WO2005004355A1 - A addressing method of quanta network and quanta network router - Google Patents

A addressing method of quanta network and quanta network router Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005004355A1
WO2005004355A1 PCT/CN2004/000689 CN2004000689W WO2005004355A1 WO 2005004355 A1 WO2005004355 A1 WO 2005004355A1 CN 2004000689 W CN2004000689 W CN 2004000689W WO 2005004355 A1 WO2005004355 A1 WO 2005004355A1
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wavelength
network
node
quantum
optical
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Zhengfu Han
Tao Zhang
Guangcan Guo
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University of Science and Technology of China USTC
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University of Science and Technology of China USTC
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Priority to EP04738287A priority Critical patent/EP1643663B1/en
Priority to JP2006517933A priority patent/JP4455588B2/ja
Priority to US10/563,224 priority patent/US7596318B2/en
Publication of WO2005004355A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005004355A1/zh
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
    • H04L9/0855—Quantum cryptography involving additional nodes, e.g. quantum relays, repeaters, intermediate nodes or remote nodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/27—Arrangements for networking
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2101/00—Indexing scheme associated with group H04L61/00
    • H04L2101/60—Types of network addresses
    • H04L2101/618—Details of network addresses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
    • H04Q2213/13339—Ciphering, encryption, security

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an addressing method and device for network communication using optical transmission technology, in particular to a method and device for addressing quantum information, including quantum communication and a quantum computing network system. Background technique
  • Quantum information technology is a new scientific field that has only officially begun research in the 1990s. Many issues are still in the exploratory stage, have not yet been put into practical use on a large scale, and there are no publicly used technologies related to the present invention. According to the experience of classical network information technology, quantum network information will also be the core technology of quantum communication. In the same comparison and taking into account the characteristics of quantum communication, quantum network systems must meet these basic performance requirements:
  • More than two users can exchange information or share resources on the system at the same time;
  • the number of users can be expanded, and the total number of users should not be limited in principle;
  • Each user on the network should have a unique address or internal number (that is, the IP address in the classic network). Based on this, any user on the network can easily distinguish and connect the user to achieve communication, and at the same time the connected user It should also be possible to uniquely identify who is communicating with itself;
  • the network system must maintain quantum coherence (except for reception measurement), that is, the decoherence process is as weak as possible, and there must be no photoelectric and electro-optical conversion processes other than reception measurement;
  • Tree network structure This structure has two operating modes. One mode uses optical fiber splitters to randomly distribute modulated single photons. To multiple recipients, a key is established with multiple recipients through a quantum key distribution protocol.
  • This mode 1 A control center is required, and all other user information on the Internet must be shared with the control center, which is sometimes intolerable in confidential communication; 2 The communication efficiency is inversely proportional to the number of terminals on the network, and the limit communication distance decreases synchronously. Scalability is limited; the other mode uses wavelength addressing, that is, the control center uses the wavelength as the receiver's ⁇ to achieve key distribution between the center and any user.
  • This operation mode solves the problem of reduced efficiency caused by direct branching, but fails to solve the security problem that information must be shared with the control center. Another important problem of the tree network is that users outside the center cannot directly communicate with each other. Therefore, this scheme is not a strict network structure.
  • the ring network structure will string all users into one or more interconnected closed loop lines. Any two end users in the ring network use a certain protocol to achieve confidential interoperability through the assistance of the control center. It is not necessary to share secret information with the network control center, but the communication process still needs the center's assistance.
  • This structure 1 All user terminals can only be on one or multiple inter-connected ring lines, the location of the terminal is limited; 2 The average communication distance between any two users is less than 1/2 of the point-to-point limit communication distance, and the user The more the distance between the neighbor terminals is shorter.
  • This network structure has three different models. The first one uses multiple users directly connected in series [ 3'4] .
  • the improved method uses a so-called space light switch to connect multiple small rings in series to pass each user through space.
  • the optical switch is externally attached to the ring ⁇
  • a variable-range quantum network can be realized.
  • the second method uses the wavelength addressing principle [2] .
  • many Users can directly communicate with each other without a central presence, and multiple user groups can work simultaneously, but the transmission distance limitation still exists, and the number of bands used must meet:
  • N nx (n-l) / 2 where N is the total number of bands to be used and n is the total number of users
  • the number of users is squared with the total number of required bands, and the total number of network users is limited.
