WO2002089478A1 - Digital watermark burying method and device, and digital watermark detecting method and device - Google Patents
Digital watermark burying method and device, and digital watermark detecting method and device Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002089478A1 WO2002089478A1 PCT/JP2002/004083 JP0204083W WO02089478A1 WO 2002089478 A1 WO2002089478 A1 WO 2002089478A1 JP 0204083 W JP0204083 W JP 0204083W WO 02089478 A1 WO02089478 A1 WO 02089478A1
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- H04N7/08—Systems for the simultaneous or sequential transmission of more than one television signal, e.g. additional information signals, the signals occupying wholly or partially the same frequency band, e.g. by time division
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- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
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- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
- G06T1/0064—Geometric transfor invariant watermarking, e.g. affine transform invariant
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- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
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- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
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- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
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- H04N2005/91335—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection by adding a copy protection signal to the video signal the copy protection signal being a watermark
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- H04N2201/3269—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs
- H04N2201/327—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
Definitions
- Digital watermark embedding method and apparatus and digital watermark detection method and apparatus
- the present invention relates to a digital watermark embedding method and apparatus, and a digital watermark detection method and apparatus effective for preventing unauthorized duplication of a digital moving image signal provided via a recording medium, for example.
- step E1 the image signal is multiplied by a PN (Pseudorandom Noise) sequence to perform spread spectrum.
- PN Pseudorandom Noise
- Step E2 performs frequency conversion (for example, DCT conversion) on the image signal after the spread spectrum.
- Step E3 embeds watermark information in the image signal by changing the value of a specific frequency component.
- Step E4 performs an inverse frequency transform (for example, IDCT transform) on the image signal.
- an inverse frequency transform for example, IDCT transform
- step E5 the image signal is subjected to spectrum despreading (the same PN sequence as in step E1 is multiplied to the image signal).
- step D1 the image signal is multiplied by a PN (Pseudorandom Noise) sequence (the same PN sequence as in step E1) to spread the spectrum.
- PN Pulseudorandom Noise
- step D2 the image signal after spectrum diffusion is frequency-converted (for example, DCT conversion).
- step D3 the embedded watermark information is extracted from the image signal by focusing on the value of the specific frequency component.
- the conventional technology When an image subjected to such an attack is input, the conventional technology first performs a process of estimating the PN sequence used in step E1 at the time of embedding when detecting watermark information. Sequence synchronization is restored. Thereafter, the processing in steps D1 to D3 is performed to extract the embedded watermark information.
- the processing in steps D1 to D3 is performed to extract the embedded watermark information.
- it is attempted to detect the watermark information using a plurality of PN sequences, and to adopt a candidate that has been successfully detected. Need to do a search. The problem is that the computational complexity and circuit size increase due to this. There is.
- the present invention can detect embedded watermarking information for attacks such as image clipping, scaling, and rotation without increasing the amount of computation or circuit scale.
- a digital watermark embedding method and device, and a digital watermark detection method and device are provided.
- a specific frequency component signal is extracted from an input image signal, and at least one of the phase and amplitude of the specific frequency component signal is controlled in accordance with the watermark information.
- a digital signal embedding watermark information in an image signal is output by superimposing a specific frequency component signal subjected to at least one control on the input image signal and outputting the image signal in which the watermark information is embedded. And provide an embedding method.
- a specific frequency component signal is extracted from an input image signal in which watermark information is embedded, and at least one of the phase and amplitude of the extracted specific frequency component signal is controlled, and phase control is performed.
- a digital watermark detection method for extracting the watermark information by performing a correlation operation between a specific frequency component signal subjected to at least one of amplitude control and the input image signal.
- an extraction unit for extracting a specific frequency component signal from an input image signal, and control for controlling at least one of the phase and amplitude of the extracted specific frequency component signal in accordance with the watermark information.
- a superimposing means for superimposing a specific frequency component signal, one of which is controlled, on the input image signal.
- extraction means for extracting a specific frequency component signal from an input image signal in which watermark information is embedded, and control for controlling at least one of the phase and amplitude of the extracted specific frequency component signal.
- Means, and a correlation operation means for extracting the watermark information by performing a correlation operation between a specific frequency component signal of which at least one of a phase and an amplitude is controlled by the control means and the input image signal.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark embedding device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a phase shift of a specific frequency component signal by the phase controller according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of the digital watermark detection device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing another basic configuration of the digital watermark detection device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an operation example of cross-correlation value peak search and watermark information detection in the digital watermark detection device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an operation example of cross-correlation value peak search and watermark information detection in the digital watermark detection device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a more specific configuration example of the digital watermark embedding device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing another more specific configuration example of the digital watermark embedding device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a more specific configuration example of the digital watermark detection device according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a waveform diagram of each part showing the operation of the digital watermark embedding device of FIG. 7 or FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a waveform diagram of each part showing the operation of the digital watermark detection device of FIG.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the operation of searching for a peak of the cross-correlation value and detecting the watermark information when the watermark information is (1, 1) in the digital watermark detection device of FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing peak cross-correlation value search and watermark information detection operations when the watermark information is (1, 1) in the digital watermark detection device of FIG.
- FIG. 14 is a waveform diagram of each part showing processing performed on the Nth line image signal of the digital watermark embedding device of FIG. 7 or FIG.
