WO2014092528A1 - Adyuvante de vacunación, preparación y vacunas que lo contienen - Google Patents
Adyuvante de vacunación, preparación y vacunas que lo contienen Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014092528A1 WO2014092528A1 PCT/MX2013/000161 MX2013000161W WO2014092528A1 WO 2014092528 A1 WO2014092528 A1 WO 2014092528A1 MX 2013000161 W MX2013000161 W MX 2013000161W WO 2014092528 A1 WO2014092528 A1 WO 2014092528A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
- A61K39/08—Clostridium, e.g. Clostridium tetani
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
- A61K39/09—Lactobacillales, e.g. aerococcus, enterococcus, lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
- A61K39/09—Lactobacillales, e.g. aerococcus, enterococcus, lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus
- A61K39/092—Streptococcus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
- A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
- A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
- A61K2039/55577—Saponins; Quil A; QS21; ISCOMS
Definitions
- adjuvants capable of enhancing the immune response against the antigen or antigens.
- the adjuvants are a set of highly heterogeneous additives, which can modulate and enhance the immune response against an antigen, allowing the generation of a protective response generally using smaller doses of antigen.
- the use of adjuvants has allowed the development of vaccine formulations of selective antigenic stimulation, which allow modulating the immune response towards the production of antibodies (humoral response) and / or cell-mediated (cellular response).
- the type of immune response induced by an adjuvant is usually a combination of both types of response, sometimes presenting the prevalence of one response over another. For this reason, when designing vaccines it is important to properly select the adjuvant to be used in the formulation, in order to achieve an enhancement of the type of immune response required, towards one of the specific types of humoral or cellular response, or towards a combination of both.
- adjuvants are products that have the ability to directly stimulate the response of immune system cells to an antigen, or that can act as vehicles, allowing a more efficient presentation of antigens to immune system cells, which a in turn it provokes a better response.
- adjuvants that are capable of acting as immunostimulants and as antigen vehicles simultaneously have been described.
- aluminum hydroxide or alumina is one of the few adjuvants approved by the FDA to be used in the formulation of vaccines for human use. It has physical properties that favor antigen binding by stable electrostatic attractions, as well as suspensions that favor phagocytosis by antigen presenting cells. Its mechanism of action has been recently described and is characterized by polarizing the response to a Th2 type profile with the secretion of the IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines, the production of immunoglobulins of the IgG1 isotype, as well as IgE, and secretory IgA and the activation of those lymph nodes and mast cells.
- Vaccines formulated with alumina also have some practical disadvantages since their preparations are heterogeneous, produce granuloma at the injection site and can become ineffective when frozen, which constitutes a serious problem for its conservation mainly in third world countries (Lindblad, 2004).
- Saponins are triterpenic or steroidal glycosides widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Due to their structural characteristics they are amphiphilic surfactants, which explains their surfactant properties, their ability to form colloidal solutions, their hemolytic activity and their ability to form mixed micelles with lipids and sterols.
- the saponins most studied and used as adjuvants are those of the Chilean tree Quillaja saponaria, which have humoral and cellular adjuvant activity, and that have been traditionally used in veterinary medicine (eg formulation of FMD vaccines), as well as saponins of others vegetable species.
- Quillaja saponaria saponin extracts with adjuvant activity are known and used in the formulation of commercial or experimental vaccines, in particular the saponin preparation called Quil A (Darslgaard, 1974).
- Quil A polarizes the response to a Th l profile associated with the production of the INF- ⁇ and IL-2 cytokines, stimulates the production of high levels of total IgG antibodies and IgG 1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, robust DTH responses and cellular activation of CD8 + lymphocytes.
- Quil A is used in veterinary vaccines, its use in vaccines for human use has been restricted by its intense hemolytic activity and the production of unwanted local reactions (fever, induration, sensitivity, pain) at the injection site (Sun et al., 2009; Kensil et al., 1991).
- Iiposomes allow the encapsulation of antigenic proteins and peptides in a particulate multimeric form.
- these formulations due to lack of sufficient immunogenicity, these formulations generally require the use of additional adjuvants to make them effective in stimulating an adequate immune response.
- ISCOMs Immunostimulatory complexes called ISCOMs are particulate delivery systems of antigens composed of antigen, cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin (Quil A, or other saponin) with potent immunostimulatory activity.
- ISCOMATRIX® is the particulate adjuvant composed of cholesterol, phospholipids and saponins (Quil A), but does not contain antigen. This adjuvant has essentially the same structure as ISCOMs, consisting of perforated box-like particles, approximately 40 nm in diameter.
- the antigens can be formulated with the ISCOMATRIX® to produce vaccines with antigen presentation capacity and immunostimulants similar to ISCOMs type formulations, but with a wider range of applicability, since their use is not limited to hydrophobic membrane proteins. Modifications to the formulations of ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX® have also been developed to achieve a better association of some antigens, as for example described in WO 98/36772.
- ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX® combine the advantages of a particulate antigen delivery system with the presence of an adjuvant in situ (Quil A) and therefore have been found to be more immunogenic than other colloidal systems such as liposomes and protein micelles.
- the ISCOMs and ISCOMATRIX® formulations retain the adjuvant activity of saponins, while increasing their stability, reducing their hemolytic activity and producing less toxicity. These also generate an immune response similar to that obtained by immunizing with simple mixtures of antigen and saponin, but allow substantially smaller amounts of antigen to be used.
