 10 ใƒ–ใƒญใƒข 10'โ€”๏ผˆ4" _ใ‚จใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰โ€” 9,9 7- ใ€”10' _(4"โ€”ใ‚จใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ J-22 422 ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ 9'ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• _9 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃ
ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
ใƒˆ ่กจ 4
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ ใƒŽใ€ใƒญใ‚ฑใƒŽ" fๅŒ•็‰ฉ ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ ไฝ“ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๅธๅŽๆฅตๅคง
ๅฃ
ยพยท (nm)
46 10โ€”ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10'โ€”๏ผˆ4"โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9,9' 7-(9',9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€9๏ผŒ ฮš-3 41 6 ไธ€ใƒ’ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚นใƒช Jใƒฌ 9โ€”ใƒณใƒกใƒŠ Jใƒฌใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒŽใƒผ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใƒฎ้…ธ
47 10โ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10'โ€”๏ผˆฮ“โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰โ€”9, 9'ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ข 7-(9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, 41 8 ใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
48 10โ€”ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10'โ€” (4"โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9๏ผŒ 9 7-(9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, ฮš- 1 6 41 6 'ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
49 9ไธ€๏ผˆ7'โ€”ใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ไธ€ 9', 9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 7โ€”๏ผˆ10'โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9'ไธ€^ fใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, L- 1 415 'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 10โ€” (9" , 9" -ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2" 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
ไธ€^ Jใƒฌ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณๅœใƒ•ใ‚ปใƒŽ
50 9- (7'โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9'๏ผŒ9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 7โ€” ใ€”10'โ€”๏ผˆ2"โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ L- 19 41 3 'ไธ€ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€10โ€” (9"๏ผŒ9"ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2"ไธ€ 9'ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใƒผ9,9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃ
โ€”ใ‚ฃ ใƒฌ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณๅœใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
5 1 9โ€” (7'โ€”ใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ใƒผ 9', 9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 7- ใ€”10'โ€”๏ผˆ4"ไธ€ใ‚จใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ L-32 41 3 โ€”ใ‚ฃใ‚พใƒฌ๏ผ‰โ€”10โ€” (9 ,9 โ€”ใƒณ ใƒŠใƒชใƒฌใƒŽใƒชใƒฌใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2 ไธ€ 9 ไธ€ใ‚คใƒชใƒฌ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, 9ใƒผใƒณ ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ• Jใƒฌใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃ
โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
52 10โ€”ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10'โ€”๏ผˆ9", 9' 'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 7โ€”๏ผˆ9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, ฮโ€” 1 41 7 ไธ€ 2โ€”^ ใƒฌ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, 9ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒŽใ‚นใƒชใƒชใƒฌ 9โ€”ใƒณใƒกใƒŠใƒชใƒฌใƒ• ฮ›ใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒŽไธ€2โ€”ใ‚ฃ ใƒฌใƒ›ใƒฎ้…ธ
53 10โ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10'โ€”๏ผˆ9", 9"ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌ 7- (9' , 9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 420 ใƒณใƒผ 2"โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9๏ผŒ 9'ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
54 10โ€”ใƒ–ใƒญไธƒไธ€ 10 โ€• (7 โ€” ฮ,ฮโ€”ใƒณใƒŽใ‚จ _Jใƒฌใ‚บ ฯŠใƒŽ 7โ€” [10 โ€• (4 ใƒผใ‚งใƒŠใƒชใƒฌใƒ•ใ‚งไธ€Jใƒฌ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณๅœใƒ•ใ‚ปใƒŽใƒผ 9 ฮŸโ€” 3 422 -9", 9"ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2"ไธ€ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€9๏ผŒ 9' 'ไธ€ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€•ไธ€ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›
โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ
55 10โ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10'โ€”๏ผˆ9"๏ผŒ 9"โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 7- ใ€”10'โ€” (2"โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9'โ€”ใ‚ฃ 0โ€” 1 5 424 ไธ€ 2"โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰โ€”9,9'โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ ใƒซใ€•ไธ€9,9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
56 10โ€”ใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใƒผ 10'โ€” (9"๏ผŒ9"โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 7- ใ€”10'โ€”๏ผˆ4"ใƒผใƒกใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 0-2 1 41 2 ไธ€ 2"โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€9, 9'ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ โ€” 9'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• ไธ€ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃ
ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
57 10โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ 10'โ€”๏ผˆ7"โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9", 9"ใƒผใ‚ธใƒก 7- (10'ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9'ไธ€ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€9, ฮกโ€” 1 424 ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2"โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€9๏ผŒ 9'โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒช 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
ใƒซ
โ– ฮถ
ๅฏธ ่กจ 5
ใƒŽใƒฝ uใƒฎใƒŽ 1 -w ๏ผŒใƒŽ๏ผ 1ไปค ยพ ฮ—ฮง.ยพฮšฮง ็•ชๅท (nm)
58 10โ€” (4'โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰โ€” 10'โ€” (7"โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ 7- ใ€”10'โ€”(4"โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ P- 16 426 y , y โ€”โ€”ใƒณ ใƒŠใƒชใƒฌใƒŽใƒŽใƒฌ ใƒฌใƒŽ ใคใ‚ฝใƒฌโ€” g๏ผŒy y โ€” ฮฏใ‚พใƒฌ J gโ€”โ€”ใƒณใ‚นใƒŠใ‚ฝใƒฌใƒ•ใƒŽใƒฌ ใƒฌใƒŽใƒผ ฮถโ€”
ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ 'ยท
59 10โ€” (4'โ€”ใƒกใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 10'โ€” (?"โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ 7- ใ€”10'โ€”๏ผˆ4"โ€”ใƒกใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ P-31 426
9 , 9 ใƒผใƒณ >ใ‚กใƒŽใƒฌใƒŽใƒชใƒฌ^ ฮ“ใƒฌใƒŽใƒผ/! ใƒผ ใƒŽใƒฌ๏ผ›ไธ€ โ€” b โ€”ฮ›)ฮฝ\ ไธ€ 9, i)โ€”ใƒณใƒกใƒŠ JใƒฌใƒŽใƒŽใƒฌใ‚ชใƒฌใƒŽใƒผ ไธ€ "1"
ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
60 10-(9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 1 7โ€” (10'โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใƒผ9, Q- 1 426 0'โ€”๏ผˆ7"โ€”ใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ใƒผ 9", 9"ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
2"โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, 9'ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ
6 1 10-(9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 1 7- ใ€”10'โ€”๏ผˆ4"ไธ€ nโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ป Q-6 426 0' _ (7"โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9"๏ผŒ 9"ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒณไธ€ใƒณไธ€ 9'ไธ€ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• ไธ€ 9๏ผŒ9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”
2"โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9๏ผŒ 9'ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
62 10โ€”๏ผˆ9',9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 1 7โ€” ใ€”10' _(4"โ€”ใƒกใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ Qโ€” 31 424 0'ไธ€๏ผˆ7"โ€”ใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ -9", 9"ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€”ไธ€ 9'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• ไธ€ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃ
2"โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9, 9'ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚ขใƒณใ‚นใƒชใƒซ ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ 6 3 ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎ่ฃฝ้€ 
1 0 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9 ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ 5. 9 6 gใ€ 2 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผ ใƒ‰ไธ€ 9 , 9 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ 4. 4 6 gใ€ ็‚ญ้…ธใƒŠ ใƒˆใƒชใ‚ฆใƒ  4. 2 4 gใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ†ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ญใ‚น ๏ผˆ ใƒˆใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใ‚นใƒ•ใ‚ฃ ใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใƒ‘ใƒฉใ‚ธใ‚ฆใƒ  0 . 7 0 g ใ‚’ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณ ๏ผˆ 1 0 0 m l ) ใŠใ‚ˆใณๆฐด ( 5 0 m l ) ไธญใง 5ๆ™‚้–“ๅŠ ็†ฑ้‚„ๆตใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅๅฟœๆททๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚ˆใ‚Š ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณ ใ‚’็•™ๅŽปใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ๆžๅ‡บใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ›บไฝ“ใ‚’ๆฟพ้Žใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎๅ›บไฝ“ใ‚’ใ‚ทใƒชใ‚ซ ใ‚ฒใƒซใ‚ซใƒฉใƒ ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒž ใƒˆใ‚ฐใƒฉใƒ•ใ‚ฃใƒผ ๏ผˆๆบถๅ‡บๆถฒ ๏ผš ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณ๏ผ‰ ใงๅ‡ฆ็†ใ—ใŸ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณใ‚’ๆธ›ๅœงไธ‹็•™ๅŽปใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ๆฎ‹ๆธฃใ‚’ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณใจใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใฎๆททๅˆ ๆบถๅช’ใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๅ†็ตๆ™ถใ—ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Bโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’้ป„่‰ฒใฎ็ตๆ™ถใจใ— ใฆ 4. 8 8 gๅพ—ใŸใ€‚
่ณช้‡ๅˆ†ๆž ๏ผš mZ z 6 9 8
ๅ…ƒ็ด ๅˆ†ๆž ๏ผš ๏ผˆ C 5 5 H 3 8ใจใ—ใฆ๏ผ‰
C H
่จˆ็ฎ—ๅ€ค (%) 9 4. 5 2 5. 8
ๅฎŸๆธฌๅ€ค ๏ผˆ๏ผ…) 9 4. 5 6 5. 4 4
่ž็‚น 2 5 0 ยฐCไปฅไธŠ
ๅฐšใ€ ใ“ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ 3 0 0ใง X 1 0 - 4 P aใฎๆกไปถไธ‹ใงๆ˜‡่ฏ ใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๅธๅŽๆฅตๅคง ๏ผˆใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณไธญ๏ผ‰ 4 2 0 n m
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ 6 4ใ€œ 9 9
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ 1 0 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9 ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซ ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ็จฎใ€…ใฎใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใ€ 2 , 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผ ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9๏ผŒ 9 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซ ็จฎใ€…ใฎใ‚ธใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒŽๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใ— ใŸๆ–นๆณ•ใซๅพ“ใ„ใ€ ็จฎใ€…ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใŸใ€‚
