WO2012163931A1 - Wässrige lösung, enthaltend acrylsäure und deren konjugierte base - Google Patents
Wässrige lösung, enthaltend acrylsäure und deren konjugierte base Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012163931A1 WO2012163931A1 PCT/EP2012/060076 EP2012060076W WO2012163931A1 WO 2012163931 A1 WO2012163931 A1 WO 2012163931A1 EP 2012060076 W EP2012060076 W EP 2012060076W WO 2012163931 A1 WO2012163931 A1 WO 2012163931A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/25—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of unsaturated compounds containing no six-membered aromatic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/78—Preparation processes
- C08G63/81—Preparation processes using solvents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/25—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of unsaturated compounds containing no six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C51/252—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of unsaturated compounds containing no six-membered aromatic ring of propene, butenes, acrolein or methacrolein
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C57/02—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
- C07C57/03—Monocarboxylic acids
- C07C57/04—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/04—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
- C08F220/06—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/47—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by solid-liquid treatment; by chemisorption
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an aqueous solution containing acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid, of at least 10 wt .-%, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, and, based on the total amount of acrylic acid contained in the aqueous solution and their conjugated base, calculated as acrylic acid,
- the present invention relates to processes for the preparation of said aqueous solutions and to the use of such aqueous solutions for the preparation of (e.g., water-superabsorbent) polymers.
- a carboxylic acid in this specification is a compound having at least one carboxyl group (-COOH).
- the compound has only one carboxyl group, this is called a monocarboxylic acid. If the compound has two or more carboxyl groups, this is referred to as a di- or polycarboxylic acid.
- Examples of monocarboxylic acids are acrylic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and benzoic acid.
- Examples of dicarboxylic acids are maleic acid and phthalic acid.
- Carboxylic acids are attributed to the Brönsted acids. When a monocarboxylic acid reacts with a Bronsted base, the carboxyl group releases a proton (H + ) to the Bronsted base. From the carboxyl group, a carboxylate group (-COO-) is formed and from the carboxylic acid its (the to her) conjugated Brönsted base (the corresponding anion), which is shortened referred to in this document as conjugated base.
- Acrylic acid is a significant ethylenically unsaturated compound which, both as such, in the form of its conjugated base or esterified with alcohols, has a pronounced tendency to undergo free-radical polymerization and is thus suitable for the synthesis of polymers of various types by free-radical polymerization.
- acrylic acid is obtainable by a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one C3 precursor compound of acrylic acid with molecular oxygen over catalysts in the solid state at elevated temperature (cf., for example, WO 2009/133042).
- C 3 precursor compound of acrylic acid in particular comprises those chemical compounds which are obtainable formally by reduction of acrylic acid:
- Known C 3 precursors of acrylic acid are, for example, propane, propene, acrolein, propionaldehyde, propanol and propionic acid
- the term should also include precursor compounds of the abovementioned compounds, for example glycerol (starting from glycerol, acrylic acid can be produced, for example, by heterogeneously catalyzed oxidative dehydration in the gas phase, cf., for example, EP-A 1710227, WO 06/1 14506 and WO 06 / 092272).
- low molecular weight aldehydes such as acrolein, 2-furaldehyde and benzaldehyde
- aromatic carboxylic acids or carboxylic anhydrides such as benzoic acid, phthalic and phthalic anhydride and o
- esters of acrylic acid in particular, a presence of carboxylic acids other than acrylic acid (eg, the low molecular weight aliphatic carboxylic acids) and / or their anhydrides has a detrimental effect, since they also react with the esterification alcohol and in this way the desired yield of the target ester reduce.
- carboxylic acids other than acrylic acid eg, the low molecular weight aliphatic carboxylic acids
- the low molecular weight aliphatic carboxylic acids form odorous substances which can lead to considerable annoyance even at low concentrations (for example, in the production of polymers in which they are not copolymerized).
- the low molecular weight aldehydes generally impair the radical polymerization behavior of acrylic acid, its conjugate base and its esters, whether they slow down or even inhibit the polymerization, or whether they reduce the molecular weights or polymer chain lengths that occur during the polymerization. However, they are usually incorporated into the polymer.
- aromatic carboxylic acids or their anhydrides are toxicologically not completely harmless. Another disadvantage is that they are not copolymerized in polymers produced by free-radical polymerization. On the other hand, they are able to react with acrylic acid and its conjugated base (in monomeric and in free-radically polymerized form) hydrogen bonds, which is why they are difficult to remove from their polymers on the one hand over longer periods of these polymers but on the other hand can be continuously discharged to their environment , As long as they remain in the polymer, they can be the cause of discoloration of the same.
- Water as a companion of acrylic acid is disadvantageous in that water in acrylic acid accelerates the undesired formation of diacrylic acid by Michael addition of acrylic acid to itself, so that appreciable amounts of diacrylic acid can form during the storage of water-containing acrylic acid even during a comparatively short storage time.
- the tendency of diacrylic acid to radical polymerization is also less pronounced than that of acrylic acid.
- both copolymerized and non-polymerized diacrylic acid can cleave monomeric acrylic acid again under thermal stress.
- the procedure is traditionally such that an acrylic acid whose content of acrylic acid is usually at least 96% by weight and which contains essentially all the components of the partial oxidation contained in the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation is generally isolated from the product gas mixture Contains acrylic acid only in comparatively uniformly reduced extent.
- the acrylic acid is usually initially taken from the product gas mixture out already comparatively selective in an absorbent, and subsequently separated from the resulting absorbate, for example via rectification or by extractive and rectificative separation processes (see, eg, DE-A 10 2009 027 401).
- an acrylic acid is obtained which has not been produced tailor-made for a particular intended use, but can be put to different uses without having to accept particularly pronounced disadvantages.
- it can be further purified by additional crystallisative measures (cf., for example, EP-A 616998) and / or rectificative measures (cf., for example, DE-A 4335172) and subsequently fed to uses in which the purity of the acrylic acid is particularly high become.
- the preparation of superabsorbents usually comprises a free-radical polymerization from an aqueous solution containing acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid, of at least 10% by weight, based on the weight of the aqueous solution.
- the aqueous solution normally contains at least 20 mol% of at least one alkali metal cation, based on the total molar amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base (the acrylate ion) contained therein.
- the latter usually involves at least one alkali base, e.g. NaOH which neutralizes at least a portion of the acrylic acid present in the aqueous solution and provides positively charged counterions (alkali metal cations) to the acrylate anions formed thereby as conjugated (Brönsted) base.
- superabsorbents found in construction chemicals a variety of applications. For example, it is used in mortars as a thickener and / or water storage. Furthermore, superabsorbents are already being used today in fire fighting. For example, fire extinguishers with superabsorbents and water as so-called gel extinguishers have the advantage that they act only at the source of the fire and thus do not damage power cables and the like. In horticulture, superabsorbents are used as water reservoirs for plants. The superabsorbent releases absorbed water evenly over longer periods into the plant so that it can live without irrigation for a long time.
- a layer of superabsorbent which serves to protect the cable from moisture.
- the superabsorber swells under water absorption and closes the entry point.
- Superabsorber is also used in flood protection. In this case, bags are used instead of pure sandbags, which are filled with a mixture of sand and superabsorber.
- a preparation of the corresponding superabsorber resulting from the above thus comprises a free-radical polymerization from an aqueous solution comprising acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid, of at least 10% by weight, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, and, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions are, inter alia, for the production of low molecular weight polyacrylates, for example, as flocculants (see EP-A 372,706) or used as a dispersant can).
- the present invention provides such aqueous solutions as well as a tailor-made and therefore particularly economical process for their preservation.
- An essential feature of this preparation process is that it has a much lower separation effort compared with the known processes of the prior art, since, for example, the need for a substantial separation of the water contained in the product gas mixture of Partialoxida- tion omitted.
- the procedure according to the invention produces such aqueous solutions with the option of their immediate further use (ie, as so-called "ready mix").
- the methods recommended in DE-A 10221203 are not satisfactory.
- Aqueous solutions according to the invention are generally obtainable by processes for the preparation of aqueous target product solutions containing acrylic acid and their conjugate base, which comprise the following process measures: at least one C3 precursor compound of the acrylic acid is incorporated as part of an at least one C3 precursor compound of acrylic acid, molecular oxygen and at least one reaction gas input mixture comprising inert gas containing CO2 and water is passed through a partial oxidation zone (containing catalysts in the solid state) and mixed with the molecular oxygen in a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation on the solid state catalyst (s) to obtain a CO2, water, the target product acrylic acid, the secondary components formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, acrolein, benzaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, phthalates urea anhydride and / or phthalic acid, maleic anhydride and / or maleic acid and at least one of CO2 and water different inert diluent
- the temperature of the product gas mixture containing the acrylic acid as the target product from the partial oxidation is reduced by direct and / or indirect cooling before it is fed into the absorption zone I in a cooling zone while it flows through the cooling zone.
- the temperature of the product gas mixture leaving the gas-phase partial oxidation can vary within a wide range, depending on the embodiment of the gas-phase partial oxidation employed. Frequently, the temperature of the gas-phase partial oxidation leaving product gas mixture is 150 to 350 ° C, often 200 to 320 ° C or up to 300 ° C, or 220 to 300 ° C, sometimes up to 500 ° C.
- the temperature of the product gas mixture containing the acrylic acid as the target product when entering the absorption zone I 90 to 180 ° C, preferably 95 to 170 ° C or 100 to 160 ° C and more preferably 100 to 150 ° C or 100 to 130 ° C.
- an indirect heat exchanger is normally used for this purpose which has at least one primary space and at least one secondary space separated from the at least one primary space by a physical partition.
- the at least one primary space is flowed through by a fluid refrigerant, while the product gas mixture to be cooled simultaneously flows through the at least one secondary space.
- the material partition serves as a surface for transferring heat from the at least one secondary space into the at least one primary space.
- Suitable fluid refrigerants are, for example, water, molten salts, ionic liquids and oils as well as all other fluids mentioned in the abovementioned publications.
- a reduction in the temperature of the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation is preferably carried out by direct cooling with a cooling liquid which is preferably sprayed finely divided according to the invention and which partially evaporates in the process.
- cooling liquids e.g. precooled, relatively pure, acrylic acids or their solutions in water into consideration.
- absorbate I discharged from the absorption zone I it will be particularly advantageous to use absorbate I discharged from the absorption zone I.
- absorbate I used as such a cooling liquid may be passed through an indirect heat exchanger.
- all common indirect heat exchangers are suitable.
- Suitable cooling media are, for example, air in the corresponding air cooler and cooling liquids, in particular water, in the other heat exchangers.
- such indirect cooling of absorbent material used as a cooling liquid I is not essential in the process according to the invention.
- the cooling zone is a direct cooler (also referred to in the specialist literature as a quenching device).
- the sprayed cooling liquid eg the absorbate I
- the product gas mixture to be cooled flow in cocurrent through a spray cooler.
- the sprayed cooling liquid absorbate I the cooled product gas mixture in mixture with the cooling liquid from the cooling zone out into the absorption zone I is guided.
- the cooling effect results in the case of direct cooling of the product gas mixture, in particular when absorbate I is used as the cooling liquid, especially from a partial evaporation of the cooling liquid during the cooling process.
- the temperature of the cooling liquid, in particular when it comes to absorbate I, when entering the cooling zone (in the direct cooler) is expediently 90 ° to 120 ° C. according to the invention.
- the direct cooler does not require any internals in order to increase the contact surface between the finely atomized droplets of the cooling liquid and the product gas mixture to be cooled.
- a direct cooler but such internals (eg packings, packed beds and / or mass transfer trays of any kind) included. If the direct cooler has the abovementioned internals, the cooling liquid (for example the absorbate I) and the product gas mixture will, in terms of application technology, suitably be passed in countercurrent through the direct cooler (through the cooling zone). In terms of application technology, one will use a thermally insulated (eg with mineral wool) direct cooler against the environment.
- the total amount of absorbed (discharged) absorbent I from the absorption zone I is of course not fed to the direct cooler (the cooling zone), but only a partial amount to the absorbate led out of the absorption zone I. I.
- the promotion of the absorbate I takes place in terms of application advantageous with a radial centrifugal pump according to DE-A 10228859.
- the other, not used for direct cooling in the cooling zone, much smaller subset of absorbate I then forms the outlet for the Absorbat I contained in the undesirable absorptive as eg Benzoic acid, phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride as well as maleic acid and maleic anhydride.
- a combination of indirect and direct cooling can also be used in the cooling zone in order to reduce the temperature of the acrylic acid-containing product gas mixture from the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of the at least one C3 precursor compound.
- the absorbent I can in the process according to the invention in the absorption zone I in principle both in cocurrent and in countercurrent to the absorption zone I by flowing (to pass through the absorption zone I (passed)) product gas mixture are performed. This is due to the fact that in the absorption zone I of the procedure according to the invention normally a theoretical separation step is sufficient to adsorb in the absorption zone I from the absorbent I from the product gas mixture out substances (the absorptive) in the desired extent in the sorbent I take.
- the term "theoretical separation stage” means (as always in this document) the spatial unit in the corresponding zone which effects an enrichment in accordance with the thermodynamic equilibrium.
- the absorption zone I is usually a separation-effective internals free space in which the absorbent is sprayed to finely divided droplets becomes.
- Their design can be designed as a recommended for the cooling zone direct cooler.
- the absorbent I is passed in countercurrent to the product gas stream passing through the absorption zone I and the number of theoretical separation stages expediently is suitably adjusted to values> 1 in the absorption zone I by means of separation-active internals set.
- the number of theoretical plates in the absorption zone I normally does not exceed five theoretical plates. As a rule, it is in the range of> 1 to ⁇ 3.
- the absorption zone I is expediently operated "adiabatically", ie thermally insulated from the environment, as is always the case in thermal separation processes in which at least two material phases are present in each other
- the purpose of countercurrent internals in the absorption zone I is to increase the available exchange area between the material phases, which are conducted in countercurrent flow, over which the material and energy exchange between the material phases takes place, which results in the desired separation effect
- the absorption zone I in principle all known in the prior art separation-effective internals into consideration. These include in particular mass transfer trays, packings and / or Med Economics section.
- the mass transfer trays are bubble trays, trays (eg forced sieve or Regensiebböden (dual-flow trays)), valve platen n (for example, with a fixed valve or as a valve disk trays) and / or Thormann ® -floors be mentioned.
- Possible packed beds are those made of rings,
- This may additionally be cooled (for example by indirect heat exchange) on its way out of the condensation zone I and into the absorption zone I.
- the absorbent I in the process according to the invention is supplied to the absorption zone I at a temperature in the range from 40 to 70.degree. C., preferably in the range from 45 to 65.degree.
- the aqueous condensate I contains at least 20% by weight (by weight) of acrylic acid.
- the aqueous condensate I preferably contains at least 30 or at least 40% by weight of acrylic acid.
- the aqueous condensate I contains at least 50% by weight of acrylic acid. Normally, however, the aqueous condensate I in the process according to the invention will contain acrylic acid at not more than 95% by weight, usually not more than 90% by weight (of its weight).
- the content of the aqueous condensate I of acrylic acid is from 50 to 80% by weight or from 50 to 70% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the condensate I.
- the condensation zone I is no or only one small subset of condensate I taken as an aqueous intermediate I, so go with this measure in the process according to the invention usually increased acrylic acid content of the aqueous condensate I accompanied.
- the cooling of the product gas mixture washed in the absorption zone I for the purpose of producing an aqueous acrylic acid solution as condensate I can in principle be effected both by indirect and by direct cooling.
- an indirect and a direct cooling for the aforementioned purpose can also be used in combination.
- Indirect cooling can, as in the cooling zone, be carried out by means of corresponding indirect heat exchangers (condensers, eg surface condensers) in which the gas mixture to be cooled does not come into contact with the coolant used as coolant (for example, the indirect heat exchangers recommended for the cooling zone are applicable).
- the cooling of the product gas mixture washed in the absorption zone I in the condensation zone I preferably takes place by direct cooling (for example using pure acrylic acid or its aqueous solution as cooling liquid).
- a partial quantity is advantageously removed from the condensation zone I by condensate I formed in the condensation zone I. This is passed for the purpose of cooling by an indirect heat exchanger and recycled after cooling as a liquid coolant in the condensation zone I and brought into selbiger with the cooled, washed in the absorption zone I, product gas mixture in direct contact.
- the difference between the temperature at which the proportion of condensate I used in the condensation zone I used as cooling liquid, and the temperature at which it is cooled after passing through the indirect heat exchanger in the condensation zone I is suitably 10 to 30 ° C, often 15 to 25 ° C amount.
- the cooling liquid in the condensation zone I for example, sprayed into finely divided droplets, be performed to the cooled gas mixture both in cocurrent and in countercurrent.
- the condensation zone I will in this case have no internals to increase the exchange area between the cooling liquid and the gas mixture to be cooled (in a simple manner, the condensation zone I in this case, for example, as an empty circular cylindrical column (or as such a column section) be designed whose length is much larger than their cross-section.
- the condensation zone I is preferably equipped with internals, which are usually used as separation-active internals to increase the separation efficiency in thermal separation processes.
- internals which are usually used as separation-active internals to increase the separation efficiency in thermal separation processes.
- Coolant usually unsprayed
- gas mixture to be cooled are thereby suitably applied in countercurrent to each other through the internals (preferably (as always in the method according to the invention) the coolant is thereby conveyed by means of a radial centrifugal pump according to DE-A 10228859).
- not more than six mass transfer trays usually 1 to 3 mass transfer trays (or the corresponding quantities of packings and / or random packings) will be used as "separating effective" internals this purpose in particular bubble-cap trays, sieve trays (eg forced sieve bottoms or Regensiebböden (dual-flow trays)), valve trays (eg with a fixed valve or as Ventililtellerböden) and / or Thormann ® floors into consideration.
- sieve trays eg forced sieve bottoms or Regensiebböden (dual-flow trays)
- valve trays eg with a fixed valve or as Ventililtellerböden
- Thormann ® floors into consideration.
- the residual gas mixture I remaining gaseous in the condensation zone I in the production of the aqueous acrylic acid solution should be at least 10% of the amount of acrylic acid present in the product gas mixture formed as a result of the partial oxidation (comparison basis are the starch ( kg / h) of the acrylic acid stream present in the product gas mixture stream and the starch (kg / h) of the acrylic acid stream present in the stream of the residual gas mixture I).
- the residual gas mixture I in the process according to the invention is preferably at least 15%, or at least 20%, and more preferably at least 25%, or at least 30% of the amount of acrylic acid present in the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation.
- the amount of acrylic acid contained in the residual gas mixture I can be up to 99.8% or up to 99.5% of the amount of acrylic acid present in the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation.
- High acrylic acid contents in the residual gas mixture I result in the inventive Process as a rule, if from the condensation zone I little or no aqueous intermediate I is led out.
- the aqueous acrylic acid solution produced in Condensation Zone I as "Condensate I” is a mixture of a “condensate” and an “absorbate in water.”
- the above additional absorption of acrylic acid in water may be carried out for the purpose of the intended condensation According to the invention, preference is given to using an absorbent water fed into the condensation zone I in the condensation zone I in countercurrent to the product gas mixture washed in the absorption zone I.
- the aqueous condensate I normally also contains the secondary constituents formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde.
- the remaining in the condensation zone I CO2 and water containing (gaseous) residual gas mixture I in addition to the at least 10% of the amount of acrylic acid contained in the product gas mixture and the at least one of CO2 and
- Water various inert diluent gas normally still contains acetic acid, propionic acid, acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde.
- the proportion of the condensate I produced in the condensation zone I which is supplied neither as Absorpti- onsffen I of the absorption zone I, nor used as a cooling liquid for direct cooling in the condensation zone I, is led out as an aqueous intermediate I from the condensation zone I. Its temperature is often 50 to 70 ° C. Since the absorption carried out in absorption zone I within the scope of the method according to the invention is essentially a physical absorption (ie absorptives having an elevated boiling point such as phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride and benzoic acid are normally absorbed preferentially), the acrylic acid content of the absorbent has an effect I advantageous to the laundry desired in the absorption zone I according to the invention.
