WO2012153104A1 - Composites de charbon actif - Google Patents

Composites de charbon actif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012153104A1
WO2012153104A1 PCT/GB2012/050959 GB2012050959W WO2012153104A1 WO 2012153104 A1 WO2012153104 A1 WO 2012153104A1 GB 2012050959 W GB2012050959 W GB 2012050959W WO 2012153104 A1 WO2012153104 A1 WO 2012153104A1
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Prior art keywords
activated carbon
carbon composite
water
lignite
temperature
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English (en)
Inventor
Samuel LEESE
John Stuart
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Sibelco UK Ltd
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Sibelco UK Ltd
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Publication of WO2012153104A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012153104A1/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/30—Active carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J20/28002—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J20/28011—Other properties, e.g. density, crush strength
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/04—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
    • B01J20/043—Carbonates or bicarbonates, e.g. limestone, dolomite, aragonite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/10—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising silica or silicate
    • B01J20/12—Naturally occurring clays or bleaching earth
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/3078—Thermal treatment, e.g. calcining or pyrolizing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/30—Active carbon
    • C01B32/312—Preparation
    • C01B32/318—Preparation characterised by the starting materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/288—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using composite sorbents, e.g. coated, impregnated, multi-layered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/48—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation
    • B01J2220/4812—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation the starting material being of organic character
    • B01J2220/485—Plants or land vegetals, e.g. cereals, wheat, corn, rice, sphagnum, peat moss
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/48—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation
    • B01J2220/4875—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation the starting material being a waste, residue or of undefined composition
    • B01J2220/4887—Residues, wastes, e.g. garbage, municipal or industrial sludges, compost, animal manure; fly-ashes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/007—Contaminated open waterways, rivers, lakes or ponds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to activated carbon composites.
  • the present invention relates to generally dense activated carbon composites.
  • the present invention also relates to a process for the production of such activated carbon composites.
  • Activated carbon is a form of carbon which has been processed to provide a large surface area, and is therefore extremely porous. 1 gram of a typical activated carbon has a surface area in excess of 500 m 2 . Due to its high surface area, activated carbon is highly porous and provides a large surface area for adsorption and/or chemical reactions.
  • Activated carbon is often prepared by pyrolysing material with a high carbon content, e.g. charcoal. Pyrolysis usually takes place at around 600-900°C, in an inert atmosphere (e.g. in an argon or nitrogen atmosphere).
  • an inert atmosphere e.g. in an argon or nitrogen atmosphere.
  • activated carbon e.g. powdered activated carbon, granular activated carbon, extruded activated carbon, impregnated carbon, polymer coated carbon and other types of activated carbon well known to the skilled person.
  • activated carbon is often used to trap mercury emissions. When used to trap mercury emissions, activated carbon is often impregnated with iodine or sulphur. Sigma-Aldrich provides activated carbon in various different forms.
  • One particular form of activated carbon currently sold by Sigma-Aldrich ® is activated charcoal Norit ® , type Norit CA1 (Sigma-Aldrich ® product number 97876). This form of activated carbon is said to be applicable to the removal of organic impurities from aqueous solutions in electroplating and in drug research.
  • activated carbon all previously known forms of activated carbon are less dense than water, brine and sea water, such that they float on the surface of water or sea water or brine.
  • a typical activated carbon e.g. forms of activated carbon sold by Sigma-Aldrich ® as activated charcoal Norit ® , type Norit CA1 (Sigma-Aldrich ® product number 97876) has an approximate relative density, with respect to water, of 0.250-0.600 (units for this value could be given as g per ml if it was not ratioed to the density of a substance having a known density, i.e. water).
  • the term relative density is used to mean relative density with respect to water.
  • the activated carbon composites of the present invention sink in water, sea water and brine.
  • the activated carbon composites of the present invention are denser than generally pure water (which has a density of 1.0 g per ml at lUPAC's defined standard condition for temperature and pressure), sea water (which has a density of around 1.025 g per ml at lUPAC's defined standard condition for temperature and pressure, but can have different densities which approximate to this value) and brine (brine is water generally saturated with sodium chloride, which has an approximate density of 1.23 g per ml at lUPAC's defined standard condition for temperature and pressure).
