WO2012073085A1 - Membran-elektroden-einheit und brennstoffzellen mit verbesserter lebensdauer - Google Patents
Membran-elektroden-einheit und brennstoffzellen mit verbesserter lebensdauer Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012073085A1 WO2012073085A1 PCT/IB2011/002781 IB2011002781W WO2012073085A1 WO 2012073085 A1 WO2012073085 A1 WO 2012073085A1 IB 2011002781 W IB2011002781 W IB 2011002781W WO 2012073085 A1 WO2012073085 A1 WO 2012073085A1
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- membrane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0289—Means for holding the electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to membrane-electrode assemblies
- electrochemically active electrodes separated by a polymer electrolyte membrane.
- PEM Polymer electrolyte membrane
- proton-conducting membranes Here are predominantly perfluorinated polymers application.
- Prominent example is National TM by DuPont de Nemours, Willmington USA.
- proton conduction is a relatively high
- Required water content in the membrane which is typically at 4 - 20 molecules of water per sulfonic acid group.
- the necessary water content but also the stability of the polymer in combination with acidic water and the reaction gases hydrogen and oxygen, usually limits the operating temperature of the PEM fuel cell stacks to 80-100 ° C. Under pressure, the
- Operating temperatures can be increased to> 120 ° C. Otherwise, higher
- Carbon monoxide contained in the reformer gas which usually must be removed by a complex gas treatment or gas cleaning.
- the cooling devices can be made much simpler. This means that in fuel cell systems that are operated at temperatures above 100 ° C, the waste heat made much better usable and thus the fuel cell system efficiency can be increased by electricity-heat coupling.
- Object of the present invention was therefore to provide membrane electrode assemblies and fuel cells with the highest possible performance that can be produced in the simplest possible way, on a large scale, as inexpensively and reproducibly as possible and also have an improved life.
- the fuel cells should preferably have the following properties:
- the fuel cells should last as long as possible.
- the fuel cells should be as high as possible after a long period of operation
- the fuel cells should be able to withstand permanent or changing pressure differences between anode and cathode in the best possible way.
- the fuel cells should have an improved temperature and
- Gas permeability, especially at high temperatures have.
- a decrease in mechanical stability and structural integrity, especially at high temperatures, should be avoided as much as possible.
- the subject matter of the present invention is accordingly a membrane-electrode unit which has at least two electrochemically active electrodes, which are separated by at least one polymer electrolyte membrane, comprises the abovementioned polymer electrolyte membrane has at least one reinforcement, characterized in that the reinforcement comprises at least one foil having holes through which the polymer electrolyte membrane is in contact with both electrochemically active electrodes.
- polymer electrolyte membranes or polymer electrolyte materials suitable for the purposes of the present invention are known per se.
- membranes are used which comprise acids, which acids may also be covalently bound to the polymers.
- Basic polymers preferably form the polymer in the polymer electrolyte membrane. These membranes comprise acids or are doped with acids, so that an acid-base complex forms between the basic polymer and the acid.
- acids are preferred which release protons without additional water, e.g. by means of the so-called Grotthus mechanism.
- the basic polymer in the context of the present invention is preferably a basic polymer having at least one nitrogen, oxygen or
- Sulfur atom preferably at least one nitrogen atom, in one
- the repeating unit in the basic polymer according to a preferred embodiment contains an aromatic ring having at least one nitrogen atom.
- the aromatic ring is preferably a five- or
- high-temperature-stable polymers which contain at least one nitrogen
- High temperature stability in the context of the present invention is a polymer which can be operated as a polymeric electrolyte in a fuel cell at temperatures above 120 ° C permanently.
- Permanently means that a membrane according to the invention at least 100 hours, preferably at least 500 hours, at least 80 ° C, preferably at least 120 ° C, more preferably
- polystyrene resin in the context of the present invention, all the abovementioned polymers can be used individually or as a mixture (blend), also with other polymers.
- Blends which contain polyazoles and / or polysulfones are particularly preferred.
- the preferred blend components are polyethersulfone,
- Polymer blends are particularly useful, which comprise at least one basic polymer and at least one acidic polymer, preferably in a weight ratio of 1: 99 to 99: 1 (so-called acid-base polymer blends).
- acid-base polymer blends particularly suitable acidic polymers in this context include polymers having sulfonic acid and / or phosphonic acid groups.
- Very particularly suitable acid-base polymer blends according to the invention are described in detail, for example, in the publication EP1073690 A1.
- a particularly preferred group of basic polymers are polyazoles.