- aqueous intermediate II in addition to the compulsory production of aqueous intermediate II from the condensation zone I, in the process according to the invention optionally also to lead out aqueous intermediate I, forms a particularly advantageous feature of the process according to the invention.
- This is particularly because the division of the acrylic acid stream present in the product gas mixture stream of the partial oxidation (the division of the amount of acrylic acid present in the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation) onto the two streams of aqueous intermediate II and aqueous intermediate I (onto the aqueous intermediate II and the aqueous intermediate I ) can be made comparatively variable in the method according to the invention.
- aqueous intermediate I and aqueous intermediate II before or after extraction according to the invention with an organic extractant
- ready mix as apparatus so-called "ready mix” (as the envisaged (following) use directly deliverable aqueous mixture)
- water content of the aqueous target product solution can be adjusted in a simple manner in accordance with the application.Of course, aqueous intermediates I, II and III can be prepared in advance their extraction according to the invention with an organic extractant water and / or aqueous alkali solution (aqueous alkali metal base) are added to adjust the water content and / or degree of neutralization of the separated after the respective extraction raffinate in addition.
- particularly favorable conditions M are also the ratios 2: 1 to 5: 1 or 2: 1 to 4: 1.
- the ratio M but also>
- the corresponding cooling liquid and the absorbent of the corresponding process zone can also be supplied as a pre-merged liquid mixture.
- the merger can be carried out in advance of the indirect heat exchanger, in which the cooling liquid is cooled.
- the cooling liquid in the mixture with the absorbent flows through the heat exchanger.
- the strength of a water flow (kg / hr) supplied to the condensation zone I as the absorbent is normally smaller than the thickness of the condensation zone I supplied simultaneously for the purpose of direct cooling
- cooling fluid e.g., cooled condensate I
- the magnitude of the water flow is less than 50%, often less than 40%, usually less than 30%, or less than 20% of the strength of the supplied cooling liquid stream (e.g., the cooled condensate stream I).
- the above percentage is> 1%, often> 5%.
- aqueous solutions aqueous target product solutions
- acrylic acid and its conjugate base based on the weight of the particular aqueous solution, can be, for example, 15 to 85% by weight, or 30 to 80% by weight, or 40 to 70 Wt .-%, or preferably 50 to 65 wt .-% or 55 to 60 wt .-% amount.
- the aforementioned water content is preferably ⁇ 65% by weight, more preferably ⁇ 60% by weight.
- the absorbent II used in the process according to the invention is an aqueous alkali metal base.
- aqueous alkali metal base in this document subsumes aqueous solutions which contain at least one alkali metal salt from the group consisting of the alkali oxides, the alkali metal hydroxides, the alkali metal carbonates, the alkali hydrogencarbonates and the hydrates of the abovementioned salts.
- aqueous suspensions of the abovementioned alkali metal salts should also be present, in which at least one of the abovementioned salts is present as a finely divided solid.
- aqueous alkali metal base can, for example, be carried out in a simple manner by dissolving the at least one alkali metal salt in water, or in a mixture of water and aqueous condensate II, or only in aqueous condensate II. That is to say, according to the invention, the aqueous alkali metal base advantageously also contains aqueous condensate II.
- the at least one alkali metal salt is preferably a salt of lithium (eg Li 2 O, LiOH, LiHCOs, Li 2 C0 3 ), a salt of sodium (eg Na 2 O, NaOH, NaHCOs, Na 2 C0 3 ) and / or a salt of potassium (eg K 2 O, KOH, KHCOs, K 2 COs) and / or a hydrate of these salts.
- the at least one alkali salt is particularly preferably a salt of potassium and / or a salt of sodium.
- the at least one alkali salt is a salt of sodium.
- the potassium salts is KOH and among the sodium salts, NaOH is preferred.
- an aqueous solution of KOH and / or an aqueous solution of NaOH is used with particular advantage as absorbent II (K + advantageously forms a vegetable nutrient according to the invention, NaOH being particularly inexpensive).
- the content of the aqueous absorbent II to the at least one alkali salt will be aligned in the novel procedure, inter alia, the desired water content of the aqueous target product solution.
- the aqueous absorbent II may be based on the weight of the aqueous absorbent II (especially in the case of an aqueous solution of NaOH and / or KOH), e.g. > 10% by weight, or> 20% by weight, or> 30% by weight, or> 40% by weight.
- the aforementioned alkali salt content will not exceed 60% by weight (often 50% by weight).
- their content of NaOH and / or KOH in the process according to the invention is frequently from 20 to 40% by weight or from 20 to 30% by weight.
- the at least one alkali metal salt dissolved in the aqueous alkali metal base can have purities of> 99.9% by weight, or> 99.99% by weight, in the process according to the invention. lower Purity grades can also be used for the process according to the invention.
- sodium hydroxide can be dissolved in water which, based on its weight, contains up to 5% by weight NaCl.
- the aqueous alkali metal base (optionally in addition to optionally contained NaCl) may also have minor amounts of iron salts, as recommended by US 2008/01 19626.
- aqueous alkali metal base may contain in small amounts salts of polyvalent cations (for example divalent, trivalent and / or tetravalent cations) which according to the teaching of WO 2008/009599 and US Pat.
- a 51 1501 1 in the production of aqueous solutions of superabsorbent polymer can act as an internal crosslinker.
- Particularly suitable polyvalent cations of this type are Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ti 4+ and Zr 4 *.
- the temperature at which an aqueous alkali metal base in the method according to the invention of the absorption zone II is supplied as the absorbent II for example, 0 to 60 ° C, or 5 to 60 ° C, or 10 to 50 ° C, or 15 to 40 ° C, or 15 to 30 ° C amount.
- the range of lower temperatures is preferred according to the invention. That is, frequently aqueous alkali bases of the absorption zone II are supplied at a temperature in the range of 0 to 45 ° C, or from 5 to 40 ° C, or from 10 to 35 ° C or 15 to 30 ° C.
- the absorption medium II and the residual gas mixture I led out of the condensation zone I and through the absorption zone II (through) can be guided within the absorption zone II both in direct and countercurrent to one another.
- the design of the absorption zone II can be that of a direct cooler recommended for the cooling zone (see also DE-A 10220494, in particular column 4).
- the absorption zone II will normally not have any separating internals.
- the absorbent II (the aqueous alkali metal base) in the case of the DC flow of the absorption zone II is advantageously supplied in the form of finely divided droplets (for example sprayed into finely divided droplets).
- the absorbent II in the process according to the invention in the absorption zone II, is passed in countercurrent to the residual gas mixture I passed through the absorption zone II.
- the absorption zone II has separating internals in the case of such a countercurrent flow. Suitable separation-active internals for absorption zone II are all those which are listed as suitable for absorption zone I in this document.
- the absorbent II of the absorption zone II is usually supplied as a continuous phase (not sprayed).
- the pH of the aqueous alkali metal base (the absorbent II) in the process according to the invention usually at least 8, preferably at least 10th , particularly preferably at least 12 and very particularly preferably at least 14 (a solution of 50 g of sodium carbonate in one liter of water has a pH of about 11.5, the pH of a one-molar aqueous sodium hydroxide is about 14) ,
- MV in the process according to the invention will not be above 200: 100 or not above 150: 100, frequently not above 140: 100 or not above 130: 100, or not above 1: 10: 100. That is to say, proportions MV in the range from 100 to 110: 100, or in the range from 105 to 110: 100 are not uncommon in the process according to the invention. According to the invention, preference is given to the quantitative ratio MV 50 to 95: 100, particularly advantageously 60 to 90: 100, very particularly preferably 60 to 80: 100, or 60 to 85: 100, or 60 to 75: 100, or 65 to 75: 100 amount.
- the absorption zone II therefore expediently has more than one theoretical separation stage in terms of application technology.
- the number of theoretical plates in the absorption zone II is not more than five and often is ⁇ 3. That is, in the absorption zone II is usually the use of 1 to 6, often 1 to 3 mass transfer trays ( or a corresponding charge of packages or packing) sufficient to effect the present invention desired release effect.
- proportions MV * in the process according to the invention are 90: 100 to 1: 10: 100.
- proportions of MV which are above 10: 10 are actually not necessary.
- quantitative proportions M are used which are> 1: 1, or> 2: 1, or> 3: 1, an amount ratio MV * of up to 1: 10: 100 for the in the aqueous target product solution (
- desired degree of neutralization may no longer be sufficient.
- volume ratios MV * are used, the> 120: 100, or> 130: 100, or> 140: 100, or> 150: 100, or> 200: 100, or> 250: 100, or> 300: 100, or > 400: 100.
- the ratio MV * does not exceed the ratio 1000: 100, or 800: 100, or 600: 100.
- the residual gas mixture I contains not only acrylic acid but also appreciable molar amounts of CO2, the latter becomes (H2CO3 a significantly weaker acid than acrylic acid, which is why the latter is first clearly absorbed) with increasing MV * more and more absorbed in the aqueous absorbate II and bound at least partially in the form of Alkalicar- carbonate and / or alkali metal bicarbonate in the aqueous absorbate II.
- the combination of aqueous intermediate I and aqueous one occurs Intermediate II or of aqueous raffinate I and aqueous raffinate II as a rule to marked outgassing of CO2, which is advantageously additionally supported according to the invention.
- a smaller ratio MV * can also be used in the absorption zone II in the absorption zone II and the amount of (aqueous) alkali base additionally required for the desired degree of neutralization in the aqueous target product solution (eg directly into the aqueous intermediate II, into the aqueous intermediate I, into the aqueous intermediate III and / or into the aqueous raffinate III, or directly into the aqueous raffinate I, into the aqueous raffinate II and / or into the mixture of aqueous raffinate I and aqueous raffinate II;
- an addition is preferably carried out in advance of the aldehyde extraction to be carried out according to the invention, since it counteracts the transition from acrylic acid to the extractant) on the further way of preparing the aqueous target product solution according to the invention.
- the latter procedure is advantageous in that it does not normally involve a mandatory CO 2 outgassing.
- the former procedure an application of increased proportionsing.
- the ratio VAC of the molar amount of acrylic acid contained in the partial oxidation product gas mixture to the molar amount of CO2 contained in the same product gas mixture is preferably not less than 2, and preferably not less than 3.
- the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation is not more than 20% by volume, or not more than 15% by volume, or not more than 10% by volume. %, preferably not more than 7 vol .-% and particularly preferably not more than 5 vol .-% or not more than 4 vol .-% of CO2.
- the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation based on its total volume, but at least 0.05 vol .-%, often at least 0.1 vol .-% and often at least 0.2 vol .-% or at least 0.3 vol. - contain% of CO2.
- the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation is not more than 50% by volume, preferably not more than 40% by volume and more preferably not more than 25% by volume of H 2 O.
- the water vapor content of the abovementioned product gas mixture will be at least 1% by volume or at least 3% by volume or at least 5% by volume.
- the acrylic acid content of the product gas mixture from the partial oxidation zone, based on its total volume, according to the invention expediently at least 0.5 vol .-%, often at least 2% by volume, or at least 3% by volume. Usually it is not more than 20 or not more than 15 vol .-% and often not more than 10 vol .-%.
- the chemisorption proceeds exothermicly in the absorption zone II of the process according to the invention
- a cooling is advantageously carried out as direct cooling, with a subset of absorbate II being used with particular advantage as the cooling liquid.
- a suitable partial flow of absorbate II from the absorption zone II is expedient for application and for the purpose of cooling it through an indirect heat exchanger (cf., WO 2010/003884) and after cooling as a liquid coolant is returned to the absorption zone II and selbiger brought into direct contact with the stream of the residual gas mixture I.
- an indirect heat exchanger cf., WO 2010/003884
- the partial flow of absorbate II used as cooling liquid over the indirect heat exchanger and the absorption zone II is circulated (the promotion of the partial flow of absorbate II is suitably in terms of application with a radial centrifugal pump according to DE-A 10228859).
- the difference between the temperature at which the partial flow of absorbate II of the absorption zone II taken, and the temperature at which it is cooled after flowing through the indirect heat exchanger is returned to the absorption zone II, is suitably in terms of performance 5 to 30 ° C, often 5 to 15 ° C.
- Absorbent II and a portion of absorbate II recycled as cooling liquid via an indirect heat exchanger and absorption zone II are passed in a meaningful manner in direct current (and preferably in countercurrent to residual gas mixture I) through absorption zone II. In principle, both can be brought together in advance of their entry into the absorption zone II to a mixture.
- this mixture formation can be carried out before the partial stream of absorbent II withdrawn from the absorption zone II, which forms the cooling liquid, enters the indirect heat exchanger for the purpose of cooling it, so that the entire mixture is passed through the heat exchanger.
- absorbent II and “cooling liquid” are supplied to the uniform-temperature absorption zone II.
- the absorbent II and the cooling liquid but can also be performed with different temperature in the absorption zone II. In terms of application technology, such a temperature difference is rather small (usually not more than 25 ° C., normally the temperature of the cooling liquid is the lower one).
- the strength of the stream of absorbed adsorbate II (kg / h) via an indirect heat exchanger can be in the process of the invention a multiple of the strength of the absorption zone II supplied stream of sorbent II (kg / h). Usually, however, the value of five times is not exceeded.
- the absorption zone II will advantageously be operated in such a way that the material led out of the absorption zone II Residual gas mixture II not more than 5%, preferably not more than 3% and more preferably not more than 1% of the amount of acrylic acid contained in the product gas mixture formed as a result of the partial oxidation has (comparative basis are the strength (kg / h) of the acrylic acid contained in the product gas mixture and the strength (kg / h) of the acrylic acid stream contained in the stream of the residual gas mixture II).
- the residual gas mixture II will contain water in particular.
- carboxylic acids which are chemically similar to acrylic acid in the absorption zone II are in particular formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid from the
- Residual gas mixture I added to the absorbate II will normally also contain the minor constituents acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde.
- the CO2 which is normally at least partly washed out of the residual gas mixture I in the absorption zone II is present in the aqueous absorbate II dissolved at least partly as alkali carbonate and / or bicarbonate.
- cooling liquids used in this document for the purpose of direct cooling in indirect heat exchangers in the process of the invention usually air or water (in the case of cooling temperatures up to 50 ° C), river water (in the case of cooling temperatures up to 30 ° C) and Cooling brine (in the case of cooling temperatures ⁇ 30 ° C) used.
- the residual gas mixture II led out of the absorption zone II contains, as already mentioned, in addition to a remaining residual amount of acrylic acid and the at least one inert diluent gas different from CO2 and water, in particular water.
- the residual gas mixture II also normally contains the predominant amount of acrolein contained in the product gas mixture formed in the partial oxidation zone and in the process according to the invention forms a main outlet for acrolein (based on the respective amounts of acrolein contained in kg / h, the residual gas mixture II contains the (the stream) - Chgue> 60%, preferably> 70% or> 80%, and particularly preferably> 90% of the product gas mixture (stream) contained acrolein (stream)).
- the aqueous alkali metal base used as absorbent contains at least one alkali metal hydrogencarbonate and / or alkali carbonate, it is possible to develop CO 2 within the absorption zone II, for example by appropriate chemical reaction with the absorptive acrylic acid, which leads out of the absorption zone II as a constituent of the residual gas mixture II becomes.
- the associated removal of heat from the liquid phase acts an advantageous cooling the same.
- the residual gas mixture II will still contain CO2, in particular, if a quantity ratio MV * ⁇ 100: 100 is used in the absorption zone II.
- a partial amount of residual gas mixture II can be circulated (ie recycled to the partial oxidation zone) and a particularly economical source of inert diluent gas for producing the at least one C3 Precursor compound of the acrylic acid and molecular oxygen-containing reaction gas input mixture are then used, which is then the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of the C3 precursor compound is added to acrylic acid (which then for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of the Mattersgaseingangsge- mixed C3 precursor compound is used to acrylic acid to solid state catalysts in the partial oxidation).
- the non-recycled part of residual gas mixture II is normally supplied to the combustion (see WO 2006/08224 and DE-A 19624674).
- the residual gas mixture II led out of the absorption zone II will pass through a condensation zone II and, on the way of the residual gas mixture II through the condensation zone II, through direct and / or indirect (cooling) of the same, an aqueous condensate II condense, leaving a residual gas mixture III, which consists inter alia of the at least one of CO2 and water different inert diluent gas and is largely free of acrylic acid.
- the formation of the aqueous condensate II is advantageously operated in terms of application technology such that the remaining residual gas mixture III contains the predominant amount of acrolein contained in the partial oxidation zone and acts as a main outlet thereof (based on the respective amounts of acrolein contained in kg / h, the residual gas mixture III then usually> 60%, preferably> 70% or> 80%, and particularly preferably> 90% of the acrolein contained in the product gas mixture).
- the residual gas mixture III led out of the condensation zone II can then be subjected to the procedure as recommended above for residual gas mixture II which has not already been passed through a condensation zone II. That is, a partial amount of residual gas mixture III can be circulated as circulating gas and used as a source of inert diluent gas for
- the at least one inert diluent gas different from CO2 and water from which the residual gas mixture III normally consists essentially is generally at least one gas selected from the group consisting of N 2, CO, noble gases such as e.g. He, Ne and Ar, as well as methane, ethane and propane.
- the at least one inert diluent gas other than CO2 and water helps to absorb the heat of reaction liberated in the partial oxidation of the C3 precursor compound of acrylic acid and on the other hand generally ensures safe operation of the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of the C3 reagent.
- Precursor by holding the reaction gas mixture in the partial oxidation either outside the explosion or in a still safe controllable region of the explosive region (see, for example, DE-A 19740253, DE-A 19740252, DE-A 10232482, DE-A 10243625, DE-A 10332758 and WO 2004/035514).
- the at least one inert diluent gas other than CO2 and water becomes less than 95 mole%, preferably less than 97 mole%, and more preferably less than 99 mole% in the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of C3 precursor compound converted to acrylic acid (in the case of an inert diluent gas mixture to each mixture component by itself and based on a single pass of the reaction gas mixture through the partial oxidation zone).
- the at least one inert diluent gas other than CO 2 and water typically has a boiling point ⁇ 0 ° C., preferably a boiling point ⁇ -10 ° C. or particularly preferably a boiling point ⁇ -20 ° C., under atmospheric pressure (1:01 bar).
- the proportion of the at least one inert diluent gas other than CO 2 and water on the product gas mixture of the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of the at least one C 3 precursor compound is 30 to 90% by volume, or 40 to 90% by volume, preferably 50 to 85% by volume, or 60 to 85% by volume, and particularly preferably 70 to 85% by volume or 75 to 85% by volume.
- Preferred inert diluent gas different from CO2 and water is molecular nitrogen in the process according to the invention.
- At least one inert diluent gas other than CO2 and water both in the product gas mixture of the heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of the at least one C3 precursor compound and in the gas phase partial oxidation containing at least one C3 precursor compound Reaction gas input mixture
- at least 40% by volume preferably at least 50% by volume, or at least 60% by volume, more preferably at least 70% by volume, or at least 80% by volume, and especially preferably at least 90% by volume or at least 95% by volume of molecular nitrogen (in each case based on its total volume).
- the at least one inert diluent gas other than CO2 and water can also be used, for example. up to 50% or more by volume of propane. This e.g. when the at least one C3 precursor compound is propene produced by a partial heterogeneously catalyzed dehydrogenation of propane (see, for example, DE-A 102005009891).
- the above-described boiling behavior of the at least one inert diluent gas different from CO2 and water has an advantageous effect insofar as the at least one inert diluent gas other than CO2 and water remains essentially gaseous on its way through the various absorption and condensation zones of the process according to the invention, and in this way causes a reduction of the Acrylklarepartial horrs in the respective gas phase in the respective absorption or condensation zone of the inventive method (contains the reaction gas input mixture for the partial oxidation already CO2 as a component, this acts in a corresponding manner (one sees, for example, that CO2 can be absorbed in the absorption zone II in the aqueous alkali metal base used as the absorbent II))).
- the working pressure (the absolute pressure) in the various absorption and condensation zones of the process according to the invention can be 0.5 to 5 bar, frequently 1.05 to 4 bar, or 1.1 to 3 bar or 1.5 to 3 bar.