  • an activated carbon composite comprising activated carbon and at least 53% by weight of inorganic components.
  • the activated carbon composite has from 62% by weight of inorganic components, optionally 70 to 95% by weight of inorganic components.
  • the activated carbon composite has from any one of 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 or 79 to any one of 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94 or 95% by weight of inorganic components.
  • the activated carbon composite has 80%, 81 %, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, preferably 82.43%, by weight of inorganic components.
  • the activated carbon and the inorganic components are formed in an intimate mixture.
  • the inorganic components comprise, or are, ash components.
  • the ash components comprise calcined clay.
  • the ash components are calcined clay.
  • the activated carbon composite is denser than water.
  • the activated carbon composite is denser than sea water and brine.
  • the activated carbon composite has a relative density, with respect to water, of at least 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1 , 2.2, 2.3 or 2.4.
  • the activated carbon composite has a relative density, with respect to water, of from 1.5 to any one of 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1 , 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7 or 1.6.
  • the activated carbon composite has a relative density, with respect to water, of from 1.5 to 2.2.
  • the activated carbon composite has a relative density, with respect to water, of from 1.8 to 2.
  • the activated carbon composite is in combination with a bulk provider; optionally, wherein the bulk provider is one or more of sand, olivine (the mineral), silica, feldspar, fly ash, clinker, shale, chalk or limestone.
  • an activated carbon composite comprising activated carbon and at least 53% or 62% or 70% by weight of inorganic components, and/or has the constituents and/or properties of any one of claims 1 to 14, the method comprising the step of: heating lignite in a reduced oxygen atmosphere.
  • the reduced oxygen atmosphere is 2% oxygen by mass or less, optionally, 1 %, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2% or 0.1 % or less, or nil% oxygen by mass.
  • the step of heating lignite in the reduced oxygen atmosphere includes heating the lignite to at least 800°C.
  • the step of heating lignite in a reduced oxygen atmosphere includes heating the lignite to at least 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150 or 1200°C.
  • the reduced oxygen atmosphere comprises nitrogen and/or argon.
  • the method further comprises the step of, after heating lignite in a reduced oxygen atmosphere, and once much of the organic material has been driven off the lignite in the reduced oxygen atmosphere: introducing a form of mild oxygenation.
  • the form of mild oxygenation is moisture, or an atmosphere containing more oxygen than the reduced oxygen atmosphere or the composition of the gas is the same but the temperature is increased.
  • the method comprises the steps of:
  • activated carbon composite obtainable by the process of any one of the previously mentioned methods.
  • the pollutants are PCBs.
  • the pollutants are adsorbed from oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, puddles, filtration beds, and any other natural or man-made body of water.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an apparatus used in a process for preparing activated carbon composites of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a picture of the activated carbon composite of the present invention being introduced into synthetic "sea" water containing 3.5% by weight sodium chloride (time since introduction is 0 seconds).
  • Figure 3 is a picture of the activated carbon composite which was introduced into the synthetic "sea" water at a later time than Figure 1 , namely, 20 seconds after Figure 1.
  • Figure 4 is a picture at a still later time than Figure 2, namely, 40 seconds after Figure 2.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic representation of the introduction of the activated carbon composites of the present invention into water.
  • the starting material in the production of activated carbon according to the present invention can, in one preferred embodiment, be lignite.
  • the use of lignite as the starting material provides less carbon, more inorganic material, to the ultimately produced activated carbon composites, in comparison to other starting materials commonly used in activated carbon production.
  • Lignite is a material which can be obtained from the ground at various sites around the world. Lignite is sometimes referred to as brown coal and is used in power stations for power production, for example in Germany. Compositionally, lignites can vary from location to location. Lignites taken from the ground generally contain from 5-80% by weight organic (carbon based) materials, although most common lignites generally contain 25-35% by weight of organic (carbon based) materials, up to around 66% by weight of water and 6 to 19% ash (i.e. inorganic) components. In other words, once the moisture is removed, lignites contain a mixture of inorganic components (e.g. clay like substances) and organic components. Clay is an aluminium silicate which contains oxyhydroxide functionality.