่กจ 6ใ€œ่กจ 8 ใซใฏไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณใ‚ธใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒŽๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใชใ‚‰ใณใซ่ฃฝ้€ ใ—ใŸๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅทใง็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใŸใ€ ใƒˆใƒซใ‚จใƒณไธญใฎๅธๅŽๆฅตๅคง ๏ผˆ n m) ใ‚‚ไฝตใ›ใฆ็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๅฐšใ€ ่ฃฝ้€ ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฏใ€ ้ป„่‰ฒใ€œๆฉ™้ป„่‰ฒใฎ็ตๆ™ถใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใฎ่ž็‚นใฏใ€ 2 5 0 ยฐCไปฅไธŠใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
่กจ 6
้…ท่ซธ้“ไผ˜ ใ€ๅˆใƒฝ 1ฯ‹
็•จ (nm)
64 1 nโ€” (ฮ†'โ€” ๅƒ๏ผ‰ใƒฌใƒ• ฯ„โ€” Jใƒฌ1)ใ‚กใ€ 1 ใƒฉ ใ€ใƒŽไธ€ Qโ€”ใ‚ฃ 1 ฯŽ ฮก a โˆ‘j ฮ” U ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
65 10โ€” (9' ; ^ใƒฌ) ๅœใƒฉ 1 ๏ผ›ใƒฌ ใ‚ฆ ใ€ ut j ฮช R _ Q A I R ้…ธ
66 10โ€” (4๏ผŒไธ€๏ผš ฮ“ใƒ๏ผ‰ใƒฌใƒ•ใฆโ€”ใƒซ)ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใ€/โ€” 9โ€”ใ‚ฃ 2ยป 71โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ไธ€ q qโ€”ใ‚ธ ใƒ๏ผ‰ใƒฌใƒ• Jใƒฌใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ A 0 0 ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
67 10- (4*ไธ€^ f ใ‚ฝใƒ—ใƒญใƒ” ใƒฌใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒŽใƒฌ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ป 2 7โ€”ใ‚ธ 3โ€”ใƒ‰ไธ€ 9 9โ€” , ใƒ Jใƒฌใƒ• 1ใƒฌใ‚ชใƒฌใ€ Bโ€” 9
9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
68 10โ€” {4'ไธ€ [ฮ,ฮโ€”ใ‚ธ๏ผˆ4"ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽใ€• 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ไธ€ 9, 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ Bโ€” 12 420 ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ} ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
69 10-(4'โ€”ฮทโ€”ใƒ‡ใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใƒผ9 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9, 9ไธ€ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒณ Bโ€” 14 422 ไธ€^ ฮ  1 ใƒฌใƒ›ใ‚ฅ้…ธ
70 10โ€” (4'โ€”ใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9โ€”ใ‚ฃ 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9, 9โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B - 17 420 ใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฅ้…ท
71 10โ€” (ฮ“โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9, 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ Bโ€” 19 425 ้…ท
72 10โ€” (4'โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9โ€” 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B-21 427 ใ‚ฃ 1 ใƒซ>1 ใ‚ฅ้…ธ
73 10- (2'ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9โ€” 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ใƒผ 9 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B-24 425 ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
74 10- {4' - ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” (4 "โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จ 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ไธ€ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B- 25 427 ใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ} ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ
ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
75 10โ€” 4'โ€”ใƒกใƒˆใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ไธ€ 2,ใƒžใƒผใ‚ธ 3โ€”ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B-40 421 ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
76 10โ€” (4'โ€” nโ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉ 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ใƒผ 9, 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B-43 422 ใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
77 10โ€” 4'ไธ€ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉ 2 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B-45 423 ใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
78 10โ€” 4'โ€”ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒญใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ไธ€ 2 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B-47 423 ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
่กจ 7
่ฃฝ้€ ไพ‹ ใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ ใ‚ธใƒŽใ€ใƒญใ‚ฒใƒŽๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๅธๅŽๆฅตๅคง
( ฯ€ m)
79 10โ€”๏ผˆ4'โ€”nโ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉ 2, 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9,9ใƒผใ‚ธไธ€ ฮทโ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌ Bโ€” 53 425 ใƒŽไธ€ n - ใ—ๅฃซ ^JSfc
y ใคใƒŽใƒฌ ,ใƒŽ^
8 0 10โ€” (6'โ€”ใƒกใƒˆใ‚ทใ‚ญใƒผ 2'โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ 2,7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ใƒผ 9๏ผŒ 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ B-55 42 8
y ใƒŽใƒฌ ยพ ใƒฏ^
o ไธ„ ฮนฯ… L^t ยพ n ใƒฝๅ ใƒŽใƒฌ ๅใƒŽใƒŽ uโ€” ใƒฌ ใƒŽ 7 ฮฏโ€•โ€”โ€”ใƒณใ‚ณใ‚ณ^^ ~ ฮ“ โ€• ๏ผŒ yโ€”โ€” ;ใƒณ5ใ‚นใƒŠใƒŽ 1ใ—ใƒฌ~ใƒŽ71ใ—ใƒฌ +^ rใƒฌใƒณ D U ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซใ€• ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
O ๏ผŒ ใƒณใ‚นใƒŠใƒŽใƒฌใƒŽใ‚ฝใƒฌ^ 3 ใƒฌใƒณไธ€ ใคใƒŽใƒฌ ใƒฏ^ Q โ€•
y๏ผŒ ฮ› ใƒณ5ใƒŽๅฃใ‚จไธƒใƒžใƒ€ใƒŽ tๅœ ยซใƒ•ใงใƒŽ ใ— ไธ„ o y O
8 3 9๏ผŒ9โ€”ใ‚ธไธ€ nโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ 9๏ผŒ 10โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ–ๅฃใƒขใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ Cไธ€ 3 400
84 9, 9โ€”ใƒณไธ€ nโ€”ใธใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฏใƒฌใ‚น Jใƒฌใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒŽใƒฌ ใƒฎ 9๏ผŒ 10โ€”ใƒณใƒ•ใƒญใƒขใ‚ขใƒŽๅœใƒ•ใ‚ปใƒŽ ใ—ไธ€ 5 400 ้…ธ
85 7โ€” ใ€”ฮ๏ผŒฮโ€”ใƒณ๏ผˆ4 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒผใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก ใƒŽใ€• ไธ€ 9๏ผŒ9 9๏ผŒ 10โ€”ใƒณใƒ–ใƒญใƒขใ‚ขใƒŽใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ปใƒณ Cโ€” 25 397 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
86 7โ€” LNโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไธ€ใƒชใƒฌไธ€ โ€” U โ€”ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒ†ใƒฌ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก๏ผš^ใƒŽ J โ€• 1๏ผŒ 4โ€”ใƒณใƒกใƒ Jใƒฌโ€” 9๏ผŒ 1ฯ‹โ€”ใƒณใƒ•ใƒญใƒขใ‚ขใƒŽๅœใƒ•ๅฎƒใƒŽ Cโ€” 8 d 98 9,9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
8 7 9โ€”ใƒณใƒกใƒ†ใƒŽใƒฌใƒ•ใƒŽใƒฌใ™ใƒฌใƒŽไธ€ โ€”"ใƒŽใƒฌ ใƒฎ้…ธ 1U, 1Uโ€” 9 โ€”โ€”ใƒ’,ใƒŽใ‚นใƒชใ‚พใƒฌ iไธ€ไธ„ ใ‚Šใซ
88 10โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ 2โ€”ใƒงไธ€ 7โ€” (7'โ€”ใƒง 9'๏ผŒ9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ• Iไธ€ 1 422 ใƒชใƒฌใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” Z โ€”ใ‚คใƒŽใƒฌไธ€g๏ผŒ 9โ€”โ€”ใƒณใƒกใ‚กใ‚ฝใƒฌใƒŽใƒŽใƒฌใ™ใƒฌใƒŽ
8 9 10โ€”๏ผˆ4'ไธ€ ฮทโ€”ใƒ—ใƒญใƒ”ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 2โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 7โ€” (7'โ€”ใƒงโ€”ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9'๏ผŒ9'โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ• 1โ€”4 422
ใค ใƒŽใƒฌ ใƒฝ'ใƒŽ ใƒŽใ—ใƒฌ 1ใƒฌ ใ‚ฏ ^' ไธ€ใ‚ฃใค ใƒŽ ฮ [ฮ›ใƒŽโ€” Q 0โ€” ใ‚ญใƒŽใƒŽ ฮชใ—"ใƒŽ 7ใƒŽ Iใƒฌ^ๅ) ฮช
90 10โ€”๏ผˆ4' _ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใƒผ9ไธ€ 2โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ไธ€7โ€” (7'โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ไธ€ 9'๏ผŒ9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ• 1 - 16 424 ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€ 9๏ผŒ 9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ
9 1 10- ใ€”4'โ€” (ฮ,ฮโ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽ๏ผ‰ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ€• ใ‚ขใƒณ 2โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ไธ€ 7โ€” (7'โ€”ใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ไธ€ 9', 9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ• 1 -3 1 420 ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ไธ€9๏ผŒ 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ
92 10โ€” (9'๏ผŒ9'ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ก 2๏ผŒ 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใƒ‰ใƒผ 9, 9ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ M- 1 428 ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
93 10โ€” (9'๏ผŒ9'ใƒผใ‚ธไธ€ ฮทโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€”ใ‚ฃ 2,7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ใƒผ 9,9โ€”ใ‚ธใƒผ nโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ Mโ€” 3 430 ใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ
94 10โ€”๏ผˆ9',9'ใƒผใ‚ธไธ€ ฮทโ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2'โ€” 2๏ผŒ 7โ€”ใ‚ธใƒงไธ€ใƒ‰ไธ€ 9,9โ€”ใ‚ธไธ€ nโ€”ใธใ‚ญใ‚ทใƒซใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌ M- 5 430 ใ‚ฃใƒซ๏ผ‰ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9ใƒผใ‚ฃใƒซใƒ›ใ‚ฆ้…ธ ใƒณ
Figure imgf000198_0001
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ U V/ใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ไธ€ใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 ไธ€4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4 , 4 ' โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ๏ผˆ 3 " โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 2 n m/ s e cใง 7 5 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ— ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซ _ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒŽใƒฉไธ€ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A ไธ€ 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่’ธ็€ๆบใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 0 . 5 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ ใƒˆใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿ ๅบฆ 0 . 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 n m/ s e cใง 2 0 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡ ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐš ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใฃใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 4 2 0 c d Zm 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2ใ€œ 9 9 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 8 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹ ็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 2 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 2 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A - 2 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 2 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€”
3 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 3 8ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 4 0 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1
6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 4 3ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 4 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€”
4 7ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2