- FIG. 15 is a waveform diagram of each part showing processing performed on the image signal of the (N + 1) th line of the digital watermark embedding device of FIG. 7 or FIG.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a cross-correlation value in the digital watermark detection device of FIG. 9 with respect to the embedded image signal obtained by the processing of FIG.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a cross-correlation value in the digital watermark detection device of FIG. 9 with respect to the embedded image signal obtained by the processing of FIG.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a watermark information detection operation in the digital watermark detection device of FIG. 9 for the embedded image signal obtained by the processing of FIG. 15;
- FIG. 19 is a waveform diagram of each part showing another process performed on the Nth line image signal of the digital watermark embedding device of FIG. 7 or FIG.
- FIG. 20 is a waveform diagram of each unit showing another process performed on the image signal of the (N + 1) th line of the digital watermark embedding device of FIG. 7 or FIG.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a cross-correlation value in the digital watermark detection device of FIG. 9 with respect to the embedded image signal obtained by the processes of FIGS.
- Fig. 22 shows the cross-correlation value and the watermark information detection operation of the digital watermark detection device of Fig. 9 when the carry signal is embedded together with the watermark information in the digital watermark embedding device of Fig. 7 or Fig. 8.
- FIG. 22 shows the cross-correlation value and the watermark information detection operation of the digital watermark detection device of Fig. 9 when the carry signal is embedded together with the watermark information in the digital watermark embedding device of Fig. 7 or Fig. 8.
- FIG. 23 shows the cross-correlation value and the watermark information detection in the digital watermark detection device in Fig. 9 when the calibration signal is embedded together with the watermark information in the digital watermark embedding device in Fig. 7 or Fig. 8.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing another example of the operation,
- FIG. 24 shows the watermark information in the digital watermark embedding device of FIG. 7 or FIG. 8, which encodes a binary number into a ternary number.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing another table which is the watermark information in the digital watermark embedding device of FIG. 7 or 8 and encodes a binary number into a ternary number.
- Fig. 26 is a diagram showing the watermark information detection operation of the digital watermark detection device of Fig. 9 when the plurality of phase shift amounts are set at arbitrary intervals while maintaining the relative relationship in the digital watermark embedding device of Fig. 7 or Fig. 8. And
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing a watermark information detecting operation of the digital watermark detecting device of FIG. 9 when information for remark is additionally written in the digital watermark embedding device of FIG. 7 or FIG.
- the permeability information (1, 1) is embedded according to the presence or absence of the superposition of a specific frequency component signal that has undergone a fixed phase shift by four phase shifters.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a watermark information detection operation in the digital watermark detection device of FIG.
- FIG. 29 shows a case where the digital watermark embedding device of Fig. 1 embeds watermark information (1,1,1) based on the presence or absence of superposition of a specific frequency component signal that has undergone a fixed phase shift by four phase shifters.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a watermark information detection operation in the digital watermark detection device of FIG. 3,
- FIG. 30 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark embedding device using an amplitude limiter according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 31 shows a digital signal using the amplitude limiter according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 32 is a block diagram illustrating a basic configuration of a digital watermark embedding device using an amplitude limiter according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating a basic configuration of a digital watermark detection device using the amplitude limiter according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 34 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark embedding device using randomized information according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 35 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark detection device using randomized information according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 36 is a block diagram showing specific frequencies in FIG. 34 and FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a specific configuration example of a component extraction unit,
- FIG. 37 is a diagram showing another specific configuration example of the specific frequency component extraction unit in FIGS. 34 and 35.
- FIG. 38 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark embedding device using randomized information according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 39 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark detection device using randomized information according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 40 is a block diagram showing the phase control in FIG. 38 and FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a specific configuration example of a container,
- FIG. 41 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark embedding device using randomized information according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 42 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark detection device using randomized information according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 43 is a block diagram showing a randomized watermark according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a basic configuration of a digital watermark embedding device using information.
- FIG. 44 is a block diagram illustrating a basic configuration of a digital watermark detection device using randomized information according to the embodiment.
- FIGS. 45A and 45B are block diagrams each showing a specific configuration example of the nonlinear filter in FIGS. 43 and 44.
- FIG. 45A and 45B are block diagrams each showing a specific configuration example of the nonlinear filter in FIGS. 43 and 44.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a digital watermark embedding device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- an image signal obtained by digitizing a moving image or a still image is input as an image signal (referred to as an embedding target image signal) 10 into which watermark information is to be embedded.
- the embedding target image signal 10 may include both the luminance signal and the color difference signal, but may include only the luminance signal.
- the embedding target image signal 10 is branched into three and input to the specific frequency component extraction unit 11, the feature amount extraction unit 15, and the watermark information superimposition unit 16.
- the specific frequency component extraction unit 1 1 Digital video signal, for example, a high-pass filter having a predetermined cut-off frequency, or a band-pass filter having a predetermined center frequency of a passband.
- a specific frequency component for example, a relatively high frequency component is extracted from 10.
- the output signal from the specific frequency component extraction unit 11 is a specific frequency component signal.
- phase controller 12 and the amplitude controller 13 are controlled by the phase controller 12 and the amplitude controller 13.
- the phase controller 12 is arranged at the preceding stage, and the amplitude controller 13 is arranged at the succeeding stage.
- the amplitude controller 13 is arranged at the preceding stage, and the phase controller 12 is arranged at the succeeding stage. Is also good.
- the watermark information 14, which is digital information to be embedded in the input image signal 10, is given to at least one of the phase controller 12 and the amplitude controller 13.
- the phase controller 12 is configured to perform phase control on the specific frequency component signal by a predetermined unique phase control amount.