- the aforementioned pressure ranges are, according to what has been said so far, also possible pressure ranges for the partial oxidation zone.
- reaction gas input mixture for the partial oxidation not more than 20 vol .-%, or not more than 15% by volume, or not more than 10 vol .-%, preferably not more than 7 vol. % and more preferably not more than 5% by volume or not more than 4% by volume of CO2.
- a condensation zone II in the process according to the invention may in principle be designed like the condensation zone I.
- the cooling of the residual gas mixture II conducted from the absorption zone II into a condensation zone II for the purpose of condensing water contained in the residual gas mixture II in the condensation zone II can in principle be effected both by indirect cooling and by direct cooling.
- an indirect and a direct cooling for the aforementioned purpose can also be used in combination.
- Indirect cooling can be carried out by means of corresponding indirect heat exchangers (condensers, eg surface condensers) in which the residual gas mixture II to be cooled does not come into contact with the fluid refrigerant carried by the heat exchanger as coolant.
- the cooling of the residual gas mixture II in the condensation zone II preferably takes place by direct cooling (ie, the design of the condensation zone II can be carried out in the simplest case as that of a direct cooler recommended for the cooling zone).
- a partial amount of condensate II is advantageously removed from the condensation zone II according to the invention of formed in the condensation zone II aqueous condensate II.
- the same is passed through at least one indirect heat exchanger for the purpose of cooling it (its pumping is suitably carried out using a pump, as is always the case in this document, a radial centrifugal pump according to DE-A 10228859 used for this purpose) and after this cooling has taken place recycled as liquid coolant in the condensation zone II and brought in selbiger with the cooled residual gas mixture II in direct contact.
- a coolant for the removed from the condensation zone II subset of condensate II for example, in addition to cooling water, the C3 precursor compound (eg propene or propane) are passed through at least one of the indirect heat exchanger. This evaporates and can then be used to design the reaction gas mixture for the gas phase partial oxidation.
- the difference between the temperature at which the proportion of condensate II used as the cooling liquid taken from the condensation zone II, and the temperature at which it is cooled after passing through the indirect heat exchanger in the condensation zone II, is suitably from the application point 5 to 30 ° C, often 5 to 15 ° C amount.
- the cooling liquid in the condensation zone II may e.g. to finely divided droplets sprayed to be cooled residual gas mixture II are performed both in cocurrent and in countercurrent.
- the condensation zone II will in this case have no internals to increase the exchange area between the cooling liquid and to be cooled Restgasgemisch II in addition (in a simple way, the condensation zone II in this case, for example, as an empty circular cylindrical column (or as such a column section) be configured whose length is much larger than its cross-section).
- the condensation zone I Corresponding embodiments are possible for the condensation zone I.
- the condensation zone II will preferably be provided with internals, which are usually used as separating internals to increase the separation efficiency in thermal separation processes.
- internals which are usually used as separating internals to increase the separation efficiency in thermal separation processes.
- Cooling liquid (preferably unsprayed) and residual gas mixture II to be cooled are thereby advantageously carried out in terms of application technology in countercurrent to one another through the condensation zone II and the internals located in same. Since the proportion of condensate II, which is used in the condensation zone II as the cooling liquid, is circulated through the condensation zone II and through the cooling heat exchanger, the separation effect resulting in this mode of operation in the condensation zone II naturally occurs values limited to ⁇ 1 theoretical separation step. Frequently, the temperature of the cooling liquid (the corresponding proportion of condensate II) of the condensation zone II from the indirect heat exchanger with a temperature of 20 to 40 ° C supplied.
- the condensate II led out of the condensation zone II (it frequently has a temperature in the range from 30 to 50 ° C.) could also be disposed of or otherwise used, for example.
- the remaining in the condensation in the condensation zone II gaseous residual gas mixture III is often led out in the process according to the invention at a temperature in the range of 30 to 50 ° C from the condensation zone II.
- the promotion of the product gas mixture from the partial oxidation zone through the absorption zone I, the condensation zone I, the absorption zone II, optionally a condensation zone II and optionally a cooling zone can be carried out in the inventive method using a compressor system, the at least one subset of the components of the at least one C3 precursor compound containing reaction gas input mixture (eg, the air used as a source of molecular oxygen) from a low initial pressure to an increased final pressure (see, for example, DE-A 10353014).
- the compressor system will comprise at least one radial compressor, as recommended in DE-A 10353014.
- the increased pressure level of the reaction gas input mixture containing the at least one C3 precursor compound then carries both the promotion of the reaction gas input mixture through the partial oxidation zone and the subsequent delivery of the resulting product gas mixture through the various cooling, absorption and condensation zones of the process of the present invention ,
- both a residual gas mixture II and a residual gas mixture III in the procedure according to the invention are normally at a lower pressure level than the reaction gas input mixture containing the at least one C3 precursor compound for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation.
- a circulating gas guidance of residual gas mixture II or residual gas mixture III is therefore suitably carried out with the aid of at least one compressor (cf., DE-A 10353014) from the abovementioned compressor system (eg a radial compressor or a radial fan) which sucks in the corresponding residual gas mixture and to that for the partial oxidation zone required pressure level recompressed.
- This compressor can be an independent cycle gas compressor.
- the corresponding residual gas mixture may preferably flow through an indirect heat exchanger in terms of application technology, in which chem the temperature of the residual gas mixture is increased by, for example 5 to, or by 10 to 20 ° C, to counteract both a possible during transport to the compressor and a possible condensation in the course of compression of residual gas mixture constituents.
- chem the temperature of the residual gas mixture is increased by, for example 5 to, or by 10 to 20 ° C, to counteract both a possible during transport to the compressor and a possible condensation in the course of compression of residual gas mixture constituents.
- the partial oxidation zone e.g. in the form of tube bundle reactors whose reaction tubes are not filled with a fixed catalyst bed comprising a bed of shaped bodies which has a comparatively high flow resistance, but have the reaction tubes whose reaction tube inner wall is coated with the catalytic active composition and whose reaction tube interior is in the Remaining is empty (as recommended, for example, DE-A 19839782), but the relevant promotion can also be carried out in other ways, since the flow resistance of such reaction tubes is relatively low.
- the cooling, absorption and condensation zones of the process according to the invention can advantageously be designed as jet pumps (ejec- tors) (cf., for example, Fig. 7 of DE-A 102006045088).
- the basic principle of a jet pump is that from a nozzle a liquid propellant jet emerges at high speed, the gas from its environment sucks, entrains and promotes compacting.
- the cooling liquid and / or absorption liquid to be used in the respective zone is thus suitable in each case as such a propulsion jet
- the residual gas mixture II or the residual gas mixture III normally have a higher working pressure than the reaction gas input mixture containing the at least one C3 precursor compound, for which reason no additional compressor is required for its circulation.
- the pumps which convey the respective cooling liquid and / or absorption liquid assume the task of the compressor system which is usually used and introduce the energy required to convey the gas mixtures.
- An additional compressor system is dispensable in this case.
- a cooling zone can in the process of the invention in an expedient manner as in DE-A 102007055086, DE-A 102010001228, DE-A 10243625, WO 2004/035514, WO 2005/007609 and DE-A 10336386 for the direct cooling of a partial oxidation ons.
- a partial oxidation ons. gasgemischs disclosed direct cooler (quench systems) be designed as a separate device.
- the absorption zone I, the condensation zone I, the absorption zone II and optionally additionally applied condensation zone II in the process according to the invention in a particularly simple manner as located in one and the same separation column, in the aforementioned sequence stacked, separating sections (space areas, column sections) are performed , wherein the, previously optionally cooled, product gas mixture of the separation column is fed into the bottom space closing this down, and flows through the separation column from bottom to top.
- the sump space in comparison with the column sections adjoining upwards therefrom, has a drawn-in cross section, as recommended in EP-A 1095685.
- the cooling necessary in a condensation zone corresponding column section is advantageously designed as direct cooling.
- cooling liquid condensate formed in the respective section is preferably circulated via a cooling heat exchanger and over the corresponding column section (this applies correspondingly if direct cooling is superimposed in the absorption zone II, which is circulated via an indirect heat exchanger guided liquid is then absorbate II).
- a absorption or a condensation zone depicting (representing) column section the absorption and / or cooling liquid used is expediently conducted in countercurrent to the ascending gas mixture.
- the respective column sections preferably have mass transfer trays (normally not more than six in each case) as separations / internals which increase the internal surface area.
- Bell bottoms, sieve trays (eg dual-flow trays), valve trays (eg with fixed valve or as valve tray bottoms) and / or Thormann ® trays are particularly suitable as such. Packings or packed beds are also applicable.
- the sump space is the space below the lowest separating / inner surface enlarging insert of the column section depicting the absorption zone I. Absorbate I runs up in it and is led out of it.
- a direct cooling of the product gas mixture from the partial oxidation in a direct cooler upstream of the separating column is advantageously carried out with absorbed from the sump chamber absorbate I as the cooling liquid.
- the supply of the resulting mixture of product gas mixture and cooling liquid in the bottom space of the separation column is advantageously carried out above the liquid level of absorbate I.
- the column section representing an absorption zone or a condensation zone is delimited expediently by means of (at least) one chimney tray in relation to the column section adjoining it from the bottom to the top.
- the principle of the chimney tray is known in the art.
- suitable fireplace floors are, for example, in the documents DE-A 10159825, DE-A 102010001228, DE-A
- the respective chimney floor acts simultaneously as a collection tray for accumulating liquid on it, e.g. accumulating absorbate or condensate.
- a chimney tray located between the condensation zone I (the condensation section I) and the absorption zone II (the absorption section) is designed to be impermeable to the process of the invention in terms of application technology for absorbate II coming up on it.
- a droplet separator (demister) is advantageously attached to the top of the separation column, as is known e.g. from the writings DE-A 102010001228 and EP-A 316682 applied in a similar manner previously known.
- the demister counteracts a drop in excess through residual gas mixture II or residual gas mixture III.
- aqueous intermediate II which, in addition to partially neutralized acrylic acid with aqueous alkali base, normally also contains acrolein as undesirable secondary constituents (normally only in comparatively small amounts). , Benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde.
- the content of these secondary constituents (in particular of the last two mentioned) in the aqueous intermediate II is generally too high for a desired in the present context related radical polymerization from the aqueous intermediate II out.
- aqueous intermediate II (as extraction material II) contained in excessive amounts of acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde are relatively selectively absorbed into the organic extractant.
- the remaining aqueous phase contains acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde only in comparatively selectively depleted extent and is referred to as (aqueous) raffinate II.
- water and / or aqueous alkali metal base can be added to the aqueous intermediate II in order to additionally influence the water content and / or pH of the aqueous raffinate II forming during the extraction.
- the amounts added are expediently dimensioned in such a way that they are appropriate for the contemplated subsequent use of the aqueous raffinate II formed during the extraction.
- the success of extraction as described is due to the fact that both the affinity of acrylic acid and that of alkali acrylate to water is much more pronounced than its affinity for an organic solvent, while conversely the relevant organic aldehydes prefer the organic solvent as the environment , If it is foreseeable on a case-by-case basis that the aqueous raffinate II produced can not be supplied directly to it as a result of the basic conditions under which the process according to the invention is carried out in each case, the aqueous raffinate II can be temporarily stored in a storage tank. High levels of neutralization of the raffinate II prove to be advantageous because they counteract both an undesirable Michael addition and an undesired radical polymerization.
- Suitable storage tanks and storage conditions are, for example, those disclosed in WO 2005/049453, WO 2008/034778 and WO 2008/034783.
- the aqueous intermediate II can be stored in a corresponding manner. In this case, it will only be supplied to its extraction with an organic extractant if there is a need for aqueous raffinate II for a corresponding subsequent use.
- aqueous intermediate I is additionally led out of the condensation zone I (as is in many cases advantageous), a separation of the normally present in both aqueous intermediates in FIG Purpose of the invention to high levels of organic aldehydes acrolein contained (only in relatively small amounts), benzaldehyde and 2-
- Furaldehyde two fundamentally different process variants available.
- the aqueous intermediate II and the aqueous intermediate I are first combined to an aqueous intermediate III (combined, mixed).
- the aqueous intermediates I, II, III which are involved in the merger may also be admixed with water and / or aqueous alkali metal base the water content and / or pH (degree of neutralization) of the aqueous raffinate III forming during the extraction can be additionally influenced.
- these additional amounts are expediently dimensioned so that they are appropriate for the contemplated subsequent use of the aqueous raffinate III formed during the extraction (their addition can also take place exclusively or additionally in the raffinate III).
- aqueous intermediate III it is then possible to continue as described above for a single aqueous intermediate II. That is, (either immediately after its production or after appropriate intermediate storage of aqueous intermediate III), by extraction with an organic extractant can in aqueous intermediate III (as Extraction III) in too high acrolein contained (only in relatively small amounts), benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde are relatively selectively absorbed into the organic extractant.
- aqueous intermediate I is led out of the condensation zone I, the secondary constituents acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde (either directly after its production or after appropriate intermediate storage of aqueous intermediate II) are converted into the same by extraction with an organic extractant and the remaining aqueous raffinate II separated from the organic extract II formed and from the aqueous intermediate I (either immediately after its production or after appropriate (spatially separated from a corresponding intermediate storage of aqueous intermediate II) intermediate storage of aqueous intermediate I) the secondary constituents acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde contained therein are taken up by extraction with an organic extractant in the same and the remaining aqueous raffinate I from the o formed separated from the organic extract I and the aqueous raffinate I (optionally after previously carried out spatially separated intermediate storage of the two aqueous raffinate I
- aqueous raffinates I, II water and / or aqueous alkali metal base may also be added (such a supply may also exclusively and / or additionally beforehand be extracted into one or both aqueous intermediates into it).
- the described procedure of a separate extraction of aqueous intermediate I and aqueous intermediate II is particularly recommended if there is no immediate need for aqueous target product solution for a corresponding subsequent use.
- Formed acrylic acid suspension crystallizate and residual mother liquor may e.g. be separated by centrifuging. Subsequent washing of the crystallizate cake remaining on centrifugation with a previously separated acrylic acid melt can improve the separation between the mother liquor and the crystallizate.
- the separation between remaining mother liquor and formed acrylic acid suspension crystallizate is preferably carried out with the aid of a wash column (preferably with a dynamic wash column and more preferably with a hydraulic wash column), as described e.g. the documents WO 01/77056, WO 03/078378 and WO 02/055469 recommend.
- the separated mother liquor may then be recycled to one or more of the various separation zones of the process of this invention (e.g., absorption zone I, condensation zone I, optional condensation zone II, optional cooling zone, and / or absorption zone II).
- the remaining mother liquor is recycled to the absorption zone I, e.g. the aqueous absorbent I as a component thereof.
- the separated pure acrylic acid crystals can subsequently be combined with the aqueous raffinate II obtained from the aqueous intermediate II to form an aqueous target product solution according to the invention.
- a rectificative separation can be used in which the contained Aldehydes are previously bound to the rectification of so-called aldehyde scavenger, as recommended for example in DE-A 10138101 and in DE-A 10220494 (in column 15).
- aqueous intermediate I, aqueous intermediate II, aqueous raffinate I, aqueous raffinate II, aqueous raffinate III and / or aqueous target product solution is always carried out in the process of the invention at temperatures as low as possible, but preferably above the respective melting point (preferably Store temporarily under lean air).
- the product gas mixture produced in the partial oxidation zone as a result of the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of the at least one C3 precursor compound produced as a by-product in this process according to the invention contains CO 2 (carbon dioxide). This is due to the fact that in the partial oxidation zone, as a rule, also to a limited extent, full combustion of intermediate products, by-products and / or the at least one C3 precursor compound occurs.
- CO 2 may also have already been fed to the reaction gas input mixture containing the at least one C 3 precursor compound as diluent inert gas for the partial oxidation zone (this, for example, also as constituent of circulating residual gas mixture II or residual gas mixture III).
- this carbon dioxide can be taken up in the absorption zone II from the residual gas mixture I flowing through it predominantly to completely in the aqueous alkali base used there as absorbent II, and in the absorbent zone II forming aqueous absorbate II in appreciable Scope as predominantly dissolved present therein alkali metal carbonate and / or alkali metal bicarbonate are bound (especially in the case of the application of an increased ratio MV * in the absorption zone II).
- the aqueous alkali metal base used as absorbent II may already contain alkali metal carbonate and / or alkali metal hydrogen carbonate.
- aqueous intermediate I and aqueous intermediate II or aqueous raffinate I and aqueous raffinate II it can therefore in the inventive method by chemical reaction of in the aqueous intermediate I or in the aqueous raffinate I contained acid (eg acrylic acid) with in aqueous Intermediate II or in the aqueous raffinate II contained alkali carbonate and / or alkali metal bicarbonate come to a pronounced regression of gaseous CO2, which can be largely outgassed from the mixture formed during the merging.
- acid eg acrylic acid
- alkali carbonate and / or alkali metal bicarbonate come to a pronounced regression of gaseous CO2, which can be largely outgassed from the mixture formed during the merging.
- such CO 2 outgassing of such aqueous intermediate III or of such an aqueous mixture of aqueous raffinate I and aqueous raffinate II is advantageously carried out (a beneficial side effect is achieved with such a
- C02 outgassing (especially in the case of CO 2 outgassing of aqueous intermediate III) is accompanied by a free-segregation of the acrolein still present in the liquid phase).
- a CO 2 degassing can be carried out in a container in which the liquid to be removed is stirred. By reducing the working pressure and / or by raising the temperature, a C02 outgassing can be promoted.
- the CO2 outgassing is favored essentially exclusively by a corresponding increase in temperature, which is why heatable stirred vessels are preferably used at this point.
- the temperature of the liquid to be exhausted as described is maintained in the range of 95 to 15 ° C, preferably in the range of 100 to 110 ° C.
- the CO 2 degassing can also be assisted by passing an inert stripping gas through the liquid to be outgassed.
- an inert stripping gas e.g. molecular nitrogen, air or lean air (molecular nitrogen enriched air).
- molecular nitrogen, air or lean air molecular nitrogen enriched air.
- Molecular oxygen-containing stripping gas would be preferred according to the invention at this point, since molecular oxygen has a polymerization-inhibiting effect both on acrylic acid and on alkali acrylate dissolved in an aqueous medium.
- a CX outgassing assisted by stripping gas is less preferred according to the invention.
- the C02-containing exhaust gas produced during CX outgassing can basically be treated as with residual gas mixture II or residual gas mixture III. That is, on the one hand, it may e.g. be disposed of by burning. On the other hand, CO 2 -containing exhaust gas may also be reused as a recycle gas for the purpose of inertly diluting the reaction gas input mixture.
- the C02-containing exhaust gas also contains water and acrylic acid. It is therefore also in the same way as Restgasgemisch II prior to its combustion and / or recycle gas also subjected to condensation to condense in it contained water and acrylic acid as an aqueous acrylic acid solution.
- the resulting aqueous, acrylic acid-containing, condensate can then be recycled back into the outgassing and / or already degassed liquid.
- the "CO 2 offgas" which still contains water and acrylic acid can also be conducted from the partial oxidation zone into the absorption zone I in addition to the product gas mixture.
- the greatest possible CO 2 outgassing of such aqueous intermediate III is advantageous in the process according to the invention in that a subsequent outgassing during the subsequent extraction of aqueous intermediate III is avoided, which favors an undisturbed course of the phase separation in raffinate III and extract III.
- Such a content of dissolved molecular oxygen is advantageous in the process according to the invention for all aqueous phases containing acrylic acid and / or alkali acrylate, for stability reasons.
- the liquid phase divided into drops (for example to droplets whose longitudinal extension is advantageously in the range from 1 to 10 mm, preferably in the range from 2 to 5 mm) is combined again to form a homogeneous phase.
- this merger can be driven by gravity (the total volume of disperse phase in the column is normally less than that in the column Column continuous phase). This procedure is preferred according to the invention.
- the combination can also be driven by centrifuging by the acting centrifugal force.
- the superposition of an electric field may be appropriate.
- a combination of a mixer and a separator is used as extraction device in the process according to the invention.
- Suitable mixers are both static mixers and stirred containers.
- all common stirrer can be used.