  • the activated carbon of the present invention is formed, in a general sense, by first heating lignite in a reduced oxygen atmosphere. Water (meaning dampness) is removed either before heating (which might have engineering benefits) or during the early part of firing.
  • the reduced oxygen atmosphere is preferably 2% oxygen by mass or less, optionally, 1 %, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2% or 0.1 % or less, or nil% oxygen by mass.
  • the volatile organic compounds are driven from the lignite, e.g. tars, leaving a char (which is similar to charcoal, although it has a higher inorganic component than charcoal).
  • a reduced oxygen atmosphere is used at this stage to prevent complete oxidation of the organic matter in the lignite.
  • the elevated temperature causes structural transformation and dehydroxylation of the clay component of the lignite, forming calcined clay.
  • water which had been a structural part of the clay (as hydroxyl groups) is lost during a reaction at this stage.
  • Calcined clay is clay which has been heated and undergone a structural change.
  • activated carbon composite which includes activated carbon intimately associated with the inorganic materials, i.e. the calcined clay.
  • the resulting product, the activated carbon composite is an intimate mixture of ash (i.e. calcined clay and other inorganic components) and activated carbon.
  • a composite is a material which comprises two or more constituent materials with different physical and/or chemical properties.
  • the activated carbon composite of the present invention is termed a composite because it is an intimate mixture of ash (i.e. calcined clay and other inorganic components) and activated carbon.
  • ash i.e. calcined clay and other inorganic components
  • activated carbon When the activated carbon composite of the present invention is introduced into water, the intimate mixture of activated carbon and ash substantially does not separate, i.e. it remains intimately mixed.
  • Typical known activated carbons have 5-10% inorganic, i.e. including ash, components, the reminder being activated carbon.
  • activated carbon composites of the present invention have from any one of 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 , 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 or 79 to any one of 80, 81 , 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 , 92, 93, 94 or 95% by weight ash (i.e. calcined clay and other inorganic components), and the remaining portion being activated carbon, and any impurities.
  • ash i.e. calcined clay and other inorganic components
  • an activated carbon composite of the present invention has 80% by weight ash (i.e. calcined clay and other inorganic components) and 20% activated carbon. In another preferred example, an activated carbon composite of the present invention has 82.43% by weight ash (i.e. calcined clay and other inorganic components) and 17.57% activated carbon.
  • An activated carbon composite according to the present invention can be produced according to the following method, in one non-limiting embodiment.
  • a system 1 is set up as shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.
  • the system 1 has a tube furnace 1 which is thoroughly purged with nitrogen to remove air before beginning heating.
  • the system also has a heating means 8 which acts to heat the tube furnace 1 1 to a desired temperature.
  • the heating means 8 can be an oven, a flame, a microwave producing arrangement or any other means which can provide heat to the tube furnace 1 1 and/or its contents.
  • a thin layer of milled lignite is spread evenly in the bottom of one or both of the 10 cm alumina boats 2,3 (2 grams per boat). It will be appreciated that in other embodiments other numbers of boats may be used, for example, 1 , 3, 4, 5 or any other number.
  • the boats 2,3 used may be composed of a different generally inert substance, for example another metal or a ceramic suitable for the temperatures required.
  • no boats are used, e.g. where heat is applied to the milled lignite in a rotary furnace, a fluid bed arrangement or a moving hearth kiln. Boats are used in this embodiment as containers, to stop the material getting lost.
  • Baffles 4,5,6,7 are present on either side of the boats 2,3 to encourage transport of volatiles away from the reactant in the boats 2,3.
  • Baffles 4 and 7 are employed to the protect the gas tight seals 9,10 from the high temperature present in the generally central zone of the tube furnace 11.
  • Baffles 5 and 6 are present to regulate gas flow, to encourage transport of volatiles away from the lignite, and to prevent redeposition of organics on the product.
  • Nitrogen is used as a transport gas in one embodiment.
  • any generally inert gas may be used, for example argon.
  • the nitrogen used as a transport gas is passed through water (not shown) at ambient temperature before entering the tube furnace 1 1 through an opening in gas tight seal 9, using fibrous filter media (not shown) to ensure sufficient gas-liquid contact.