- the phase controller 12 is realized by a single or a plurality of digital phase shifters, and the amount of phase control is the amount of phase shift of the phase shifter.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a state of the phase shift by the phase controller 12.
- the specific frequency component signal is simply phase shifted while keeping its waveform.
- the amount of phase control (phase shift amount) of the phase controller 12 is controlled according to the watermark information 14.
- the amplitude controller 13 Thus, the amplitude is controlled by a predetermined specific amplitude control amount.
- the amplitude controller 13 is specifically composed of a single or a plurality of exclusive OR circuits or digital multipliers, and the amplitude control amount is a coefficient by which the input specific frequency component signal is multiplied.
- the amplitude control amount (coefficient) of the amplitude controller 13 is controlled according to the watermark information 14.
- the feature amount of the embedding target image signal 10 for example, the activity representing the complexity of the image
- the feature amount extracting unit 15 is extracted by the feature amount extracting unit 15.
- the information of the feature amount is input to the amplitude controller 13.
- the amplitude control amount (coefficient) of the specific frequency component is controlled according to the input characteristic amount. Specifically, when the characteristic amount is activity, The larger the activity, the larger the coefficient is set.
- the feature extracting unit 15 is not essential and may be omitted.
- the specific frequency component signal ⁇ is phase-controlled and amplitude-controlled by the phase controller 12 and the amplitude controllers 1 and 3.
- This specific frequency component signal is supplied as an embedding signal by a watermarking information superimposing unit 16 comprising a digital adder, and is superimposed on the embedding target image signal 10. That is, the specific frequency component signal extracted by the specific frequency component extraction unit 11 is subjected to phase control and amplitude control unique to the digital watermark embedding device by the phase controller 12 and the amplitude controller 13, and One or both of the control amount and the amplitude control amount are controlled by the watermark information 14. For this reason, the watermark information The information 14 is embedded in the embedding target image signal 10.
- the specific frequency component extraction unit 11 extracts specific frequency components of a plurality of channels, and the phase controller 12 and the amplitude controller 13 perform the phase and amplitude amplification of the specific frequency components of the plurality of channels.
- a specific frequency component signal of a channel may be generated.
- specific frequency component signals of a plurality of channels are superimposed on the embedding target image signal 10 by the watermark information superimposing unit 16.
- the image signal 17 in which the watermark information is embedded (called an embedded image signal) is recorded on a recording medium by a digital image recording / reproducing device such as a DVD system, or is connected to the Internet. Transmitted via transmission media such as satellites, broadcast satellites, and communication satellites.
- the digital watermark detection device shown in FIG. 3 converts the embedded image signal 17 generated by the digital watermark embedding device shown in FIG. 1 into an input embedded image signal 20 via a recording medium or a transmission medium. And given.
- the embedded image signal 20 is branched into three and supplied to one input of the specific frequency component extraction unit 21 1 and the feature quantity extraction unit 24 and the correlation calculator 25.
- the specific frequency component extraction unit 21 It consists of the same noisy pass filter (HPF) or low pass filter (BPF) as the specific frequency component extraction unit 11 used in the embedding device.
- the specific frequency component extracting unit 21 extracts the same specific frequency component from the embedded image signal 20 as the frequency component extracted from the embedded image signal 10 by the specific frequency component extracting unit 11.
- phase controller 22 and the amplitude controller 23 are controlled by the phase controller 22 and the amplitude controller 23.
- the phase controller 22 is arranged at the preceding stage and the amplitude controller 23 is arranged at the succeeding stage.
- the amplitude controller 23 is arranged at the preceding stage, and the phase controller 22 is arranged at the succeeding stage. You may.
- the phase controller 22 is configured to perform a phase control of a predetermined unique phase control amount on the specific frequency component signal.
- the phase controller 22 is configured as described below. This is realized by a digital phase shifter.
- the same phase control amount (phase shift amount) given by the phase controller 12 used in the digital watermark embedding device shown in Fig. 1 is the same as the phase controller 2 (phase shift amount). 2 given.
- the characteristic amount extracted from the embedded image signal 20 by the characteristic amount extraction unit 24 for example, a specific frequency component to which a coefficient corresponding to the activity indicating the complexity of the image is input. Multiplied by the minute signal.
- the specific frequency component signal whose phase and amplitude have been controlled by the phase controller 22 and the amplitude controller 23 is transmitted to the other side of the correlation calculator 25.
- the correlation calculator 25 calculates the correlation (more specifically, the cross-correlation) between the specific frequency component signal and the embedded image signal 20 to detect embedded watermark information 26. That is, when the change of the cross-correlation value with respect to the phase shift amount is observed, a peak appears at the position of the phase shift amount corresponding to the phase control amount of the phase controller 22, and the polarity of this peak indicates the watermarking information. Represent.
- the peak of the cross-correlation value takes either a positive or negative value according to the watermark information. If the peak is positive, for example, the watermark information is "1,,. If the peak is negative, it is transparent.
- the correlation information is determined to be “0.” In this way, the determined watermark information 26 is output from the correlation calculator 25.
- FIG. 4 shows a digital watermark detection device obtained by modifying the digital watermark detection device of FIG.
- This digital watermark detection device has a configuration suitable for the case where the embedded image signal 20 has undergone scaling.
- the phase shift amount of the specific frequency component signal becomes a value different from the phase shift amount given to the specific frequency component signal in the digital watermark embedding device. .