- a basic polymer based on polyazole contains recurring azole units of the general formula (I) and / or (II) and / or (III) and / or (IV) and / or (V ) and / or (VI) and / or (VII) and / or (VIII) and / or (IX) and / or (X) and / or (XI) and / or (XIII) and / or (XIV) and / or (XV) and / or (XVI) and / or (XVII) and / or (XVIII) and / or (XIX) and / or (XX) and / or (XXII) and / or (XVIII) and / or (XIX) and / or (XX) and / or (XXI) and / or (XXII) and / or (XXII))
- Ar are the same or different and represent a four-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 1 are the same or different and represent a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 2 is the same or are different and represent a two- or three-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 3 are the same or different and are a trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 4 are the same or different and represent a trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 1 are the same or different and represent a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 2 is the same or are different and represent a two- or three-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may
- Ar 5 are the same or different and are a four-membered aromatic or
- heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 6 are the same or different and are for a divalent aromatic or
- heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 7 are the same or different and are for a divalent aromatic or
- heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 8 are the same or different and for a trivalent aromatic or
- heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 9 are the same or different and are a two- or three- or diminuhexige
- aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- Ar 10 are the same or different and represent a divalent or trivalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear,
- Ar 11 are the same or different and are for a divalent aromatic or
- heteroaromatic group which may be mononuclear or polynuclear
- X is the same or different and is oxygen, sulfur or a
- Amino group which carries a hydrogen atom, a 1-20 carbon atoms having group, preferably a branched or unbranched alkyl or alkoxy group, or an aryl group as a further radical
- R is the same or different than hydrogen, an alkyl group or a
- n, m is an integer greater than or equal to 10, preferably greater than or equal to 100.
- Preferred aromatic or heteroaromatic groups are derived from benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, diphenylmethane, diphenyldimethylmethane, bisphenone, diphenylsulfone, quinoline, pyridine, bipyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, tetrazine, pyrol, pyrazole, anthracene, benzopyrrole, benzotriazole,
- Phenothiazine, acridizine, benzopteridine, phenanthroline and phenanthrene which may optionally be substituted from.
- the substitution pattern of Ar 1 , Ar 4 , Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 , Ar 11 is arbitrary, in the case of phenylene, for example, Ar 1 , Ar 4 , Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 , Ar 11 Ortho, meta- and para-phenylene.
- Particularly preferred groups are derived from benzene and biphenylene, which may optionally also be substituted.
- Preferred alkyl groups are short chain alkyl groups of 1 to 4
- Carbon atoms such as. For example, methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl and t-butyl groups.
- Preferred aromatic groups are phenyl or naphthyl groups.
- Alkyl groups and the aromatic groups may be substituted.
- Preferred substituents are halogen atoms such as. For example, fluorine, amino groups, hydroxy groups or short-chain alkyl groups, such as. For example, methyl or ethyl groups.
- the polyazoles can in principle also have different recurring units
- polyazole polymers are polyimidazoles, polybenzothiazoles, polybenzoxazoles, polyoxadiazoles, polyquinoxalines, polythiadiazoles, poly (pyridines), poly (pyrimidines) and poly (tetrazapyrenes).
- the polymer containing recurring azole units is a copolymer or a blend containing at least two units of the formulas (I) to (XXII) which differ from each other.
- the polymers can be present as block copolymers (diblock, triblock), random copolymers, periodic copolymers and / or alternating polymers.
- the polymer containing recurring azole units is a polyazole which contains only units of the formula (I) and / or (II).
- the number of repeating azole units in the polymer is preferably an integer greater than or equal to 10.
- Particularly preferred polymers contain at least 100 recurring azole units.
- polymers containing recurring benzimidazole units are preferred.
- Some examples of the most useful polymers containing benzimidazole recurring units are represented by the following formulas:
- n and m are integers greater than or equal to 10, preferably greater than or equal to 100.
- one or more nitrogen heteroatoms it is also possible for one or more nitrogen heteroatoms to be replaced by other heteroatoms; preferably these other heteroatoms are oxygen and / or sulfur atoms.
- Such compounds are also to be subsumed under the name benzimidazole.
- the polyazoles used, but especially the polybenzimidazoles are characterized by a high molecular weight. Measured as intrinsic viscosity this is at least 0.2 dl / g, preferably 0.8 to 10 dl / g, in particular 1 to 10 dl / g.
- Preferred polybenzimidazoles are under the trade name Celazole®
- the preferred polysulfones include in particular polysulfones having aromatic and / or heteroaromatic groups in the main chain. According to a particular aspect of the present invention, preferred
- Polysulfones and polyethersulfones a melt volume rate MVR 300/21, 6 is less than or equal to 40 cm 3/10 min, especially less than or equal to 30 cm 3/10 min and particularly preferably less than or equal to 20 cm 3/10 min measured according to IS01133.
- polysulfones having a Vicat softening temperature VST / A / 50 of 180 ° C to 230 ° C are preferred.
- the polymers based on polysulfone include, in particular, polymers which contain repeating units having linking sulfone groups corresponding to the general formulas A, B, C, D, E, F and / or G:
- polysulfones for the purposes of the present invention include homopolymers and copolymers, for example random copolymers. Particularly preferred polysulfones comprise recurring units of the formulas H to N:
- the above-described polysulfones can 720 P, ® Ultrason E, ® Ultrason S, ® Mindel, ® Radel A, ® Radel R, ® Victrex HTA, ® Astrel and ® Udel be obtained commercially under the trade names Victrex 200 P, ® Victrex.