1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5 8ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝ ไพ‹ 2 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 2ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 1 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B - 1 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 2 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 2 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 4 0 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B - 4 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 4 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 4 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 5 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 5 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 5 8 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝ ไพ‹ 4 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 8ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 1 2ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท C ไธ€ 1 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 2 0ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 2 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cโ€” 2 8 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Dโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Dโ€” 8 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Dโ€” 1 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Dโ€” 3 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Eโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Eโ€” 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท E - 1 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Eโ€” 1 8 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท E - 2 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Eโ€” 3 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Fโ€” 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท F โ€” 1 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท F โ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท G - 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Gโ€” 1 3ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Gโ€” 2 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Hโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Hโ€” 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹ ็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท I ไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท I ไธ€ 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท I ไธ€ 1 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท I ไธ€ 3 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท J ไธ€ 3ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท J ไธ€ 2 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Kไธ€ 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Kไธ€ 1 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Kไธ€ 1 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Lไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Lไธ€ 1 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Lโ€” 3 2 ใฎๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 1 4 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 1 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 2 0 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท M - 2 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ช ๅท Mโ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Nโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Nโ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅทใ€‡ไธ€ 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Oโ€” 1 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Oโ€” 2 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท P โ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท P โ€” 1 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Pโ€” 3 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Qโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Qโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Qโ€” 3 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 9 ) ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ ้’่‰ฒใ€œ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ• ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใใฎ็‰นๆ€งใ‚’่ชฟในใ€ ็ตๆžœใ‚’่กจ 9ใ€œ่กจ 1 3 ใซ็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 1
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A ไธ€ 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ›ใšใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉ ใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ ใ‘ใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐ ๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ ้’่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ช ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใใฎ็‰นๆ€งใ‚’่ชฟในใ€ ็ตๆžœใ‚’่กจ 1 3 ใซ็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 2
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ N โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 2 โ€”ใƒก ๅœใ‚ญใ‚ทใ‚ก ใ‚ฏ ใƒช ใƒ‰ใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป ็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ“ใฎ็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ด ๆต้›ปๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ ้’่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎ ็‰นๆ€งใ‚’่ชฟในใ€ ็ตๆžœใ‚’่กจ 1 3 ใซ็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚
่กจ 9 ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ ่ผๅบฆ ไบ€ๆต ๅบฆ ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ (c d/m2) (mA/ c m2) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 2 3 80 54 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 2 3 6 0 55 ๅฎŸ๏ผš ยซไพ‹ 4 2 3 2 0 54 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 2 3 6 0 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 2440 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 2 340 56 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 2 3 3 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 2 3 8 0 54 ๅฎŸ ยพไพ‹ 1 0 2 3 8 0 54 ๅฎŸ; Sgไพ‹ 1 1 2 3 5 0 56 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 2440 54 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 248 0 53 ๅฎŸๆ—Œไพ‹ 14 2 3 9 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 2 340 54 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 1 6 2 5 1 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ—Žไพ‹ 1 7 2 340 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 242 0 56 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 2 340 54 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 242 0 54 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 2 340 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 2 2440 54 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 3 24 1 0 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 24 2 3 5 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 5 2 5 1 0 5 5 ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ 3^ๅบฆ ้›ปๆตๅฏ†] ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ( c d / m 2) (m A / c m 2) ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 2 6 2 3 7 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 2 7 2 3 2 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ—„ไพ‹ 2 8 2 3 4 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 9 2 3 6 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 0 2 3 3 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 1 2 3 7 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 2 2 3 8 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 3 2 4 6 0 5 4 ๅฎŸ๏ผ› S6ไพ‹ 3 4 2 3 4 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 5 2 5 8 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 6 2 3 4 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 7 2 4 1 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 8 2 3 8 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 3 9 2 3 8 0 5 5 ๅฎŸ ยพไพ‹ 4 0 2 4 2 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 1 2 4 1 0 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 2 2 3 5 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 3 2 3 4 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 4 2 3 8 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 5 2 5 0 0 5 6 ยท ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 6 2 3 6 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 7 2 3 4 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 8 2 3 2 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 4 9 2 3 3 0 5 6 ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ ่ผๅบฆ ็ซœๆต apๅบฆ ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ( c d /m2) (m A/ c m2) ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 5 0 2 5 4 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 1 2 3 6 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 2 2 3 4 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 5 3 2 3 8 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 4 2 3 5 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 5 5 2 4 7 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 6 2 3 3 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 7 2 3 5 0 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 5 8 2 4 6 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 5 9 2 3 4 0 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 0 2 4 2 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 1 2 5 3 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 6 2 2 4 4 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 3 2 3 6 0 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ—Œไพ‹ 6 4 2 3 4 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ—Œไพ‹ 6 5 2 3 8 0 5 4 ๅฎŸ ยพไพ‹ 6 6 2 4 1 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 7 2 3 9 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 8 2 3 4 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 6 9 2 3 5 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 0 2 3 7 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 1 2 4 2 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 7 2 2 4 8 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 3 2 5 1 0 5 6 ่กจ 1 2 ๆœ‰ ้›ป็•Œ ็ซœๆต ๅบฆ ็ฉถๅ…‰ไน˜ๅญ ( c d Z m (m A/ c m i) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 4 2 3 8 0 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 5 2 4 6 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 6 2 3 4 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 7 2 4 8 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 8 2 3 5 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 7 9 2 3 7 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 8 0 2 5 1 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 1 2 3 3 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 2 2 3 4 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 3 2 3 5 0 5 3 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 4 2 3 5 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 5 2 4 3 0 5 6 ๅฎŸ๏ผ› ยฝไพ‹ 8 6 2 3 4 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 7 2 3 7 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 8 8 2 3 2 0 5 6 ๅฎŸ JSไพ‹ 8 9 2 3 8 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 0 2 3 5 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 1 2 3 7 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 2 2 3 4 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ—„ไพ‹ 9 3 2 3 5 0 5 4ยท ๅฎŸๆ—Œไพ‹ 9 4 2 3 7 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 5 2 4 2 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 6 2 4 8 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 9 7 2 5 1 0 5 6 ่กจ 1 3 ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ ่ผๅบฆ ้›ปๆต' ยพฮฏๅบฆ
็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ (c d/m2) (mA/ c m2) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 98 2460 56
ๅฎŸๆ—„ไพ‹ 99 2 380 5 5
ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 1 1 1 70 82
ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 2 1 5 50 74 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 0