- the phase shift amount of the phase controller 22 is controlled continuously or stepwise according to the phase shift amount information 27.
- the peak of the cross-correlation value output from the correlation calculator 23 as shown in FIG. 5 is obtained by the watermark information estimator 28 disposed on the output side of the correlation calculator 25.
- the watermark information is estimated from the polarity of the searched peak and the searched peak. In this example, since the cross-correlation value is positive, the watermarking information is estimated to be "1". (Judgment)
- phase controller 12 In the digital watermark embedding device shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of phase shifters having different phase shift amounts are used as the phase controller 12 as will be described later, and the amplitude controller 13 is also used for each phase shifter. It is assumed that a plurality of amplitude control elements are prepared correspondingly. In such a case, the phase controller 22 shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 may be composed of a plurality of phase shifters. However, the phase controller
- the peak of the cross-correlation value output from 25 may be searched for by the watermark information estimator 28.
- the watermark information estimator 28 when the watermark information is embedded, a peak is detected in accordance with the phase shift amount of the phase shifter, and each watermark information is estimated. it can.
- FIG. 7 shows a more specific embodiment of the digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention.
- the high-pass filter (HPF) 31 is provided with n phase shifters (PS) 3 in the specific frequency component extraction unit 11.
- PS phase shifters
- 2 — 1 to 3 2 — n is the phase controller 1 2 and n exclusive OR circuits (EXOR) 3 3 — 1 to 3
- multiplier (MPY) 3 4 — 1 to 3 4 — n are for amplitude controller 13
- activity calculation circuit 35 is for feature extraction unit 15
- digital adder 36 is watermark information For each of the superimposed sections 16 Equivalent to.
- the specific frequency component signal output from the high-pass filter 31 is subjected to an exclusive shift after receiving a phase shift of a different shift amount predetermined by the phase shifters 32-1 to 32-n. This is given to one input of each of the OR circuits 3 3 — 1 to 3 3 — n.
- Exclusive OR circuit 3 3 — 1 to 3 3 — The other input of each of n is provided with each bit of n-bit watermark information 14 (CCI).
- Exclusive OR circuit 3 3 The outputs of 1 to 3 3 — n are multiplied by the activity calculated by the activity calculation circuit 35 by the multipliers 34 1 to 24 — n.
- the embedding signal which is the output of the multiplier 3 4 — 1 to 3 4 — n, is added to the embedding target image signal 10 by the adder 36, thereby making the embedding target image signal 10 transparent.
- the information 14 is embedded, and an embedded image signal 17 is generated.
- FIG. 8 shows a digital watermark embedding device as a modification of FIG.
- a 3-input multiplier (MPY) 3 7 — instead of the exclusive OR circuit 3 3 — 1 to 3 3 — n and the multiplier 3 4 — 1 to 3 4 _n in FIG.
- the first input of n is a phase shifter 32-1 to 32-n phase-shifted specific frequency component signal from n Are given respectively.
- the second input is given n-bit watermark information 14 (CCI) bits, and the third input is the activity calculated by the activity calculation circuit 35.
- CCI n-bit watermark information 14
- FIG. 9 shows a digital watermark detection device according to another embodiment of the present invention, and this detection device corresponds to the digital watermark embedding device of FIG.
- the noise filter (HPF) 41 corresponds to the specific frequency component extraction unit 21.
- N phase shifters (PS) 42-1 to 42-n correspond to the phase controller 22.
- the n first multipliers (MPY) 4 3 _ 1 to 4 3 — 11 correspond to the amplitude controller 23, and the activity calculation circuit 44 is connected to the feature quantity extraction unit 24. Equivalent to.
- the n second multipliers (MPY) 4 5 — 1 to 45 — n and the cumulative adders 46-1-46 — n correspond to the correlation calculator 25 and the CCI estimator 4 7 Respectively correspond to the watermark information estimators 27.
- the specific frequency component signal output from the high-pass filter 41 is converted by the phase shifters 32-1 to 32-n in Fig. 7 by the phase shifters 42-1 to 42-n.
- the first multiplier 4 3 — 1 to 4 3 — n multiplies the activity calculated by the activity calculation circuit 44 by multiplication.
- the output signal from the first multiplier 43-1 to 43-n is multiplied by the embedded image signal 20 by the second multiplier 45-1 to 45-n.
- the output signals of the multipliers 4 5 — 1 to 4 5 — n are cumulatively added by the accumulators 4 5 — 1 to 4 6 — n. It is input to the I estimator 47, and each bit of the watermark information 26 (CCI) is generated.
- a specific frequency component signal shown in (b) of FIG. 10 is extracted from the embedding target image signal 10 shown in (a) of FIG. 10 by the high-pass filter 31. Is done.
- This specific frequency component signal is phase-shifted by a predetermined shift amount predetermined by the two phase shifters 32-1 and 32-2.
- Factors expressing the 0th bit and the 1st bit of the watermark information 14 (CCI) in these phase shift signals are the exclusive OR circuits 33-1 and 33-1-2 in FIG. Or by the multipliers 3 7-1 and 3 7-2 in Figure 8, respectively.
- an embedded image signal 17 shown by (e) in FIG. 10 is generated.
- the solid line indicated by (e) in FIG. 10 indicates the embedded image signal 17
- the waveform indicated by (a) in FIG. 10 indicates the image signal to be embedded and (c) and (d) in FIG.
- the waveform is obtained by adding and synthesizing the phase shift signal indicated by).