  • Multi-particle entangled source mode This mode can realize the transmission of quantum states among multiple users. It can be used not only as a quantum key distribution network, but also as a working mode of a generalized quantum information network in principle. Negative exponential relationship, and the number of users of this scheme is directly related to the number of entangled particles, so the number of network users is very limited and the scalability is poor.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to propose a quantum network addressing method and construct a quantum network router from this.
  • the router can be used as the core to form a multi-user quantum network system with equal weight.
  • the network includes at least three nodes, which are characterized by: each node is given an address number; each node sends a photon signal of different wavelength to each other node; the photon signal uses the signal source wavelength and the node address together as the addressing A mark; the addressing mark is composed of two parts, one of which is determined by the wavelength value of the photon signal sent by the node, and the other is determined by the address number of the node; each node is based on the above-mentioned photon signal received The addressing flag determines the source of the signal.
  • the number of signal source wavelengths is N; when the number of network nodes is even, the number of signal source wavelengths is N-1; where N is the network node number.
  • the photon signal is an optical quantum state signal or a classic optical signal.
  • This addressing method can definitely transfer photon signals with different wavelengths from different nodes in the network to specific other nodes, and this transmission is unique in the node network, and the propagation direction is also reversible, that is, any node Both can receive and send photon signals.
  • the sending node knows in advance which node the specific wavelength photon signal is sent to.
  • the receiving node can determine which node the received photon signal comes from through wavelength measurement.
  • the node network may have any N nodes.
  • the photon signal may be a classic signal, such as a strong light pulse containing a large number of photons, or a quantum signal, such as a single photon or an entangled photon; the wavelength of the photon refers to a wavelength interval.
  • the communication process is classical communication, and when the signal is an optical quantum state, the communication is quantum communication.
  • the present invention provides a quantum network router that implements the above addressing method.
  • the quantum network router includes an external interface and a photon signal distributor.
  • the photon signal distributor includes N optical devices, where N is the number of network nodes.
  • One end of the device is a mixed-wavelength interface and the other end is a single-wavelength interface.
  • the mixed-wavelength interface is used as the external interface of the router.
  • Each single-wavelength interface transmits photons of different wavelengths.
  • One-to-one direct optical connections between single-wavelength interfaces of the same wavelength of the device.
  • the single-wavelength interfaces of the optical devices are the same, and the total number of wavelengths used by the entire quantum network router is N-1; when N is an odd number, the single-wavelength interfaces of any two optical devices are different, and the entire quantum
  • the total number of wavelengths used by the network router is N.
  • the optical devices are the same, and there are three single-wavelength interfaces, ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, and ⁇ 3, respectively.
  • the total number of wavelengths used by the router is three.
  • the single-wavelength interface of the optical device Both are two, but the wavelengths are different.
  • Optical device one is ⁇ , ⁇ 2; Optical device two is ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3 ; Optical device three is ⁇ 3, ⁇ 1.
  • the total number of wavelengths used by the router is also three.
  • the optical device may be composed of integrated or discrete dispersive and auxiliary passive optical devices.
  • the optical device may be a reversible wavelength division multiplexer.
  • the optical connection may be an optical fiber, a waveguide, a free space, or another optical medium connection.
  • the optical connection can add collimation, coupling, and mirror light passive components to the optical path to improve the performance of the optical connection.
  • All components of the entire quantum network router including dispersion, collimation, guidance, and couplers, can be fully or partially integrated on the waveguide substrate.
  • the above internal connection of the quantum network router of the present invention satisfies the boundary coloring theory in graph theory.
  • Any multi-node network router can be implemented according to this mathematical principle, and the corresponding relationship is: one vertex in the boundary coloring theory corresponds to one node of the quantum network router.
  • This kind of boundary coloring corresponds to a wavelength, that is, a single-wavelength interface of the above optical device.
  • the odd-numbered N-node quantum network router can be regarded as a special case where one of the even-numbered N + 1-node quantum network routers is unused or not connected.
  • the photon signal can be transmitted from one node to another node, and reverse transmission is also feasible.
  • the reversible wavelength division multiplexer is composed of a dispersion element, front and rear collimation, and an output-input coupler.
  • the dispersion element may be a filter, a grating, or a dispersion prism.