- more than one stirrer is mounted on a common axis one above the other or behind one another.
- a two-stage impeller agitator is used.
- separator come settling tanks of any kind into consideration.
- containers are used as settling tanks.
- mixers and separators can merge together. That is, mixing and separation occur in the same container.
- the extraction is operated continuously.
- the transfer of the substance to be extracted takes place in the mixer, to which both liquid phases are continuously fed.
- the separation of the two normally of different mass density phases takes place in a spatially remote from the mixer separator to which the mixture continuously generated in the mixer of the two phases is continuously supplied. In the case of a sufficient difference in the mass densities, this is expediently a settling tank.
- the separation of the feed from the mixer can be promoted in the specific heavier and in the specific lighter phase in the settling tank.
- internals come in principle all common installations into consideration. These can be, for example, perforated plates, plates, packings and / or fillings. Among the fillings, those with rings, spirals, calipers, Raschig, Intss or Pall rings, Berl or Intalox saddles, Top-Pak etc. or braids are preferred.
- the residence time in the settling tank is typically 0.05 to 2 hours.
- the aqueous raffinate and the organic extract are continuously led out of the separator.
- a device consisting of a mixer and a separator realizes a theoretical separation stage. If such is not sufficient to achieve the objective according to the invention, the remaining aqueous raffinate is again extracted with fresh extraction agent in discontinuous operation. U.s.w .. In continuous operation, to improve the separation efficiency, several mixer
- centrifugal extractors suitable according to the invention are e.g. the Podbielniak Extractor and the Lurgi-Westfalia Extractor.
- the extraction of an aqueous intermediate product to be carried out according to the invention is preferably carried out in a continuously operated extraction column which usually has separation-active internals and to which the two phases are fed by means of pumps.
- a continuously operated extraction column which usually has separation-active internals and to which the two phases are fed by means of pumps.
- more than one extraction column can be operated in series to improve the separation effect.
- the specific heavy phase in the process of the invention often the aqueous intermediate to be extracted
- the specific lighter phase in the process of the invention often the organic extractant
- both phases move under the influence of gravity in countercurrent to each other.
- the specific lighter phase increases in the extraction column and the specific heavy phase drops in the extraction column down.
- both the specific heavier and the specifically lighter liquid phase may be the disperse phase and the other phase the continuous phase.
- the aqueous intermediate is preferably carried out as a disperse phase and the organic extractant as a continuous phase. This is advantageous in accordance with the invention (in particular in industrial operation), as in the case of an undesired radical polymerization of acrylic acid dissolved in the aqueous intermediate and / or dissolved alkali acrylate, it is normally limited in the affected aqueous droplet.
- the phase separation takes place in a separation region located at the top of the extraction column. This can then have a relation to the other column cross section enlarged cross-section and contain coalescence-promoting internals.
- the specific lighter phase deposited in it is passed continuously (as top product) from the column.
- the phase separation takes place in the bottom of the extraction column. This area can then have a cross-section which is larger than the other column cross-section and contain coalescence-promoting internals.
- the specifically heavier phase deposited in it is continuously discharged from the column (as bottom product).
- Regulator or siphon pipes regulate the outlet in each case so that in advance of the outlet is kept a separation layer between specific light and specific heavy phase and the liquid level in the extraction column remains substantially constant. If the disperse phase is the specifically heavier, it is advantageously fed below the separating layer into the column. If the disperse phase is the specifically lighter one, its delivery advantageously takes place above the separating layer into the column. In principle, however, the phase separation can also be carried out in each case in post-separators attached outside the separation column.
- the continuous phase is led out of the same at the opposite end of the extraction column.
- packings, random packings and / or sieve trays are suitable for the extraction according to the invention, as are also used in rectification columns. They have the task to counteract premature coalescence of the disperse, the divided phase and / or to allow multiple repetition of division and merging of the disperse phase along the longitudinal axis of the extraction column.
- extraction columns with energy input by which the multiplication of mixing and deposition along the longitudinal axis of the extraction column is promoted.
- Extraction columns which are suitable according to the invention and are charged with packings (in particular structured or ordered) and / or random packings can be operated both with and without input of energy.
- packings in particular structured or ordered
- random packings can be operated both with and without input of energy.
- the fillings are those with rings, spirals, calipers, Raschig, Intos or Pall rings, Barrel or Intalox
- Packages particularly suitable for extraction columns to be used in accordance with the invention are e.g. Packs of Julius Montz GmbH in D-40705 Hilden, as e.g. the pack Montz-Pak B1-350.
- perforated structured packings are used. Packed columns of ordered packings are known per se to those skilled in the art, e.g. in Chem. Ing. Tech. 58 (1986) No. 1, pp. 19-31 as well as in the Technical Review Sulzer 2/1979, p. 49 et seq., Of the Brothers Sulzer Aktiengesellschaft in CH-Winterthur.
- the extraction column is suitably filled during operation with the continuous phase in terms of application technology and the disperse phase is supplied via distributor.
- distributor for example, ring distributors, comb distributors or star distributors can be used as such. be set.
- These are essentially tubes which, for example, diverge in a star shape and out of which the disperse phase flows out and drips. They are particularly suitable for the divided feeding of the specific heavier liquid phase.
- the distributor tubes extend over the respective cross-sectional length of the normally circular-cylindrical extraction column and have a uniform tube cross-section. They have over their length (usually circular) outlet openings (holes), which usually have an identical cross-section.
- the outlet openings expediently downwards. If the disperse phase fed to the bottom of the column, the outlet openings expediently upwards.
- the diameter (the longitudinal expansion) of the aforementioned passage openings will usually be 1 to 10 mm, preferably 3 to 6 mm and often 2 to 5 mm.
- a sieve tray may also be used, through which it is fed into the column and dripped.
- the material of the packings and / or random packings should (as is generally the case with separating internals in extraction columns) be selected such that they are well or not wetted by the continuous liquid phase and by the dispersed liquid phase, otherwise the droplets will become the disperse phase the packings and / or packings can converge prematurely and the two liquid phases thereby move past each other with reduced extraction effect in countercurrent.
- the dispersed phase which is preferred in the case of a large-scale implementation
- separating internals of Teflon ® or coated with Teflon separating internals are preferred in the invention. The same applies to the distribution then used for the division of this disperse phase.
- Teflon Teflon other plastics can be used. If, in the extraction according to the invention, the organic extractant forms the disperse phase and the aqueous intermediate forms the continuous phase, then ceramics have proven to be effective for the separating internals and distributors. Metal inserts and distributors can be wetted in adverse way by both the aqueous intermediate and the organic extractant. As a rule, however, aqueous intermediate wets stainless steel better.
- the extraction unit for the extraction of aqueous intermediate according to the invention (as well as the other apparatus units for the inventive method) of the DIN material 1 .4571 (according to DIN EN 10020) is manufactured.
- stirred columns suitable for the extraction to be carried out in accordance with the invention are extraction columns charged with packings and / or random packings and having an energy input.
- Vauck and H.A. Müller, Verlag Theodor Steinkopf, 4th edition, Dresden 1974 “(referred to in this document as” source I ") schematically shows.
- stirred column sections which are essentially free of separating internals and which have unstirred column sections (rest zones) which are charged with packings and / or packed beds, alternate in the flow direction with one another.
- the energy input takes place by stirring. Through it is always created new interface for the mass transfer.
- all stirrers are seated on a common shaft guided from top to bottom through the extraction column.
- turntable columns as shown schematically in FIG. 369b in source I, can also be used for extraction of an aqueous intermediate I, II or III according to the invention as extraction columns operated with energy input.
- These extraction columns have no clearly separated (pronounced) mixing and rest zones against each other. In other words, the sub-operations "mixing” and “separating” no longer take place spatially resolved.
- the circular cylindrical envelope of these extraction columns is equipped on their inner wall with stator rings.
- a centrally guided in the middle of the column cross-section from top to bottom shaft then carries rotor disks in such a way that in each case a rotor disk rotates between two stator rings.
- the rotating rotor disks which can also be perforated, cause the mixing effect.
- Stirring or spinning disk columns suitable for the purposes according to the invention are, for example, the RDC (rotating disc contactor) column, the ARD (asymmetrical rotating disc) column, the Kühni column (stirred column according to kuhni type) and the QVF stirred cell extractor.
- sieve tray columns are particularly well suited for the extraction of aqueous intermediate according to the invention. These can be differentiated into cross-flow ground plane colonies and pulsed sieve tray columns. The latter are particularly preferred for the intermediate product extraction according to the invention.
- FIG. 369c A schematic of a cross-flow tray column is shown in Fig. 369c in Source I.
- the continuous phase is passed through wells from one sieve bottom to the next sieve bottom and only the disperse phase is due to the mass density difference between both liquid phases through the openings (usually holes, ie circular passages) of the trays pressed and thereby repeatedly disperse again from new.
- the pulsed sieve tray columns are extraction columns with energy input. In them, both phases are passed through the passage openings (usually holes, i.e., circular passage openings) in the sieve bottom. That is, the sieve plates have no shafts here.
- the specific lighter phase is pushed upwards through the holes of the sieve bottom, while on the downstroke, the specifically heavier one is pressed downwards.
- the one of the two phases which collects the smaller volume in the column as a whole, normally forms the disperse phase.
- a pulsator usually a piston pump is used. This is normally located at the lower end of the pulsed sieve tray column and is fluid-conductively connected to the column interior.
- the stroke (the amplitude) may not be smaller than the thickness of the sieve plates and in the Usually not greater than 75% of the distance between two successive sieve trays. In this way, both liquid phases are periodically forced to flow through the sieve bottom holes. The specific lighter liquid phase on the upstroke and the specific heavier liquid phase on the downstroke. Thus, the disperse division is periodically renewed.
- the sieve trays in the column itself can also be moved up and down as e.g. in the Karr column is the case.
- extraction columns can be used for the inventive extraction of ⁇ ssri- gen intermediate, which are charged with arrival jam packs as separating internals (eg Alpha PACK ® DSP). These are packs with a disperser plate at the top or bottom to form the specific heavier phase Disperse phase, this plate is attached to the top of the pack, the specific lighter phase is the disperse phase, this plate is attached to the bottom of the pack. Between two superimposed packs each one is left on internals free separation space.
- Such extraction columns are also suitably operated pulsating in terms of application technology.
- pure packed columns and pure packed columns can also be operated pulsating.
- pulsating operation is mandatory.
- the temperature at which the aqueous extraction material and the organic extractant are fed to the extraction may be in the range of 1 to 80 ° C. According to the invention, it will preferably be from 20 to 50.degree. C. and more preferably from 25 to 35.degree. According to the invention, extraction material and extraction agent are preferably fed to the extraction according to the invention of the aqueous intermediate product at the same temperature. In terms of application, the difference between the two temperatures is not more than 20 ° C. Frequently, the aforementioned temperature difference will be> 0 ° C and ⁇ 15 ° C or> 0 ° C and ⁇ 10 ° C.
- the aqueous intermediate to be extracted is aqueous intermediate III which has previously been subjected to a thermally assisted CO 2 degassing
- the ratio Mo: Mz supplied by the extraction column mass flow Mo [kg / h] of organic extractant to the extraction column mass flow rate Mz [kg / h] of aqueous intermediate (at aqueous extraction material) in the inventive method 0.1 to 10, preferably 0 , 1 to 5, preferably 0.1 to 2 and particularly preferably 0.1 to 1.
- the number of theoretical plates of an extraction column suitable for the inventive extraction of aqueous intermediate can be 1 to 15. According to the invention, it will preferably be 3 to 10 and more preferably 4 to 8. Normally, the vapor pressure in the extraction column will be substantially atmospheric pressure (about 1:01 bar).
- substantially delivery pressure which can be up to 6 bar.
- Suitable organic extractants for the purpose of aldehyde extraction from aqueous intermediate I, II or III are essentially all organic solvents which have a miscibility gap under the extraction conditions (usually in the temperature range 1 to 80 ° C.) with the aqueous intermediate.
- suitable organic solvents are those organic solvents whose solubility in water at 20 ° C and atmospheric pressure less than 10 wt .-%, preferably less than 7 wt .-%, more preferably less than 5 wt .-% and completely more preferably less than 1 wt .-% is (the amount is in each case based on the resulting solution).
- the mass density (also in kg / m 3 ) of the extraction material to be extracted (the aqueous intermediate) by> 10 kg / m 3 , preferably by> 15 or> 25 kg / m 3 , more preferably by> 30 or> 40 kg / m 3 and most preferably by> 50 kg / m 3 (based on the pressure used in the extraction and the temperature used in the extraction (the extraction conditions) ).
- the aforementioned mass difference will not exceed 300 kg / m 3 . Usually it will be ⁇ 250 kg / m 3 , in some cases even ⁇ 200 kg / m 3 or ⁇ 150 kg / m 3 .
- the dynamic viscosity of the organic extractant under the extraction conditions is less than the dynamic viscosity of the aqueous intermediate to be extracted. This leads, when the aqueous intermediate is the disperse phase and the organic extractant is the continuous phase, to an accelerated material output. Exchange between the two phases and allows for the same separation result ultimately shorter columns.
- Dynamic viscosities of the organic extractant under the extraction conditions of ⁇ 1 mPa ⁇ s, better ⁇ 0.9 mPa ⁇ s are therefore preferred according to the invention.
- the dynamic viscosity of the organic extractant under the extraction conditions will be not less than 0.3 mPa ⁇ s.
- the dynamic viscosity of the organic extractant for aqueous intermediate I, II or III can be up to 100 mPa.s under extraction conditions. That is to say, those extractants are also considered whose dynamic viscosity under the extraction conditions is> 1 mPa ⁇ s to 50 mPa ⁇ s or 2 to 10 mPa ⁇ s.
- the organic extractant has no amine group -NH 2, no sulfonic acid group -SO 3, no carboxyl group -COOH and no anhydride group -COOCO-. Furthermore, under the extraction conditions with water, the organic extractant should as far as possible not be chemically reacted (i.e., be hydrolysis-stable) and have the lowest possible solubility in water or in the aqueous intermediate I, II or III.
- suitable starting agents for the aldehyde extraction from aqueous intermediate are suitable extraction agents according to the invention:
- aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. Benzene and diphenyl
- alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. Toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene and cumene,
- halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. Monochlorobenzene, monobromobenzene and monofluorobenzene,
- paraffinic hydrocarbons linear, branched or cyclic
- C6 to C16 alkanes such as hexane, heptane, octane and cyclohexane
- C10 to C10 alkanes such as tetradecane
- halogenated paraffinic hydrocarbons such as, for example, chloroform, dichloromethane, chloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloropropane, such as, for example, 1,3-dichloropropane and 1,2-dichloropropane, and trichloroethane, Alkyl ethers and aryl ethers of aromatic hydrocarbons, for example 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, anisole and diphenyl ether,
- aliphatic and cycloaliphatic ethers having at least 4 C atoms such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, di-n-butyl ether and ethyl tert-butyl ether,
- aromatic carbonyl compounds such as benzophenone,
- aliphatic and cycloaliphatic ketones having at least 5 C atoms such as methylpropyl ketone, methyl isopropyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, diethyl ketone, ethyl propyl ketone, ethyl butyl ketone, diisopropyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone and trimethylcyclohexanone,
- halogenated and / or aryl-substituted alkanols e.g. Hexafluoro-2-phenyl-2-propanol, and
- di-alkyl esters of aliphatic, olefinic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids e.g. Diethyl maleate, dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate.
- mixtures of the abovementioned extractants can also be used as the organic extractant for the purpose of the invention.
- Examples include the eutectic mixture of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (40 wt .-%) and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (60 wt .-%), mixtures of 70 to 75 wt. % Diphenylether and 25 to 30 wt .-% diphenyl, and mixtures consisting of a mixture of 70 to 75 wt .-% diphenyl ether and 25 to 30 wt .-% diphenyl (such a mixture is in the trade, for example as Diphyl ® commercially available to acquire), and, based on the mixture, 0.1 to 25 wt .-% o-dimethyl phthalate.
- Diphyl ® commercially available to acquire
- long-chain monoalkanecarboxylic acids such as 2-ethylhexanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid and / or decanoic acid can be used as suitable for the purpose of the invention extractant.
- extractants the 1, 3-dichloropropane, the 1, 2-dichloropropane, the 1, 1-dichloroethane and the eutectic mixture of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 2,6- Di-tert-butylphenol preferred extractant.
- diphyl, toluene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene and benzene have been found in extraction experiments.
- the extraction agents are selected so that they contain the aldehydes acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furfural (especially the latter two) contained in the aqueous intermediate as well as possible, acrylic acid and its conjugated base but as bad as possible or not, remain because of their chemical similarity with acrylic acid, the normally contained in the aqueous intermediate constituents propionic acid and its conjugated base, formic acid and its conjugated base and acetic acid and its conjugate base in the context of the aldehyde extraction according to the invention together with the acrylic acid and its conjugate base in the aqueous raffinate.
- a process of the preparation of aqueous raffinate I, or of aqueous raffinate III, or of a mixture of aqueous raffinate I and aqueous raffinate II may be immediate connect a process of free-radical polymerization, which incorporates the acrylic acid contained in the respective aqueous raffinate and its conjugate base in a polymer (alternatively, the respective aqueous raffinate in a corresponding manner as in the writings WO 2005/049543, DE-A 2006045089 and DE-A 102006045088 described in a storage container (storage tank) at temperatures of, for example, 25 ° C and stored under lean air overlay).
- a storage container storage tank
- the aqueous raffinates prepared according to the invention can be used directly for the preparation of free-radical polymers (polymers produced by free-radical initiation).
- free-radical polymers polymers produced by free-radical initiation
- their aqueous solution aqueous alkali metal base
- / or water are added.
- the reaction mixture subjected to the free-radical polymerization comprises in each case an amount of aqueous raffinate and of the additives required for carrying out the respective polymerization.
- these additives include comonomers, which are acrylic acid and its conjugate base different, usually also simply ethylenically unsaturated compounds having preferably good water solubility such as methacrylic acid, maleic acid, Itaconic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulfonic acid, amides of said acids, alkali metal salts of said acids, ammonium salts of said acids, mono-hydroxyalkyl esters of acrylic acid, monohydroxyalkyl esters of methacrylic acid, N-vinylformamide, etc.
- the comonomers can also simply be ethylenically unsaturated compounds having poor water solubility, such as styrene, (meth) acrylic acid esters of monohydric alcohols, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and also vinyl esters, such as vinyl acetate and vinyl propionate. If the proportion of the monomers poorly soluble in water, based on the total monomers contained in the reaction mixture (free-radically polymerizable, at least monoethylenically unsaturated compounds), is obtained in the context of radical polymerization, for example, an aqueous polymer dispersion, the proportion is small usually obtained an aqueous polymer solution.
- the total amount of monomers other than acrylic acid and its conjugate base in the polymerization reaction mixture is ⁇ 40 mol%, or ⁇ 30 mol%, or ⁇ 20 mol%, or ⁇ 10 mol% %, or ⁇ 5 mol%.
- Such polymers are accessible by the fact that the aqueous reaction mixture for the radical polymerization in addition to acrylic acid and its conjugated base and optionally of the comonomers mentioned (the proportion is preferably low and particularly preferably vanishing), a small amount of at least one so-called core crosslinker added.
- the aqueous reaction mixture for the radical polymerization in addition to acrylic acid and its conjugated base and optionally of the comonomers mentioned (the proportion is preferably low and particularly preferably vanishing), a small amount of at least one so-called core crosslinker added.
- These are compounds which have at least two ethylenically unsaturated bonds.
- Kernvernetzer are ⁇ , ⁇ '-methylenebisacrylamide, diacrylates or Dimethac- rylate of polyalkylene glycols with relative (to 1 H-related) molecular weights of 100 to 1500, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, at least doubly thacryl Textre with acrylic acid or with metal esterified reaction products of trimethylolpropane with 1 to 8 mol ethylene oxide per OH group, in particular the completely esterified with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid reaction products of trimethylolpropane with 2 to 6 moles of ethylene oxide per OH group, triallylamine and tetraallylammonium chloride.
- suitable internal crosslinkers can be found in the prior art (for example in WO 2006/05373 on pages 9 and 10, and also in WO 03/002623 and in DE-A 10220494).
