WO2010109228A3 - Procédé et appareil pour séparer des hydrocarbures et de l'azote - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil pour séparer des hydrocarbures et de l'azote Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010109228A3
WO2010109228A3 PCT/GB2010/050488 GB2010050488W WO2010109228A3 WO 2010109228 A3 WO2010109228 A3 WO 2010109228A3 GB 2010050488 W GB2010050488 W GB 2010050488W WO 2010109228 A3 WO2010109228 A3 WO 2010109228A3
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fractionation
stream
nitrogen
condensed
product
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB2010/050488
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2010109228A2 (fr
Inventor
Grant Johnson
Terence Tomlinson
Lee Alan Phillips
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Costain Oil Gas and Process Ltd
Original Assignee
Costain Oil Gas and Process Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Costain Oil Gas and Process Ltd filed Critical Costain Oil Gas and Process Ltd
Priority to US13/259,355 priority Critical patent/US20120090355A1/en
Priority to EP10755496A priority patent/EP2433075A2/fr
Publication of WO2010109228A2 publication Critical patent/WO2010109228A2/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Publication of WO2010109228A3 publication Critical patent/WO2010109228A3/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
    • F25J3/0209—Natural gas or substitute natural gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0233—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 1 carbon atom or more
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0257—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
    • F25J3/063—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0635—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream separation of CnHm with 1 carbon atom or more
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/06—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation
    • F25J3/063—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/066—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by partial condensation characterised by the separated product stream separation of nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
    • F25J2200/04—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification in a dual pressure main column system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
    • F25J2200/04—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification in a dual pressure main column system
    • F25J2200/06—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification in a dual pressure main column system in a classical double column flow-sheet, i.e. with thermal coupling by a main reboiler-condenser in the bottom of low pressure respectively top of high pressure column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
    • F25J2200/74—Refluxing the column with at least a part of the partially condensed overhead gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2200/00—Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification
    • F25J2200/78—Refluxing the column with a liquid stream originating from an upstream or downstream fractionator column
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/06—Splitting of the feed stream, e.g. for treating or cooling in different ways
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2235/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
    • F25J2235/60—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being (a mixture of) hydrocarbons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/02—Internal refrigeration with liquid vaporising loop

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un appareil pour séparer l'azote contenu dans une charge d'alimentation gazeuse comprenant un mélange d'hydrocarbures et d'azote gazeux. Le procédé selon l'invention comprend les étapes qui consistent : (i) à refroidir et condenser au moins partiellement la charge d'alimentation gazeuse; (ii) à introduire la charge d'alimentation refroidie et au moins partiellement condensée au cours de l'étape (i) dans une première tour de fractionnement pour produire un courant de vapeur de tête à teneur élevée en azote et un condensat à teneur réduite en azote qui subit un deuxième fractionnement lequel consiste notamment à réaliser une nouvelle ébullition à une pression inférieure à celle régnant dans la première tour de fractionnement; (iii) à condenser au moins partiellement le courant de vapeur de tête, et à procéder à une séparation pour obtenir un courant liquide lequel est utilisé pour obtenir un reflux dans la première tour de fractionnement, et un courant de vapeur séparé qui est condensé pour obtenir un reflux dans la deuxième tour de fractionnement; et (iv) à procéder au sous-refroidissement du condensat du premier fractionnement et à diviser le produit sous-refroidi résultant en au moins deux courants : un premier courant qui subit une expansion et qui est introduit dans la deuxième tour de fractionnement, et un deuxième courant qui subit une expansion, est réchauffé par échange thermique avec le courant de vapeur séparé issu de l'étape (ii) avant d'être introduit dans la deuxième tour de fractionnement; (v) à supprimer un courant de produits hydrocarbures à faible teneur en azote se trouvant dans la deuxième tour de fractionnement; et (iv) à supprimer un courant riche en azote se trouvant dans la deuxième tour de fractionnement.
PCT/GB2010/050488 2009-03-25 2010-03-23 Procédé et appareil pour séparer des hydrocarbures et de l'azote Ceased WO2010109228A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/259,355 US20120090355A1 (en) 2009-03-25 2010-03-23 Process and apparatus for separation of hydrocarbons and nitrogen
EP10755496A EP2433075A2 (fr) 2009-03-25 2010-03-23 Procédé et appareil pour séparer des hydrocarbures et de l'azote

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0905124A GB2455462B (en) 2009-03-25 2009-03-25 Process and apparatus for separation of hydrocarbons and nitrogen
GB0905124.4 2009-03-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2010109228A2 WO2010109228A2 (fr) 2010-09-30
WO2010109228A3 true WO2010109228A3 (fr) 2013-04-04

Family

ID=40640137

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2010/050488 Ceased WO2010109228A2 (fr) 2009-03-25 2010-03-23 Procédé et appareil pour séparer des hydrocarbures et de l'azote