  • the quantum network router of the present invention can complete: receiving photon signals of different wavelengths carrying information from all nodes at the same time, and combining and multiplexing the photon signals of different wavelengths to be transmitted by other nodes to the same node in the form of sub-waves and multiplexing and combining To the specified node. These signals can then be transmitted to a specific network user through a trunk optical path connected to the node.
  • the working mode of this router will not destroy the quantum state and its coherence transmitted by it, nor will the signals interfere with each other, and the routing guidance is unique in the entire network. There will be no overlapping of guidance and no signal loss. A simple measurement will know the exact source of the signal. All of these meet the basic requirements of the network.
  • the quantum network router constituted by this method can in principle have any N nodes, which are connected to the N main line optical paths to form an N-channel quantum network system.
  • the quantum network addressing method and the quantum network router proposed by the present invention use a quantum state emitting node and a wavelength together as an addressing mark.
  • a quantum network element constructed based on the addressing method is provided, which can satisfy the quantum Basic requirements for network routing.
  • the router is used as the information exchange and guidance center of the quantum network, and its network structure is relatively independent from users.
  • the quantum network can be completely analogized to the classical network, and the system layout and operation can be considered separately and standardized.
  • the number of router nodes can be expanded:
  • the total number of multiplexed wavelengths used by the router in the present invention is less than or equal to the total number of nodes, and the frequency band utilization is high.
  • the band can be arbitrarily subdivided and re-multiplexed, and the total number of router nodes can also be arbitrarily expanded.
  • the total number of nodes can reach more than 150, which is more than three times that of other schemes.
  • the communication between nodes is performed at different wavelengths, and the channels are isolated from each other.
  • the isolation is determined only by the isolation of wavelength division multiplexing.
  • the crosstalk is very low, and the channels do not compete with each other for information resources.
  • the communication efficiency is not affected by the nodes. Impact of the total.
  • the routing additional loss is low, and the additional loss of each channel of the router in the present invention is less than 2dB.
  • the invention can realize quantum communication in the sense of a real network, including quantum key distribution, network transmission of quantum states (generalized quantum communication), constituting a quantum computer addressing bus or a quantum computer network.
  • the quantum network router can be directly used as an all-optical wavelength router in classic communication to implement the static network routing function in classic network communication.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of a 4-node quantum network router composed of a commercial wavelength division multiplexer.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of a 3-node quantum network router composed of a commercial wavelength division multiplexer.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of a 4-node quantum network router directly composed of discrete components.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of an integrated 4-node quantum network router.
  • Figure 5 is the IP address table of the three-node quantum network router.
  • Figure 6 is the IP address table of a four-node quantum network router. detailed description
  • a quantum network router can be constructed using a commercial wavelength division multiplexer in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • the internal structure of a typical four-node quantum network router is shown in Figure 1.
  • the internal structure of the router is shown inside the dotted line.
  • 1-1 to 1-4 are the same commercial three-channel WDM, and the wavelengths are ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, and ⁇ 3.
  • the wavelength position (actually a certain range of wavelength bands) and interval can only meet the loss requirements of the trunk optical path and sufficient isolation;
  • 2-1 ⁇ 2-6 are optical connections between single-wavelength interfaces of the same wavelength channel, and they can Is a single-mode fiber
  • the optical path consists of components, separation devices, or optical waveguides;
  • 3-1 ⁇ 3-4 are mixed-wavelength interfaces for quantum network router nodes, and the nodes can be connected to users through a thousand-line optical path.
  • Figure 2 shows the internal structure of a three-node quantum network router.
  • 4-1 to 4-3 are wavelength division multiplexers. Unlike the four-node wavelength division multiplexer, the three wavelength division multiplexers are different. The multiplexed wavelengths are different from each other, where 4-1 is ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, 4-2 is ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3, and 4-3 is ⁇ 3, ⁇ . The total number of wavelengths used by the entire router is still three.
  • 5-1 to 5-3 are the optical connection lines between the single-wavelength interfaces of the same wavelength. They can be optical paths composed of single-mode fiber devices, split devices, or waveguides.
  • 6-1 ⁇ 6-3 are mixed wavelength interfaces of the router nodes of the quantum network, and users can be connected through the trunk optical path.
  • such a three-node router can be regarded as a special case after a node of the four-node router in FIG. 1 and all optical connections connected to it are cancelled.