- polyether ketones polyether ketone ketones
- polyether ether ketones polyether ether ketones
- polyether ether ketone ketones polyaryl ketones
- the polymer electrolyte membrane has at least one film as a reinforcement, wherein the film has holes through which the polymer electrolyte membrane with both electrochemically active
- Electrodes in contact are Electrodes in contact.
- the film used according to the invention can in this case be arranged in the membrane, preferably the film is arranged centrally and is completely through the
- the membranes reinforced according to the invention can no longer be delaminated without destruction
- the reinforcing films used according to the invention can in turn
- Suitable reinforcing fibers preferably comprise
- the reinforcing fibers of the film according to the invention may also form a textile surface, preferably a scrim and / or mesh.
- the reinforcing foils used according to the invention have holes, so that the polymer electrolyte membrane is in contact with both electrochemically active electrodes.
- the shape of the holes and their arrangement are not limited.
- the holes may have symmetrical or asymmetrical shapes, the same applies to the arrangement of the holes. To be favoured
- the holes can be produced by punching and / or cutting from the film web.
- the long intervals of the diamond holes are in the range of 0.5 mm to 13 mm, the short intervals of the diamond holes (SWD) in the range of 0.25 mm to 8 mm, and the thickness of the lands (Strand Width) in the range of 0.15 mm to 2 mm.
- Such reinforcing films are particularly well suited.
- the thickness of the reinforcing films used according to the invention is the thickness of the reinforcing films used according to the invention.
- the thickness can be determined by electronic image analysis of an optical or TEM image.
- the reinforcing films used according to the invention preferably have a tensile strength of at least 5 MPa, particularly preferably at least 10 MPa, in particular at least 14 MPa.
- the reinforcing films used according to the invention preferably have an elongation at break in the range from 0.5% to 100%, preferably in the range from 1% to 60%.
- the reference force is measured according to EN 29073, part 3 on 5 cm wide specimens with a measuring length of 100 mm.
- Centinewton [cN] is the numerical value of the basis weight of the sample, expressed in grams per square meter.
- the reinforcing films used according to the invention have sufficient stability with respect to the polymer electrolyte material. Due to the
- Operating temperature of the membrane electrode units of the invention of min. 120 ° C are suitable as materials for the reinforcing films used in the invention such materials whose continuous service temperature min. 120 ° C, preferably min. 160 ° C, especially min. 175 ° C, is.
- the open area of the film formed by the holes is preferably 10 to 98%, more preferably 15 to 95%, in particular 20 to 90%, of the total surface area of the film.
- Suitable polymers for the reinforcing films used according to the invention are in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyfluoroethylene propylene (PFEP), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyhexafluoropropylene, copolymers of PTFE with hexafluoropropylene, with perfluoropropyl vinyl ether, with trifluoronitrosomethane, with carbalkoxy perfluoroalkoxy vinyl ether, and polysulfones, especially those described above polysulfones.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PFEP polyfluoroethylene propylene
- PCTFE polychlorotrifluoroethylene
- polyhexafluoropropylene copolymers of PTFE with hexafluoropropylene, with perfluoropropyl vinyl ether, with trifluoronitrosomethane, with carbalkoxy perfluoroalkoxy vinyl ether
- Reinforcing foils are in particular polyphenylene, poly (p-xylylene),
- Polyarylmethylene poly (N-vinylacetamide), polyvinylimidazole, polyvinylcarbazole, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride,
- Polyvinylidene difluoride polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride
- Polymers with C-O bonds in the main chain for example polyphenylene oxide and / or polyether ketone;
- Polymers having C-S bonds in the main chain for example, polysulfide ethers, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones, polyethersulfone;
- Polymers with C-N bonds in the main chain for example polyimines,
- Polyisocyanides polyetherimine, polyetherimides, polyaniline, polyaramides, polyamides, polyhydrazides, polyurethanes, polyimides, polyazoles, polyazole ether ketone, polyazines, polybenzoxazole, polybenzoxazines; and / or inorganic polymers, for example polysilicates and / or
- the reinforcing sheet also includes those having functional chemical groups that form a covalent chemical bond between the reinforcing sheet polymer and the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- chemical functionalization is meant the introduction of a functional group capable of forming a covalent chemical bond between the fibers and the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- suitable Functional groups are preferably amines, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic anhydrides, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic acid amides, acetals, alcohols, ethers, sulfonic acid halides and halides.
- Preferred polymers for the functionalized reinforcing films are those based on polyether ketone (PEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polysulfone,
- Polyethersulfone polyazole, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyphosphazene,
- Polyphenylene oxide, polyetherimide and polyaramid are Polyphenylene oxide, polyetherimide and polyaramid.
- the abovementioned polymers are functionalized, preferably in the form of their film.