- the aqueous reaction mixture for the free-radical polymerization based on its weight, from 0.001 to 5 wt .-%, preferably 0.01 to 2 wt .-% of at least one core crosslinker.
- the reaction mixture frequently contains 0.001 to 5 mol%, or 0.005 to 2 mol%, preferably 0.05 to 0.2 mol%, at least an internal crosslinker (core crosslinker).
- the aqueous reaction mixture normally contains at least one polymerization initiator added by means of which the radical polymerization is initiated (in principle, the free-radical polymerization can also be triggered, for example, by the action of electron beams on the aqueous reaction mixture).
- polymerization initiators it is possible to use all compounds which decompose into free radicals under the polymerization conditions, such as, for example, peroxides, hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, persulfates, acetoxy compounds and redox initiators. In many cases, it is advantageous to use mixtures of different polymerization initiators, for example. Mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and sodium and / or potassium peroxodisulfate.
- Suitable organic Peroxides are, for example, acetylacetone peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, dibenzoyl peroxide and cumene hydroperoxide.
- suitable free-radical polymerization initiators can be found in the prior art (for example on pages 17 and 18 of WO 03/002623 and in column 10 of DE-A 10220494).
- suitable polymerization initiators are also photoinitiators which are excited by the action of electromagnetic radiation to form radicals. These may be ⁇ -splitters, H-abstracting systems or azides. Examples include benzophenone derivatives.
- the free radical polymerization reaction mixture will contain from 0.001 to 100, based on the total amount of acrylic acid, its conjugate base, these two different comonomers and their conjugate bases, and core crosslinkers (ie, based on the total amount of monomers contained) 5 wt .-%, preferably 0.01 to 5 wt .-% and particularly preferably 0.05 to 2 wt .-% least added to a polymerization initiator.
- the free-radical polymerization of an aqueous reaction mixture composed as described may be e.g.
- Suitable surface postcrosslinkers are compounds which react with functional groups of the polymer present in the powder (for example with
- the polymer particles are sprayed with at least one solution of at least one postcrosslinker in an inert solvent such as water, monohydric alcohol, polyhydric alcohol or a mixture of at least two of the aforementioned substances.
- an inert solvent such as water, monohydric alcohol, polyhydric alcohol or a mixture of at least two of the aforementioned substances.
- the polymer particles sprayed on its surface as described are maintained at a temperature in the range from 50 to 250.degree. C., preferably from 15 to 190.degree.
- postcrosslinkers polyols such as ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol, 1, 4-butanediol and glycerol and di- and poly-N-methylol compounds such as methylenebis (N-methylol-methacrylamide).
- postcrosslinkers polyols such as ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol, 1, 4-butanediol and glycerol and di- and poly-N-methylol compounds such as methylenebis (N-methylol-methacrylamide).
- postcrosslinkers can be found in the prior art (cf., for example, WO 03/002623, WO 2006/053731, US 2010/0041549, US Pat 2008/01 19626 and WO 2008/009599, as well as the prior art cited in these documents and in the present application).
- the free-radical polymerization of the aqueous reaction mixture can also be carried out by drop polymerization, as described by way of example in WO 2008/009599. Polymerization and drying take place here overlapping each other.
- aqueous raffinate II, or raffinate III, or a mixture of aqueous raffinate I prepared in accordance with the invention and aqueous raffinate II which in each case forms the basis of the free-radical polymerization reaction mixture, normally removes organic extractant contained in the formed polymer from drying and / or post-crosslinking, and therefore removal of such extractant content from aqueous solvent Raffinate advance radical polymerization is not essential.
- Gew.ppm based on the weight of the raffinate, can be adjusted. It goes without saying that the lower limit of 1 ppm by weight can also be slightly undercut. In general, 1 to 3 theoretical plates are sufficient for this separation task (usually a theoretical plate is sufficient).
- Examples of possible second organic extractants are hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, terracency, cyclohexane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, nonadecane, eicosane, docosane, trocosane and tetracosane.
- the first organic extractant can be removed by rectification from the aqueous raffinate containing it (for example, toluene is relatively easy to separate off (ie, with comparatively little expenditure of energy), which makes toluene a first organic extractant particularly preferred according to the invention
- the rectification separation can be carried out in a rectification column which has only one stripping section and can be used for this purpose in principle all separation-active internals known for rectification columns in the prior art and already mentioned several times in this document.
- rain sieve bottoms are preferably used as separating internals.
- the number of theoretical plates can range from 1 to 50. In terms of application, it will be 5 to 20.
- the hole diameter (the diameter of the passage openings in the Regensiebböden) will usually be 8 to 50 mm, preferably 10 to 35 mm.
- the soils are arranged equidistantly.
- the ground clearance is 300 to 800 mm, often 400 to 600 mm and often 500 mm.
- the head pressure in the stripping column is suitably adjusted in terms of application to a value in the range of 0.1 to 1 bar (in principle (instead of (alternatively)) to a liquid ring pump for generating the negative pressure in this document always a steam jet (a with Steam-driven jet pump) or a water jet (a jet pump operated with a liquid water jet) can be used).
- the bottom pressure of the column can be correspondingly 0.1 to 5 bar.
- the column feed of aqueous raffinate is preferably on its uppermost (theoretical) bottom.
- Possible bottom temperatures can be 50 to 100 ° C.
- the aqueous raffinate may be substantially run at the temperature at which it is withdrawn from the aldehyde extraction of the aqueous intermediate.
- the aqueous raffinate freed from remaining first organic extractant is continuously withdrawn and, as already described for the first organic extractant containing aqueous raffinate, fed to its storage and / or a subsequent process of free-radical polymerization.
- the vapor phase is condensed above the top (theoretical) bottom.
- the condensation is carried out by indirect cooling.
- the indirect heat exchanger required in this regard can also be located outside the stripping column.
- the condensate formed, the temperature of which may be, for example, 20 to 40 ° C, is suitably fed application technology a phase separator, from which the separating phases can be led out separately.
- the aqueous phase is recycled as reflux into the stripping column (preferably on its uppermost (theoretical) bed (the uppermost theoretical separation stage)).
- the stripped organic phase can be recycled and / or incinerated as a "fresh" first organic extractant into the aldehyde extraction (skolonne) .What remains gaseous in the overhead condensation is normally removed via the liquid ring pump. Ons. from aqueous and / or organic phase (the lower the vapor pressure of the operating fluid, the lower pressures can be produced with a liquid ring pump.) According to the invention used in the inventive liquid ring pumps are used as recommended in DE-A 10143565. Instead of the bottom of the column The separation energy can also be supplied directly by introducing superheated steam into the bottoms liquid in a direct way may be omitted an indirect evaporator.
- water vapor can be used with a pre-pressure of 1, 5 to 100 bar (when entering through, for example, an inlet valve in the stripping column, the water vapor to the column internal pressure). Its temperature can be 120 ° C to 31 1 ° C. Further support for stripping first organic extractant from this dissolved aqueous raffinate by additionally flowing the rectification column with a hardly condensable gas (eg air, lean air, molecular nitrogen) from the bottom to the top of the column is usually not required.
- a hardly condensable gas eg air, lean air, molecular nitrogen
- this separation can be carried out rectifcatively in a rectification unit comprising at least one reinforcing part and at least one output part.
- the rectification unit can be of a type known per se. It is usually carried out as a rectifying column having rectifying internals, as known from the prior art (cf.
- any separation-active internals which are common for rectifications come into consideration as such internally effective internals. These include, in particular, soils, packings and / or fillings.
- mass transfer trays bell bottoms, sieve trays (e.g., forced-drain trays), valve trays (e.g., fixed valve or valved tray trays), and / or Thormann trays are preferred.
- beds are those with rings, coils, saddles, Raschig, Intos or Pall rings, Berl or Intalox saddles, Top-Pak etc. or braids are particularly suitable.
- Very particular preference is given to using packings as separating internals for the rectification column for the rectificative separation of the extract. These can be ordered and / or disordered packs.
- Disordered packs are in a gas-permeable container located beds of defined shaped bodies. These may be rings, cylinders, saddles or the like. To reduce the pressure loss while intensifying the vapor-phase liquid-phase contact through enlarged surfaces, the side surfaces of the body are broken many times. In this way, very complex structures such. the Hiflow ring or Hiflow saddles.
- Ordered packages generally have a lower pressure drop with higher separation efficiency.
- metal fabric or sheets are folded and / or wound so that it comes to an intensive steering of the steam and the liquid and thus to an intensive contact both.
- By further structuring the surface and by applying holes both the wettability of the packing surface and the mass transfer are additionally increased.
- packings of the company Montz for example, are suitable for the relevant rectificative separation. Montz structural packings type B1, type A3, type BSH, type M and
- the thermal energy required for the rectificative separation can be obtained from the bottom of the rectification column via internal and / or external indirect heat exchangers of conventional design (eg thin-film evaporator, Robert evaporator, forced circulation tube bundle heat exchangers, forced circulation tube bundle expansion heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, etc. cf., for example, EP-A 854129) and US Pat / or via double wall heating
- the organic extractant e.g., Diphyl®
- the organic aldehyde extraction of the aqueous intermediate has at normal pressure (1.01 bar) a boiling point higher than that of benzaldehyde at the corresponding pressure.
- Extract of the rectification column in the middle part or below (but at least 2 (usually to 5) theoretical separation stages above the bottom of the column (which is the space below the bottom insert in the rectification column)) supplied continuously.
- the organic extract containing the aldehydes dissolved on its way from the extraction into the rectification column is expediently passed through an indirect heat exchanger in order to increase its temperature.
- the temperature increase takes place to a value which substantially corresponds to that which is present at the feed point in the rectification column in the same.
- this temperature can be in the range 160 to 190 ° C, or in the range 170 to
- sump liquid led out of the rectification column As the heat transfer medium passed through the indirect heat exchanger simultaneously, it is preferred to use sump liquid led out of the rectification column according to the invention. This is an organic extractant substantially free of the unwanted aldehydes in the rectification column. It can be led out in the rectification according to the invention at a temperature of 170 to 200 ° C from the bottom of the rectification column. The aforementioned indirect heat exchanger can then leave it at a temperature of 120 to 130 ° C. In order to compensate for losses in extraction agent, the extractant stream leaving the indirect heat exchanger can be supplemented with fresh organic extractant and subsequently recycled to the aldehyde extraction of aqueous intermediate.
- the rectificative aldehyde removal is carried out in the case described with reduced column head pressure with a liquid ring pump.
- a liquid ring pump This can e.g. 50 to 150 mbar or 70 to 140 mbar.
- As operating fluid for the liquid ring pump e.g. Condensation product or diluted with water condensation product into consideration.
- the bottom pressure results from the top pressure, the number and type of separating column internals and the fluid dynamic requirements of the rectification and is often 150 to 250 mbar, or 160 to 200 mbar. As a rule, 5 to 10 theoretical plates in the rectification unit (in the rectification column) are sufficient.
- the condensation of the low boiler stream reaching the top of the column can, for example, indirectly in indirect heat exchangers (as a coolant can be used as surface water), which are known in the art and are not subject to any particular restriction, and / or directly, for example in a designed as a spray quench , respectively.
- it is done by direct cooling.
- already condensed low boiler fraction is cooled by means of an indirect heat exchanger (typically to a temperature of 20 ° C to 50 ° C) and sprayed the cooled condensate above its extraction point in the vapor.
- This spraying can take place in a separate apparatus or in the rectification unit (in the rectification column) itself.
- the removal point is advantageously designed as a catch bottom.
- the direct condensation of the low-boiler stream can also be carried out in several stages, preferably with an upward decreasing temperature.
- internals which improve the mixing of the cooled condensate with the vapor, the effect of the direct cooling can be increased. For this purpose, all in this document already mentioned separation-effective internals into consideration.
- a subset of low boiling condensate (containing the undesirable aldehydes) is removed from the rectification separation for disposal. Another subset is used as reflux in the rectification unit (in the rectification column).
- the temperature of the reflux liquid is typically 20 ° C to 50 ° C.
- the remaining in the head condensation gaseous components are on the
- the reinforcing part of the rectification unit will be designed as a side draw column (off).
- a portion of the catch (recirculating) liquid running up therefrom is led out of the rectification column as an aldehyde outlet from a collecting tray located between the top of the column and the feed point of the organic extract loaded with the aldehydes into the rectification column.
- the low-boiler stream still reaching the top of the column can only have a comparatively low partial amount of the liquid contained in the low-boiler stream at normal pressure (1.01 bar), which is required as reflux liquid
- constituents are condensed by ibid direct and / or indirect cooling as described.
- the residual acrylic acid-containing residual gas stream remaining in this case, in this case, e.g. compressed by the liquid ring pump, are recycled to at least one zone from the group consisting of absorption zone I, condensation zone I, absorption zone II, an optional cooling zone and an optional condensation zone II.
- the recycling is predominantly or exclusively to the absorption zone II.
- the gas stream can be heated by indirect heat exchange in front of the liquid ring pump.
- the remaining in the column head still low-boiling stream components which have a boiling point of> 0 ° C at atmospheric pressure, condense by quantitative and quantitative comparatively by direct and / or indirect cooling. Only a partial amount of the condensate produced in the process is used as reflux liquid for the rectification column (which remains uncondensed)
- Residual stream is fed via the liquid ring pump of the waste gas disposal).
- the other subset of the condensate formed, which contains acrylic acid, according to the invention can advantageously be performed in at least one zone from the group consisting of absorption zone I, condensation zone I, absorption zone II, an optional cooling zone and an optional condensation zone II.
- the feed takes place predominantly or exclusively into the absorption zone I.
- acrylic acid losses can be minimized.
- the stripping section of the rectification column can be operated accompanied by the outside to avoid unwanted
- the organic extract of the rectification column which is continuously removed from the aldehyde extraction, is continuously fed to the rectification column in its middle part or above (but at least 2 (usually to 5) theoretical plates below the column top).
- the feed is advantageously also carried out with an elevated temperature substantially at the temperature prevailing at the feed point in the rectification column.
- a working pressure below normal pressure is preferably also set (this may typically be (also suitably set with a liquid ring pump) in the range from 70 to 250 mbar).
- the bottom pressure results from the top pressure, the number and type of separating column internals and the fluid dynamic requirements of the rectification and is often 200 to 350 mbar. As a rule, 5 to 10 theoretical plates in the rectification unit (in the rectification column) are sufficient.
- At the top of the rectification column will be in the same manner as in the case of the other already described limit case from the incoming low-boiler stream contained in selbigem, one at atmospheric pressure (1, 01 bar) at temperatures> 0 ° C lying boiling point components having largely condense.
- the non-condensed components are fed via the liquid ring pump as exhaust gas flow (forming a further acrolein outlet) to the exhaust gas disposal (for example by combustion).
- a portion of the condensate formed (substantially free of aldehydes) is used as reflux liquid for the rectification column.
- the other portion of condensate formed which consists essentially of the organic extractant, can be immediately recycled as a "fresh" extractant into the aldehyde extraction of the aqueous intermediate, and the acrylic acid portions therein do not interfere.
- the bottom liquid continuously led out of the bottom of the column has the undesirable aldehydes enriched and can be disposed of immediately (eg by combustion).
- the heavier than acrylic acid boiling aldehydes, but also containing acrylic acid bottoms liquid alternatively at least partially the following described acrylic acid recovery from the absorption zone I led out and not used for cooling of product gas mixture from the partial oxidation zone Absorbat I supplied.
- air or lean air from bottom to top can be passed through the rectification column.
- the rectificative separation between aldehydes and organic extractant can be facilitated by subjecting the aldehyde-containing organic extract to its rectificative treatment in analogy to the procedure described in DE-A 10138101 at least one aldehyde scavenger is added. This reacts by chemical reaction with the aldehydes to convert them into compounds at a boiling point even higher.
- aldehyde scavengers come Nitrogen compounds having at least one primary amino group into consideration (exemplified aminoguanidine, which is a particularly preferred aldehyde scavenger).
- any separation-effective internals containing or separation-effective internals free separating effective space can be used.
- a recovery column is used which can be equipped with the separation-effective internals known per se. As a rule, 1 to 2 theoretical plates are sufficient here. Due to the comparatively simple separation task can be dispensed with internals and return liquid.
- the feed of absorbate I takes place by pumping into the lower region of the recovery column, preferably directly into the bottom of the column.
- the bottom temperature is expediently set to a value in the range from 140 to 230.degree. C., preferably to a value in the range from 160.degree. C. to 210.degree.
- the heat can be supplied via internal and / or external indirect heat exchangers of conventional design (see WO 2009/133042) and / or via double-wall heating.
- Preferred are external circulation evaporator with nature or forced circulation.
- Particularly preferred are external circulation evaporators with forced circulation, e.g. Forced circulation expansion evaporator (forced circulation expansion heat exchanger).
- Thin-film evaporators are also suitable for this purpose.
- the pressure at the top of the recovery column can be both at a value below
- Normal pressure (1, 01 bar) and to be set to a value above normal pressure (usually it is not more than 2 bar and not less than 200 mbar).
- the residence time in the recovery unit should be 0.5 to 3 hours.
- the low-boiling fraction which is converted into the vapor phase in the recovery column and contains the acrylic acid can be passed directly (ie without formation of reflux liquid) into the absorption zone I. If the pressure at the column head is set to a value above normal pressure, the pumping of the low boiler fraction is normally carried out by the autogenous pressure carried.
- the aforementioned low boiler fraction will however preferably lead into this cooling zone together with the product gas mixture.
- the high boiler fraction remaining in the column sump is discharged and sent for combustion.
- the residence time in the bottom of the column is preferably controlled by the viscosity of the bottom residue (the bottom preferably has a neck with a reduced cross section (cf EP-A 1095685)) that the withdrawn bottoms liquid is still pumpable.
- the bottoms liquid is removed in cycles and fed to their disposal by, for example, combustion.
- the withdrawn bottom liquid can be diluted with hydrophilic liquids such as organic acids (eg ethylhexanoic acid, propionic acid) or with alkanols such as ethanol or methanol, or with liquids such as dimethylformamide.
- hydrophilic liquids such as organic acids (eg ethylhexanoic acid, propionic acid) or with alkanols such as ethanol or methanol, or with liquids such as dimethylformamide.
- Suitable backscatter catalysts are in particular the alkali and / or alkaline earth salts of weak organic or inorganic Bronsted acids such as phosphoric acid, boric acid, formic acid or acetic acid.
- alkali metal and / or alkaline earth metal phosphates, borates, formates and acetates are thus particularly suitable as backscatter catalysts.
- quaternary ammonium salts, a tertiary amine or a salt of such a tertiary amine with a Bronsted acid can also be used as such backscatter catalysts.
- those which WO 2008/077767 recommends are preferred.
- the backscatter catalysts will be selected to be soluble in the bottoms liquid discharged from the bottom of the recovery column under the chosen recovery conditions.
- the presence of dialkyl phthalates also has an advantageous effect on the relevant cleavage.
- the cleavage of the acrylic acid oligomers can in principle also be carried out without addition of cleavage catalysts, ie essentially purely thermally. This procedure is preferred according to the invention.
- acidic cracking catalysts As such, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid or the solid acidic catalysts of JP-A 178949 come into consideration.
- the recovery unit of a molecular oxygen-containing gas may also be suitable in terms of application technology such as air or lean air to be flowed through.
- the recovery unit can be a stirred reactor equipped with a double jacket for reasons of heatability (eg, a short column filled with Raschig rings), via which the light-ash stream containing the acrylic acid is gaseous and without Return can be separated and recycled directly into the absorption zone I and / or in the cooling zone for the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation.
- reasons of heatability eg, a short column filled with Raschig rings
- the recovery unit is also made of austenitic steel, preferably of the material 1 .4571 (according to DIN EN 10020).
- alkylphenols such as o-, m- and p-cresol (methylphenol), 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethyl-phenol, 2,6-di tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert.
- phosphorus-containing compounds such as triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphite, hypophosphorous acid and triethyl phosphite
- sulfur-containing compounds such as diphenyl sulfide, methylene blue and phenothiazine (PTZ)
- PTZ phenothiazine
- metal salts such as the chlorides, dithiocarbamates, sulfates, salicylates and acetates of copper, manganese, cerium, nickel and chromium.