  • any router with an even number of N nodes can remove (or discard) one of the nodes and directly become a router with an odd number of N-1 nodes.
  • Any N-node router can be constructed by using a wavelength division multiplexer according to the above principles, where the odd-numbered nodes are expanded as shown in Figure 2, and the even-numbered routers are expanded as shown in Figure 1.
  • the quantum network router can be directly composed of discrete passive optical elements, and it is not necessary to first form a wavelength division multiplexer and then construct a quantum network router.
  • the N-node router needs to be composed of N optical dispersive elements and auxiliary light guiding mechanisms, such as: passive optical elements such as beam splitting prisms, couplings, collimators, and reflectors, or other optical path deflection coupling devices.
  • passive optical elements such as beam splitting prisms, couplings, collimators, and reflectors, or other optical path deflection coupling devices.
  • 7-1 ⁇ 7-4 are dispersive elements, which are used to separate light with different wavelengths to realize the functions of demultiplexing and inverse multiplexing. They can be dispersive elements such as triangular prisms, filters or gratings; 8- 1 ⁇ 8-4 and 9-1 ⁇ 9-4 are front and rear collimation systems, which assist in the function of light collimation and focusing; 10-1 ⁇ 10-4 are light guiding elements, which are used to direct light of specific wavelengths to specific Dispersion devices; 11-1 ⁇ 11-4 are input and output couplers of router nodes, which are directly connected to network users through trunk optical paths.
  • dispersive elements such as triangular prisms, filters or gratings
  • 8- 1 ⁇ 8-4 and 9-1 ⁇ 9-4 are front and rear collimation systems, which assist in the function of light collimation and focusing
  • 10-1 ⁇ 10-4 are light guiding elements, which are used to direct light of specific wavelengths to specific Dispersion devices
  • 11-1 ⁇ 11-4
  • Quantum network routers can also constitute integrated optical devices, where the N-node router is composed of N integrated optical dispersion elements and guided transmission optical waveguides. ⁇