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ U V Zใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 -4P a ใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4 , 4 ๏ผŒ ๏ผŒ 4 " โ€” ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ใ€” Nโ€” ( 3 ' ' 'โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ โ€” Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ ใ‚ขใƒŸใƒณใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. I n mZ s e cใงใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ ใ—ใ€ ็ฌฌไธ€ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ 4 , 4 ' , ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 1 " โ€”ใƒŠใƒ• ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่’ธ็€ๆบใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 ยท 2 n m/ s e cใง 2 0 n mใฎๅŽš ใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 5. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็ฌฌไบŒๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’ ๅ…ผใญใŸ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n mZ s e c ใง 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 2 0 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐšใ€ ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใคใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 5 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 6 2 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 6 2 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 1 ใ€œ 1 6 2
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 0 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ A ไธ€ 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 8ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A - 1 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 7 ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A - 1 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 2 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 2 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A - 4 0ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 4 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 4 5ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A - 4 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A _ 5 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A - 5 8ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B - 1 2ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 1 4 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 1 7 ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 1 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 2 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B _ 2 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B - 4 0 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 4 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 4 5 ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 4 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 5 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 5 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B - 5 8ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cโ€” 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท C ไธ€ 1 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹ ็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 1 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ช ๅท Cไธ€ 2 0 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 3 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 2 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Dโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท D - 8 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 2 ) ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Eโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ช ๅท F โ€” 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท G _ l ใฎๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Hโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท I ไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹ ็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท I ไธ€ 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท J ไธ€ 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 4 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Kไธ€ 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Lไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท M _ 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท M ไธ€ 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท M - 1 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 2 0 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 6 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 2 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ็•ชๅท Nโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 5 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Oโ€” 3 ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Pโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝ ไพ‹ 1 6 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Qโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 2 ) ใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 0 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰ ็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 5 Vใฎ็›ด ๆต้›ปๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ ้’่‰ฒใ€œ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎ็‰นๆ€งใ‚’่ชฟในใ€ ็ตๆžœใ‚’่กจ 1 4ใ€œ่กจ 1 6ใซ็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚
่กจ 1 4 ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ
็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ( c a / m i) (m A / c i) ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 1 0 1 2 4 5 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 2 2 4 7 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 1 0 3 2 6 4 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 4 2 6 3 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 5 2 5 8 0 5 7 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 6 2 5 3 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 7 2 5 2 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 0 8 2 4 8 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ—Œไพ‹ 1 0 9 2 5 2 0 5 7 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 0 2 4 8 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 1 2 5 4 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 2 2 5 9 0 5 7 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 3 2 4 8 0 5 7 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 1 1 4 2 6 2 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 5 2 4 9 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 6 2 5 5 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 1 1 7 2 6 4 0 6 3 ๅฎŸๆ—ƒไพ‹ 1 1 8 2 4 7 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 1 9 2 4 5 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 0 2 6 2 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 1 2 6 1 0 5 4 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 2 2 5 7 0 5 6 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 3 2 5 5 0 5 5 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 2 4 2 5 8 0 5 6
Figure imgf000213_0001
Figure imgf000214_0001
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 nmใฎ I Tใ€‡้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟใ‚’ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ปใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๅ‡€ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎ ๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ UV/ใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸๅพŒ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 _4 P a ใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4 , 4 ' ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ Nโ€” ( 3 " ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 2 nmZ s e cใง 7 5 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ— ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒŽใƒฉไธ€ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A ไธ€ 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่’ธ็€ๆบใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 nmZ s e cใง 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 1 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ( 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿ ๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n / s e c ใง 2 0 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡ ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐš ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใฃใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 5 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 4 4 0 c d Zm 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 4
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 4ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ ใƒผใ‚ชใ‚ญใ‚ฝ ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซโ€” 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 2 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ (้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 2. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 5 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 5 0 c dZm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 5
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 4โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ( 4โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒŽใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 4 0ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 1 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจ ใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 2 0 c d /m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 6
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 3 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 7 0 c dใƒŽ m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 7
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ( 4 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช.ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 6. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 6 0 c d / m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 8
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซ _ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 4ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ i _ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝ โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท C ไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ (้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 2. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 5 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 5 0 c dZm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 9
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซ _ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 1 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 1 0. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ• ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 5 m AใƒŽ c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 4 4 0 c d Z m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 0
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ( 4โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2๏ผŒ 4ไธ€ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ ใƒผ ๆ‰ใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 , 4 ใƒผใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซ _ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ไบŒใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Dโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽš ใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 1 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœง ใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 2 0 c d /m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 1
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น
( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ โ€” โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝ โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท E โ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€