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20120090355A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2433075A2 (fr)
GB (1) GB2455462B (fr)
WO (1) WO2010109228A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102008056191A1 (de) * 2008-11-06 2010-05-12 Linde Ag Verfahren zum Abtrennen von Stickstoff
DE102009038458A1 (de) * 2009-08-21 2011-02-24 Linde Ag Verfahren zum Abtrennen von Stickstoff aus Erdgas
US9726426B2 (en) 2012-07-11 2017-08-08 Butts Properties, Ltd. System and method for removing excess nitrogen from gas subcooled expander operations
FR3012211B1 (fr) * 2013-10-18 2018-11-02 L'air Liquide,Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Procede de deazotation du gaz naturel avec ou sans recuperation d'helium
CN106574818A (zh) * 2014-07-29 2017-04-19 林德股份公司 从烃流中回收甲烷的方法和系统
DE102015004120A1 (de) * 2015-03-31 2016-10-06 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Abtrennen von Stickstoff aus einer Kohlenwasserstoff-reichen Fraktion
FR3039080B1 (fr) * 2015-07-23 2019-05-17 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Methode de purification d'un gaz riche en hydrocarbures
US10520250B2 (en) 2017-02-15 2019-12-31 Butts Properties, Ltd. System and method for separating natural gas liquid and nitrogen from natural gas streams
FR3075940B1 (fr) * 2017-12-21 2020-05-22 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Procede de liquefaction d'un courant de gaz naturel contenant de l'azote
FR3075939B1 (fr) * 2017-12-21 2020-06-19 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Procede de production d'azote pur a partir d'un courant de gaz naturel contenant de l'azote
US12504227B2 (en) 2018-08-27 2025-12-23 Bcck Holding Company System and method for natural gas liquid production with flexible ethane recovery or rejection
US11015865B2 (en) 2018-08-27 2021-05-25 Bcck Holding Company System and method for natural gas liquid production with flexible ethane recovery or rejection
CN110131964B (zh) * 2019-05-21 2020-09-29 中石化炼化工程（集团）股份有限公司 一种化学链空气分离方法及其系统
US11674749B2 (en) * 2020-03-13 2023-06-13 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. LNG production with nitrogen removal
FR3121743B1 (fr) * 2021-04-09 2023-04-21 Air Liquide Procédé et appareil de séparation d’un mélange contenant au moins de l’azote et du méthane
US11635255B1 (en) 2022-04-08 2023-04-25 Axip Energy Services, Lp Liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide capture from exhaust gas
EP4703662A1 (fr) 2024-09-02 2026-03-04 Linde GmbH Procédé pour obtenir une fraction riche en hélium

Citations (5)

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US3631683A (en) * 1968-01-26 1972-01-04 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Rectification by precooling and dividing the feed gas into partial streams
US3818714A (en) * 1971-03-04 1974-06-25 Linde Ag Process for the liquefaction and subcooling of natural gas
US5771714A (en) * 1997-08-01 1998-06-30 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic rectification system for producing higher purity helium
EP1110588A1 (fr) * 1999-12-23 2001-06-27 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Appareil de séparation par distillation et procédé de nettoyage d'un vaporisateur condenseur de l'appareil
US6449984B1 (en) * 2001-07-04 2002-09-17 Technip Process for liquefaction of and nitrogen extraction from natural gas, apparatus for implementation of the process, and gases obtained by the process

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US3210951A (en) * 1960-08-25 1965-10-12 Air Prod & Chem Method for low temperature separation of gaseous mixtures
US4415345A (en) * 1982-03-26 1983-11-15 Union Carbide Corporation Process to separate nitrogen from natural gas
US4664686A (en) * 1986-02-07 1987-05-12 Union Carbide Corporation Process to separate nitrogen and methane
US4878932A (en) * 1989-03-21 1989-11-07 Union Carbide Corporation Cryogenic rectification process for separating nitrogen and methane
US4936888A (en) * 1989-12-21 1990-06-26 Phillips Petroleum Company Nitrogen rejection unit
GB2298034B (en) * 1995-02-10 1998-06-24 Air Prod & Chem Dual column process to remove nitrogen from natural gas
GB0000327D0 (en) * 2000-01-07 2000-03-01 Costain Oil Gas & Process Limi Hydrocarbon separation process and apparatus
GB0220791D0 (en) 2002-09-06 2002-10-16 Boc Group Plc Nitrogen rejection method and apparatus

Patent Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3631683A (en) * 1968-01-26 1972-01-04 Messer Griesheim Gmbh Rectification by precooling and dividing the feed gas into partial streams
US3818714A (en) * 1971-03-04 1974-06-25 Linde Ag Process for the liquefaction and subcooling of natural gas
US5771714A (en) * 1997-08-01 1998-06-30 Praxair Technology, Inc. Cryogenic rectification system for producing higher purity helium
EP1110588A1 (fr) * 1999-12-23 2001-06-27 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Appareil de séparation par distillation et procédé de nettoyage d'un vaporisateur condenseur de l'appareil
US6449984B1 (en) * 2001-07-04 2002-09-17 Technip Process for liquefaction of and nitrogen extraction from natural gas, apparatus for implementation of the process, and gases obtained by the process

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HEALY M J ET AL: "UK nitrogen removal plants starts up", OIL AND GAS JOURNAL, PENNWELL, HOUSTON, TX, US, 1 February 1999 (1999-02-01), pages 36 - 41, XP001539433, ISSN: 0030-1388 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2455462B (en) 2010-01-06
WO2010109228A2 (fr) 2010-09-30
US20120090355A1 (en) 2012-04-19
GB0905124D0 (en) 2009-05-06
GB2455462A (en) 2009-06-17
EP2433075A2 (fr) 2012-03-28

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