  • the four-node quantum network router is still taken as an example, where 12-1 ⁇ 12-4 are integrated distributed gratings,
  • the multi-wavelength signal incident from the nearest node is decomposed into a monochromatic signal, and the monochromatic signals transmitted in the reverse direction are also combined into a multi-color signal and transmitted to the nearest node;
  • 13-1 ⁇ 13-2 are guided transmission of monochromatic light
  • the waveguide transmits the dispersed monochromatic light to the next dispersion grating;
  • 14-1 to 14-4 are the mixed wavelength interfaces of the router, and are directly connected to the user through the trunk optical path.
  • each node After a quantum network router is determined, each node has a unique IP table. Users connected to this node can find another unique user node in the network according to this ⁇ > table, and complete the quantum communication process with it.
  • Figures 5 and 6 show the IP address tables between the three-node and four-node quantum network router nodes, respectively. For more than four multi-node quantum network routers, such an IP address table also exists.
  • the IP table of odd nodes is similar to Table 1, and the ⁇ > table of even nodes is similar to Table 2.

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Description

量子网络寻址方法及量子网络路由器 技术领域
本发明涉及利用光传输技术进行网络通讯的寻址方法及装置， 尤其是一种量子 信息， 包括量子通信和量子计算网络系统的寻址方法及装置。 背景技术
量子信息技术是 90年代才正式开始研究的新科学领域， 许多问题仍然在探索阶 段， 尚未大规模实用化， 不存在与本发明相关的公开使用技术。 根据经典网络信息技 术的经验， 量子网络信息也必将是量子通信的核心技术。 同样的对比并考虑到量子通 信的特点， 量子网络系统必须满足这样一些基本性能要求：
1. 多用户性
两个以上的用户可同时在系统上交换信息或共享资源；
2. 可扩展性
用户数可以扩展， 用户总数原则上不应受到限制；
3. 用户的独立性
它应该包括了两个方面：
其一： 任一用户的存在和运行与否只影响与该用户有信息交换需求的用户， 而不影响整个网络的运行；
其二： 任何用户的运行不应该受到互通信息以外的用户的运行的影响， 也 即我们通常所说的无串扰和串台；
4. 网络中的每个用户应该有唯一的地址或内部编号 （即经典网络中的 IP地址）， 据此， 网络上的任何用户可以轻易地区分并连接该用户以实现通讯， 同时被 连接用户也应可以唯一地确定正在同自己通讯的对象；
量子网络的特殊要求-
5. 网络系统必须保持量子相干性 （接收测量除外）， 也即消相干过程尽可能弱， 更不能有除接收测量以外的光电和电光转换过程；
6. 网络系统内部不能有量子信号的放大， 这是量子不可克隆定理的基本要求。 对照上述条件， 到目前为止， 还没有完全符合该条件的量子网络结构原理和技 术出现。 进步最大的是量子密码的网络分配研究， 已有的主要技术可归结为： 一、 树型网络结构： 这种结构有两种运行模式， 一种模式采用光纤分路器随 机将调制单光子分发给多个接收者， 通过量子密钥分配协议与多个接收者建立密钥。 这种模式： ①需要一个控制中心， 所有网上其他用户信息都必须与控制中心分享， 这 在保密通信中有时是不可容忍的； ②通讯效率与网络上终端数量成反比， 极限通讯距 离同步下降， 可扩展性受到限制； 另一种模式则采用波长寻址方式， 即控制中心采用 波长作为接收者的 ιρ， 实现中心与任一用户间的密钥分配。 这种运行方式解决了直接 分路引起的效率降低的问题， 但未能解决信息必须与控制中心分享的安全问题； 树型 网络的另一个重要问题是， 中心以外的用户之间不能够直接互通， 所以这种方案不是 严格意义的网络结构。