- mixtures of said polymerization inhibitors can be used.
- the method recommended in DE-A 102010042216 for polymerizing tion inhibition of acrylic acid can be applied.
- the essential steps of the process according to the invention can be carried out at comparatively low temperatures (eg absorption zones I and II, condensation zone I, aldehyde extraction, cooling zone, rectification of extractant from aqueous raffinate).
- temperatures eg absorption zones I and II, condensation zone I, aldehyde extraction, cooling zone, rectification of extractant from aqueous raffinate.
- a use of MEHQ as a process inhibitor in these process steps is normally sufficient (in an optionally optionally operated condensation zone II according to the invention, active inhibition can generally be dispensed with altogether, since both the operating temperature and the acrylic acid contents are normally sufficiently low ).
- the amounts used (which can be based on the recommendations in DE-A 10336386 and DE-A 10220494) of polymerization inhibitors can be kept relatively low. This is advantageous in that in the "ready mix" prepared according to the invention (eg aqueous raffinate III), only a very small amount of polymerization inhibitor can no longer be appreciably disrupted in a subsequent use of the "ready mix" in an actively initiated free-radical polymerization.
- Propane, propene, acrolein, propionic acid, propanol, propionaldehyde and / or glycerol are particularly suitable as the at least one C3 precursor compound for the reaction gas input mixture in the partial oxidation zone.
- particularly preferred C3 precursor compound is propene.
- the proportion of the at least one C3 precursor compound in the reaction gas input mixture in the process according to the invention can be, for example, in the range from 4 to 20% by volume, or from 5 to 15% by volume, or from 6 to 12% by volume.
- the reaction gas input mixture for the partial oxidation zone based on the stoichiometry of the partial oxidation reaction of the at least one C3 precursor compound to acrylic acid, contains an excess of molecular oxygen to reoxidize the usually oxidic catalysts.
- the composition of the reaction gas input mixture for the partial oxidation zone is preferably generally adjusted such that no ignitable mixture is present under the reaction conditions (cf., for example, DE-A 10232482).
- the method of heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation for producing the acrylic acid in the partial oxidation zone can be carried out as described in the prior art (see, for example, DE-A 10220494, column 14). In general, that will
- Reaction gas input mixture for the partial oxidation zone based on its volume, at least 1 vol .-% water. Frequently, the water content of the reaction gas input mixture, in a corresponding manner, be 2 to 30 vol .-%.
- the C3 precursor compound is e.g. Acrolein
- heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation may be used to produce acrylic acid, e.g. as described in the specifications EP-A 609750, EP-A 700893, WO 00/53559, DE-A 4442346, WO 2004/108267, DE-A 10325488, DE-A 102004021763, DE-A 102004021763 and WO 2008/104577 become.
- heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation may be used to prepare the acrylic acid e.g. as described in the publications WO 2007/090991, WO 2006/1 14506, WO 2006/073160, WO 2006/1 14506, WO 2006/092272 and WO 2005/073160.
- the C3 precursor compound is e.g. Propane
- the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation to produce the acrylic acid e.g. as described in EP-A 608838, DE-A 19835247, DE-A 10245585, DE-A 102461 19, DE-A 102007029053 and DE 60124481 T2 and the prior art cited in these documents.
- the inventively preferred C3 precursor compound is propene. It has also been proposed to produce the propene as C3 precursor compound by a dehydrogenation and / or oxydehydrogenation of propane preceding the partial gas phase oxidation and the propene formed subsequently accompanied by the propane of the heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation to acrylic acid which is not converted during the dehydrogenation supply.
- propane forms part of the heterogeneously catalyzed propene partial oxidation, an inert diluent gas, which as such is also part of the product gas mixture resulting in the partial oxidation zone.
- such a propane-containing residual gas mixture II or III would then at least partially not be recycled to the reaction gas input mixture for the partial oxidation zone but to the reaction gas input mixture for the heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation and / or oxydehydrogenation of propane to propene. It proves to be particularly advantageous that the residual gas mixture II or III in the absorption zone II according to the invention of CO2 may have been substantially freed (especially in the case of an inventive preparation of aqueous intermediate III using an increased ratio MV *).
- the process according to the invention is therefore particularly advantageous if, in the case of a C3 precursor compound "propene", the partial oxidation zone is preceded by a heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation of propane to propene in which the propene required in the partial oxidation zone is produced and from which the propene thus produced is conducted without separation of it accompanying residual propane in the partial oxidation.
- Preferred methods therefore arise, inter alia, when in the methods of DE-A 10245585, DE-A 102461 19, WO 01/96270, WO 01/96271, WO 2006/2703,
- the propene source used can be, in particular, polymer grade propene or chemical grade propene according to DE-A 102004021764.
- the by-product formation of acetic acid in a heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene to acrylic acid is particularly pronounced if the reaction gas input mixture contains steam as an inert diluent gas (conversely, a reaction gas input mixture free of water vapor enables a low acetic acid by-product formation).
- the procedure according to the invention therefore proves particularly advantageous if the reaction gas input mixture for the partial oxidation zone contains not only 4 to 20% by volume of propene, or 5 to 15% by volume of propene, or 6 to 12% by volume of propene (>).
- reaction gas input mixture for the partial oxidation zone contains> 0 to 3 mol% of cyclopropane.
- the method according to the invention is suitable e.g. in a special way, if the reaction gas input mixture, based on the molar amount of propene contained in it, 10 molppb to 3 mol%, or 50 molppb to 2 mol%, or 100 molppb to 1 mol%, or 1 molppm to 8000 mol ppm, or 10 mol ppm to 5000 mol ppm, or 100 mol ppm to 3000 mol ppm, or 200 mol ppm to 2500 mol ppm, or 300 mol ppm to 2000 mol ppm, or 400 mol ppm to 1500 mol ppm, or 700 mol ppm to 1300 mol ppm of cyclopropane.
- a heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas-phase oxidation of propene to acrylic acid carried out in the partial oxidation zone in the process according to the invention can be carried out as in the prior art (eg in DE-A 10353014, WO 2004/007450, DE-A 10360396, DE-A 10336386, DE -A 10313208, DE-A 10313209, DE-A 10351269, DE-A
- the partial oxidation zone of the process according to the invention normally comprises two reaction stages 1 and 2 (a "first" reaction stage and a “second” reaction stage) in the case of a heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propene to acrylic acid.
- first reaction stage essentially propene is partially oxidized to acrolein
- second reaction stage essentially the acrolein formed in the first reaction stage (normally without first being separated from the product gas mixture of the first reaction stage) is partially oxidized to acrylic acid.
- Both reaction stages can be carried out in a single reactor (eg a so-called two-zone tube reactor as exemplified in US Pat. No.
- the first reaction stage usually has a first catalyst bed (eg a fixed catalyst bed)
- the second reaction stage generally has a second catalyst bed (eg a fixed catalyst bed) whose catalysts have an Mo and V-containing multimetal oxide as the active composition.
- the partial oxidation is then normally carried out in such a way that a propylene, molecular oxygen (preferably in a molar ratio O 2: CsH 6> 1) and at least one reaction gas input mixture 1 containing inert diluent gas other than CO 2 and water vapor (this is the reaction fed to the partial oxidation zone - Onsgaseingangsgemisch) initially at elevated temperature (this is usually in the range 250 to 490 ° C, preferably in the range 270 to 450 ° C or in the range 280 to 420 ° C and more preferably in the range 300 to 380 ° C) by the first Catalyst bed of the first reaction stage is performed, so that sets a propene conversion of> 80 or> 90 mol% in the single passage of the reaction ongsggsingangsgemischs 1 through the first catalyst bed.
- a propylene, molecular oxygen preferably in a molar ratio O 2: CsH 6> 1
- the temperature of the first reaction stage leaving product gas mixture 1 can be selectively reduced (this can be done by direct cooling, by indirect cooling, or by direct and indirect cooling) and the product gas mixture 1 can optionally secondary gas in the form of molecular oxygen, or inert gas (this may include and / or be different from CO2 and / or water vapor), or may be added by inert gas and molecular oxygen.
- the aforementioned propene conversion will be ⁇ 99.9 mol% or ⁇ 99.8 mol% and the aforementioned acrolein conversion will be ⁇ 99.99 mol% or ⁇ 99.98 mol%.
- the product gas mixture 2 leaving the second reaction stage and containing the acrylic acid formed (the target product) forms the product gas mixture formed in the particle oxidation zone in the process according to the invention.
- the molar ratio of molecular oxygen contained in the reaction gas input mixture 1 to propene contained in this mixture will be> 1 and ⁇ 3.
- this ratio is> 1, 3 and ⁇ 2.5, often in the range> 1, 5 to ⁇ 2.3.
- the amount of molecular oxygen in the reaction gas input mixture 2 is normally such that the molar ratio of molecular oxygen contained in the reaction gas input mixture 2 to acrolein contained in this mixture is> 0.5 to ⁇ 2, frequently> 0.75 to ⁇ 1.5.
- the product gas mixture 2 still contains up to 5 or up to 3% by volume of molecular oxygen.
- Air is normally used as the source of the molecular oxygen contained in the reaction gas input mixture 1 or in the reaction gas input mixture 2, respectively.
- air depleted in molecular nitrogen or pure molecular oxygen can also be used as the source of oxygen.
- the reaction gas input mixture 1 in the process according to the invention contains 3 to 25% by volume, often 5 to 20% by volume, and usually 6 to 13% by volume of propene.
- the water vapor content of the reaction gas input mixture 1 can be> 0 to 40% by volume, frequently 1 to 25% by volume, or 3 to 15% by volume, or 5 to 10% by volume.
- reaction gas input mixture 1 is usually at least one of CO2 and water other inert diluent gas from the group consisting of N2, CO, methane, ethane, propane and the noble gases in a proportion, based on the volume of the reaction gas input mixture 1, from 30 to 90 vol -%, often 40 to 90% by volume, preferably 50 to 85% by volume or 60 to 85% by volume, and particularly preferably 70 to 85% by volume or 75 to 85% by volume.
- the reaction gas input mixture 1 also already contain CO2 as an inert diluent gas.
- its proportion is based on the total volume of the reaction gas input mixture 1, according to the invention advantageously not more than 20% by volume, or not more than 15 vol .-%, or not more than 10 vol .-%, preferably not more than 7 vol .-% and particularly preferably not more than 5 vol .-% or not more than 4 vol .-% amount.
- the CO 2 content of the reaction gas input mixture 1 but also above the above values.
- the volume fraction of the at least one inert diluent gas different from CO2 and H2O can be comparatively small in the reaction gas input mixture 1. In extreme cases, it may be less than 1% by volume, or even less than 0.1% by volume. According to the invention, however, it must not be vanishing. That is, CO2 can also be by far the majority of inert gas other than H2O in the reaction gas input mixture 1. However, such a method is less preferred according to the invention. For example, all of the compositions for reaction gas input mixtures 1 listed in WO 2007/074045 and WO 2007/074044 are also suitable for the process according to the invention.
- Suitable catalysts for the first reaction stage the active material of which is at least one Mo, Fe and Bi-containing multimetal oxide, can be found in the cited prior art
- X 2 thallium, an alkali metal and / or an alkaline earth metal
- X 3 zinc, phosphorus, arsenic, boron, antimony, tin, cerium, lead and / or tungsten,
- b 0.01 to 5, preferably 2 to 4,
- e 0 to 8, preferably 0 to 5,
- n a number which is determined by the valence and frequency of the elements other than oxygen in I, subsume.
- active compounds of the general formula I are generally prepared in a simple manner by producing a very intimate, preferably finely divided, stoichiometrically composed, dry mixture of suitable sources of their elemental constituents and calcining this at temperatures of from 350 to 650.degree. ned.
- the calcination can be carried out both under inert gas and under an oxidative atmosphere such. As air (mixture of inert gas and oxygen) as well as under reducing atmosphere (eg., Mixture of inert gas, NH3, CO and / or H2) take place.
- the calcination time can be a few minutes to several hours and usually decreases with the temperature.
- Suitable sources of the elemental constituents of the multimetal oxide active compounds I are those compounds which are already oxides and / or those compounds which can be converted into oxides by heating, at least in the presence of oxygen.
- such starting compounds are halides, Nitra te, formates, oxalates, citrates, acetates, carbonates, amine complexes, ammonium salts and / or hydroxides (compounds such as NH4OH, (NH4) 2C0 3, NH4NO3, NH4CHO2, CH3COOH, NH4CH3CO2 and / or ammonium oxalate, which can decompose and / or decompose into gaseous escaping compounds at the latest during later calcining, can additionally be incorporated into the intimate dry mixture).
- compounds such as NH4OH, (NH4) 2C0 3, NH4NO3, NH4CHO2, CH3COOH, NH4CH3CO2 and / or ammonium oxalate, which can decompose and / or decompose into gaseous escaping compounds at the latest during later calcining, can additionally be incorporated into the intimate dry mixture).
- the intimate mixing of the starting compounds for the preparation of Multimetalloxidak- tivmassen I can take place in dry or in wet form. If it takes place in dry form, the starting compounds are expediently used as finely divided powders and subjected to the calcination after mixing and optionally compacting. Preferably, however, the intimate mixing takes place in wet form.
- the starting compounds are mixed together in the form of an aqueous solution and / or suspension. Particularly intimate dry mixtures are described Mixing obtained then, if only starting from dissolved sources of elemental constituents.
- the solvent used is preferably water.
- the resulting aqueous mass is dried, wherein the drying process preferably by spray-drying the aqueous mixture in a hot gas stream (eg air or nitrogen) with gas outlet temperatures of 100 to
- Typical gas inlet temperatures are in the range of 250 to 450 ° C, preferably 270 to 370 ° C.
- the multimetal oxide active compounds of the general formula I can be used in the first reaction stage of the process according to the invention in powder form as well as molded into specific catalyst geometries, wherein the shaping can take place before or after the final calcination.
- solid catalysts can be prepared from the powder form of the active composition or its uncalcined and / or partially calcined precursor composition by compacting to the desired catalyst geometry (for example by tableting, extruding or extrusion molding).
- graphite or stearic acid as lubricants and / or shaping aids and reinforcing agents such as microfibers of glass, asbestos, silicon carbide or potassium titanate can be added.
- Suitable Vollkatalysatorgeometrien are z.
- the full catalyst may also have spherical geometry, wherein the ball diameter may be 2 to 10 mm.
- a particularly relevant hollow cylinder geometry according to the invention is 5 mm ⁇ 3 mm ⁇
- the shaping of the present invention relevant powdered active material or its powdery, not yet and / or partially calcined, precursor material can also be done by applying to preformed inert catalyst support.
- the coating of the carrier body for the preparation of the coated catalysts is usually carried out in a suitable rotatable container, as z. B. from DE-A 29 09 671, EP-A 293 859, or from EP-A 714 700 is known.
- the powder to be applied is moistened for coating the carrier body and after the
- the layer thickness of the powder mass applied to the carrier body is frequently in the range 10 to 1000 ⁇ , preferably in the range 50 to 500 ⁇ and particularly preferably in the range 150 to 250 ⁇ lying selected.
- porous or non-porous aluminum oxides silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide or silicates, such as magnesium or magnesium
- Aluminum silicate can be used as support materials
- Aluminum silicate can be used.
- the carrier bodies can be regularly or irregularly shaped, with regularly shaped carrier bodies having a distinct surface roughness, for example spheres or hollow cylinders, being preferred.
- the use of essentially nonporous, surface-rough, spherical steatite supports whose diameter is 1 to 10 mm or up to 8 mm, preferably 4 to 5 mm, is relevant in accordance with the invention.
- cylinders as support bodies whose length is 2 to 10 mm and whose outer diameter is 4 to 10 mm.
- the wall thickness is usually 1 to 4 mm.
- annular carrier body have a length of 2 to 6 mm, an outer diameter of 4 to 8 mm and a wall thickness of 1 to 2 mm.
- rings also rings of geometry 7 mm x 3 mm x 4 mm (outer diameter x length x inner diameter) as a carrier body.
- the fineness of the catalytically active oxide materials to be applied to the surface of the carrier body is, of course, adapted to the desired shell thickness (cf EP-A 714 700).
- Catalysts suitable for the second reaction stage whose active composition is at least one multimetal oxide containing Mo and V, can be taken from the cited prior art.
- X 1 W, Nb, Ta, Cr and / or Ce
- X 2 Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and / or Zn,
- X 3 Sb and / or Bi
- X 4 one or more alkali metals
- X 5 one or more alkaline earth metals
- n subsume a number determined by the valence and frequency of the elements other than oxygen in II.
- X 1 W, Nb, and / or Cr
- X 2 Cu, Ni, Co, and / or Fe
- X 5 Ca, Sr and / or Ba
- n a number determined by the valence and frequency of the elements other than oxygen in II.
- the present invention relevant Multimetalloxiditmassen II are known per se, z.
- multimetal oxide active compounds of the general formula II can be prepared in a simple manner by producing a very intimate, preferably finely divided, stoichiometrically composed, dry mixture of suitable sources of their elemental constituents and calcining this at temperatures of 350 to 600 ° C.
- the calcination can be carried out both under inert gas and under an oxidative atmosphere such.
- air or mixtures of inert gas and oxygen
- a reducing atmosphere eg., Mixtures of inert gas and reducing gases such as H2, NH3, CO, methane and / or acrolein or the said reducing acting gases per se
- the calcination time can be several minutes to several hours and usually decreases with temperature.
- Suitable sources of the elemental constituents of the multimetal oxide active compounds II are those compounds which are already oxides and / or those compounds which can be converted into oxides by heating, at least in the presence of oxygen.
- the intimate mixing of the starting compounds for the preparation of Multimetalloxidmassen II can be done in dry or wet form. If it takes place in dry form, the starting compounds are expediently used as finely divided powders and subjected to the calcination after mixing and optionally compacting. Preferably, however, the intimate mixing takes place in wet form.
- the starting compounds are mixed together in the form of an aqueous solution and / or suspension. Particularly intimate dry mixtures are obtained in the described mixing process when starting exclusively from sources of the elementary constituents present in dissolved form.
- the solvent used is preferably water.
- the resulting aqueous composition is dried, the drying process preferably being carried out by spray-drying the aqueous mixture (as in the case of the preparation of multimetal oxide active compositions I) with gas outlet temperatures of 100 to 160 ° C.
- the resulting multimetal oxide compositions of the general formula II can be used in the second reaction stage both in powder form (for example in fluidized bed reactors) and shaped to specific catalyst geometries, wherein the shaping can take place before or after the final calcination.
- solid catalysts can be prepared from the powder form of the active composition or its precalcined uncalcined mass by compacting to the desired catalyst geometry (for example by tableting, extruding or extrusion molding).
- graphite or stearic acid as lubricants and / or shaping aids and reinforcing agents such as micro fibers from glass, asbestos, silicon carbide or potassium titanate can be added. Relevant Vollkatalysatorgeometrien are z. B.
- the unsupported catalyst may also have spherical geometry, wherein the ball diameter may be 2 to 10 mm (eg, 8.2 mm or 5.1 mm).
- the shaping of the pulverulent active composition or its powdery, not yet calcined, precursor composition can also be effected by application to preformed inert catalyst supports.
- the coating of the carrier body for the preparation of the coated catalysts is usually carried out in a suitable rotatable container, as z. B. from DE-A 2 909 671, EP-A 293 859, or from EP-A 714 700 is known.
- the applied powder mass is moistened for coating the carrier body and after application, for. B. by means of hot air, dried again.
- the layer thickness of the powder mass applied to the carrier body is in accordance with the invention relevant often in the range 10 to 1000 ⁇ , preferably in the range 50 to 500 ⁇ and more preferably in the range 150 to 250 ⁇ lying selected.
- carrier materials it is possible to use customary porous or non-porous aluminum oxides, silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide or silicates, such as magnesium silicate or aluminum silicate.
- the carrier bodies can be regularly or irregularly shaped, with regularly shaped carrier bodies having a distinct surface roughness, e.g. As balls or hollow cylinder with chippings, are preferred.