- the polymer is first nitrated and then reduced to the amine, or the polymer is first carboxylated then saponified in the corresponding carboxylic acid ester. Suitable procedures are described, for example, in WO 01/64322 and WO 01/64773.
- the reinforcing foils thus have functional groups which are capable of reacting with the polymer of the polymer electrolyte membrane or, in a further structure of the polymers, react with these and form a covalent bond between the polymer of the foil-like reinforcement and the polymer of the polymer
- Polymer electrolyte membrane still monomers and / or oligomers constituents (each at least 1 wt .-%).
- the polymer electrolyte membranes can be prepared in a manner known per se, wherein they are expediently provided directly with the reinforcing foils used according to the invention during their production, preferably by forming the polymer electrolyte membrane in the presence of the reinforcing foils used according to the invention.
- doped polyazole films are obtained by a process comprising the steps
- step B) arranging the film comprising holes on a support, C) applying a layer using the mixture according to step A) on the support from step B) in such a way that the mixture penetrates the holes of the film and covers both sides of the film, preferably completely,
- step D) heating of the sheet / layer obtainable according to step C) under inert gas to temperatures of up to 350 ° C, preferably up to 280 ° C, in particular up to 230 ° C, to form the polyazole polymer, wherein the polyazole Polymer fills the existing holes so that it covers both sides of the film,
- step E) Treatment of the membrane formed in step D) (until it is self-supporting).
- This variant requires the use of film materials whose melting point is above the temperature range mentioned in step D) and which have sufficient stability with respect to polyphosphoric acid or phosphoric acid.
- the film according to the invention may also be used.
- step B it is also possible to omit step B) and to perform the feeding of the reinforcing sheet before or during step D).
- the hole-containing reinforcing film by pressure on both sides of the membrane, for example by means of pressure and / or temperature by suitable calenders, rollers, rollers or presses, so that a sandwich-like structure results.
- the polymer electrolyte material is still ductile, so that the holes are filled with polymer electrolyte material as described above.
- Carboxylic acid compounds preferably include di-carboxylic acids and tri-carboxylic acids and tetra-carboxylic acids or their esters or their anhydrides or their acid chlorides.
- aromatic carboxylic acids includes
- the aromatic dicarboxylic acids are isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid, 5-aminoisophthalic acid, 5-N, N-dimethylaminoisophthalic acid, 5-N, N-diethylaminoisophthalic acid, 2.5 Dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 2,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 2,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 3-fluorophthalic acid, 5-fluoroisophthalic acid, 2-fluoroterephthalic acid, tetrafluorophthalic acid, tetrafluoroisophthalic acid,
- Tetrafluoroterephthalic acid 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1,5-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,7-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, diphenic acid, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-dicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ether-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, benzophenone 4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, diphenylsulfone-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, 4-trifluoromethylphthalic acid, 2,2-bis (4-carboxyphenyl) -hexafluoropropane, 4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid , 4-carboxycinnamic acid, or their C1-C20-alkyl esters or C5-C12-aryl esters, or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlor
- the aromatic tri-, tetra-carboxylic acids or their C 1 -C 20 -alkyl esters or C 5 -C 12 -aryl esters or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides are preferably 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid ), 1, 2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (trimellitic acid), (2-carboxyphenyl) -iminodiacetic acid, 3,5,3'-biphenyltricarboxylic acid or 3,5,4'-biphenyltricarboxylic acid.
- aromatic tetracarboxylic acids or their C 1 -C 20 -alkyl esters or C 5 -C 12 -aryl esters or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides are preferably 3,5,3 ', 5'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2,4 , 5-Benzoltetracarboxylic acid, benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ', 4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 2,2', 3,3'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2,5,6-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid or 1,5,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid ,
- heteroaromatic carboxylic acids used are preferably heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids or tricarboxylic acids or tetracarboxylic acids or their esters or their anhydrides.
- Heteroaromatic carboxylic acids are aromatic systems which contain at least one nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus atom in the aromatic.
- pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 4-phenyl-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 3,5-pyrazoldicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyrimidinedicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid, 2,4,6-pyridinetricarboxylic acid or benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid or their C1-C20-alkyl-ester or C5-C12-aryl Esters, or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides.
- the content of tricarboxylic acid or tetracarboxylic acids is between 0 and 30 mol%, preferably 0.1 and 20 mol%, in particular 0.5 and 10 mol%.
- heteroaromatic diaminocarboxylic acids to diaminobenzoic acid or their mono- and dihydrochloride derivatives.
- heteroaromatic carboxylic acids is between 1:99 and 99: 1, preferably 1:50 to 50: 1.
- mixtures are, in particular, mixtures of N-heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic dicarboxylic acids.
- Non-limiting examples thereof are isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 2,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 2,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid.
- Benzophenone-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid diphenylsulfone-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, 4-trifluoromethylphthalic acid, pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2 , 6-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 4-phenyl-2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 3,5-pyrazoldicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyrimidinedicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyrazinedicarboxylic acid.