  • a water trap is used to exclude air on exit from the furnace.
  • a slight positive pressure is maintained at all times during the reaction and the positive pressure forces gaseous products out of the tube furnace 1 1 through an opening in the gas tight seal 10 at the right hand side of the tube furnace 11 shown in Figure 1.
  • the damp transport gas acts first to transport away volatile compounds and second as a mild oxidant of the organic components.
  • Gas tight seals 9, 0 are provided at the ends of the reaction vessel.
  • input can be regulated by pressure regulators and a needle valve and/or output can be controlled by use of a water trap.
  • the gas flow used in the non-limiting example was around 500 ml per minute, uninterrupted during the entire reaction cycle and during cooling.
  • Wet transport gas i.e. gas passed through a water trap, is used throughout in order to avoid the possibility of exposing the materials to oxygen while at high temperature by opening the system.
  • the reaction cycle in this non-limiting example was as follows:
  • the activated carbon composite prepared using the above protocol provided an intimate mixture of 82.43% ash (i.e. calcined clay) and 17.57% activated carbon.
  • the lignite used as the starting material in that particular case was sourced from the Bovey Basin in South Devon.
  • the lignite used as the starting material has a relatively high ash (i.e. inorganic) content, when compared to starting materials used generally to prepare activated carbons.
  • ash i.e. inorganic
  • the activated carbon composites of the present invention can be prepared from other lignites or carbonaceous clays, provided the starting material provides a suitable ratio of ash (inorganic components) to organic precursors for formation of activated carbon composites of the present invention.
  • the preparation of activated carbon concentrated on the solidity or permeability, rather than density relative to water (i.e. the ability to sink) which in this case is imparted by the ash content (inorganic components) of the activated carbon composite.
  • the activated carbon is a composite because the carbon is intimately associated with calcined clay (from the lignite), which makes the density of the composite of activated carbon and calcined clay higher than water, brine and sea water.
  • the activated carbon composite according to the present invention sinks when added to sea water. Previous activated carbons do not sink (they float) due to their lower density relative to water.
  • Figure 2 shows an activated carbon composite according to the present invention as it is just added to sea water (i.e. at 0 seconds from introduction).
  • Figure 3 shows an activated carbon composite according to the present invention 20 seconds after the introduction shown by Figure 2 (i.e. at 20 seconds from introduction).
  • Figure 4 shows an activated carbon composite according to the present invention 40 seconds after the Figure 3 (i.e. at 60 seconds from introduction).
  • the activated carbon composite shown to sink in Figures 2-4 was produced according to the method described above (i.e. the activated carbon composite shown to sink in Figures 2-4 is an intimate mixture of 82.43% by weight ash (i.e. calcined clay) and 17.57% activated carbon).
  • the lignite used as the starting material to prepare the activated carbon composite shown in Figures 2-4 was sourced from Sibelco UK Ltd.'s ballclay deposits in the Bovey Basin.
  • the activated carbon composite shown in Figures 2-4 which is a non-limiting example, has a relative density, with respect to water, of between 1.8 and 2. A range is given for relative density of the activated carbon composite shown in Figures 2-4 to take into account experimental errors.
  • the activated carbon shown in Figures 2-4 sinks in water, sea water and brine.
  • dimensions of density are mass / volume.
  • For relative density one divides one density by another, so the result is a pure number.
  • the word "density” in the present context is often referred to as "specific gravity” in the art.
  • the activated carbons of the present invention are said to have a relative density "with respect to water”.
  • a relative density, with respect to water, of between 1.8 and 2 could equally be said to be a density of between 1.8 and 2.0 g per ml.
  • the density of the activated carbon composites of the present invention was determined using a pycnometer.
  • W a weight of pycnometer filled with water
  • W b weight of pycnometer filled with sample and water.
  • the above method of pycnometry exploits the fact that the density of water is 1.0 g per ml at lUPAC's defined standard condition for temperature and pressure.
  • the calculation resolves to a division of the weight of the sample by the weight of water corresponding to the volume of the sample.