二、 环型网络结构： 这种网络结构将所有用户串成一条或多条互连的封闭的环 线，环网中的任意两个终端用户运用一定的协议，通过控制中心的协助实现保密互通， 且不必与网络控制中心分享秘密信息， 但通讯过程仍需要中心的协助。 这种结构： ① 所有用户终端都只能在一条或互通的多条环线上， 终端所在的位置受到限制； ②任意 两个用户之间的平均通讯距离小于点对点极限通讯距离的 1/2， 用户越多， 近邻终端 之间的距离就越短。 这种网络结构已有三种不同的模式， 第一种采多用户直接串联 [3' 4]， 改进的方式则采用了所谓空间光开关将多个小环串接起来， 将每个用户通过空间 光开关外挂在环上^ 原则上可以实现可变范围的量子网络， 无论如何， 这种网络中 同时只能有一对用户工作； 第二种则釆用波长寻址原理 [2]， 原则上多用户之间可以实 现直接互通无需中心存在， 且多用户组之间可以同时工作， 但传输距离的限制仍然存 在， 而且所用波段数必须满足：
N=nx(n-l)/2 其中， N为要用波段总数， n用户总数
用户数量与所需的波段总数成平方关系， 网络用户总数受到限制。
三、 多粒子纠缠源模式： 这种模式可以在多用户间实现量子态传输， 不仅可以 作为量子密钥分配网络， 原则上可以作为广义量子信息网络的工作模式， 但纠缠粒子 数量与产生效率成负指数关系，而这种方案的用户数量与纠缠粒子数直接相关，所以， 网络用户数量非常有限， 可扩展性很差。
综上所述， 目前还没有一种网络结构和运行模式能够满足量子网络的基本要求。 发明内容 本发明的目的是提出一种量子网络寻址方法并由此构造出量子网络路由器， 以 该路由器为核心可以组成等权的多用户量子网络系统。
网络中包括至少三个节点， 其特征在于： 给定每个节点一个地址编号； 从每个 节点向其它各个节点发送不同波长的光子信号； 该光子信号以信号源波长和节点地址 共同作为寻址标记； 所述的寻址标记由两部分构成， 其中一部分由该节点发送的光子 信号的波长取值决定， 另一部分由该节点的地址编号决定； 每个节点根据所接收的光 子信号中的上述寻址标记确定信号的来源。
当网络节点数为奇数时， 所述的信号源波长的个数为 N个； 当网络节点数为偶 数时， 所述的信号源波长的个数为 N-1个； 其中的 N为网络节点数。
所述的光子信号是光量子态信号， 或者是经典光信号。
这种寻址方式能确定地将来自于网络不同节点具有不同波长的光子信号转接给 特定的另外节点， 而且这种传输在节点网络中是唯一的， 传播方向也是可逆的， 即任 一节点都可以接收和发送光子信号， 发送节点事先知道特定波长的光子信号是发给哪 一个节点， 接收节点可通过波长测量确定所接收的光子信号来自于哪一个节点。 所述 的节点网络可以有任意 N个节点。
所述的光子信号可以是经典信号， 如含有大量光子的强光脉冲， 也可以是量子 信号， 如单光子或纠缠光子； 所述光子的波长是指一个波长间隔。 当信号为经典信号 时， 通信过程是经典通信， 而当信号为光量子态时， 所述通信为量子通信。
本发明给出一种实现上述寻址方法的量子网络路由器， 它包括外接口和光子信号 分配器， 其特征在于光子信号分配器包括 N个光学器件， 其中的 N为网络节点数； 每个光学器件的一端为混合波长接口、 另一端为单波长接口； 混合波长接口作为路由 器的外接口， 单波长接口至少有 N-1个， 每个单波长接口传输不同波长的光子信号， 而 N个光学器件的相同波长的单波长接口之间一对一地直接光学连接。
当 N为偶数时， 所述光学器件的单波长接口相同， 整个量子网络路由器所用波 长总数为 N-1 ; 当 N为奇数时， 任意两个光学器件的单波长接口有一个不同， 且整个 量子网络路由器所用波长总数为 N。 例如， 对于四节点路由器， 所述光学器件相同， 单波长接口均为三个， 分别是 λ1， λ2， λ3， 路由器所用波长总数为三个； 对于三节点 路由器， 所述光学器件的单波长接口均为两个， 但波长均有一个不同， 分别是： 光学 器件一为 λΐ , λ2; 光学器件二为 λ2, λ3; 光学器件三为 λ3， λ1。 路由器所用波长总 数也为 3个。 所述的光学器件可以是由集成或分立的色散及辅助无源光学器件组成。
所述的光学器件可以是可逆波分复用器。
所述的光学连接可以采用光纤、 波导、 自由空间或其他光学介质连接。
所述的光学连接在光路中可添加准直、 耦合、 反射镜光无源器件， 以改善性光学 连接性能。
所述的整个量子网络路由器的所有部件， 包括色散、 准直、 导向以及耦合器的可 以全部或部分集成在波导基片上。
本发明量子网络路由器的上述内部连接满足图论中的边界染色理论， 任意多节 点网络路由器可以按此数学原理实现， 对应关系为： 边界染色理论中的一个顶点对应 量子网络路由器的一个节点， 每种边界染色对应一个波长， 即上述光学器件的一个单 波长接口。 事实上， 可以将奇数 N节点量子网络路由器看成是偶数个 N+1节点量子 网络路由器中的一个节点未用或没有连接的特例。