- micellar systems composed mainly of saponins of Q. saponaria and sterols (mainly cholesterol), such as in WO 96/33739, and may also be formulated as emulsions, as described in US 2005/0220814 Al.
- micellar formulations includes preparation stages due to the poor solubility of some of its ingredients in aqueous solutions, and some of them also involve removal stages of some components as occurs when detergents, or organic solvents are used, depending on the specific formulation procedure. Some preparations also require purification steps of the colloidal solutions prior to their use and formulation of vaccines.
- Figure 1 Image of transmission electron microscopy (MET) by negative staining of micelles present in a sample of the colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of its components.
- Figure 2 Image of transmission electron microscopy (MET) by negative staining of micelles present in a sample of the colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid prepared by the ethanol injection method.
- Figure 3 Image of transmission electron microscopy (MET) by negative staining with uranyl acetate of micelles present in a sample of the colloidal solution comprising Quillaja brasiliensis saponin and colic acid prepared by the ethanol injection method.
- Figure 4 Transmission electron microscopy (MET) images by negative staining with micelle uranyl acetate present in: A) sample of colloidal solution comprising saponins from Quillaja saponaria and sodium taurocholate prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of its components and B) colloidal solution sample comprising Quillaja saponaria saponins and sodium taurocholate prepared by the ethanol injection method.
- Figure 5 Hemolytic activity of different colloidal formulations comprising colic acid and saponin.
- Figure 6 Titles of total IgG against tetanus toxoid in groups of mice immunized with tetanus toxoid only in saline solution (TT), or with the following adjuvants: saponin (SQS), oily adjuvant (ADYUVAC50), adjuvant colloidal solution comprising acid colic and saponin (CSS25, 25 mg of saponin per dose), or adjuvant colloidal solution comprising colic acid and saponin at a higher concentration (CSS50, 50 mg of saponin per dose).
- SQS saponin
- ADYUVAC50 oily adjuvant
- SCS25 oily adjuvant colloidal solution comprising acid colic and saponin
- S50 adjuvant colloidal solution comprising colic acid and saponin at a higher concentration
- the asterisk (*) indicates significant differences with group TT (P ⁇ 0.05).
- Figure 7 Evolution of total IgG titers against tetanus toxoid in groups of mice immunized with tetanus toxoid only in saline solution (TT), or with the following adjuvants: saponin (SQS), oily adjuvant (ADYUVAC50), colloidal solution adjuvant comprising colic acid and saponin (CSS25, 25 Dg of saponin per dose), or adjuvant colloidal solution comprising colic acid and saponin at a higher concentration (CSS50, 50 ig of saponin per dose).
- SQS saponin
- ADYUVAC50 oily adjuvant
- CSS25 colloidal solution adjuvant comprising colic acid and saponin
- SPS50 colloidal solution adjuvant comprising colic acid and saponin at a higher concentration
- Figure 8 Titles of IgG isotypes against tetanus toxoid at day 107 of the experiment in groups of mice immunized with tetanus toxoid only in saline (TT), or with the following adjuvants: saponin (SQS), oily adjuvant (ADYUVAC50), adjuvant colloidal solution comprising colic acid and saponin (CSS25, 25 Ll g of saponin per dose), or adjuvant colloidal solution comprising colic acid and saponin at a higher concentration (CSS50, 50 ug of saponin per dose).
- SQS saponin
- ADYUVAC50 oily adjuvant
- SCS25 adjuvant colloidal solution comprising colic acid and saponin
- S50 adjuvant colloidal solution comprising colic acid and saponin at a higher concentration
- the asterisk (*) indicates that the titles of isotypes of IgG 1, IgG2a and IgG2b in the CSS25 and CSS50 groups showed significant differences (P> 0.05) with respect to the values found in all other groups of animals included in the trial.
- Figure 9 Evolution of the titles of total IgG against TT in sheep.
- the sheep were immunized on days 0 (prime immunization) and 28 (booster) with TT alone or adjuvant with ADYUVAC50, CSS600 or CSS1200. Data are presented as the mean ⁇ SE.
- the asterisk (*) indicates significant differences with respect to the control group (TT only); and the symbol (#) indicates significant differences between the ADYUVAC50 and CSS1200 groups.
- Figure 10 Titles of IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses against TT in sheep at day 76.
- TT group immunized with tetanus toxoid in saline solution
- CSS600 group immunized with tetanus toxoid co-administered with adjuvant colloidal solution CSS600
- CSS1200 group immunized with toxoid tetanus co-administered with the adjuvant colloidal solution CSS 1200.
- Titles are expressed in Arbitrary Units per mL (UA / mL).
- Figure 1 1 Specific IgM titers against serum CPS14 of mice immunized on days 1 and 14 with CSP14 with one of the following vaccine preparations: CPS14 in saline solution (2.5 Dg / dose, CPS group 14), CPS 14 together with the adjuvant colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid (2.5 Ig / dose, group CPS14 / CSS25), or with the polysaccharide-protein CPS 14-BSA conjugate together with the adjuvant colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid (1.8 Gg / carbohydrate dose, group CPS14-BSA / CSS25) .
- Figure 12 Specific IgG titers against serum CPS 14 of mice immunized on days 1 and 14 with CSP14 with one of the following vaccine preparations: CPS 14 in saline solution (2.5 Dg / dose, CPS group 14), CPS 14 together with the colloidal adjuvant solution comprising saponin and colic acid (2.5 I g / dose, CPS group 14 / CSS25), or with the polysaccharide-protein conjugate CPS 14-BSA together with the adjuvant colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid (1.8 Gg / dose of carbohydrate, group CPS14-BSA / CSS25).