(้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 2 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœง ใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 8 0 c d / m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 2
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 , 4โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ n ไธ€ ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2๏ผŒ 4ไธ€ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ไบŒใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Fโ€” 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽš ใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 4. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœง ใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 5 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 4 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 3
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 3 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 7 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 8 0 c d Zm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 4
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซ _ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 2 0 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 6 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 6 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 8 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 5 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ U VZใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 โ€” 4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4 , 4 ' ๏ผŒ 4 " โ€” ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ใ€” Nโ€” ( 3 ' ' 'โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒˆ ใƒช ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒ ใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒณใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 1 n m/ s e cใง 3 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ• ใ—ใ€ ็ฌฌไธ€ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ 4 , 4 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” N โ€” ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ N โ€” ( 3 " โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 n m/ s e cใง 4 5 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ็ฌฌไบŒๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑค ใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ๏ผ‰ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A ไธ€ 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่’ธ็€ๆบใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 nmZ s e c ใง 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 .ยท 2. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿ ๅบฆ 0 . 2 nmZ s e cใง 5 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 n m/ s e c ใง 2 0 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡ ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐš ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใคใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บ.ๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 6 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 7 8 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 6
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2๏ผŒ 4 _ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ โ€” ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 , 4 โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ไบŒใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B โ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽš ใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 1 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 ฮŠ 5 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœง ใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 5 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 6 8 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 7
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ โ€” โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝ ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท C ไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n .mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ (้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 3 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 7 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 6 5 0 c dZm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 8
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒˆใƒช ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Dโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 2 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 5 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 4 2 0 c dZm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 9
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 4โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ ฮผ โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝ ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Fโ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ (้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 4. 0 )' ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 8 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 6 0 0 c dZm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 0
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒช ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒชใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Gโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 2 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 4 8 0 c d Z m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 1
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4โ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 , 4 _ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ ไธ€ ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 , 4 _ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 _ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ไบŒใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท K _ 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽš ใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 2. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅบ„ ใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 3 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 5 1 0 c d Zm 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 2
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซ _ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ๏ผˆ 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ( 2 , 4 ไธ€ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ ^โ€” ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 , 4โ€”ใ‚ธใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸ ไบŒใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽš ใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 3. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 7 5 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœง ใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 6 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 5 3 0 c d / m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 3
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ U VZใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 ไธ€ 4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I Tใ€‡้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4 ' โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซโ€” Nโ€” ( 3 " ไธ€ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 2 n mZsecใง 7 5 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸ ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท A _ 2 0 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่’ธ็€ๆบใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 2. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บ ๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ 1๏ผŒ 3 โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 5 ๏ผŒ โ€• ( 4 " ไธ€ t e r tโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ โ€” 1 ' ๏ผŒ 3 ' ๏ผŒ 4 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ธใ‚กใ‚พไธ€ใƒซใƒผ 2 ' โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณ ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ป ๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 2 0 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐšใ€ ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใฃใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 mA/ c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 2 0 c d Zm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 4
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ( 4 ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 2 0ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Eโ€” 2 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 4. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–น ๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 6 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 4 3 0 c dZm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 5
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 3ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2โ€”ใƒก ใƒใƒซใƒผ 8โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ (4ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒŽ ใƒฉไธ€ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซ ใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 2 0ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ใƒ“ ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญ ใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซไธ€ 8โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹ ็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Lไธ€ 1ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 nmใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ (้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 3. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 3ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 8 0 c d Z m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 6
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 nmใฎ I TO้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ UVZใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 โ€” 4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4๏ผŒ ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ N - ( 3 " โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 2 n m/ s e ใ˜ ใง ใƒž 5 nmใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ— ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 2ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€ ้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 nmZ s e cใง 5 0 nmใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ— ใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿ ๅบฆ 0 . 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 n m/ s e cใง 2 O O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡ ๆฏ” 1 0 : 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐš ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใฃใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 8 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 7 4 0 c d Zm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 7