- the embedded image signal in which the watermark information is embedded (e)
- the watermark information is detected by the digital watermark detection device shown in FIG.
- the embedded image signal 20 (shown in (a)) (corresponding to the embedded image signal 17 shown in (e) in FIG. 10) is output by the high-pass filter 41 in (b) in FIG.
- the specified frequency component signal shown is extracted.
- the embedded image signal 20 is converted by the phase shifters 42-1 and 42-2 into (c) and (c) of FIG.
- the phase is shifted by the same predetermined shift amount as that of the phase shifters 32-1 and 32-2 in FIG. 7.
- the watermark information is determined from the peak of the cross-correlation value. For example, if the peak of the cross-correlation value is positive, the watermark information is determined to be +1 ("1"). If the peak of the cross-correlation value is negative, the watermark information is one ("0"). Is determined.
- the phase shift amounts of the phase shifters 42-1 and 42-2 are controlled in the same manner as described in FIG. 4.
- the amount of phase shift is searched. That is, the peak of the cross-correlation value is searched for by the CCI estimator 47 with the control of the phase shift amount, and the watermark information 26 is estimated from the peak position.
- watermark information 14 (1, -1)
- a positive peak of the cross-correlation value exists near the origin as shown in Fig. 13, and a negative peak is positive from the origin.
- the watermark information is determined based on the fact that it is located far from the peak of the watermark.
- the digital watermark embedding device performs the processing shown in FIG. 14.
- the specific frequency component signal extracted by the noise filter 31 from the signal strength of the Nth line shown in (a) of FIG. 14 of the embedding target image signal 10 shown in FIG. The phase is shifted by a predetermined shift amount predetermined by 2-1 and 32-2.
- a factor expressing the 0th bit and the 1st bit of the transparency information 14 (CCI) is an exclusive OR circuit 33-1 and an exclusive OR circuit shown in FIG. Multiplied by 3 3 — 2 or the multipliers 3 7 — 1 and 3 7 — 2 in FIG. 8
- the watermark information is “1”, +1 is multiplied to the phase shift signal.
- the phase shift signal output from the exclusive OR circuit 33-1 and 33-2 or the multiplier 37-1 and 37-2 is shown in Fig. 1. These are shown as (b) and (c) in Fig. 4, respectively.
- the activity obtained by the activity calculation circuit 35 is converted by the multipliers 34-1 and 34-12 or the multipliers 37-1 and 37-2. Multiplied by the phase shift signal. Thereafter, the result of the multiplication is added to the embedding target image signal 10 by the adder 36. As a result, The embedding target image signal (corresponding to the waveform (a) in Fig. 14) and the phase shift signal shown in (b) and (c) in Fig. 14 are added and synthesized in 14 (d). Then, an embedded image signal 17 of the waveform shown by the solid line is generated.
- the N + 1 line of the embedding target image signal 10 is subjected to the processing as shown in FIG. 15 by the digital watermark embedding device.
- the signal power of the N + 1 line of the embedding target image signal 10 shown in (a) of Fig. 15 and the specific frequency component signal extracted by the high-pass filter 31 are two parts.
- the phase is shifted by a predetermined shift amount predetermined by the phase shifters 32-1 and 32-2.
- a factor expressing the 0th bit and the 1st bit of the watermark information 14 (CCI) is the exclusive OR circuit 33-1 and 33-2 in FIG. Or, they are multiplied by the multipliers 37-1 and 37-2 in Fig. 8, respectively.
- the exclusive OR circuit 3 3 — 1 and 3 3 — 2 or the multipliers 3 7 _ 1 and 3 7 — 2 outputs the phase shift signal Unlike the waveforms shown in (b) and (c) of FIG. 14, the polarities are inverted as shown in (b) and (c) of FIG. Further, if necessary, the activities calculated by the activity calculation circuit 35 are added to the multipliers 3 4 — 1 and 3 4.
- the phase shift signal is multiplied by _ 2 or multipliers 37-1 and 37-2. Thereafter, the signal is added to the embedding target image signal 10 by the adder 36, whereby the embedding target image signal indicated by the broken line in (d) of FIG. 15 (that is, (a) of FIG. 15) And the phase shift signals shown in (b) and (c) of FIG. 15 are added and synthesized to generate an embedded image signal 17 having a waveform shown by a solid line.
- the polarity of the phase shift signal is inverted at the Nth line and the N + 1th line of the embedding target image signal, that is, for each line.
- the polarity of the phase shift signal may be inverted for each frame, for each of a plurality of fields, for each of the frames, or for each of a plurality of frames.
- the polarity inversion of the phase shift signal by any one or an appropriate combination of these is appropriately inverted at the time of cumulative addition.
- the cross-correlation value of the embedded image signal 20 with respect to the Nth line becomes However, a positive peak appears as shown in Fig. 16 with respect to the amount of phase shift.
- the cross-correlation value of the embedded image signal 20 with respect to the N + 1 line shows a negative peak with respect to the amount of phase shift as shown in Fig.
- the cross-correlation values output from the multipliers 45-.1 and 46-2 are inverted for each line, and the cumulative adders 46-1 and It is cumulatively added by 4 6 _ 1.
- the watermark information is determined to be (1, 1) when the cross-correlation value after the cumulative addition shows a continuous positive peak as shown in FIG.
- the polarity inversion of the phase shift signal is combined when embedding the watermark information, and the cross-correlation value is inverted and cumulatively added when detecting the watermark information. This makes it possible to prevent the watermark information from being tampered with more effectively while making the watermark information inconspicuous on the image.