- the present invention provides an adjuvant formulation comprising a saponin or mixtures of saponins and one or more bile acids, such as colic acid or taurocolic acid, in defined proportions, which give rise to the formation of mixed micelles of both types of components, typically filamentous, and that do not necessarily require subsequent stages of purification.
- bile acids such as colic acid or taurocolic acid
- a method for the preparation of the formulation is also provided, which does not require the use of additional components, since its preparation is possible by simple mixing of the components dissolved in water or in buffer solutions, which do not require their prior elimination. its use or for vaccine preparation.
- the formulation has as an advantage that both the final product, as well as the solutions from which it is prepared, are aqueous solutions that can be sterilized by filtration, being possible, for example, the preparation of the final product under aseptic conditions from component solutions previously sterilized by filtration.
- the final product can also be sterilized by filtration as long as the antigen preparation is also sterilizable by filtration.
- the preparation process of the present invention essentially comprises the following steps: 1) preparation of the aqueous saponin solution that will be used in the formulation in the presence or absence of a buffer or salts, 2) preparation of a solution of adequate concentration of the solution of the bile acid or its salts to be used, preferably colic acid, in a buffer solution of pH between 7.0 and 9.0, preferably between 7.5 and 8.5, preferably 8.0, 3) the mixture of both solutions so as to obtain relative proportions of bile acid to saponin in ratios preferably between 0.5: 1 and 15: 1 in mass, preferably between 2: 1 and 5: 1, preferably between 2.5: 1 and 4: 1 and more preferably 3: 1, 4) aggregate of the antigen solution, 5) if necessary, the pH is corrected to a range between 5.0 and 7.6, preferably between 6.5 and 7.5 , and a volume correction is made to lead to the final concentrations of adminis traction, and 6) maturation of the mixture at temperatures preferably between 2 ° C and 8 ° C
- the adjuvant solutions thus obtained consist essentially of a solution comprising saponin and bile acid, which may or may not be associated with the antigen.
- the antigen can be added after the formulation of the adjuvant solution comprising saponin and bile acid.
- the adjuvant solution described in the present invention can be used as an adjuvant for different types of antigens, including, but not limited to, viral antigens, proteins, carbohydrates and glycoconjugates, which may or may not be defined, or be complex or antigenic preparations. antigen mixtures.
- antigens including, but not limited to, viral antigens, proteins, carbohydrates and glycoconjugates, which may or may not be defined, or be complex or antigenic preparations. antigen mixtures.
- Both the saponins, in particular the saponins of Quillaja saponaria, Quil A and pure saponins isolated from Quil A, as well as the bile acids used in the preparation of the adjuvant formulation are surfactants, and therefore, above certain concentrations may present lithic activity on cells, including red blood cells (hemolytic activity).
- the formulation object of the present invention by combining the two components of the formulation in suitable proportions, can allow a very significant reduction in the hemolytic activity of the adjuvant formulation.
- the hemolytic activity of the adjuvant colloidal formulation can be regulated by varying the mass proportion of saponin and bile acid (in particular colic acid or its salts), as well as the total concentration of saponin in the formulation. In this way it is possible to prepare adjuvant formulations containing total concentrations of saponins that alone are capable of producing 100% hemolysis under test conditions, but that properly formulated can present reductions in said activity of between 50% and up to almost 100%, that is, not presenting hemolytic activity under the test conditions.
- adjuvant formulations retain some lithic capacity, for example when formulations that improve or allow penetration of antigens through mucous membranes are sought, and in the present invention this is possible by regulating the relative proportions between saponin and bile acid.
- the present invention employs compounds that have on their own surface-active activity for the preparation of the adjuvant formulation, both are part of the formulation, so the addition and subsequent removal of detergents is not required, as is the case in other adjuvant preparations in which its use is necessary to solubilize the less water soluble components.
- additional solvent removal stages are not required, for example by means of dialysis, the manufacturing process of the product is easier to scale at an industrial level, as it is also simpler to produce it according to good practices of manufacturing (GMP).
- the present invention also does not require the use of centrifugation steps in its preparation, as may occur in the case of formulations based on liposomes or ISCOMS, which in those cases can hinder production escalation.
- the adjuvant object of the present invention can be manufactured directly from aqueous solutions of its components, so unlike other adjuvants such as that described in US Patent 6,506,386 B l, it does not require for its production of the previous preparation of liposomes containing cholesterol.
- the colloidal adjuvant formed by saponins and bile acids object of the present invention is an aqueous colloidal solution, which can be prepared by aseptic mixing of the sterile solutions of its components, which can be sterilized by filtration.
- Vaccines that include aluminum salts as adjuvants also require the maintenance of a rigorous cold chain, and vaccines can lose activity if they are subjected to temperatures too low that can cause freezing.
- the adjuvant formulations of the present invention are homogeneous aqueous colloidal solutions comprising saponins and bile acids and of low viscosity that can be sterilely prepared by filtration. This represents an advantage over other adjuvant preparations consisting of oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, some of which cannot be filtered for sterilization, and which can be difficult to administer parenterally due to their high viscosity, which can lead to an incorrect dosage requiring the use of specialized personnel.
- the present invention because it is homogeneous aqueous colloidal solutions of low viscosity, has advantages for human use compared to formulations containing aluminum salts as adjuvants, since the latter being suspensions can frequently cause granulomas and pain. at the injection site. Due to the same reasons, the present invention has advantages over adjuvant formulations that require the use of emulsions, some of which are of high viscosity and because of the local inflammation and pain reactions they produce cannot be used in vaccines for human use. .