- the tetra-amino compounds to be used in step A) preferably comprise 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminobiphenyl, 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine, 1, 2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene, 3,3', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenylsulfone, 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 3,3', 4,4'-tetraaminobenzophenone, 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenylmethane and 3,3', 4, 4 ' Tetraaminodiphenyldimethylmethane and salts thereof, in particular their mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahydrochloride derivatives.
- the polyphosphoric acid used in step A) is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
- polyphosphoric acids such as those available from Riedel-de Haen, for example.
- the polyphosphoric acids ⁇ ⁇ + 2 ⁇ 3 ⁇ + ⁇ (n> 1) usually have a content calculated as P2O5 (acidimetric) of at least 83%.
- P2O5 acidimetric
- the mixture produced in step A) has a weight ratio of polyphosphoric acid to sum of all monomers of 1: 10,000 to 10,000: 1, preferably 1: 1000 to 1000: 1, in particular 1: 100 to 100: 1, on.
- the layer formation according to step C) takes place by means of measures known per se (casting, spraying, doctoring) which are known from the prior art for polymer film production.
- the carrier all under the conditions as internal to be designated carrier are suitable.
- the solution may optionally be treated with phosphoric acid (concentrated phosphoric acid, 85%). This allows the viscosity to be adjusted to the desired value and the formation of the membrane can be facilitated.
- the layer produced in step C) has a thickness ⁇ 20-4000 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , preferably between 30 and 3500, particularly between 50 and ⁇ 3000th
- step D The treatment of the polymer layer produced according to step D) is carried out in
- the treatment can be carried out so far that the membrane is self-supporting, so that it can be detached from the carrier without damage.
- step D) the planar structure obtained in step C) is set to a
- the inert gases to be used in step D) are known in the art. These include in particular nitrogen and noble gases, such as neon, argon, helium.
- step A) by heating the mixture from step A) to temperatures of up to 350 ° C., preferably up to 280 ° C., the formation of oligomers and / or low molecular weight polymers can already be effected.
- step D) can be omitted partially or completely. This variant is also the subject of the present invention.
- the treatment of the membrane in step E) takes place at temperatures above 0 ° C and below 150 ° C, preferably at temperatures between 10 ° C and 120 ° C, in particular between room temperature (20 ° C) and 90 ° C, in the presence of moisture or water and / or water vapor and / or water-containing phosphoric acid of up to 85%.
- the treatment is preferably carried out under
- Training low molecular weight polyphosphoric acid and / or phosphoric acid contributes to the solidification of the membrane.
- step E The partial hydrolysis of the polyphosphoric acid in step E) leads to a
- the upper temperature limit of the treatment according to step E) is generally 150 ° C. With extremely short exposure to moisture, for example from superheated steam, this steam may also be hotter than 150 ° C. Essential for the upper temperature limit is the duration of the treatment.
- the partial hydrolysis (step E) can also be carried out in climatic chambers in which the hydrolysis can be controlled in a controlled manner under defined action of moisture.
- the moisture by the temperature or saturation of the contacting environment such as gases, such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or other suitable gases, or steam can be adjusted specifically.
- the duration of treatment depends on the parameters selected above.
- the duration of treatment depends on the thickness of the membrane.
- the treatment duration is between a few seconds to
- the treatment time is preferably between 10 seconds and 300 hours, in particular 1 minute to 200 hours.
- the treatment duration is between 1 and 200 hours.
- the membrane obtained according to step E) can be made self-supporting, i. it can be detached from the wearer without damage and subsequently
- a concentration (mol of phosphoric acid relative to a repeating unit of the formula (I), for example polybenzimidazole) is preferably between 10 and 50, in particular between 12 and 40, particularly preferably between 15 and 25.
- Doping levels are very difficult or impossible to access by doping polyazoles with commercially available ortho-phosphoric acid.
- step 2) impregnating the holes comprising film with a solution according to step 2) and heating under inert gas to temperatures of up to 300 ° C, preferably up to 280 ° C, in particular up to 230 ° C, to form the polyazole polymer, wherein the polyazole polymer fills the existing holes so that it covers both sides of the film,
- step 5 treatment of the membrane formed in step 4) until it is self-supporting.
- doped polyazole films are obtained by a process in which the polyphosphoric acid is wholly or partly replaced by organic phosphonic anhydrides. Such an approach, but without the incorporation of reinforcing films, is described for example in WO 2005/063851.
- organic phosphonic anhydrides mentioned above are cyclic compounds of the formula
- anhydrides of the multiple organic phosphonic acids such as the formula of anhydrides of diphosphonic acid
- radical R and R ' are identical or different and represent a C 1 -C 20 -carbon-containing group.
- radicals C 1 -C 20 -alkyl particularly preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, n-butyl, Butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl,
- Ci - groups by -O-, -S-, -NR 1 - - or -CONR 2 - C 2 o-carbon containing groups one or more non-adjacent CH 2 may be replaced and one or more H Atoms can be replaced by F.