- the signal is high.
- the specific frequency component signal extracted by the filter 31 is shifted to the right by two phase shifters 32-1 and 32-2, that is, by a predetermined shift amount in the direction in which the phase advances. Will be shifted.
- the factor representing the 0th bit and the 1st bit of the watermark information 14 (CCI) for these phase shift signals is changed to the exclusive OR circuit 33-3-1 in FIG. , 3 3-2 or the multipliers 3 7-1 and 3 7-2 in FIG. Are multiplied respectively.
- (B) and (c) in FIG. 19 show the exclusive OR circuit 33-1 and 33-3 or the multiplier 37-1 and 37-7 when the watermark information is (1, 1). This shows the phase shift signal output from.
- the activity calculated by the activity calculation circuit 35 is converted by the multipliers 34-1 and 34-2 or the multipliers 37-1 and 37-2. Multiplied by the phase shift signal. Thereafter, the multiplication result is added to the embedding target image signal 10 by the adder 36.
- the embedding target image signal shown by the broken line in (d) of FIG. 19 that is, the signal shown by (a) in FIG. 19) and the phase shift shown by (b) and (c) in FIG.
- An embedded image signal 17 of the waveform shown by the solid line is generated by adding and synthesizing the image signals.
- the specific frequency component signal extracted from the N + 1-th line of the embedding target image signal 10 shown in (a) of FIG. The phase is shifted by a predetermined shift amount to the left, that is, in the direction in which the phase is delayed, by the data 32-1 and 32-1.
- the factor representing the 0th and 1st bits of the watermark information 14 is the exclusive OR circuit 33 in FIG. 1 and 3 3 — 2 or the multipliers 3 7 — 1 and 3 7 — 2 in FIG. 8, respectively.
- (B) of Fig. 20 And (c) are the exclusive OR circuits 3 3 — 1 and 3 3 — 2 or the multipliers 3 7 — 1 and 3 7 — 2 when the watermark information is (1, 1). Indicates a shift signal.
- the activity calculated by the activity calculation circuit 35 is converted by the multipliers 3 4 — 1 and 3 4 — 2 or the multipliers 3 7 — 1 and 3 7 — 2. Multiplied by the phase shift signal. Thereafter, the multiplication result is added to the embedding target image signal 10 by the adder 36.
- the embedding target image signal shown by the broken line in (d) of FIG. 20 that is, the signal shown by (a) in FIG. 20) and the phase shift shown by (b) and (c) in FIG.
- An embedded image signal 17 having a waveform shown by a solid line is generated by adding and synthesizing the image signals.
- the digital watermark detection device in FIG. 9 simply performs cumulative addition of cross-correlation values for each line, searches for a peak, and detects watermark information.
- the polarity inversion of the phase shift signal is performed by an appropriate combination of these, the polarity inversion is also performed for each cumulative addition unit.
- Figure 21 shows the cross-correlation values after the cumulative addition for each line in this case.
- the search is performed by swinging the phase shift amount in the positive direction and the search is performed by swinging the phase shift amount in the negative direction. Value is obtained. Utilizing such a property of the cross-correlation value, the search is performed only in one direction (for example, rightward) during the search. Watermark information can also be detected.
- FIGS. 22 to 25 are shown in FIGS. 22 to 25. This will be described with reference to FIG.
- the example described below is a method of embedding a carrier signal together with watermark information when embedding the watermark information and using the signal for detecting watermark information. The following is a specific operation example.
- N-bit watermark information When embedding N-bit watermark information in an image signal in a digital watermark embedding device, generate an N + 1-bit phase shift signal and use other than N bits used for embedding watermark information. 1 bit is used as a calibration signal, and it is embedded in the phase shift signal so that it always has a level of +1 (or 11).
- This calibration signal is a signal serving as a reference when detecting watermark information.
- the digital watermark detection device uses the fact that the relative relationship between the cross-correlation value at each position of the phase shift and the cross-correlation value corresponding to the calibration signal is known.
- the watermark information is detected based on the relative relationship. For example, assuming that the calibration signal is embedded in the phase shift signal at a level of +1 (or 11), as shown in Fig. 22, the calibration signal is embedded in the phase shift signal. If the cross-correlation value at the corresponding position and the cross-correlation value at the other embedding positions are of the same polarity, set to +1 (or 1 1); .
- the position signal may be embedded at the position where the amount of phase shift is minimum or maximum.
- the digital watermark detection device detects the calibration signal at the position where the amount of phase shift is the minimum or maximum, and the watermark information embedded in the relative relationship between the calibration signal and the watermark information. Is determined.
- the carry-shake signal is embedded as a predetermined value (for example, +1 or 11) at the position where the amount of phase shift is minimum (or maximum), and a plurality of signals are embedded.
- the phase shift amount is set at equal intervals, and ternary information of ⁇ +1, 0, 1 ⁇ is embedded at each phase shift position.
- a phase shift signal multiplied by a positive multiplier is added to the embedding target image signal 10
- a negative multiplier is added.
- the multiplied phase shift signal is added to the embedding target image signal 10
- the digital watermark detection device obtains the cross-correlation value at the phase shift position of the watermark information, which is estimated from the carry-breakdown signal.
- the ternary information is determined to be ⁇ 0 ⁇ , and when the cross-correlation value is not near 0, the ternary information at the phase shift position of the watermark information is determined.