- the adjuvant formulation object of the present invention using higher concentrations of saponins and bile acids, and use it directly in veterinary vaccines without causing appreciable local effects, for example using formulations containing up to 3.0 mg of saponins per mL or more, preferably between 0. 120 mg / mL and 2.40 mg / mL of saponins, without causing appreciable local effects when administered to animals, sheep for example, parenterally.
- the adjuvant object of the present invention can also be prepared at a concentration greater than that which will be used in the vaccine formulation, for example 10 times more concentrated, and then be diluted to the concentration of the final formulation using a suitable vehicle, such as for example PBS or isotonic saline.
- a suitable vehicle such as for example PBS or isotonic saline.
- the adjuvant object of the present invention can also be prepared by other methods, for example by ethanol injection method.
- bile acid for example colic acid dissolved in ethanol
- saponin for example 0.240 mg / mL
- the alcohol of the formulation can be removed, for example, by diafiltration if the formulation requires it, or in the case of some veterinary vaccines or for human use, not removed from the formulation if its presence does not cause undesirable side effects and does not affect the activity of the vaccine.
- the saponins used in the present invention are preferably saponins of the Quillaja saponaria, Quillaja brasiliensis, or Gypsophila tree, although saponins of other origins can be used.
- the present invention particularly includes adjuvant formulations comprising Quillaja brasiliensis saponins and at least one bile acid, in which filamentous micelles are present, including their form of preparation.
- saponins are used in concentrations between 60 Dg / mL and 3000 C g / mL, preferably in concentrations between 120 Lig / mL and 2400 ij g / mL, more preferably between 240 Dg / mL and 1200 ug / mL, depending on the animal species, the type and amount of antigen included in the vaccine, and the volume administered per dose.
- the formulation may typically contain an amount of saponin in the range of 1 Dg to 100 Cig per dose, preferably in the range of 10 Dg to 50 Dg per dose.
- the adjuvant formulations included in the present invention contain a bile acid, typically colic acid or other bile acid such as taurocolic acid among others, and a saponin in a mass ratio in a range of 0.5 to 15, preferably in a range of 1 to 8, preferably in a range of 2 to 5, preferably in a range of 2.5 to 4, more preferably in a ratio of 3.
- the adjuvant formulations included in the present invention may be prepared by mixing solutions in water or in buffer of the components, as well as by the solvent injection method, in which the bile acid in an ethanol solution is quickly added to a solution in water or saponin buffer.
- the present invention includes vaccines or immunostimulatory preparations that include the adjuvant described in the present invention together with an antigen, mixture of antigens or antigen preparations, including preventive or therapeutic vaccines for animal or human use.
- the antigens that can be formulated together with the adjuvant described in the present invention can be well defined or not antigens, mixtures of antigens, including toxoids and bacterins, as well as antigen preparations containing viral or parasitic antigens.
- the vaccines described in the present invention consist of adjuvant comprising saponin and one or more bile acids, preferably colic acid, together with viral, bacterial or parasitic antigens, as well as tumor antigens and chemically modified antigens, including, but not excluding other types , protein antigens, polysaccharide antigens, carbohydrate antigens, glycoproteins and protein-carbohydrate conjugates, mucopolysaccharides, glycolipids and other glycococonjugates and nucleic acids, both natural or modified, as synthetic or recombinant, or mixtures of antigens, such as in multivalent vaccines.
- adjuvant comprising saponin and one or more bile acids, preferably colic acid, together with viral, bacterial or parasitic antigens, as well as tumor antigens and chemically modified antigens, including, but not excluding other types , protein antigens, polysaccharide antigens, carbohydrate antigens, glycoproteins and protein-carbo
- the antigens to be used in the vaccines included in the present invention may preferably be in aqueous solution or in aqueous salt solutions, or they may also be suspensions or emulsions of antigenic preparations that may include preservatives, detergents, salts and other additives necessary for the antigen preparation, together with the adjuvant composed of one or more bile acids and saponins.
- the colloidal adjuvant comprising bile acids and saponin described in the present invention has as advantages over the use of the same saponin and at the same concentration, as well as with oily adjuvants, generating a more intense immune response than the previous ones, as well as the fact that the antibody titres generated against the co-administered antigenic preparation remain at higher values for a longer time, indicating that co-administration with an antigenic preparation is capable of inducing a more effective and lasting immune response than the antigen alone or co-administered solely with saponin or with an oily adjuvant.
- colloidal adjuvant comprising bile acids and saponin described in the present invention can also be formulated so that the concentration of saponin in the final formulation is sufficient to adjuvant different antigen preparations, allowing its adjustment to the doses of antigen that are necessary to generate an effective immune response according to the type of antigen, as well as the proportion of its components can be regulated within certain ranges in order to decrease the hemolytic activity of the preparation and / or improve its adjuvant activity.
- colloidal adjuvant comprising bile acids and saponin described in the present invention does not necessarily require the removal of the possible excess of any of its components that may be in a relative excess, or not forming part of micelles, and can be used directly for the preparation of vaccine formulations, which represents an advantage due to its greater simplicity in the production and scaling process.
- the colloidal adjuvant comprising bile acids and saponin described in the present invention has a very good ability to induce more intense immune responses against antigens co-administered therewith.
- This adjuvant containing saponin and bile acids is capable of inducing a more intense immune response against co-administered antigens of different nature, including, but not excluding other types of antigens, antigens of a protein nature, polysaccharides, protein-polysaccharide conjugates and other types of glycocomposites.