- one or more non-adjacent CH groups may be replaced by -O-, -S-, -NR 1 - or -CONR 2 , and one or more H atoms may be replaced by F.
- radicals R 1 and R 2 are identical or different at each occurrence H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C-atoms.
- organic phosphonic anhydrides which are partially or perfluorinated.
- organic phosphonic anhydrides used can also be used in
- the polyphosphoric acid is commercially available polyphosphoric acids such as those available from Riedel-de Haen, for example.
- the polyphosphoric acids Hn + 2PnO 3 n + i (n> 1) usually have a content calculated as P2O5
- organic phosphonic anhydrides can also be used in combination with simple and / or multiple organic phosphonic acids.
- the simple and / or multiple organic phosphonic acids are compounds of the formula in which the radical R is identical or different and represents a C 1 -C 20 -carbon-containing group and n> 2. Particularly preferred radicals R have already been described above.
- organic phosphonic acids are commercially available, for example the products of the company Clariant or Aldrich.
- organic phosphonic acids do not include vinyl-containing phosphonic acids as described in International Publication WO 03/075389.
- the produced mixture has a weight ratio of organic compound
- Phosphonic anhydrides to sum of all polymers from 1: 10,000 to 10,000: 1, preferably 1: 1000 to 1000: 1, in particular 1: 100 to 100: 1, on. Insofar as these phosphonic anhydrides are used in admixture with polyphosphoric acid or simple and / or multiple organic phosphonic acids, these have to be considered in the case of the phosphonic anhydrides.
- organophosphonic acids preferably perfluorinated organic phosphonic acids, can be added to the mixture produced.
- the membrane in particular the membrane based on polyazoles, can be crosslinked by the action of heat in the presence of atmospheric oxygen on the surface. This hardening of the membrane surface improves the
- the oxygen concentration in this process step is usually in the range from 5 to 50% by volume.
- IR infra red, ie light with a wavelength of more than 700 nm
- NIR near IR, ie light with a wavelength in the range of about 700 to 2000 nm or an energy in the range of about 0.6 to 1.75 eV).
- Another method is the irradiation with ß-rays.
- the radiation dose is between 5 and 200 kGy.
- the duration of the crosslinking reaction can be in a wide range. In general, this reaction time is in the range of 1 second to 10 hours, preferably 1 minute to 1 hour, without this being a restriction.
- the membrane-electrode assembly comprises at least two electrochemically active electrodes (anode and cathode) which are separated by the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- electrochemically active indicates that the electrodes are capable of catalyzing the oxidation of hydrogen and / or at least one reformate and the reduction of oxygen, this property being obtained by coating the electrodes with platinum and / or ruthenium
- electrode means that the material is electrically conductive.
- the electrode may optionally have a noble metal layer. Such electrodes are known and are described, for example, in US 4,191,618, US 4,212,714 and US 4,333,805.
- the electrodes preferably include gas diffusion layers in contact with a catalyst layer.
- gas diffusion layers usually planar, electrically conductive and acid-resistant structures are used. These include, for example, graphite fiber papers, carbon fiber papers, graphite fabrics and / or papers rendered conductive by the addition of carbon black. Through these layers, a fine distribution of the gas and / or liquid streams is achieved.
- gas diffusion layers can be used which contain a mechanically stable support material, which with at least one electrically conductive material, for.
- a mechanically stable support material which with at least one electrically conductive material, for.
- carbon for example carbon black
- Support materials particularly suitable for these purposes comprise fibers, for example in the form of nonwovens, papers or fabrics, in particular carbon fibers, glass fibers or fibers containing organic polymers, for example polypropylene,
- Polyester polyethylene terephthalate
- polyphenylene sulfide polyphenylene sulfide
- polyether ketones polyether ketones
- the gas diffusion layers preferably have a thickness in the range from 80 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m, in particular in the range from 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m and particularly preferably in the range from 150 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m.
- the gas diffusion layers favorably have a high porosity. This is preferably in the range of 20% to 80%.
- the gas diffusion layers may contain conventional additives. These include, but are not limited to, fluoropolymers, e.g. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and
- Gas diffusion layers consist of a compressible material.
- a compressible material is characterized by the property that the gas diffusion layer can be pressed without loss of its integrity by pressure on half, in particular to one third of its original thickness.
- This property generally comprises gas diffusion layers
- the catalytically active layer contains a catalytically active substance.
- catalytically active substance include precious metals, in particular platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium and / or ruthenium. These substances can also be in the form of
- Substances may also be used in alloys with base metals such as Cr, Zr, Ni, Co and / or Ti.
- base metals such as Cr, Zr, Ni, Co and / or Ti.
- oxides of the abovementioned noble metals and / or base metals are by known methods on a
- Support material usually carbon with a high specific surface area, used in the form of nanoparticles.