所述光子信号可以从一个节点传向另一个节点， 反向传输也同样可行。
所述的可逆波分复用器是由色散元件加前后准直以及输出输入耦合器组成， 其 中色散元件可以是滤光片、 光栅、 色散棱镜。
本发明的量子网络路由器。 它能够完成： 接收所有节点同时传来的携带信息的 不同波长的光子信号， 以分波、 合波再组合的方式， 将其他各节点要传给同一节点的 不同波长的光子信号合波后传送给指定的节点。 这些信号可以再通过一条与该节点 相连的干线光路传输给特定的网络用户。 这种路由器的工作方式不会破坏它传送的量 子态及其相干性， 信号间也不产生互相干扰， 且路由导向在整个网络中是唯一的， 不 会出现导向重叠和信号遗失现象， 用户通过简单测量就能知道信号的准确来源。 所有 这些都满足网络的基本要求。
所有这些功能等效于经典网络通讯中的路由功能或计算机网络中的寻址功能。 此方法构成的量子网络路由器原则上可以有任意 N个节点， 与 N路干线光路连接构 成 N路量子网络系统。
本发明提出的量子网络寻址方法和量子网络路由器， 以量子态的发出节点和波 长共同作为寻址标记， 给出了一种以此寻址方法为原理而构造的量子网络元件， 可以 满足量子网络路由的基本要求。
用本发明构成.的量子通信网络具有这样一些优点：
1、 采用路由器作为量子网络的信息交换和导向中心， 其网络结构与用户相对独 立， 使量子网络可以完全类比于经典网络， 系统布局与操作可以分别考虑， 规 范化处理。
、 路由器节点数可扩展： 本发明中的路由器所用的复用波长总数小于或等于节点 总数， 频段利用率高。 原则上波段可以任意细分和再复用， 路由器节点总数也 可以任意扩展。 就目前的技术条件而言， 节点总数就可以达到 150以上， 是其 他方案的 3倍以上。
、 节点之间的通讯以不同波长进行， 频道相互之间隔离， 隔离度仅由波分复用的 隔离度决定， 串扰很低， 且各频道之间不相互争夺信息资源， 通讯效率不受节 点总数的影响。
、 路由附加损耗低， 本发明中的路由器对每个频道附加的损耗在 2dB以下。
5、 利用本发明可以实现真正网络意义上的量子通信， 包括量子密钥分配、 量子态 的网络传输 （广义量子通信）， 构成量子计算机寻址总线或量子计算机网络等。
6、 由于量子网络是在经典网络基础上附加限制而来， 本量子网络路由器可直接作 为经典通讯中的全光波长路由器， 实现经典网络通讯中的静态网络路由功能。 附图说明
图 1是一种由商用波分复用器组成的 4节点量子网络路由器的内部构造示意图。 图 2是一种由商用波分复用器组成的 3节点量子网络路由器的内部构造示意图。 图 3是一种分立元件直接组成的 4节点量子网络路由器的内部构造示意图。 图 4是一种集成 4节点量子网络路由器的内部构造示意图。
图 5是三节点量子网络路由器的 IP地址表。
图 6是四节点量子网络路由器的 IP地址表。 具体实施方式
一. 量子网络路由器的结构
1、 量子网络路由器可以用商用波分复用器按照本发明的原理构造而成。 一个典 型的四节点量子网络路由器内部构造如图一所示， 虚线内部为路由器的内部构造。 图 1中 1-1~1-4为相同的商用三通道波分复用器， 波长分别是 λ1， Χ2, λ3。 其中波长 位置 （实际是一定范围的波段） 与间隔只要达到干线光路的损耗要求和足够的隔离度 即可； 2-1~2-6是相同波长频道单波长接口之间的光学连接， 它们可以是单模光纤器 件、 分离器件或光波导组成的光路； 3-1~3-4为量子网络路由器节点的混合波长接口， 通过千线光路将节点可与用户之间连接起来。
图 2为三节点量子网络路由器的内部结构， 其中 4-1~4-3为波分复用器， 与四节 点所用的波分复用器不同的是， 这三个波分复用器的复用波长相互之间都有一个不 同， 其中 4-1为 λ1、 λ2, 4-2为 λ2、 λ3， 而 4-3为 λ3、 λΐ , 整个路由器所用的波长总 数仍为三个。 图中 5-1~5-3为相同波长单波长接口间的光学连接线， 它们可以是单模 光纤器件、 分离器件或波导组成的光路。 6-1~6-3为量子网络路由器节点的混合波长 接口， 通过干线光路可以连接用户。 事实上， 这种三节点路由器可以看成是图 1中的 四节点路由器的一个节点以及与它连接的所有光学连接被取消后的特殊情况。
在图 1中如果将波分复用器 1-2以及与它相关的 2-2、 2-5、 2-6光学连接全部取 消 （或弃置）， 则图 1中的四节点路由器就变成为图 2中的三节点路由器。 由此推广 开来， 任何偶数 Ν节点的路由器均可以去掉 （或弃置）其中的一个节点， 而直接变 成 N-1奇数节点的路由器。
任意 Ν节点的路由器均可以按上述原则采用波分复用器构造而成， 其中奇数节 点按图 2方式扩展， 而偶数节点路由器按图 1方式扩展。
2、 分立光学元件独立组成的四门量子网络路由器