- ⁇ +1, 1 ⁇ of the ternary information is determined. The following is an application example of operation example (3).
- the digital watermark detection device detects the original binary watermark information by using the ternary number detected as ternary information as a decode.
- a binary number is encoded in advance into a ternary number as penetration information, and these ternary numbers are converted into ternary information as described above.
- a combination in which the embedded information is all 0 is not used.
- the digital watermark detection device decodes the ternary number detected as ternary information, and detects the original binary number watermark information.
- the digital watermark detection device searches until there are no more peaks in the cross-correlation value, and determines the information after remarking from the outermost embedded information.
- the phase controller 12 is composed of, for example, four phase shifters having different phase shift amounts and a switch for selecting these phase shifters. It is assumed that specific frequency component signals from the specific frequency component extraction unit 11 are input in parallel to these phase shifters. Assuming that the phase shift amounts of the four phase shifters are ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3, and ⁇ 4, for example, the 0th bit of the watermark information 14 is the phase shift of the shift amounts ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2. It is indicated by the presence or absence of the received specific frequency component signal. The first bit of watermark information 14 is the phase shift It is represented by the presence or absence of the superposition of the specific frequency component signal that has undergone the phase shifts of ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4. Specifically, for example, according to a combination of the following (a-1) (a-2) or a combination of (b-1) (b_2), the specific frequency component signal is added to the embedding target image signal 10. Superimpose.
- phase shift of the four phase shifters constituting the phase controller 22 is not performed.
- Phase control in digital watermark embedding device The cross-correlation values for the phase shift amounts ⁇ 1,, 2, ⁇ 3, ⁇ 4 are set in the same way as the phase shift amounts ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 To determine the watermark information.
- Figure 28 shows the cross-correlation value when the watermark information is (1, 1)
- Figure 29 shows the cross-correlation value when the watermark information is (1, 1).
- the watermark information can be determined from the cross-correlation values for the phase shift amounts ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3, and ⁇ 4.
- the phase shift amount given by the digital watermark embedding device is searched by changing the phase shift amount in the same manner as described above, and the cross-correlation is calculated.
- the value may be determined.
- an amplitude limiter is introduced into the digital watermark embedding device and the digital watermark detection device.
- Amplitude Re-mitter limits the amplitude of the signal superimposed on embedding target image signal 10.
- the watermark information can be embedded evenly from the low level of the embedding target image signal 10 to the wide range of the high level of the level. As a result, it is possible to more effectively prevent image quality deterioration.
- an amplitude limiter 18 is inserted between the specific frequency component extraction unit 11 and a phase and amplitude controller (in this example, a phase controller 12). ing.
- a phase and amplitude controller in this example, a phase controller 12
- the specific frequency component extraction unit 21 and the controller in this example, the phase control
- An amplitude limiter 28 is inserted between the first and second devices.
- an amplitude limiter 18 is inserted between a phase and amplitude controller (in this example, an amplitude controller 13) and a watermark information superimposing unit 16. ing.
- the amplitude limiter is applied between the phase and amplitude controller (in this example, the amplitude controller 23) and the correlation calculator 25 in accordance with Fig. 32. Data 28 are inserted.
- FIG. This embodiment embeds and detects watermark information depending on randomized information.
- the watermark information cannot be detected unless the randomized information is known.
- a digital watermarking technique that is more resistant to attacks can be provided. Or it may be generated inside the detection device, or may be input from outside the device if safety is maintained.
- the randomized information may be constant or may be changed at any time during the digital watermark embedding process / detection process. For example, different randomization information is used for the left half (the first half of one horizontal scanning period) and the right half (the second half of one horizontal scanning period) in the same line of the image signal, or different lines are used for each line. Changes such as using randomized information may be made.
- the parameters are used as secret random numbers. This is an example given by the conversion information 19.
- the parameters of the filters constituting the specific frequency component extraction unit 21 are given by the randomization information 29 in correspondence with FIG.
- the randomized information 29 is the same as the randomized information 19 used in the digital watermark embedding device shown in FIG.
- the watermark information 26 can be correctly detected only by the digital watermark detection device that generates the randomized information 29 inside the device or is given from the outside of the device.
- FIGS. 36 and 37 show examples of filters used in the specific frequency component extraction units 11 and 21 in FIGS. 34 and 35.
- FIG. This filter is used for successive pixel values ⁇ ... p (h-1), p (h), p (h + 1), ... ⁇ of the embedding target image signal (original signal).
- the coefficients are multiplied and the sum of the multiplication results is taken as the filter output. Since the coefficients can be randomized within a certain range ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , these coefficients are used as randomized information 19.
- the phase shift amount of the phase shifter constituting the phase controller 12 is randomized according to the randomization information 19.
- the shape of the peak of the autocorrelation value is blunted, and the peak is hard to see.
- the screen is divided into a plurality of strip-shaped areas extending in the vertical direction, and the phase shift amount is set to a different value for each area. Oh good.
- the amount of phase shift of the phase shifter constituting the phase controller 22 according to the randomization information 29 corresponds to the digital watermark embedding device shown in FIG. It is randomized.
- the randomized information 29 is the same as the randomized information 19 used in the digital watermark embedding device shown in FIG.
- the randomized information 29 can be generated by the device I or the digital watermark detecting device provided from the outside of the device alone can detect the watermark information 26 correctly.
- FIG. 40 shows an example of a phase shifter having a variable phase shift amount used in the phase controllers 11 and 21 of FIGS. 38 and 39.