- Suitable is the use of substantially non-porous, surface roughness, spherical steatite supports whose diameter is 1 to 10 mm or 8 mm, preferably 4 to 5 mm. That is, suitable ball geometries may have diameters of 8.2 mm or 5.1 mm. However, it is also suitable to use cylinders as support bodies whose length is 2 to 10 mm and whose outer diameter is 4 to 10 mm. In addition, in the case of rings as a carrier body, the wall thickness is usually 1 to 4 mm. Preferably to be used annular support body have a length of 2 to 6 mm, an outer diameter of 4 to 8 mm and a wall thickness of 1 to 2 mm.
- both the first and the second catalyst bed is preferably a fixed catalyst bed (in principle, however, both or only one, for example, may be a fluidized bed). This can consist only of the catalysts suitable for the first or second reaction stage, but also mixtures of the same with inert molded bodies.
- the volume-specific activity of both the first and the second catalyst bed advantageously increases in the flow direction of the reaction gas mixture.
- both the first and the second catalyst bed is a fixed bed in the tubes of tube bundle reactors.
- these reaction tubes are flowed around by at least one fluid heat carrier (preferably a salt melt) for the purpose of their temperature control (cf., for example, DE-A 4431957, DE-A 4431949, DE-A 19910508, DE-A
- first and / or the second catalyst bed can also be located in the interstices of so-called thermoplate reactors, as described, for example, in US Pat. the DE-A
- the working pressure in the partial oxidation zone (ie both in the first reaction stage and in the second reaction stage) can very generally be below normal pressure (eg up to 0.5 bar, the reaction gas mixture is sucked through) and above normal pressure.
- the working pressure in the partial oxidation zone (both in the first reaction stage as well as in the second reaction stage) at values of 1 to 5 bar, often 1, 5 to 3.5 bar.
- the molecular oxygen required in the second reaction stage can already be present in the reaction gas input mixture for the first reaction stage.
- the product gas mixture 1 between the two reaction stages may also be supplied to the product gas mixture 1 between the two reaction stages (e.g., in the form of air or molecular nitrogen-depleted air (e.g.,> 90% by volume O 2, ⁇ 10% by volume N 2).
- the first catalyst bed or the second catalyst bed preceding and / or subsequent beds which consist only of inert moldings, can supplement the reactor charge.
- inert molded articles e.g. porous or non-porous aluminum oxides, silicon dioxide, thorium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon carbide, silicates such as magnesium or aluminum silicate, or steatite into consideration.
- the propene loading of the first catalyst bed can e.g. > 80 Nl / l-h to ⁇ 250 Nl / l-h or to ⁇ 300 Nl / l-h.
- Analogously defined acrolein loadings in the range> 60 Nl / l-h to ⁇ 250 Nl / l-h or up to ⁇ 300 Nl / l-h can be used in a corresponding manner for the second catalyst bed (see WO
- the product gas mixture comprises a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one C3 precursor of the acrylic acid (especially if the C3 precursor is propene and used as a propene source of chemical grade and / or polymer grade propene) in the partial oxidation zone of the process of the invention the following contents.
- a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one C3 precursor of the acrylic acid especially if the C3 precursor is propene and used as a propene source of chemical grade and / or polymer grade propene
- the product gas mixture comprises a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of at least one C3 precursor of the acrylic acid (especially if the C3 precursor is propene and used as a propene source of chemical grade and / or polymer grade propene) in the partial oxidation zone of the process of the invention the following contents.
- maleic anhydride > 15 ppm by weight to ⁇ 5% by weight total amount of maleic anhydride and maleic acid, calculated as maleic anhydride
- the procedure according to the invention proves to be advantageous insofar as both in aqueous medium in less interfering compounds (eg, methylene glycol, glycolic acid (Hydroxyes- acetic acid ) as well as hydrates of polyglyoxal and glyoxal (cf., for example, WO 2010/12586)).
- aqueous medium in less interfering compounds (eg, methylene glycol, glycolic acid (Hydroxyes- acetic acid ) as well as hydrates of polyglyoxal and glyoxal (cf., for example, WO 2010/12586)).
- Also remaining formaldehyde would evaporate in the course of gel drying and post-crosslinking in the superabsorbent polymer in the preparation of aqueous solutions increased temperatures from the polymeric structure usually gaseous.
- the product gas mixture formed in the process according to the invention in the partial oxidation zone then contains a minor proportion of by-products and / or intermediates other than acrylic acid if the heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of the at least one C3 precursor compound of the acrylic acid at comparatively low reaction temperatures and / or relatively low, based on a single pass of the reaction gas input mixture through the partial oxidation, conversions of the at least one C3 precursor compound is performed.
- Comparatively low operating pressures are also advantageous for increased selectivities of target product formation.
- Mo and V-containing Multimetalloxidgenmassen are for example those of DE-A 10046928, DE-A 19815281, DE-A 4335973, EP-A 714700, EP-A 668104, DE-A 19736105 DE-A 10046928, DE-A 19740493 and DE-A 19528646.
- Particularly favorable are the shell catalysts of DE-A 10046928 (for example Production Example 5) and those of DE-A
- Aqueous (target product) solutions are obtainable by the novel procedure as aqueous raffinate II, as aqueous raffinate III, or as a mixture of aqueous raffinate I and aqueous raffinate II, the acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid, of at least 10 % By weight, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, and, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions LA These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LA.
- total amount of carboxylic acid and its conjugate base, calculated as carboxylic acid means that for the calculation of the total amount, the molar amount of conjugated base present in the aqueous solution is treated as if the conjugated base of the carboxylic acid in the aqueous solution also present as carboxylic acid.
- total amount of acid anhydride, acid and their conjugate bases, calculated as acid means that for the calculation of the total amount, the molar amount of acid anhydride present in the aqueous solution and the molar amount of conjugated bases present in the aqueous solution are treated in this way As if the acid anhydride and the conjugated bases in the aqueous solution were also present as acid.
- total amount of acid and acid anhydride, calculated as acid anhydride means the composition of the
- Product gas mixture or a liquid phase that for the calculation of the total amount present in the product gas mixture or in the liquid phase molar amount of acid is treated as if the acid in the product gas mixture or in the liquid phase also before as acid anhydride.
- total amount of acid and acid anhydride, calculated as acid means that for the calculation of the total amount, the present molar amount of acid anhydride is treated as if it were also present as acid.
- aqueous solutions LA those are preferred according to the invention which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base present in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- phthalic acid ⁇ 5 ppm by weight total amount of phthalic anhydride, phthalic acid and their conjugated bases, calculated as phthalic acid.
- aqueous solutions LB These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LB.
- aqueous solutions LA those are particularly preferred according to the invention which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base present in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions Lc aqueous solutions
- aqueous solutions LA, LB and Lc preference is given in each case to those which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the particular aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions LD These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LD.
- aqueous solutions LA, LB and Lc preference is given in each case to those which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the particular aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions LE These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LE.
- aqueous solutions LA, LB and Lc particular preference is given in each case to those which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the particular aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions LF These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LF.
- aqueous solutions LA, LB and Lc particular preference is given in each case to those which, based on the total molar amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base present in the respective aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions LG These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LG.
- aqueous solutions LG are those which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base present in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions LH aqueous solutions
- aqueous solutions LG very particular preference is given to those which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base present in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- aqueous solutions Li aqueous solutions
- aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH aqueous solutions
- the respective aqueous solution is stirred with the particular adsorber and subsequently filtered off from the adsorbate.
- adsorbent can, for example, on the market for sale erwerblinge substances such Envisorb B +, Perlcat rock pearls 97-0 and 46-10, KC-T, benzylamine @ PS, ScavengerPore ® SC1 1102 and DETA PKS BASF SE Rapp company,
- aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH and Li based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base contained in the respective aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid, respectively
- aqueous solutions Lj These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions Lj.
- aqueous solutions according to the invention are also those aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI and Lj which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the respective aqueous solution, are calculated as acrylic acid, respectively
- aqueous solutions LK These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LK.
- aqueous solutions according to the invention are also those aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ and LK which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the respective aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid, respectively
- aqueous solutions Li_ aqueous solutions
- Aqueous solutions according to the invention are thus also those aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK and Li - which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate contained in the respective aqueous solution Base, calculated as acrylic acid, respectively
- aqueous solutions LM These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LM.
- aqueous solutions according to the invention also include those aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL and LM, which based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base contained in the respective aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid, in each case
- aqueous solutions LN These aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LN.
- the aqueous solutions according to the invention also include those aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL, LM and LN, which, based on the total amount contained in the respective aqueous solution of acrylic acid and its conjugated base, calculated as acrylic acid, respectively
- aqueous solutions are to be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions Lo.
- the aqueous solutions according to the invention thus also include those aqueous solutions L A , L B , L c , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , Li, L j, L K , L L , L M , L N and Lo, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the respective aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid, respectively
- aqueous solutions LP These aqueous solutions will be referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LP.
- Aqueous solutions according to the invention are therefore also those aqueous solutions LA, L B , L C , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , LI, LJ, L K , L L , L M , L N , LO, and L P , which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base contained in the respective aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid, in each case
- aqueous solutions LQ aqueous solutions
- the aqueous solutions according to the invention LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL, LM, LN,
- Each of LO, LP and LQ is from 20 to 200 mol%, or from 20 to 150 mol%, or from 30 to 140 mol%, or from 40 to 120 mol%, or from 50 to 10 mol%, or 50 to 100 mol%, or 50 to 95 mol%, preferably 60 to 90 mol%, particularly preferably 60 to 80 mol% and particularly preferably 60 to 75 mol%, or 65 to 75 mol% of at least one alkali metal cation contain.
- the at least one alkali metal cation is Li + , K + and / or Na + .
- aqueous solutions of the invention advantageously contain all the (according to the invention available) aqueous solutions of the invention, in particular aqueous solutions of the invention LA, LB, LC, L D, L E, L F, L G, L H, LI, LJ, L K, L L, L M , LN, LO, L p and L Q , regardless of their other composition, based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained therein, at least 50 mol% Na + , preferably at least 75 mol% Na + , more preferably too at least 90 mole% Na + , most preferably at least 95 mole% Na + and more preferably at least 98 mole%, or at least 99 mole%, or 100 mole% Na + .
- aqueous solutions in particular aqueous solutions of the invention LA, L B, L C, L D, L E, L F, L G, L H, LI, LJ, L K, L L, L M, L n , L 0 , LP and LQ, regardless of their other composition, based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained therein, to at least 50 mol% K + and / or Na + , with advantage to at least 75 mol% K + and / or Na + , better at least
- Aqueous intermediate II according to the invention advantageously contains, based on the molar total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base contained in it, at least 80 mol%, or at least 90 mol%, or at least 100 mol%, preferably at least 100.1 or at least 102 mol%, particularly preferably at least 104 mol% or at least 106 mol% of at least one alkali metal cation.
- the at least one alkali metal cation is generally Li + , K + and / or Na + , particularly advantageously K + and / or Na + and most preferably Na + .
- aqueous intermediate II based on the molar total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base contained in it, 20 to 400 or to 300 mol%, or 20 to 250 mol%, or 20 to 200 mol%, or 20 to 150 mol%, or 30 to 140 mol%, or 40 to 120 mol%, or 50 to 1 10 mol%, or 50 to 100 mol%, or 50 to 95 mol%, or 60 to 90 mole%, or 60 to 80 mole%, or 60 to 75 mole%, or 65 to 75 mole% of at least one alkali metal cation.
- the at least one alkali metal cation is Li + , K + and / or Na + .
- all aqueous intermediates II independently of their other composition, based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained therein, contain at least 50 mol% K + and / or Na + , preferably at least 75 mol% K + and / or Na + , more preferably at least 90 mole% K + and / or Na + , most preferably at least 95 mole% K + and / or Na + and most preferably at least 98 mole%, or at least 99 mole% %, or to 100 mol% K + and / or Na + , wherein in all cases Na + is preferred as the sole alkali metal cation.
- the water content of all aqueous solutions according to the invention LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL, LM, LN, LO, LP and LQ, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, 15 to 85 wt .-%, or 30 to 80 wt .-%, or 40 to 70 wt .-%, or preferably 50 to 65 wt .-% or 55 to 60 wt. -%.
- the aforementioned water content is preferably ⁇ 65% by weight, more preferably ⁇ 60% by weight.
- the novel aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL, LM, LN, LO, LP and LQ acrylic acid and their conjugate base are each in a total amount , calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, of not more than 70% by weight, often not more than 60% by weight, and usually not more than 50% by weight.
- the aqueous solutions LA, L B , L C , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , LI, LJ, L K , L L , L M , L N , LO, L p and LQ acrylic acid and its conjugate base each in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, from 25 to 40 wt .-%, and most preferably from 25 to 35 wt .-%.
- Very particularly preferred aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL, LM, LN, LO, LP and LQ contain acrylic acid and its conjugate base in each case in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, from 20 to 40 wt .-%, and based on the total amount contained in the aqueous solution of acrylic acid and its conjugated base, 60 to 80 mol% of at least one Alkalimetallkations, and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, 50 to 65 wt .-% water, wherein the at least one alkali metal cation Li + , Na + and / or K + is (advantageously, the at least one alkali metal cation to at least 90 mol% Na + more preferably at least 95 mol% Na + and most preferably at least 99 mol% or 100 mol% Na + (each of its
- aqueous solutions LR The aforementioned aqueous solutions are referred to in this document as aqueous solutions LR.
- aqueous intermediates II according to the invention preferably have a pH> 7, the pH of preferred aqueous solutions according to the invention (eg preferred aqueous solutions LA, L B , L C , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , LI, LJ, L K , L L , L M , L N , LO, L P , LQ and LR) according to the invention advantageously in the range 5 to 6.5, particularly advantageously in the range 5.2 to 6.
- preferred aqueous solutions LA, L B , L C , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , LI, LJ, L K , L L , L M , L N , LO, L P , LQ and LR advantageously in the range 5 to 6.5, particularly advantageously in the range 5.2 to 6.
- Aqueous solutions obtainable in accordance with the invention (in particular aqueous solutions LA, LB, L c , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , LI, LJ, L K , L L , L M , L N , LO, L P , LQ and L R ), which have a pH of 4 to 5.7, or from 4.4 to 5.1, are also of particular advantage following the teaching of WO 03/002623.
- aqueous solutions LA, LB, L c, L D, L E, L F, L G, L H, LI, LJ, L k, ü_, L M, L N, Lo, L P, LQ and L R , whose pH is> 6.5, or> 7, are important for numerous downstream uses.
- aqueous solutions obtainable according to the invention (eg the solutions L A , L B , L C , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , LI, LJ, L K , L L , L M , L N , LO, L P , LQ and L R ), based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained in them, ⁇ 5 mol%, preferably ⁇ 4 mol%, more preferably ⁇ 3 mol%, most preferably ⁇ 2 mol% or ⁇ 1 mol% of cations other than alkali metal cations and H + (and its reaction products with water).
- aqueous solutions Ls Such aqueous solutions are referred to in this document as aqueous solutions Ls.
- all aqueous solutions obtainable according to the invention eg the solutions L A , L B , L C , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , LI, LJ, L K , L L , L M , L N , LQ, L P , LQ, LR and L s ), based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained in them, ⁇ 5 mol%, preferably ⁇ 4 mol%, particularly preferably ⁇ 3 mol%, very particularly preferably ⁇ 2 mol% or ⁇ 1 mol% of CO3 2 " , of HCO3 " , of ⁇ (and its reaction products with water), of conjugated bases of carboxylic acids contained in the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation and carboxylic anhydrides, of conjugated bases of Michael - Adducts of acrylic acid, as well as conjugated bases of free-radically polymerized
- Acrylic acid oligomers have different anions.
- Such aqueous solutions are referred to in this document as an aqueous solution LT.
- aqueous solution LT normally corresponds to the inventively obtainable aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL, LM, LN, LO, L P, LQ, LR, Ls and LT, based on the molar total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base present in this molar amount of at least one alkali metal cation in mol% substantially the degree of neutralization of the total in these aqueous solutions calculated as acrylic acid present total molar amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base ,
- the inventive embodiments of this document also include (according to the invention available) aqueous solution L A , L B , L c , L D , L E , L F , L G , L H , Li, Lj, L K
- the product gas mixture formed in the partial oxidation zone of the process according to the invention also contains 3-furaldehyde as by-product, this is shown in the process according to the invention as indicated in the present specification for 2-furaldehyde. The same applies to protoanemonin if the product gas mixture contains the same as a by-product.
- the product gas mixture Based on the molar amount of 2-furaldehyde contained in the product gas mixture, the product gas mixture normally contains both 3-furaldehyde and protoanemonin in each case in amounts of only ⁇ 10 mol% (this is especially true if the C3 precursor compound of the acrylic acid is propene) , If the product gas mixture formed in the partial oxidation zone of the process according to the invention also contains allyl acrylate and / or allyl formate as by-product, these two compounds behave in the process according to the invention as indicated in the present specification for acrolein. The same applies to propionaldehyde if the product gas mixture contains the same as a by-product.
- the product gas mixture contains both allyl acrylate and allyl formate and propionaldehyde, based on the molar amount of acrolein present in the product gas mixture, normally in each case in an amount of ⁇ 2 mol%.
- aqueous solutions super absorbent polymers are used also in the hygiene sector.
- the aqueous solutions LA, LB, LC, LD, LE, LF, LG, LH, Li, LJ, LK, LL, LM, LN, LO, LP, LQ, LR, Ls and LT are available, which is usually, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, not more than 200 ppm by weight, advantageously not more than 100 ppm by weight, more preferably not more than 50 ppm by weight and especially advantageously not more than 20 ppm by weight. Normally, however, the content of MEHQ thus obtained in these aqueous solutions will be> 5 ppm by weight.
- co-inhibitor contain the aqueous
- the abovementioned polymerization inhibitors (retarders) are particularly not analytically detectable in aqueous solutions obtainable according to the invention.
- LG, LH, LI, LJ, LK, LL, LM, LN, LO, LP, LQ, LR, Ls and LT based on their weight, 1 to 1000 ppm by weight of an organic solvent (an organic extractant) contained (as recommended, for example, US 2008/01 19626 A1), which was neither part of the product gas mixture formed in the partial oxidation zone, nor formed by chemical reaction of constituents of this mixture in the course of their preparation according to the invention.
- composition of mixtures occurring in the course of a preparation process according to the invention is determined by the methods of gas chromatography - GC, high-pressure liquid chromatography - HPLC (determination of the aldehydes preferably as hydrazines after reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, determination of the carboxylic acids by ion exclusion chromatography) and optical emission spectroscopy (determination of alkali cations, in particular ICP (inductively coupled plasma) - OES).
- pH values (in particular in the value range 4 to 10) relate to a measurement at 25 ° C. and 1 atm (1:01 bar) with a glass electrode designed as a single-rod measuring chain.
- the calibration thereof was carried out using buffer solutions whose pH value was known and was close to the desired measured value.
- the determination of water in condensed phases could be carried out by the Karl Fischer method.
- the material compositions and current strengths listed in the following examples are also based on calculatory elements from component, mass and energy (heat) balances.
- the present patent application therefore comprises the following embodiments of the invention: Aqueous solution containing acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid, of at least 10% by weight, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, and, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid, 50 ppm by weight total amount of propionic acid and its conjugated base, calculated as propionic acid,
- phthalic acid ⁇ 5 ppm by weight total amount of phthalic anhydride, phthalic acid and their conjugated bases, calculated as phthalic acid.
- Aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 3 which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- Aqueous solution according to one of the embodiments 1 to 3 which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- Aqueous solution according to one of the embodiments 1 to 3 which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- Aqueous solution according to one of the embodiments 1 to 3 which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- Aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 3 which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- Aqueous solution according to one of the embodiments 1 to 3 which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- Aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 9 which, based on the total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, calculated as acrylic acid,
- Base 40 to 120 mol% of at least one alkali metal cation.
- Base 60 to 80 mol% of at least one alkali metal cation.