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 6 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ B ไธ€ 1 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท J โ€” 3 ใฎๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 6 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป ็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 6 m A c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 6 6 0 c d Zm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 8
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 6 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ B ไธ€ 1 2 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท L ไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 6 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป ็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m AZ c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 4 3 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 9 ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I Tใ€‡้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ U VใƒŽใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ไธ€ใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 -4P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I Tใ€‡้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4 , 4 ' โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซไธ€ Nโ€• ( 3 " โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ”ใƒ•ใƒฑใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 2 nmZ s e cใง 7 5 nmใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ— ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿ ๅบฆ 0 . 2 n mZ s e cใง 5 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸ ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ 1 , 3 โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 5 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ ( 4 " ไธ€ t e r t _ใƒ–ใƒใƒซ ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ โ€” 1 ๏ผŒ ๏ผŒ 3 ' ๏ผŒ 4 ' ไธ€ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ธใ‚กใ‚พไธ€ใƒซใƒผ 2 ๏ผŒ โ€•ใ‚ฃ ใƒซใ€• ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 11111/ 3 6 ( ใง 5 0 11111ใฎๅŽšใ• ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n mZ s e cใง 2 0 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡ ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐš ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใฃใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 4 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 4 4 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 1
8 2 0 c d Z m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 0 '
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 9 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ A โ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 9 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 9 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 4 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 4 4 mA/ c m2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 1 8 2 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 1
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 9 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ A ไธ€ 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 5 5 ใฎๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 8 9 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป ็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 4 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 6 0 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 1 4 8 0 c d Z m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 2
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ UVZใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 ไธ€ 4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4 ' ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ N - ( 3 " โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 2 n m/ s e cใง 7 5 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ— ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ( 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 1 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่’ธ็€ๆบใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ่’ธ ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 1 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’ๅ…ผใญใŸ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 2 0 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐšใ€ ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใฃใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 3 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 2 0 c dZm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 3
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 2 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€” ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ Aโ€” 1 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ  ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ ๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 1 . 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝ ไพ‹ 1 9 2ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m AใƒŽ c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 4 0 c d /m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 4
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 3 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€” ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ A _ 1 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ก ใƒซใƒŸไบŒใ‚ฅใƒ ไธ€ โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Fโ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ 5 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 2. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจ ใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 3 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 5 4 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 2 3 3 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 5
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ U VZใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ไธ€ใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 ไธ€4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 5 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ 1 , 3 โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 5 ๏ผŒ ไธ€ ( 4 " โ€” t e r tโ€”ใƒ—ใƒ ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 1 ' ๏ผŒ 3 ๏ผŒ ๏ผŒ 4๏ผŒ ไธ€ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ธใ‚กใ‚พไธ€ใƒซใƒผ 2 ๏ผŒ ใƒผใ‚ฃ ใƒซใ€• ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 ]1 111 3 6 (๏ผšใง 7 5 11 111ใฎๅŽšใ• ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 2 0 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡ ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐš ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง ็Šถๆ…‹ใ‚’ไฟใฃใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 4 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 6 O mA/ c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 1 5 0 0 c d /m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 6
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 5 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ A ไธ€ 5 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 5 5 ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 5 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 4 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 6 0 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 1 4 8 0 c d Zm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 7
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ U V Zใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ ใƒใƒช โ€” Nโ€” ใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ซใƒซใƒใ‚พไธ€ใƒซ (้‡้‡ๅนณๅ‡ๅˆ†ๅญ้‡ 1 5 0 0 0 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท B - 1 2 ใฎๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€ ใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ 6 ใ€” " 3 - ( 2 ' ไธ€ในใƒณใ‚พใƒใ‚ขใ‚พใƒชใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 7 โ€”ใ‚ธ ใ‚จใƒใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ‚ฏใƒžใƒช ใƒณ" (็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆๅˆ†๏ผ‰ ใ€• ใ€ ใŠใ‚ˆใณ D C Mโ€” 1 ใ€”" 4ไธ€ (ใ‚ธใ‚ทใ‚กใƒŽใƒกใƒใƒฌใƒณ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 6 โ€” ( 4 ' ใƒผใ‚ธ ใƒกใƒใƒซใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽใ‚นใƒใƒชใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 4 Hโ€”ใƒ”ใƒฉใƒณ" (ใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธ่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๆˆ ๅˆ†๏ผ‰ ใ€• ใ‚’ใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 5 ๏ผš 3 ๏ผš 2 ใฎๅ‰ฒๅˆใงๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ 3้‡้‡๏ผ…ใฎใ‚ธใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒณๆบถๆถฒใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃ ใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆ ใ‚Šใ€ 4 0 O n mใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ ใ“ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซ ใƒ€ไธ€ใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0โ€” 4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎไธŠใซใ€ 3 โ€” ( 4 ' ไธ€ tertโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 4ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซไธ€ 5 โ€” ๏ผˆ 4 " ไธ€ใƒ•ใ‚จใ‚จใƒซใƒ•ใ‚งใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 1 , 2 , 4 ไธ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚กใ‚พใƒผใƒซใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 11111 3 โ‚ฌ ( ใง 2 0 11111ใฎๅŽšใ• ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ( 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0 . 2 11 ]11 3 6 (๏ผšใง 3 0 11111ใฎๅŽšใ• ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n mZ s e cใง 2 0 0 n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ—ใฆ้™ฐๆฅต ใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 7 3 m AZ c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 1 3 5 0 c d /m2ใฎ็™ฝ่‰ฒใฎ็™บ ๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 8ใ€œ 2 0 5
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 7 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 2ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 4 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 8 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 3ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 9 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ– ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 0 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Eโ€” 7 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 1 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Eโ€” 1 8ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ (ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Fโ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท I โ€” 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 5 ) ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 9 7 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 2 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ปๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸ ใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ ็™ฝ่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ่ฆณๅฏŸใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใใฎ็‰นๆ€งใ‚’่ชฟในใ€ ็ตๆžœ ใ‚’่กจ 1 7 ใซ็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚
่กจ 1 7 ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ ่พ‰ๅบฆ ้›ปๆต ๅบฆ
็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ (c d/m2) (mA/ c m2) ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 198 1 280 76
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 1 99 1 250 74
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 200 1 240 76