- the colloidal adjuvant comprising bile acids and saponin described in the present invention When co-administered with an antigen, the colloidal adjuvant comprising bile acids and saponin described in the present invention generates a more intense immune response against this antigen, and which lasts longer after immunization, which represents an advantage to the effects. of generating a more lasting immune response, which may eventually allow the use of immunization schedules with periodic immunizations more spaced in time than in the case that is immunized with an antigen or together with other adjuvants such as saponin.
- the colloidal adjuvant comprising bile acids and saponin described in the present invention and in this aspect is capable of inducing a more intense immune response for a given dose of antigen, which may eventually reduce the doses of antigens required to generate protective immune responses.
- the colloidal adjuvant formed by bile acids and saponin described in the present invention stimulates a more intense immune response than the administration of the antigen alone, and generates a balanced immune response since it induces both a Thl and Th2 type response, which constitutes an advantage in cases where it is necessary to induce a humoral and / or cellular response to generate protection against some pathogens, such as viruses, intracellular pathogens and against tumor antigens in the case of preventive or therapeutic vaccines against tumor diseases.
- EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of adjuvant solutions (supramolecular complexes, CSS) comprising saponin and colic acid or their salts by mixing their aqueous solutions.
- the saponins used can be of different origins, including those of Quillaja saponaria, Quillaja brasiliensis, Gypsophila sp., And other plant species, as well as preparations of saponins such as Quil A, or isolated saponins such as the so-called QS-21.
- Colic acid and its salts are well known natural compounds, and for the preparation of the adjuvant formulation, colic acid or its salts of varying degrees of purity can be used, preferably with a purity greater than 90%, preferably greater than 98%.
- the present example describes the preparation of the colloidal adjuvant solution composed of colic acid or its salts and the commercial saponin QP 1000 (Natural Response, Chile), or Quil A (Aquila Biopharmaceuticals, USA).
- a solution of 10 mg / mL concentration of colic acid is prepared in a phosphate buffer of pH 8.0 (solution A) and an aqueous solution of Quillaja saponaria saponins of 10 mg / mL (solution B).
- solution A phosphate buffer of pH 8.0
- solution B aqueous solution of Quillaja saponaria saponins of 10 mg / mL
- solution B aqueous solution of Quillaja saponaria saponins of 10 mg / mL
- 40 mL of the formulation 4.8 mL of solution A and 1.60 mL of solution B are mixed, and 33.60 mL of isotonic saline solution is added, giving a final pH of the mixture of approximately 7.5.
- the mixture is allowed to ripen at approximately 4 ° C between 24 and 72 hours before use.
- Figure 1 shows one of the transmission electron microscopy (ET) images obtained for said formulation, mainly showing the formation of filiform mixed micelles of different length but with a relatively uniform diameter. These mixed micelles are formed at a concentration of saponins below the critical micellar concentration of saponin, although higher concentrations of saponin may also be employed.
- EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of adjuvant solutions (supramolecular complexes, CSS) comprising Quillaja saponaria saponins and colic acid or their salts by the ethanol injection method.
- This example shows an alternative method for the preparation of colloidal adjuvant solutions containing saponin and colic acid, using the ethanol injection method.
- the solution is incubated at 4 ° C with stirring for 48 h before performing the transmission electron microscopy analysis. Samples were prepared for observation by negative staining using a 2% phosphotungstic acid solution.
- Figure 2 shows an electron microscopy image showing the presence of filiform micelles of variable length and relatively uniform width.
- the zeta potential values determined by PCS Photo Correlation Spectroscopy for the formulations described in example 1 and in example 2 are within the range of -14.0 mV to -20.9 mV, demonstrating that said formulations comprise micelles negatively charged.
- EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of adjuvant colloidal solutions containing colic acid and Quillaja brasiliensis saponins.
- This example shows a method for the preparation of colloidal solutions of Quillaja brasiliensis and colic acid saponins using the ethanol injection method, showing that it is possible to formulate mixed micelles of the filiform type using saponins derived from another plant species.
- this colloidal solution the same experimental conditions detailed in Example 2 were used, with the only difference that a solution of Quillaja brasiliensis saponins of 240 ⁇ Jg / mL was used.
- Quillaja brasiliensis saponins were obtained from an aqueous solution of leaves by solid phase extraction in reverse phase and eluting with a gradient of methanol in water.
- FIG. 3 shows a transmission electron microscopy image with negative staining using uranyl acetate, where the presence of filiform micelles of variable length is observed and of relatively uniform width.
- EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of adjuvant colloidal solutions (supramolecular complexes, CSS) comprising saponins of Quillaja saponaria and taurocolic acid or their salts by the above methods.
- This example describes the preparation of colloidal solutions of saponins from Quillaja saponaria and sodium taurocholate, demonstrating that it is possible to formulate mixed micelles of the filiform type using another bile acid or its salts.
- saponins in particular those of Quillaja saponaria, have a strong adjuvant activity, but have the disadvantage of their ability to produce cell lysis, in particular red blood cell hemolysis, which may lead to undesirable side effects when administered in parenteral form
- the hemolytic activity of saponins can be used as an estimate of their potential to produce undesirable local effects, so that the development of formulations containing saponins while presenting less hemolytic activity has advantages for use as adjuvants in immunogenic formulations and vaccines in particular.