- This phase shifter has a configuration in which a plurality of phase shift elements are connected in series, and a signal from each tap (input / output of the phase shift element) is selected by a selector according to randomized information. .
- an amplitude modulator 51 is inserted between a phase and amplitude controller (in this example, an amplitude controller 13) and a watermark information superimposing unit 16, and an embedded signal is embedded. Is amplitude-modulated according to the randomized information 19.
- the phase and amplitude controllers in this example, the amplitude controller 23
- the correlation calculator 25 correspond to the digital watermark embedding device shown in FIG.
- An amplitude modulator 61 is inserted between them, and the embedded signal is amplitude-modulated according to the randomization information 29.
- the randomized information 29 is the same as the randomized information 19 used in the digital watermark embedding device shown in FIG. This randomized information 29 is generated inside the device.
- the watermark information 26 can be correctly detected only by a digital watermark detection device provided from the outside of the device.
- a non-linear filter 52 is inserted between a phase and amplitude controller (in this example, an amplitude controller 13) and a watermark information superimposing unit 16.
- the nonlinear filter 52 reduces the correlation between the embedding signal and the embedding target image signal 10 so that a peak does not appear in the autocorrelation value.
- the phase and amplitude controllers (in this example, the amplitude controller 23) and the correlation calculator 25 correspond to the digital watermark embedding device shown in FIG.
- a nonlinear filter 62 having the inverse characteristic of the nonlinear filter 52 used in the digital watermark embedding device of Fig. 43 is inserted.
- nonlinear filter 52 a filter using a trigonometric function or amplitude modulation by a higher-order equation can be used.
- This filter is, for example, a nonlinear filter that outputs s (X), .X2, etc. when the input signal is X.
- FIG. 45 shows a specific example of the nonlinear finoleta 52.
- FIG. 45A shows a squarer that outputs x 2 when the input signal is X by giving the same input signal to two inputs of the multiplier. The portion that overflows due to the square is discarded.
- Figure 45B shows a nonlinear filter that implements the relationship between input and output values in a tabular form so that complex nonlinear transformations can be expressed. For example, by using this non-linear conversion table as a sin table, a non-linear table that outputs sin (ax) with respect to the input signal X can be obtained. A shape filter can be realized.
- a specific frequency component signal is extracted from an input image signal, and at least one of the phase and the amplitude of the specific frequency component signal is controlled in accordance with the watermark information.
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Priority Applications (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020027017572A KR100743669B1 (ko) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | 디지털 워터마크 매립방법 및 장치와 디지털 워터마크검출방법 및 장치 |
| CNB028013751A CN1224257C (zh) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | 数字水印埋入方法及装置、以及数字水印检测方法及装置 |
| EP02722749A EP1387581A4 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE CREATION OF DIGITAL WATERMARK AND METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETECTING DIGITAL WATERMARK |
| KR1020067003548A KR100662040B1 (ko) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | 디지털 워터마크 매립방법 및 장치와 디지털 워터마크검출방법 및 장치 |
| CA002414231A CA2414231C (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | Digital watermark burying method and device, and digital watermark detecting method and device |
| US10/327,072 US6741723B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-12-24 | Digital watermark embedding method and apparatus, and digital watermark |
| US10/815,868 US6952486B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2004-04-02 | Digital watermark embedding method and apparatus, and digital watermark |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2001126748A JP3576993B2 (ja) | 2001-04-24 | 2001-04-24 | 電子透かし埋め込み方法及び装置 |
| JP2001-126748 | 2001-04-24 |
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| US10/327,072 Continuation US6741723B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-12-24 | Digital watermark embedding method and apparatus, and digital watermark |
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| PCT/JP2002/004083 Ceased WO2002089478A1 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-04-24 | Digital watermark burying method and device, and digital watermark detecting method and device |
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| US (2) | US6741723B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1387581A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP3576993B2 (ja) |
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| CN (1) | CN1224257C (ja) |
| CA (1) | CA2414231C (ja) |
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| US7171016B1 (en) | 1993-11-18 | 2007-01-30 | Digimarc Corporation | Method for monitoring internet dissemination of image, video and/or audio files |
| US7394791B2 (en) | 1997-12-17 | 2008-07-01 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Multi-detection of heartbeat to reduce error probability |
| US6222832B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2001-04-24 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | Fast Acquisition of traffic channels for a highly variable data rate reverse link of a CDMA wireless communication system |
| US7936728B2 (en) | 1997-12-17 | 2011-05-03 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | System and method for maintaining timing of synchronization messages over a reverse link of a CDMA wireless communication system |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2002325233A (ja) | 2002-11-08 |
| EP1387581A4 (en) | 2010-11-03 |
| KR20060022735A (ko) | 2006-03-10 |
| CA2414231A1 (en) | 2002-11-07 |
| US6952486B2 (en) | 2005-10-04 |
| KR100662040B1 (ko) | 2006-12-29 |
| US6741723B2 (en) | 2004-05-25 |
| EP1387581A1 (en) | 2004-02-04 |
| CA2414231C (en) | 2006-03-28 |
| US20040184637A1 (en) | 2004-09-23 |
| TW566045B (en) | 2003-12-11 |
| KR100743669B1 (ko) | 2007-07-30 |
| JP3576993B2 (ja) | 2004-10-13 |
| US20030091213A1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
| KR20040000299A (ko) | 2004-01-03 |
| CN1224257C (zh) | 2005-10-19 |
| CN1462548A (zh) | 2003-12-17 |
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