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 20 1 1 260 75
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 202 1 340 75
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 203 1 230 73
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 204 1 380 7 5
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 205 1 260 74 ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 6
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ปใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ U VZใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ I T 0้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ ใƒใƒช ไธ€ Nโ€”ใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚ซใƒซใƒใ‚พใƒผใƒซ (้‡้‡ๅนณๅ‡ๅˆ†ๅญ้‡ 1 5 0 0 0 0 ) ใ€ 1 , 3 โ€”ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€” 5 ' โ€” ( 4 " ไธ€ t e r tโ€”ใƒ–ใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ไธ€ 1 ' ๏ผŒ' 3 ๏ผŒ , 4 ' ใƒผใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ตใ‚ธใ‚กใ‚พไธ€ ใƒซใƒผ 2 ' โ€”ใ‚ฃใƒซใ€• ใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ผใƒณใŠใ‚ˆใณไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ใ‚’ใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 3 0 ๏ผš 3 ใฎๅ‰ฒๅˆใงๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ 3้‡้‡๏ผ… ใฎใ‚ธใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใ‚งใ‚ฟใƒณๆบถๆถฒใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃ ใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚ณใƒผใƒˆๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ 3 0 O n mใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ ใ“ ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบ ๆฟใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 - 4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 11 111 / 3 6 ใ˜ใง 2 0 0 11 111ใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ— ใฆ้™ฐๆฅตใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 5 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจ ใ“ใ‚ใ€ 6 6 m A / c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 1
5 2 0 c dใƒŽ m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 7
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 6 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ช ๅท Cไธ€ 3ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 3 ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 6 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 5 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 6 5 mAZ c m2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 1 5 4 0 c d /m2ใฎ้’่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 3
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 6 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ช ๅท Cโ€” 3ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ 1 , 1๏ผŒ 4 , 4ใƒผใƒ†ใƒˆใƒฉ ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ 1๏ผŒ 3 โ€”ใƒ–ใ‚ฟใ‚ธใ‚จใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 6 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 5 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 8 6 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 7
6 0 c d Zm2ใฎ้’่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 8
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซ U V/ใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸใ€‚ ๆฌกใซใ€ I Tใ€‡้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ ใƒใƒชใ‚ซใƒผใƒœใƒใƒผ ใƒˆ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๅนณๅ‡ๅˆ†ๅญ ้‡ 5 0 0 0 0 ) ใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4 ' ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”ฮโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใƒผ ฮโ€” ๏ผˆ 3 " โ€• ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ€ ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซใƒผ 8 โ€” ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉไธ€ ๅœ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ไธ€ โ€”ใ‚ฉใ‚ญใ‚ฝไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ๏ผˆ 2 โ€”ใƒกใƒใƒซ โ€” 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽ ใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใŠใ‚ˆใณไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท ฮ‘โ€” 5 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 4 0 ๏ผš 6 0 ๏ผš 1 ใฎๅ‰ฒๅˆ ใงๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ 3้‡้‡๏ผ…ใฎใ‚ธใ‚ฏใƒญใƒญใ‚งๅค•ใƒณๆบถๆถฒใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆใ€ ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃ ใƒƒใƒ—ใ‚ณ ใƒผใƒˆๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ 3 0 0 n mใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ๅฝขๆˆใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ ใ“ใฎ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซ ใƒ€ไธ€ใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0โ€” 4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 ]1 111 3 6 (๏ผ›ใง 2 0 0 11 111ใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 ๏ผš 1 ) ใ— ใฆ้™ฐๆฅตใจใ—ใ€ ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 5 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 6 1 m A Z c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 9 6 0 c d Zm2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 9
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 8 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ช ๅท Aโ€” 5 3 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 5 3ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 0 8 ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 5 Vใฎ็›ดๆต้›ป ๅœงใ‚’ๅฐๅŠ ใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ 6 2 mA// c m 2ใฎ้›ปๆตใŒๆตใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆ 9 7 0 c d Zm2ใฎ้’่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 0
ๅŽšใ• 2 0 0 n mใฎ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅต ๏ผˆ้™ฝๆฅต๏ผ‰ ใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ฌใƒฉใ‚นๅŸบๆฟ ใ‚’ใ€ ไธญๆ€งๆด—ๅ‰คใ€ ใ‚ขใ‚ป ใƒˆใƒณใ€ ใ‚จใ‚ฟใƒŽใƒผใƒซใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆ่ถ…้Ÿณๆณขๆด—ๆต„ใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใฎๅŸบๆฟใ‚’็ช’็ด ใ‚ฌใ‚นใ‚’็”จใ„ใฆไนพ็‡ฅใ—ใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซ UVZใ‚ชใ‚พใƒณๆด—ๆต„ใ— ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€่ฃ…็ฝฎใฎๅŸบๆฟใƒ›ใƒซใƒ€ใƒผใซๅ›บๅฎšใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใ‚’ 4 X 1 0 โ€” 4 P aใซๆธ›ๅœงใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใพใšใ€ I T O้€ๆ˜Ž้›ปๆฅตไธŠใซใ€ 4๏ผŒ 4 ' ไธ€ใƒ“ใ‚น ใ€”Nโ€”ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซโ€” Nโ€” ( 1 ' ไธ€ใƒŠใƒ•ใƒใƒซ๏ผ‰ ใ‚กใƒŸใƒŽใ€• ใƒ“ใƒ•ใ‚จใƒ‹ใƒซใ‚’่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n 111 / 3 6 (๏ผšใง 7 5 11 ]11ใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใ„ใงใ€ ใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒˆใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฅ ใƒ ใจไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ใ€ ็•ฐใชใ‚‹่’ธ็€ๆบใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ ่’ธ็€ ้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซๅ…ฑ่’ธ็€ ๏ผˆ้‡้‡ๆฏ” 1 0 0 ๏ผš 3. 0 ) ใ—ใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ๆฌกใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚น ๏ผˆ 8 โ€”ใ‚ญใƒŽ ใƒช ใƒŽใƒฉใƒผ ใƒˆ๏ผ‰ ใ‚ขใƒซใƒŸใƒ‹ใ‚ฆใƒ ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿ ๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e cใง 5 O n mใฎๅŽšใ•ใซ่’ธ็€ใ—ใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ ๅฑคใจใ—ใŸใ€‚
ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใใฎไธŠใซใ€ ใƒžใ‚ฐใƒใ‚ทใ‚ฆใƒ ใจ้Š€ใ‚’ใ€ ่’ธ็€้€Ÿๅบฆ 0. 2 n m/ s e c้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ๅฐšใ€ ่’ธ็€ใฏใ€ ่’ธ็€ๆงฝใฎๆธ›ๅœง็Šถๆ…‹ ใ‚’ไฟใฃใŸใพใพๅฎŸๆ–ฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœๆˆใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ l O mAZ c m 2ใฎๅฎš้›ปๆตๅฏ†ๅบฆใง้€ฃ็ถš้ง†ๅ‹•ใ•ใ›ใŸใ€‚ ๅˆๆœŸใซใฏใ€ 6 . 7 Vใ€ ่ผๅบฆ 5 2 0 c d /m 2ใฎ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ่ผๅบฆใฎๅŠๆธ›ๆœŸใฏ 2 4 0 0ๆ™‚้–“ใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 ๏ผ›! ใ€œ 2 1 8
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 0 ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จ ใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 6 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 1 ) ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Aโ€” 2 3ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 2 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 3 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 3 ใฎ ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 4 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Bโ€” 2 4ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸ ๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 5 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 1 ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 6 ) ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ชๅท Cไธ€ 2 8ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 7 ) ใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ็•ชๅท Mโ€” 1ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ ๏ผˆๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 8 ) ใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 0ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใž ใ‚Œใฎ็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 O mAZ c m2ใฎๅฎš้›ปๆตๅฏ†ๅบฆใง้€ฃ ็ถš้ง†ๅ‹•ใ•ใ›ใŸใ€‚ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œใฎ็ด ๅญใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏ้’่‰ฒใ€œ้’็ท‘่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ช ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎ็‰นๆ€งใ‚’่ชฟในใ€ ็ตๆžœใ‚’่กจ 1 8ใซ็คบใ˜ใŸใ€‚
ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 4
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 0ใซใŠใ„ใฆใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใฎๅฝขๆˆใซ้š›ใ—ใฆใ€ ไพ‹็คบๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉ็•ช ๅท Aโ€” 5ใฎๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ™ใ‚‹ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Š ใซใ€ 9๏ผŒ 1 0โ€”ใ‚ธใƒ• ใ‚จไบŒใƒซใ‚ก ใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใ‚’ไฝฟ็”จใ—ใŸไปฅๅค–ใฏใ€ ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 0ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆ–นๆณ•ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ‚’ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸใ€‚
ไฝœ่ฃฝใ—ใŸๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซใ€ ไนพ็‡ฅ้›ฐๅ›ฒๆฐ—ไธ‹ใ€ 1 O mAZ c m 2ใฎๅฎš้›ปๆตๅฏ†ๅบฆใง้€ฃ็ถš้ง†ๅ‹•ใ•ใ›ใŸใ€‚ ็ด ๅญใ‹ใ‚‰ใฏ้’่‰ฒใฎ็™บๅ…‰ใŒ็ขบ่ช ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใใฎ็‰นๆ€งใ‚’่ชฟในใ€ ็ตๆžœใ‚’่กจ 1 8ใซ็คบใ—ใŸใ€‚ ่กจ 1 8 ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ ๅˆๆœŸ็‰นๆ€ง
็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ ่ผๅบฆ ้›ปๅœง ๅŠๆธ›ๆœŸ
(c d/m2) (V) - (h r )
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 1 530 6. 5 2400
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 2 550 6. 4 2300
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 3 540 6. 6 2400
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 4 560 6. 5 2500
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 5 540 6. 6 2300
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 6 540 6. 5 2500
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 7 530 6. 5 2400
ๅฎŸๆ–ฝไพ‹ 2 1 8 56 0 6. 4 2200
ๆฏ”่ผƒไพ‹ 4 430 7. 2 900 ็”ฃๆฅญไธŠใฎๅˆฉ็”จๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€ง