量子网络路由器可釆用分立无源光学元件直接组成， 不需要先组成波分复用器， 再构造成量子网络路由器。 这种组成中 Ν节点路由器需要 Ν个光色散元件和辅助光 线导向机构组成， 例如： 分光三棱镜、 耦合、 准直和反射镜等无源光学元件或其他光 路折变耦合器件组成。 这里给出四节点分立光学元件组成的量子网络路由器装置内部 结构图。
图 3中， 7-1~7-4为色散元件， 作用是将不同波长的光分开， 实现分波和逆向合 波的功能， 它们可以是三棱镜、 滤光片或光栅等色散元件； 8-1〜8-4以及 9-1~9-4为 前后准直系统， 起光线准直和聚焦等辅助作用； 10-1~10-4为光线导向元件， 作用是 将特定波长的光线导向特定的色散器件； 11-1~11-4为路由器节点输入输出耦合器， 通过干线光路与网络用户直接连接。
3、 集成光学量子网络路由器
量子网络路由器也可构成集成光学器件， 其中 Ν节点路由器由 Ν个集成光色散元 件和导向传输光波导组成。 ·
图 4中仍然以四节点量子网络路由器为例， 其中 12-1〜12-4为集成分布式光栅， 将来自最近节点入射的多波长信号分解成单色信号， 同时也将反向传来的单色信号结 合成多色信号传向最近节点； 13-1~13-2为单色光的导向传输波导， 将色散后的单色 光线传向下一个色散光栅； 14-1〜14-4为路由器的混合波长接口， 通过它与干线光路 直接连接到用户。
一个量子网络路由器确定以后， 每一个节点都有一个唯一确定的 IP表， 与该节点 连接的用户可以按照此 π>表在网络中寻找另外唯一的用户节点， 并与其完成量子通 信过程。 图 5和图 6分别给出了三节点和四节点量子网络路由器各节点之间的 IP地 址表。 对于四个以上的多节点量子网络路由器， 一样存在这样一个 IP地址表。 其中 奇数节点的 IP表与表一类似， 偶数节点的 Π>表与表二类似。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种量子网络寻址方法， 网络中包括至少三个节点， 其特征在于： 给定每个节 点一个地址编号； 从每个节点向其它各个节点发送不同波长的光子信号； 该光子信号 以信号源波长和节点地址共同作为寻址标记； 所述的寻址标记由两部分构成， 其中一 部分由该节点发送的光子信号的波长取值决定， 另一部分由该节点的地址编号决定； 每个节点根据所接收的光子信号中的上述寻址标记确定该信号的来源。
2、根据权利要求 1所述的量子网络寻址方法，其特征在于当网络节点数为奇数时， 所述的信号源波长的个数为 N个； 当网络节点数为偶数时， 所述的信号源波长的个 数为 N-1个； 其中的 N为网络节点数。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的量子网络寻址方法， 其特征在于所述的光子信号是光量 子态信号， 或者是经典光信号。
4、 一种用于权利要求 1的量子网络路由器， 包括外接口和光子信号分配器， 其特 征在于光子信号分配器包括 N组光学器件， 其中的 N为网络节点数； 每个光学器件 的一端为混合波长接口、 另一端为单波长接口； 混合波长接口作为路由器的外接口， 单波长接口至少有 N-1个， 每个单波长接口传输不同波长的光子信号， 而 N个光学 器件的相同波长的单波长接口之间一对一地直接光学连接。
5、 根据权利要求 4所述的一种量子网络路由器， 其特征在于当 N为偶数时， 所 述光学器件的单波长接口相同， 整个量子网络路由器所用波长总数为 N-1 ; 当 N为奇 数时， 任意两个光学器件的单波长接口有一个不同， 且整个量子网络路由器所用波长 总数为 N。
6、 根据权利要求 4所述的一种量子网络路由器， 其特征在于所述的光学器件是由 集成或分立的色散及辅助无源光学器件组成。
7、 根据权利要求 4所述的一种量子网络路由器， 其特征在于所述的光学器件是可 逆波分复用器。
8、 根据权利要求 4所述的一种量子网络路由器， 其特征在于所述的光学连接是釆 用光纤、 波导、 自由空间或其他光学介质连接。
9、 根据权利要求 4所述的一种量子网络路由器， 其特征在于所述的光学连接在光 路中可添加准直、 耦合、 反射镜光无源器件， 以改善性光学连接性能。
10、 根据权利要求 4所述的一种量子网络路由器， 其特征在于所述的整个量子网 络路由器的所有部件， 包括色散、 准直、 导向以及耦合器全部或部分集成在波导基片 上。
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CN100483975C (zh) 2009-04-29
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EP1643663A1 (en) 2006-04-05
CN101447835A (zh) 2009-06-03
US20060210270A1 (en) 2006-09-21
EP1643663A4 (en) 2010-05-19
US7596318B2 (en) 2009-09-29
CN1567751A (zh) 2005-01-19
EP1643663B1 (en) 2012-08-08

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