- micellar formulations of Quillaja saponaria and colic acid saponins can be achieved, with reduced hemolytic activity, as well as the variation of said hemolytic activity by modifying the mass ratio between colic acid (or its salts) and saponin
- the hemolytic activity test of the different formulations was performed as described in Silveira et al., Vaccine 29 (201 1) 9177-9182.
- the hemolytic activity of formulations A to H. is shown in Figure 5.
- AD formulations contain a final saponin concentration of 0.208 mg / mL
- EF formulations contain a final saponin concentration of 0.240 mg / mL.
- Formulation A corresponds to a solution of saponins alone, with a concentration of 120 mg / mL
- formulation E corresponds to a solution of saponins alone, with a concentration of 0.240 mg / mL. Both formulation A and E produce 100% hemolysis according to the method used for its determination.
- the hemolytic activity of adjuvant colloidal formulations comprising colic acid and saponin varies with the mass ratio of colic acid to saponin.
- the series of formulations with a final concentration of saponins of 0, 120 mg / mL it was found that hemolysis was 46%, 3% and 0% for formulations B, C and D containing a ratio of colic acid to saponin of 1, 3 and 4 (m / m), respectively.
- the hemolysis percentage was 97%, 28% and 60% for formulations F, G and H containing a ratio of colic acid to saponin of 1, 3 and 4, respectively.
- EXAMPLE 6 Formulation of vaccines for immunization of animals containing as tetanus toxoid antigen and as an adjuvant the colloidal solution of colic acid and saponin.
- the tetanus toxoid used is in solution containing 3 mg / mL of protein, equivalent to 450 Lf / mL (flocculant units of toxoid).
- a solution of 10 mg / mL concentration of colic acid is prepared in a phosphate buffer of pH 8.0 (solution A) and an aqueous solution of QP UF 1000 saponins (Natural Response, Chile) with a concentration of 10 mg / mL (solution B).
- solution A phosphate buffer of pH 8.0
- solution B aqueous solution of QP UF 1000 saponins (Natural Response, Chile) with a concentration of 10 mg / mL
- solution B For the preparation of 40 mL of the immunization formulation, typically 2.90 mL of solution A, 0.96 mL of solution B and 35.94 mL of isotonic saline. 0.2 mL of the tetanus toxoid solution is added to that mixture, and the formulation is allowed to mature at 4 ° C between 12 and 96 hours before use. All solutions used in this example are sterilized using 0.22 filters Jm, and the formulation is prepared by mixing under aseptic conditions
- EXAMPLE 7 Adjuvant effect of the colloidal solution comprising colic acid and saponin in a murine model using tetanus toxoid (TT) as an antigen, and comparison of the adjuvant activity of said formulation with saponin and with an oily adjuvant.
- TT tetanus toxoid
- mice tested received tetanus toxoid (TT) either alone, or adjuvant with saponin (QP UF 1000, Natural Response, Chile), or with the oily adjuvant ADYUVAC50 (Santa Maria Laboratory, convinced), or with the adjuvant colloidal solution composed of saponin and colic acid, prepared as indicated in EXAMPLE 6, but in such a way that the final concentration of saponin is 500 Lig / mL and with a mass ratio of colic acid to saponin equal to 3.
- Mice groups of 5 animals received two immunizations of TT by s / c route: the first, on day 1 and the second on day 45.
- the co-immunization was performed with 1.6 ⁇ g (100 ⁇ ) of TT except in the case of the animals of the CSS50 group that were immunized with 3.2 ⁇ g.
- the different groups received as adjuvant: saponin (QP UF 1000, Natural Response, Chile) (25 ⁇ g) or ADYUVAC50 (Santa Maria Laboratories, prepared according to manufacturer's instructions) or colloidal solutions of saponin and colic acid prepared according to EXAMPLE 6 (called CSS25 and containing 25 ⁇ g of saponin per dose) or colloidal adjuvant solution of saponin and colic acid prepared as indicated above with a final concentration of saponin of 500 Dg / mL (called CSS50 and containing 50 ⁇ g of saponin per dose) in a final volume of 100 ⁇ L.
- the control group received only TT (1.6 IZ g in saline, 100 QL).
- the second dose (day 45) was formulated with half of antigen (0.8 ⁇ g) and adjuvant, with the exception of the ADYUVAC50 group in which the antigen was reduced by half (0.8 ⁇ g), but the amount of adjuvant per dose was maintained.
- the animals were bled on days 1, 45, 66, 107, 147 and 167 after the first immunization and the sera frozen at -20 ° C until processing. Total IgG titers and IgG isotypes against TT in the sera of mice were evaluated by ELISA.
- Figure 6 shows the total IgG antibody titers against tetanus toxoid (TT) in this test on days 0, 45 and 66 in the murine model when immunized with antigen alone, or with the antigen together with the different adjuvants, and includes the anti-TT IgG titers corresponding to the primary response and the response after a second administration of the immunizing formulation.
- TT tetanus toxoid
- This adjuvant colloidal solution that includes Colic acid and saponin is also more effective in stimulating a humoral immune response than saponin alone, as well as the commercial oily adjuvant ADYUVAC50, since it induces the secretion of significantly higher titers against the antigen with which it is co-administered.
- Figure 7 shows the evolution of total IgG titers against tetanus toxoid in the different groups of mice immunized with the different vaccine formulations described in this EXAMPLE.
- colloidal adjuvant formulations containing colic acid and saponin induce the production of significantly higher IgG titers against the co-administered antigen and that they remain at higher levels for longer than when the antigen is administered. alone or together with saponin or with the oily adjuvant ADYUVAC50.