  • Figure 5 shows a schematic representation of the introduction of the activated carbon composite of the present invention into water, as shown more specifically in Figures 2-4.
  • lUPAC's defined standard condition for temperature and pressure are used. The density measurements can be taken at different temperatures and/or pressures.
  • a system 40 for a general test of the density of a sample relative to water, or other liquid is shown.
  • Water 42 or other liquid for example sea water or brine, is placed in the liquid receptacle, the water receptacle having a base 44.
  • the water 42 or other liquid in the liquid receptacle forms a surface 43 and a meniscus (not shown) where the surface meets with the edges of the water receptacle.
  • Activated carbon composite 41 is introduced onto the surface 43 of the water 42. If the activated carbon composite 41 generally sinks to the base 44, the activated carbon composite 41 is denser than water 42, or other liquid present in the liquid receptacle. If the activated carbon composite 41 generally floats on the surface 43, the activated carbon composite 41 is less dense than water 42, or other liquid present in the liquid receptacle.
  • Activated carbon composites of the present invention typically have a relative density, with respect to water, of from 1 .5 to 2.2, i.e. greater than the relative density of brine.
  • activated carbon composites of the present invention have a relative density, with respect to water, of from 1.8 to 2.
  • Activated carbon composites of the present invention have a relative density, with respect to water, of from 1.5 to any one of 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1 , 2.2, 2.3 or 2.4.
  • Activated carbon composites of the present invention have a relative density, with respect to water, of from any one of 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1 , 2.2, 2.3 or 2.4.
  • the activated carbon composites of the present invention may be mixed with a bulk provider.
  • bulk providers include, but are not limited to: sand, olivine (the mineral), silica, feldspar, fly ash, clinker, shale, chalk, limestone or clay.
  • the activated carbon composites of the present invention may be held together with the bulk provider by a binder.
  • binders include clays, including illites, bentonites and kaolins.
  • the activated carbon composites of the present invention have a higher relative density than known activated carbons.
  • the present invention provides a material which can be used to mop-up contaminants in polluted water, for example in sea water (at the sea bed, or other levels in the sea, not just the surface). Tests have been conducted which show that the activated carbon composites of the present invention are able to adsorb polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs).
  • PCBs polychlorinated biphenyl compounds
  • Tables 1 and 2 show partition coefficients calculated for two different samples.
  • the partition coefficients indicate the PCB adsorption potential of each sample.
  • Table 1 shows the partition coefficient calculations for 'Blueguard 3000 C.
  • 'Blueguard 3000 C is a combination of olivine (the mineral) with activated carbon prepared from vegetable matter.
  • the activated carbon and olivine in 'Blueguard 3000 C are not intimately attached because this is a loose mixture. They are held together by a binder. As such, when placed in water, much of the activated carbon floats to the surface of the water and, in the sea for example, can be carried away in a random fashion.
  • Table 2 shows the partition coefficient calculations for an activated carbon composite according to the present invention, namely, the activated carbon composite described above as formed with reference to the non-limiting exemplary process of manufacture (which is an intimate mixture of 82.43% ash (i.e. mainly calcined clay) and 17.57% activated carbon), and as described with reference to Figures 2-4.
  • the activated carbon composite of Table 2 is denser than water and sinks in water, sea water and brine.
  • Ci (microgramme/ml)
  • PCBs referred to by number in Tables 1 and 2 are as follows:
  • PCB #180 C12H3CI7 2,2',3,4,4',5,5 ⁇ - Heptachlorobiphenyl

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  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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  • Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composites de charbon actif.
PCT/GB2012/050959 2011-05-09 2012-05-02 Composites de charbon actif Ceased WO2012153104A1 (fr)

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GB1107650.2A GB2490670A (en) 2011-05-09 2011-05-09 An activated carbon composite material

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CN103467063B (zh) * 2013-08-23 2014-12-17 洛阳好生活环保科技有限公司 一种活性炭陶瓷制品
CN108918354A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2018-11-30 同济大学 一种优选活性炭的方法
CN109775706B (zh) * 2019-03-27 2022-09-27 安徽工业大学 一种用于降解甲醛的复合改性生物质活性炭及其制备方法

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