ๆœฌ็™บๆ˜Žใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ ็™บๅ…‰่ผๅบฆใซๅ„ชใ‚Œใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฏฟๅ‘ฝใฎ้•ทใ„ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰ ็ด ๅญใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใซใชใฃใŸใ€‚ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ่ฉฒ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใซ้ฉใ— ใŸ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ‚’ๆไพ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒๅฏ่ƒฝใซใชใคใŸใ€‚

Claims

่ซ‹ ๆฑ‚ ใฎ ็ฏ„ ๅ›ฒ
1 . ใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณ็’ฐใจใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ็’ฐใŒ็›ดๆŽฅ็ตๅˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด ็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
2. ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณ็’ฐใŒ 9ไฝไปฅๅค–ใฎไฝ็ฝฎใง็ตๅˆใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ ็ฌฌ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
3. โ€”่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 1 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
X - ๏ผˆ F j j - ( A๏ผŒ๏ผ‰k - ( F 2) , - ( A 2)m - ( F 3) n-X 2
( 1 )
(ๅผไธญใ€ Aใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ ใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ Fใ‚งใ€ F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆ ใด X 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ๅ…ซใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒ ใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ j ใ€ mใŠใ‚ˆใณ n ใฏ 0 ใพใŸใฏ 1 ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ kใŠใ‚ˆใณ 1 ใฏ 1 ใพใŸใฏ 2 ใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ kใŒ 2ใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ A 1 ๅŒๅฃซใฏๅŒไธ€ใงใ‚‚็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใใ€ 1 ใŒ 2 ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใจใ F 2ๅŒๅฃซใฏๅŒไธ€ใงใ‚‚็•ฐใชใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚ˆใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰ 4. kใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
5 . ๅ…ซใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใŒใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9๏ผŒ 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ ใ‚Š F 1ใ€ F 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใŒใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณโ€” 2 , 7 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
6 . j ใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใŒ 0ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ 1 ใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ k + mใŒ 2ใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
7 . ใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 2ใŒใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ ใ‚Š F 2ใŒใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 6้ …ใซ ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
8. j + 1 + ฮทใŒ 2ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ kใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ mใŒ 0ใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
9. ใŒใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณไธ€ 9๏ผŒ 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ F iใ€ F 2 ใŠใ‚ˆใณ F 3ใŒใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 7 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 8้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
1 0. j ใ€ mใŠใ‚ˆใณ nใŒ 0ใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ kใŠใ‚ˆใณ 1 ใŒ 1ใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
1 1. ฮ‘ ใŒใ‚ขใƒณใƒˆใƒฉใ‚ปใƒณโ€” 9 , 1 0 โ€”ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ F 2ใŒ ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ชใƒฌใƒณไธ€ 2๏ผŒ 7 ไธ€ใ‚ธใ‚ฃใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 0้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
1 2. โ€”่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 2 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
Figure imgf000241_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 2ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 2 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ X 2 0 X
2 4ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพ ใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒช
โ€”ใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไผนใ—ใ€ R 2 1ใ€ R 2 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 () 1ใ€œX 2 2 4ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ๅœใƒชใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
1 3. X 2 Q 5ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 ใŒใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 2้ …ใซ่จ˜ ่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
1 4. X 2ใ€‚ 5ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 4ใŒใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎ่ค‡็ด ็’ฐๅผ่Šณ้ฆ™ๆ—ๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 2 ้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
1 5. X 2 0 1 X ^ 2 0 4 ^ X 2 0 6 X 2 0 9 X 2 1 0 โ– > X_ 2 i 3 X i 5ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 2 ใ‚ง 8ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹ ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 2้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
1 6. ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 3 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
Figure imgf000242_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 3ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 3 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ก .ใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ A 3 1ใŠใ‚ˆใณ A 3 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ Z 3ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ Z 3 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ก ใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰ 1 7. ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 4 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
Figure imgf000243_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 4 1ใ€œ R 4 4ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒ ใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ X 4 Q 1ใ€œX 4 2 2ใฏ ใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๆญงใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพ ใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸ ใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชไธ€ใƒซๅŸบ ใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ—ใ€ R 4 1ใ€œ R 4 4ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 4 0 1ใ€œ X 4 2 2ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆ ใƒชใƒซ ๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
8. X ใ€ X 4 1 8 ใ€ X 4 1 9ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 4 2 2ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ๅ…ซๅฃใ‚ฒ ใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 7้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด  ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
1 9. ไธ€่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 5 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
Figure imgf000243_0002
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 5 ใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 5 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ X 5 Q 1ใ€œX 5 ใ‚ง 6ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพ ใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚ขใƒŸใƒŽๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒช ไธ€ใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ไฝ†ใ— R R c 2ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 5 0 X 5 1 6ใฏใ‚ขใƒณ ใƒˆ ใƒชใƒซๅŸบใŠใ‚ˆใณใƒ•ใƒซใ‚ฉใƒฌใƒ‹ใƒซๅŸบใงใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
2 0. X 5 Q 5ใŒใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซ ๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏ ๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชไธ€ใƒซๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 9้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด  ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
2 1 . 5 0 ^ X 5ใ€‚ 4ใ€ X 5ใ€‚ 6ใŠใ‚ˆใณ X 5ใ€‚ 9ใŒๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒ ใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1 9้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎ็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด  ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
2 2. โ€”่ˆฌๅผ ๏ผˆ 6 ) ใง่กจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹็‚ญๅŒ–ๆฐด็ด ๅŒ–ๅˆ็‰ฉใ€‚
Figure imgf000244_0001
(ๅผไธญใ€ R 6ใ‚งใŠใ‚ˆใณ R 6 2ใฏใใ‚Œใžใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒฉใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ A 6 1ใฏใ€ ็ฝฎ ๆ›ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ—ใ€ Z 6 1ใŠใ‚ˆใณ Z 6 2ใฏใใ‚Œใž ใ‚Œ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ใซใ€ ๆฐด็ด ๅŽŸๅญใ€ ใƒใƒญใ‚ฒใƒณๅŽŸๅญใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ก ใƒซใ‚ญใƒซๅŸบใ€ ็›ด้Ž–ใ€ ๅˆ†ๅฒใพใŸใฏ็’ฐ็Šถใฎใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ญใ‚ทๅŸบใ€ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ็ฝฎๆ› ใพใŸใฏๆœช็ฝฎๆ›ใฎใ‚กใƒชไธ€ใƒซๅŸบใ‚’่กจใ™ใ€‚ ๏ผ‰
2 3 . ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 1ไนƒ่‡ณ 2 2้ …ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป ็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ€‚
2 4 . โ€”ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซใ€ ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บ ๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€็จฎๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใ‚’ใ€ ๅฐ‘ใชใ ใจใ‚‚ไธ€ๅฑคๆŒŸ ๆŒใ—ใฆใชใ‚‹ๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€‚
2 5 . ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๅซ ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใŒใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๅฑคใงใ‚ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 4้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€‚
2 6 . ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๅซ ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใŒใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ็™บๅ…‰ๆ€งๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้‡‘ๅฑž้Œฏไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็‰นๅพด ใจใ™ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 4ใพใŸใฏ 2 5้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ 2 7 . ่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 3้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ็”จๆๆ–™ใ‚’ๅซ ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ๅฑคใŒใ€ ใ•ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ใƒˆ ใƒชใ‚กใƒชใƒผใƒซใ‚กใƒŸ ใƒณ่ช˜ๅฐŽไฝ“ใ‚’ๅซๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจ ใ‚’็‰นๅพดใจใ™ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 4ใพใŸใฏ 2 5้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บ ๅ…‰็ด ๅญใ€‚
2 8 . โ€”ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ๆญฃๅญ”ๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 4ไนƒ่‡ณ 2 7้ …ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ 2 9 . โ€”ๅฏพใฎ้›ปๆฅต้–“ใซใ€ ใ• ใ‚‰ใซใ€ ้›ปๅญๆณจๅ…ฅ่ผธ้€ๅฑคใ‚’ๆœ‰ใ™ใ‚‹่ซ‹ๆฑ‚ใฎ ็ฏ„ๅ›ฒ็ฌฌ 2 4ไนƒ่‡ณ 2 8้ …ใฎใ„ใšใ‚Œใ‹ 1้ …ใซ่จ˜่ผ‰ใฎๆœ‰ๆฉŸ้›ป็•Œ็™บๅ…‰็ด ๅญ
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US20050074631A1 (en) 2005-04-07
EP1221434A4 (en) 2004-12-08
TWI290546B (en) 2007-12-01
US20030087126A1 (en) 2003-05-08
KR100480424B1 (ko) 2005-04-07
US6929870B2 (en) 2005-08-16
EP1221434B1 (en) 2012-06-27
KR20020062922A (ko) 2002-07-31
US7166240B2 (en) 2007-01-23

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