- catalytically active compounds d. H. the catalysts, used in the form of particles, preferably having a size in the range from 1 to 1000 nm,
- the weight ratio of fluoropolymer to catalyst material comprising at least one noble metal and optionally one or more support materials is greater than 0.05, said ratio preferably being in the range of 0.1 to 0.6.
- the catalyst layer has a thickness in the range from 1 to 1000 ⁇ , in particular from 5 to 500 ⁇ , preferably from 10 to 300 ⁇ on.
- This value represents an average value that can be determined by measuring the layer thickness in the cross-section of images that can be obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the noble metal content of the catalyst layer is 0.1 to 10.0 mg / cm 2 , preferably 0.2 to 6.0 mg / cm 2 and more preferably 0.2 to 3.0 mg / cm 2 , These values can be determined by elemental analysis of a flat sample.
- the catalyst layer is generally not self-supporting but is usually applied to the gas diffusion layer and / or the membrane.
- the surfaces of the polymer electrolyte membrane are in contact with the electrodes in such a way that the first electrode is the front side of the polymer electrolyte membrane and the second electrode the rear side of the polymer electrolyte membrane is partially or completely, preferably only partially, covered.
- the front and the back of the polymer electrolyte membrane denote the side facing away from the viewer or the polymer electrolyte membrane, wherein a viewing from the first electrode (front), preferably the cathode, in the direction of the second electrode (behind), preferably the anode takes place.
- the preparation of the membrane electrode assembly according to the invention is the same
- Temperature is connected together, wherein usually at a temperature in the range of 10 to 300 ° C, in particular 20 ° C to 200 ° and at a pressure in the range of 1 to 1000 bar, in particular from 3 to 300 bar, is laminated.
- the separator plates are preferably applied sealingly to the membrane-electrode assembly.
- the sealing effect can be further increased by pressing the composite of Separatorplatten and membrane electrode unit.
- the separator plates preferably each have at least one gas channel for reaction gases, which are conveniently arranged on the sides facing the electrodes.
- the gas channels are to allow the distribution of reactant fluids.
- the membrane electrode units according to the invention are distinguished by a markedly improved mechanical stability and strength and can therefore be used to produce fuel cell stacks with particularly high power.
- the hitherto customary power fluctuations of the resulting fuel cell stacks are no longer observed and it is achieved a hitherto unknown quality, reliability and reproducibility.
- the membrane-electrode assemblies of the invention can be easily stored or shipped due to their dimensional stability at fluctuating ambient temperatures and humidity. Even after prolonged storage or after shipment to places with significantly different climatic conditions The dimensions of the membrane-electrode assemblies are perfectly suited for installation in fuel cell stacks. The membrane-electrode assembly then no longer needs to be conditioned on-site for external installation, which simplifies fuel cell fabrication and saves time and cost.
- An advantage of preferred membrane-electrode assemblies is that they allow operation of the fuel cell at temperatures above 120 ° C. This is true for gaseous and liquid fuels, e.g. Hydrogen-containing gases, e.g. be prepared from hydrocarbons in an upstream reforming step. As the oxidant, e.g. Oxygen or air can be used.
- gaseous and liquid fuels e.g. Hydrogen-containing gases, e.g. be prepared from hydrocarbons in an upstream reforming step.
- the oxidant e.g. Oxygen or air can be used.
- membrane-electrode assemblies are that, when operating above 120 ° C, they can also be reacted with pure platinum catalysts, i. without a further alloying component, have a high tolerance to carbon monoxide. At temperatures of 160 ° C, e.g. more than 1% CO contained in the fuel gas, without resulting in a significant reduction in the performance of the fuel cell.
- Preferred membrane-electrode assemblies can be operated in fuel cells without the need to humidify the fuel gases and oxidants despite the possible high operating temperatures.
- the fuel cell is still stable and the membrane does not lose its conductivity. This simplifies the entire fuel cell system and brings additional cost savings, since the management of the water cycle is simplified. Furthermore, this also improves the behavior at temperatures below 0 ° C. of the fuel cell system.
- Fuel cell can be easily cooled to room temperature and below and then put back into operation without losing power.
- conventional phosphoric acid-based fuel cells sometimes have to be kept at a temperature above 40 ° C when switching off the fuel cell system to avoid irreversible damage.
- Performance degradation is detected.
- the achievable power densities are very high even after such a long time.
- the hole-containing film used according to the invention gives the polymer electrolyte membrane a high dimensional stability, which is also advantageous for the membrane-electrode assembly. Creep of the polymer electrolyte membrane is prevented or minimized, so that a high quiescent voltage is obtained even after a long time, for example more than 5000 hours.
- the quiescent voltage reflects the quality of the membrane-electrode assembly.
- the resulting by the formation of a constant membrane thickness qualities of the membrane-electrode unit cause a very good reproducibility in the production.
- the fuel cells according to the invention show, even after a long time
- a high rest voltage which is preferably at least 900 mV after this time.