- This result demonstrates that the colloidal adjuvant containing colic acid and saponin is effective in generating a more intense and lasting humoral response than that generated by the administration of antigen alone or together with saponin or formulated together with an oily adjuvant in the form of an emulsion. .
- the titers of the IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulin subclasses in serum of the different groups of experimental animals immunized against TT are shown in Figure 8.
- the total IgG titers in the CSS25 group were even higher than those presented by the CSS50 group although they showed no statistically significant differences from each other (P> 0.05).
- the CSS adjuvant stimulated the production of higher titers of the IgG l, IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses.
- this EXAMPLE demonstrates that the colloidal adjuvant formulation comprising colic acid and saponin stimulates a more intense and lasting immune response when co-administered with tetanus toxoid than that induced by the antigen alone (tetanus toxoid), or when administered together with saponin as an adjuvant or formulated together with the oil adjuvant ADYUVAC50, in which case the vaccine formulation is forming an emulsion.
- the generation of a balanced immune response is also demonstrated because by using as an adjuvant the solution comprising colic acid and saponin, a balanced increase in the secretion of the IgG 1, IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes against the co-administered antigen is achieved. , suggesting the stimulation of an immune response of both humoral and cellular type, which is important to generate protective immune responses in particular for intracellular pathogens, viruses and against tumor antigens for cancer therapy.
- EXAMPLE 8 Adjuvant effect of colloidal solution of colic acid and saponin in sheep using tetanus toxoid (TT) as an antigen, and comparison of the adjuvant activity of said formulation with an oily adjuvant.
- sheep were immunized with vaccine formulations containing the colloidal adjuvant comprising colic acid and saponin and tetanus toxoid called CSS600 and CSS 1200, prepared as described in EXAMPLE 6. Such preparations contain a mass ratio of colic acid. to saponin equal to 3, and 5 Lf of tetanus toxoid per mL.
- the sheep used were kept in natural field conditions during the experiment and had not received prior immunization against tetanus toxoid.
- the sheep were divided into 5 groups of 10 animals each, and received two immunizations by s / c route, in on days 1 and 28 of the experiment. Animals belonging to the different groups received 1 mL of different vaccine preparations, all containing the same amount of antigen equivalent to 5 Lf of tetanus toxoid per mL of vaccine.
- the vaccine formulations used were: tetanus toxoid in saline solution (group TT), tetanus toxoid formulated with the oily adjuvant ADYUVAC50 (Santa Maria Laboratory, Republic) used to prepare the formulation according to the manufacturer's instructions (group ADYUVAC50), tetanus toxoid formulated with colloidal adjuvant containing colic acid and saponin prepared as indicated in EXAMPLE 6 called CSS600 (CSS600 group) and tetanus toxoid formulated with colloidal adjuvant containing colic acid and saponin prepared as indicated in EXAMPLE 6 called CSS1200 ( CSS1200 group).
- the animals were bled on days 1, 28, 76 and 195 after the first immunization and the sera were stored at -20 ° C until processing.
- Total IgG titers and IgG isotypes against TT in sheep sera were evaluated by ELISA. To do this, plates (Greiner Bio-One) were sensitized with a solution of TT (100 ⁇ g / mL) in PBS (100 L / well) overnight at 4 ° C.
- Figure 9 shows the total anti-TT IgG titers in sheep belonging to the different test groups.
- Figure 9 also shows that the use of colloidal adjuvant formulations containing colic acid and saponin, called CSS600 and CSS1200 also generate high antibody titers against the co-administered antigen even 194 days after the first immunization, with titers of higher antibodies in a statistically significant way with respect to the immunized group without using adjuvant (TT group).
- This experiment demonstrates that colloidal adjuvant formulations containing colic acid and saponin are as efficient as the oily adjuvant, in the immunization scheme used, to generate high antibody titers against the co-administered antigen and that said humoral immune response has a high duration in the time.
- oily adjuvants in general have the disadvantage of producing significant side effects (granuloma, erythema, abscess and inflammation) at the site of inoculation (Aucoutiirier et al. 2006; Buonavoglia et al .; Gupta et al. 1 93; Hilgers et al. 1994).
- adjuvants comprising saponin and bile acids described in the present invention while promoting an intense humoral response did not show any appreciable side effects. This aspect is of great economic importance, since the local side effects associated with the immunization process not only cause pain and discomfort to the animal, but also have negative effects on the quality of meat and skins (Hilgers et al. 1994).
- the doses of saponins used per animal in the CSS formulations used in this example contain 0.6 and 1.2 mg of saponins, which are lower doses than those used in other trials, despite which the generation of an intense humoral immune response, with antibody titers similar to those obtained with the oily adjuvant (ADYUVAC50).
- EXAMPLE 9 Immunization assay of mice using as a Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide antigen (CPS 14) or a CPS conjugate with bovine serum albumin (BSA), together with the adjuvant formulations comprising colic acid and saponin.
- CPS 14 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide antigen
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- CPS 14 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (2001), 969-971
- a conjugate of this polysaccharide with antigens were used as antigens Bovine serum albumin, called CPS 14-BSA, prepared as indicated in Suárez et al., Journal of Chromatography - A, 1213 (2008), 169-175.
- mice (30 g) of the strain Balb / c were used. These animals were acclimatized for a period of 30 days prior to immunization tests, with a day / night cycle of 12/12 hours, under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. Water and granulated food were provided ad libitum.
- mice were divided into three groups of 8 animals each.