- the + is at least one alkali metal cation is at least 90 mol% of the total molar amount of K + and / or Na.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 42 which contains, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, 15 to 85 wt .-% water.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 43 which contains, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, 30 to 80 wt .-% water.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 44 which, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, 40 to 70 wt .-% water.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 45 which contains, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, 50 to 65 wt .-% water.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 46 which contains 55 to 60 wt .-% water, based on the weight of the aqueous solution.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 45 which, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, ⁇ 65 wt .-% water.
- Aqueous solution according to any of embodiments 1 to 46 which, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, contains ⁇ 60% by weight of water.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 49 comprising acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, of at least 15 wt .-%.
- Aqueous solution according to any of embodiments 1 to 49 comprising acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, of at least 20% by weight.
- Aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 52 comprising acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, of not more than 50 wt .-%.
- Aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 52 comprising acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, from 25 to 40 wt .-%.
- Aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 52 comprising acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, from 25 to 35 wt .-%.
- Aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17, comprising acrylic acid and its conjugate base in a total amount, calculated as acrylic acid and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, from 20 to 40 wt .-%, and based on the aqueous Solution containing molar total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base, 60 to 80 mol% of at least one Alkalimetallkations, and, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, 50 to 65 wt .-% water, wherein the at least one alkali metal cation Li + , Na + and / or K + is.
- Aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 68 containing, based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained in the aqueous solution, ⁇ 3 mol% of cations of alkali metal cations and of H + and its reaction products with water.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 73 containing, based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained in the aqueous solution, ⁇ 5 mol% of CO3 2 " , of HCO3 " , of ⁇ and its reaction products with water, of conjugated bases of the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation carboxylic acids and carboxylic anhydrides, of conjugated bases of the Michael adducts of acrylic acid, as well as of conjugated bases of free-radical copolymerized acrylic acid-containing oligomers of various anions.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 73 containing, based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained in the aqueous solution, ⁇ 4 mol% of CO3 2 " , of HCO3 " , of ⁇ and its reaction products with water, of conjugated bases of carboxylic acids and carboxylic anhydrides contained in the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation, of conjugated bases of the Michael adducts of acrylic acid, as well as of conjugated bases of radically copolymerized acrylic acid having oligomers different anions. 76.
- An aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 73 containing, based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained in the aqueous solution, ⁇ 2 mol% of CO3 2 " , of HCO3 " , of ⁇ and its reaction products with water, of conjugated bases of carboxylic acids and carboxylic anhydrides contained in the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation, of conjugated bases of the Michael adducts of acrylic acid, as well as of conjugated bases of radically copolymerized acrylic acid having oligomers different anions.
- Aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 73 containing, based on the total molar amount of alkali metal cations contained in the aqueous solution, ⁇ 1 mol% of CO3 2 " , of HCO3 " , of ⁇ and its reaction products with water, of conjugated bases of carboxylic acids and carboxylic anhydrides contained in the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation, of conjugated bases of the Michael adducts of acrylic acid, as well as of conjugated bases of radically copolymerized acrylic acid having oligomers different anions.
- Aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 77 which, based on the molar amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base contained in the aqueous solution, from 0.001 to 5 mol% of at least one at least two ethylenically unsaturated double bonds which are conjugated to each other may contain having compound.
- Aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 78 containing, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, ⁇ 200 ppm by weight of 4-methoxyphenol.
- Aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 78 containing, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, ⁇ 100 ppm by weight of 4-methoxyphenol.
- Aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 78 containing, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, ⁇ 50 ppm by weight and> 5 ppm by weight of 4-methoxyphenol.
- Aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 82 comprising methylene blue, phenothiazine, Cu 2+ and Cu + , each constituent per se and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, in amounts of ⁇ 10 ppm by weight.
- Aqueous solution according to any one of embodiments 1 to 82 comprising methylene blue, phenothiazine, Cu 2+ and Cu + , each constituent per se and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, in amounts of ⁇ 5 ppm by weight.
- Aqueous solution according to any of embodiments 1 to 82 comprising methylene blue, phenothiazine, Cu 2+ and Cu + , each constituent per se and based on the weight of the aqueous solution, in amounts of ⁇ 0.1 ppm by weight.
- Aqueous mixture obtainable by reacting an aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 87, based on the total molar amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, up to 40 mol% of at least one of acrylic acid and their conjugate base adds various monoethylenically unsaturated compound.
- Aqueous mixture obtainable by adding to an aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 87, based on the total molar amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, up to 30 mol% of at least one of acrylic acid and its conjugated base various simple ethylenically unsaturated compound added.
- Aqueous mixture obtainable by reacting an aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 87, based on the molar contained in the aqueous solution
- Total amount of acrylic acid and its conjugated base up to 20 mol% at least one ner of acrylic acid and its conjugate base various simple ethylenically unsaturated compound added.
- Aqueous mixture obtainable by reacting an aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 87, based on the total molar amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, up to 10 mol% of at least one of acrylic acid and its conjugate base various simple ethylenically unsaturated compound.
- Aqueous mixture obtainable by adding to an aqueous solution according to one of embodiments 1 to 87, based on the total molar amount of acrylic acid and its conjugate base contained in the aqueous solution, up to 5 mol% of at least one of acrylic acid and its conjugated base various simple ethylenically unsaturated compound added.
- the at least one single ethylenically unsaturated compound other than acrylic acid is selected from the group consisting of methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulphonic acid
- a process for producing an aqueous acid target product solution containing its conjugate base comprising the following procedures: at least one C3 precursor compound of the acrylic acid is incorporated as part of an at least one C3 precursor of acrylic acid, molecular oxygen, and at least one of CO2 and water various reaction gas input mixture containing inert diluent gas passed through a partial oxidation zone (containing catalysts in the solid state) and in the same by a heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase partial oxidation of (in) the solid state state with the molecular oxygen to give a CO2, water, the target product Acrylic acid, the minor constituents formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, acrolein, benzaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, phthalic anhydride and / or phthalic acid, maleic anhydride and / or Ma the product gas mixture containing from the partial oxidation zone, optionally after its temperature has been reduced in a cooling zone by direct and / or
- an absorption zone I in which in the cocurrent or in countercurrent to the product gas mixture, an absorbent I is passed on the way of the product gas mixture through the absorption zone I to form an absorbate I, the minor constituents benzoic acid, phthalic acid and / or whose anhydride and maleic acid and / or anhydride thereof is washed out of the product gas mixture by absorption, the absorbate I is discharged from the absorption zone I and the washed product gas mixture led out of the absorption zone I is passed through a condensation zone I and on the path of the washed product gas mixture by the condensation zone I from the washed product gas mixture by direct and / or indirect cooling thereof an aqueous acrylic acid solution which also contains dissolved by the minor constituents formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde, as condensates I condensed with the devisga- be that a CO2 and water-containing residual
- an aqueous alkali metal base is passed on the way of the residual gas mixture I through the absorption zone II to form an aqueous alkali acrylate as Absorbat II ne ben acrylic acid and CO2 as well as the minor constituents formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, acrolein, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde from the residual gas mixture I by absorption washed out leaving a residual gas mixture II, in addition to the at least one of CO2 and water different inert diluent gas and a residual amount to acrylic acid also contains water, the residual gas mixture II is led out of the absorption zone II and the absorbate II is the absorption zone II removed as an aqueous intermediate II, is brought out of the condensation zone I no aqueous intermediate I, are from the aqueous intermediate II, the minor constituents contained therein Acrolein, benzal
- a method according to embodiment 94 characterized in that the product gas mixture is passed through the absorption zone I, after its temperature has been reduced in a cooling zone by direct cooling with a cooling liquid.
- Process according to embodiment 95 characterized in that the cooling liquid and the product gas mixture in the cooling zone are conducted in direct current.
- Process according to embodiment 95 or 96 characterized in that absorbant I formed in the absorption zone I and from which it is discharged is used and the cooled product gas mixture in mixture with the absorbate I used for its cooling is led out of the cooling zone into the absorption zone I. becomes.
- Process according to embodiment 97 characterized in that the temperature of the absorbent used as cooling liquid I is 90 to 120 ° C. 99.
- the method according to any one of the embodiments 94 to 98 characterized in that the temperature of the acrylic acid as the target product-containing product gas mixture at its entry into the absorption zone I is 90 to 180 ° C. 100.
- the method according to any one of embodiments 94 to 99 characterized in that the temperature of the acrylic acid as the target product-containing product gas mixture at its entry into the absorption zone I 95 to 170 ° C.
- Process according to one of the embodiments 94 to 100 characterized in that the temperature of the product gas mixture containing acrylic acid as target product as it enters the absorption zone I is 100 to 150 ° C.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 106 characterized in that the absorption zone I is operated thermally isolated from the environment.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 107 characterized in that condensate I formed as absorbent I in the condensation zone I and led out of it is used.
- the cooling of the product gas mixture washed in the absorption zone I in the condensation zone I takes place by direct cooling with a cooling liquid.
- Method according to one of embodiments 94 to 124 characterized in that the residual gas mixture I led out of the condensation zone I contains at least 20% of the acrylic acid contained in the product gas mixture led out of the partial oxidation zone.
- Water flow is less than 40% of the strength of the supplied stream of cooled condensate I.
- Method according to embodiment 141 characterized in that M> 0 to 5: 1.
- Method according to one of embodiments 94 to 148 characterized in that the target aqueous solution containing acrylic acid and its conjugate base, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, contains 15 to 85% by weight of water.
- 40 150 The method according to any of embodiments 94 to 149, characterized in that the acrylic acid and its conjugated base containing aqueous target product solution, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, 30 to 80 wt .-% water. 151. Process according to one of embodiments 94 to 150, characterized in that the target aqueous solution containing acrylic acid and its conjugate base, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, contains 40 to 70% by weight of water.
- the method according to any one of embodiments 149 to 152 characterized in that the target aqueous solution containing acrylic acid and its conjugate base, based on the weight of the aqueous solution, contains not more than 65 wt .-% water.
- the target aqueous solution containing the acrylic acid and its conjugate base based on the weight of the aqueous solution, contains not more than 60 wt .-% water.
- aqueous alkali metal base is an aqueous solution containing at least one alkali salt of the
- At least one alkali metal salt is at least one salt selected from the group consisting of Li 2 O, LiOH, LiHCO-3,
- At least one alkali metal salt is a salt of potassium and / or sodium.
- aqueous alkali base based on its weight, contains at least 10% by weight of the at least one alkali metal salt.
- Method according to one of embodiments 155 to 160 characterized in that the aqueous alkali metal base, based on its weight, contains at least 30% by weight of the at least one alkali metal salt.
- aqueous alkali base based on its weight, contains not more than 60 wt .-% of the at least one alkali metal salt.
- aqueous alkali metal base based on its weight, contains not more than 50 wt .-% of the at least one alkali metal salt.
- aqueous alkali base based on its weight, contains 20 to 40% by weight of NaOH and / or KOH.
- aqueous alkali base based on its weight, contains 20 to 30 wt .-% NaOH and / or KOH.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 170 characterized in that 40 the absorption medium II of the absorption zone II with a temperature of 10 to 50 ° C is supplied. 172.
- a process according to any one of embodiments 94 to 179, characterized in that the molar quantity ratio MV GMI / GMII of the molar total amount GMI of alkali metal cations contained in the absorption medium II to the total molar quantity GMII of acrylic acid contained in the absorption zone I is at least 20 : 100 is.
- Process according to one of the embodiments 94 to 180, characterized in that the molar ratio MV GMI / GMII of the molar total amount GMI of alkali metal cations contained in the absorption medium II to the molar total amount GMII of acrylic acid contained in the product gas mixture washed in the absorption zone I is at least 40: 100 ,
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 181, characterized in that the molar ratio MV GMI / GMII of the moons contained in the absorbent II total molar amount GMI of alkali metal cations for the molar total amount GMII of acrylic acid contained in the product gas mixture washed in the absorption zone I is at least 60: 100.
- Method according to one of embodiments 94 to 182, characterized in that the molar ratio MV GMI / GMII of the molar total amount GMI of alkali metal cations contained in the absorbent II to the molar total amount GMII of acrylic acid ⁇ 200 contained in the product gas mixture washed in the absorption zone I : 100 is.
- Method according to one of embodiments 94 to 181, characterized in that the molar quantity ratio MV GMI / GMII of the molar total amount GMI of alkali metal cations contained in the absorption medium II to the molar total amount of GMII to acrylic acid 60 to 100 contained in the product gas mixture washed in the absorption zone I 85: 100.
- 25 guided residual gas mixture I is superimposed by direct and / or indirect cooling.
- Method according to embodiment 203 characterized in that absorbed as absorption liquid II from the absorption zone II Absorbat II, cooled in an indirect heat exchanger and then recycled to the absorption zone II.
- Method according to embodiment 204 characterized in that the difference between the temperature at which the absorbate II of the absorption zone II is withdrawn and the temperature at which it is cooled after passing through the indirect heat exchanger is returned to the absorption zone II , 5 to 30 ° C is.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 21 characterized in that the residual gas mixture II led out of the absorption zone II passes through a condensation zone II and on the way of the residual gas mixture II through the condensate
- a process according to embodiment 216 characterized in that the difference between the temperature at which the condensate II of the condensation zone II is removed and the temperature at which it is cooled after passing through the indirect heat exchanger is returned to the condensation zone II, 5 to 30 ° C is.
- Method according to embodiment 216 characterized in that the difference between the temperature at which the condensate II of the condensation zone II is removed and the temperature at which it is cooled back into the condensation zone II after flowing through the indirect heat exchanger 5 to 15 ° C.
- Method according to one of embodiments 215 to 219 characterized in that the cooling liquid in the condensation zone II is conducted in countercurrent to the residual gas mixture II passed through the condensation zone II.
- Process according to one of embodiments 213 to 220 characterized in that condensate II is led out of the condensation zone II and fed to the preparation of the aqueous alkali base used as absorbent II and / or is fed to the absorption zone II in addition to the absorbent II.
- Method according to one of embodiments 213 to 222 characterized in that the residual gas mixture III contains at least 60% of the acrolein contained in the product gas mixture led out of the partial oxidation zone.
- Method according to one of embodiments 213 to 222 characterized in that the residual gas mixture III contains at least 70% of the acrolein contained in the product gas mixture led out of the partial oxidation zone.
- reaction gas input mixture based on its volume, contains 30 to 90% by volume of the at least one inert diluent gas different from CO2 and water.
- reaction gas input mixture based on its volume, contains 40 to 90% by volume of the at least one inert diluent gas different from CO2 and water.
- reaction gas input mixture contains 60 to 85% by volume of the at least one inert diluent gas different from CO2 and water.
- reaction gas input mixture contains, based on its volume, from 70 to 85% by volume of the at least one inert diluent gas other than CO2 and water.
- a process according to any of embodiments 94 to 237 characterized in that the product gas mixture of the partial oxidation zone, based on its volume, 0.1 to 20 vol .-% C0 2 contains.
- At least 60 vol .-% of its total amount consists of molecular nitrogen.
- Method according to one of embodiments 94 to 239 characterized in that the at least one inert diluent gas different from CO2 and water consists of at least 95% by volume of its total amount of molecular nitrogen.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 239 characterized in that the at least one inert diluent gas other than CO2 and water is up to 50
- Vol .-% of its total amount consists of propane. 245.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 250 characterized in that the working pressure in the various zones of the method is in the range 1, 1 to 3 bar.
- Method characterized in that the absorption zone I, the condensation zone I, the absorption zone II and an optional additional condensation zone II as in one and the same separation column located, in the above-mentioned sequence stacked, column sections are executed and the product gas mixture flows through the separation column from bottom to top.
- Method according to embodiment 253 characterized in that a column section forming an absorption zone or a condensation zone is delimited by at least one chimney tray in relation to the column section adjoining it from the bottom upwards.
- Method according to embodiment 267 characterized in that the temperature difference is 0 to 15 ° C.
- Method according to embodiment 267 characterized in that the temperature difference is 0 to 10 ° C.
- M z is 0.1 to 5.
- Process according to any of embodiments 94 to 280 characterized in that the organic extractant has no amine group -Nh, no sulphonic acid group -SO3, no carboxyl group -COOH and no anhydride group -COOCO-.
- organic extractant comprises at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of:
- aromatic hydrocarbons alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, linear, branched and cyclic
- Raffinic hydrocarbons halogenated paraffinic hydrocarbons, alkyl ethers of aromatic hydrocarbons, aryl ethers of aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic ethers having at least 4 carbon atoms, aromatic carbonyl compounds, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic ketones having at least 5 carbon atoms, esters of aliphatic Ci-C4-monocarboxylic acids and Ci-C6-alkanols or Cyc-
- Di-alkyl esters of aliphatic, olefinic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids Di-alkyl esters of aliphatic, olefinic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids.
- organic extractant comprises at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of:
- the organic extractant comprises at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of 1, 3-dichloropropane, 1, 2-dichloropropane, 1, 1-dichloroethane, the eutectic mixture of 2,4 Di-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, diphyl, toluene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene and benzene.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 284 characterized in that the dynamic viscosity of the organic extractant under the extraction conditions in the range 0.3 mPa-s to 50 mPa-s.
- Method according to one of the embodiments 94 to 290 characterized in that 5 the difference between the mass density of the organic extractant and the
- Mass density of the respective aqueous intermediate under the extraction conditions 40 kg / m 3 and ⁇ 150 kg / m 3 .
- Mass density of the respective aqueous intermediate under the extraction conditions > 50 kg / m 3 and ⁇ 150 kg / m 3 .
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Abstract
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| RU2013158457/04A RU2013158457A (ru) | 2011-06-03 | 2012-05-30 | Водный раствор, содержащий акриловую кислоту и ее сопряженные основания |
| JP2014513159A JP5921676B2 (ja) | 2011-06-03 | 2012-05-30 | アクリル酸及びその共役塩基を含む水溶液 |
| CN201280036627.1A CN103702965B (zh) | 2011-06-03 | 2012-05-30 | 包含丙烯酸及其共轭碱的水溶液 |
| BR112013031025A BR112013031025A2 (pt) | 2011-06-03 | 2012-05-30 | solução aquosa, processo para preparar uma solução de produto alvo aquoso, uso de soluções aquosas, e, processo para a polimerização de radical livre |
| KR1020137034957A KR20140033178A (ko) | 2011-06-03 | 2012-05-30 | 아크릴산 및 그의 짝염기를 포함하는 수성 용액 |
| EP12724618.9A EP2714641A1 (de) | 2011-06-03 | 2012-05-30 | Wässrige lösung, enthaltend acrylsäure und deren konjugierte base |
| ZA2013/09715A ZA201309715B (en) | 2011-06-03 | 2013-12-20 | Aqueous solution comprising acrylic acid and the conjugate base thereof |
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| DE102012212424A1 (de) | 2012-07-16 | 2014-01-16 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Acrylsäure durch eine mit wenigstens einer molekularen Wirkverbindung katalysierte Thermolyse von Poly-3-hydroxypropionat |
| DE102012212437A1 (de) | 2012-07-16 | 2014-01-16 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Acrylsäure aus Ethylenoxid und Kohlenmonoxid |
| DE102013226428A1 (de) | 2013-12-18 | 2015-06-18 | Basf Se | Extraktionskolonne und Verfahren zum Extrahieren eines Bestandteils aus einem Fluid |
| US10093551B2 (en) * | 2014-09-23 | 2018-10-09 | Basf Se | Process and plant for treatment of secondary components obtained in acrolein and/or (meth)acrylic acid production |
| EP3907210A1 (de) * | 2020-05-08 | 2021-11-10 | Sulzer Management AG | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung einer gereinigten styrolzusammensetzung aus styrolhaltigem ausgangsmaterial |
| CN114525156B (zh) * | 2022-02-23 | 2022-12-16 | 华南理工大学 | 一种基于鲁奇工艺的强化低温甲醇洗吸收的节能装置及方法 |
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2012
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|---|---|
| JP2014522399A (ja) | 2014-09-04 |
| RU2013158457A (ru) | 2015-07-20 |
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| DE102011076931A1 (de) | 2012-12-06 |
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| TW201307280A (zh) | 2013-02-16 |
| EP2714641A1 (de) | 2014-04-09 |
| JP5921676B2 (ja) | 2016-05-24 |
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