- a fuel cell with a hydrogen flow on the anode and an air flow on the cathode is de-energized. The measurement is done by the
- Fuel cell is switched from a current of 0.2 A / cm 2 to the de-energized state and then recorded there for 5 minutes, the quiescent voltage.
- the value after 5 minutes is the corresponding resting potential.
- the measured values of the quiescent voltage apply for a temperature of 160 ° C.
- the fuel cell after this time preferably shows a low gas passage (gas cross-over).
- the anode side of the fuel cell is operated with hydrogen (5 lJh) and the cathode with nitrogen (5 l / h).
- the anode serves as a reference and counter electrode.
- the cathode as a working electrode.
- the cathode is set to a potential of 0.5 V and oxidized through the membrane diffusing hydrogen at the cathode mass transport-limited.
- the resulting current is a measure of the hydrogen permeation rate.
- the current is ⁇ 3 mA / cm 2 , preferably ⁇ 2 mA / cm 2 , more preferably ⁇ 1 mA / cm 2 in a 50 cm 2 cell.
- the measured values of H 2 crossover are valid for a temperature of 160 ° C.
- membrane-electrode assemblies of the invention are characterized by improved temperature and corrosion resistance and a
- membrane-electrode assemblies according to the invention can be produced inexpensively and easily.
- the stretched plastic (DEXMET 2PTFE5-50H, thickness 80 pm, open area 80%, 28 cm x 28 cm, see Figure 1) is fixed on a support and by means of a hand doctor a 450 ⁇ thick layer consisting of heated to 100 ° C.
- Polybenzimidazole in Polyphorsphorklare solids content 5% by weight
- the polybenzimidazole solution is then hydrolyzed after cooling in 50% strength by weight phosphoric acid overnight and a reinforced polybenzimidazole-phosphoric acid membrane is obtained.
- the properties of the reinforced membrane are listed in Table 1.
- the membrane of the invention shows improved mechanical strength under the typical operating conditions of a high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell (160 ° C). Under load of 100 g / cm 2 as a function of time, the comparative example has a relative decrease in thickness of over 80%, while in the inventive membrane of Example 1 under the same compression conditions, the relative reduction in thickness is less than 70%, cf. FIG. 2.
- the membrane according to the invention accordingly has a greatly improved compression resistance compared to unreinforced membranes
- a solution of 2% by weight with equimolar amounts of 3,3 ⁇ 4,4-tetraaminobiphenyl and terephthalic acid in polyphosphoric acid (112%) is heated to 280 ° C over 100 h.
- the resulting polybenzimidazole-polyphosphoric acid solution is cooled to a temperature of 100 ° C and by means of a hand doctor on a Carrier applied in a 450 ⁇ thick layer. and hydrolyzed after cooling in 50 wt% phosphoric acid overnight to obtain a self-supporting polybenzimidazole-phosphoric acid membrane.
- the membrane properties are listed in Table 1.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE112011104001T DE112011104001A5 (de) | 2010-12-02 | 2011-11-21 | Membran-Elektroden-Einheit und Brennstoffzellen mit verbesserter Lebensdauer |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP10193509 | 2010-12-02 | ||
| EP10193509.6 | 2010-12-02 |
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| WO2012073085A1 true WO2012073085A1 (de) | 2012-06-07 |
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| PCT/IB2011/002781 Ceased WO2012073085A1 (de) | 2010-12-02 | 2011-11-21 | Membran-elektroden-einheit und brennstoffzellen mit verbesserter lebensdauer |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2025103704A1 (de) * | 2023-11-16 | 2025-05-22 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Membran-elektrodeneinheit mit planarer verstärkungskomponente |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007250452A (ja) * | 2006-03-17 | 2007-09-27 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池用電解質膜の製造方法 |
| CN101523642A (zh) * | 2006-08-02 | 2009-09-02 | 巴斯夫燃料电池有限责任公司 | 具有增强性能的膜电极组件和燃料电池 |
| WO2009116630A1 (ja) * | 2008-03-21 | 2009-09-24 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体および固体高分子形燃料電池 |
-
2011
- 2011-11-21 DE DE112011104001T patent/DE112011104001A5/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-11-21 WO PCT/IB2011/002781 patent/WO2012073085A1/de not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007250452A (ja) * | 2006-03-17 | 2007-09-27 | Toyota Motor Corp | 燃料電池用電解質膜の製造方法 |
| CN101523642A (zh) * | 2006-08-02 | 2009-09-02 | 巴斯夫燃料电池有限责任公司 | 具有增强性能的膜电极组件和燃料电池 |
| WO2009116630A1 (ja) * | 2008-03-21 | 2009-09-24 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 固体高分子形燃料電池用膜電極接合体および固体高分子形燃料電池 |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2025103704A1 (de) * | 2023-11-16 | 2025-05-22 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Membran-elektrodeneinheit mit planarer verstärkungskomponente |
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