- the animals were immunized on day 1 (prime immunization) and on day 14 (booster) subcutaneously with 100 nL of vaccine preparation.
- the vaccine preparations used for the immunization of the different groups were: saline solution of CPS 14 with a concentration of 25 ⁇ g / mL (control group CPS 14), solution of CPS 14 in the adjuvant colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid prepared according to is indicated in EXAMPLE 6 with a concentration of CPS 14 of 25 ⁇ g / mL (CPS group 14 / CSS25), or a solution of polysaccharide-CPS 14-BSA protein conjugate in the adjuvant colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid prepared according to It is indicated in EXAMPLE 6 with a concentration of carbohydrates in the solution of 18.0 ⁇ g / mL (CPS group 14-BSA / CSS25).
- FIG. 1 1 shows the IgM titres for the different groups of animals, in which it is observed that the co-administration of the capsular polysaccharide CPS14 together with the adjuvant colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid generates the production of higher titers of Specific IgM against CPS 14 than the administration of CPS14 in saline.
- Figure 12 shows the IgG titers for the different groups of animals, in which it is observed that in the case of co-administration of the capsular polysaccharide CPS 14 together with the adjuvant colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid, production was generated. of higher titers of specific IgG against CPS14 than the administration of CPS 14 in saline. It can be seen in Figure 12 that while the anti-CPS 14 IgG titers remained practically constant and at a low level throughout the experiment, in the group immunized with CPS 14 together with adjuvant colloidal solution comprising saponin and colic acid (group CPS14 / CSS25) higher antibody titers were generated that remained higher than in the previous group throughout the entire experiment.
- colloidal adjuvant comprising saponin and colic acid could also exhibit adjuvant activity when co-administered with antigens comprising polysaccharides or carbohydrates and proteins.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US14/651,093 US20150313991A1 (en) | 2012-12-10 | 2013-12-09 | Vaccination adjuvant, preparation and vaccines containing the same |
| BR112015013625A BR112015013625A2 (pt) | 2012-12-10 | 2013-12-09 | adjuvante de vacinação, preparação e vacinas contendo o mesmo |
| AU2013360504A AU2013360504B2 (en) | 2012-12-10 | 2013-12-09 | Vaccination adjuvant, and preparation and vaccines containing same |
| EP13863256.7A EP2929894B1 (en) | 2012-12-10 | 2013-12-09 | Vaccination adjuvant, and preparation and vaccines containing same |
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| UY0001034506A UY34506A (es) | 2012-12-10 | 2012-12-10 | Adyuvante de vacunación, preparación y vacunas que lo contienen |
| UY34.506 | 2012-12-10 |
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| US (1) | US20150313991A1 (es) |
| EP (1) | EP2929894B1 (es) |
| AR (1) | AR093530A1 (es) |
| AU (1) | AU2013360504B2 (es) |
| BR (1) | BR112015013625A2 (es) |
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| CN108272824A (zh) * | 2018-03-11 | 2018-07-13 | 张显英 | 一种胆汁提取工艺 |
| WO2020063632A1 (en) * | 2018-09-25 | 2020-04-02 | Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd | Regulator of TGR5 Signaling as Immunomodulatory Agent |
| EP3669890A1 (en) | 2018-12-18 | 2020-06-24 | Croda International PLC | Filamentous nanoparticles having vaccine adjuvant effect |
| RU2741834C1 (ru) * | 2020-07-17 | 2021-01-29 | Муса Тажудинович Абидов | Вакцина и способ повышения иммуногенности и специфической активности средств профилактики инфекций |
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| US5057540A (en) | 1987-05-29 | 1991-10-15 | Cambridge Biotech Corporation | Saponin adjuvant |
| EP0362279B1 (en) | 1987-05-29 | 1995-01-11 | Cambridge Biotech Corporation | Saponin adjuvant |
| WO1996033739A1 (en) | 1995-04-25 | 1996-10-31 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. | Vaccines containing a saponin and a sterol |
| WO1998036772A1 (en) | 1997-02-19 | 1998-08-27 | Csl Limited | Chelating immunostimulating complexes |
| WO2001021151A1 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. | Intranasal influenza virus vaccine |
| WO2002074336A2 (en) * | 2001-02-23 | 2002-09-26 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Influenza vaccine formulations for intradermal delivery |
| US6506386B1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 2003-01-14 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals, S.A. | Vaccine comprising an iscom consisting of sterol and saponin which is free of additional detergent |
| US20050220814A1 (en) | 2004-04-05 | 2005-10-06 | Dominowski Paul J | Microfluidized oil-in-water emulsions and vaccine compositions |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH06503231A (ja) * | 1991-09-18 | 1994-04-14 | アムジエン・インコーポレーテツド | 胆汁酸塩を含有するb型肝炎ワクチン製剤 |
| WO1995009179A1 (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1995-04-06 | Seed Capital Investments (Sci) B.V. | Compounds with adjuvant activity |
| US8343498B2 (en) * | 2008-10-12 | 2013-01-01 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Adjuvant incorporation in immunonanotherapeutics |
-
2012
- 2012-12-10 UY UY0001034506A patent/UY34506A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2013
- 2013-11-18 AR ARP130104247A patent/AR093530A1/es unknown
- 2013-12-09 US US14/651,093 patent/US20150313991A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-12-09 WO PCT/MX2013/000161 patent/WO2014092528A1/es not_active Ceased
- 2013-12-09 AU AU2013360504A patent/AU2013360504B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2013-12-09 EP EP13863256.7A patent/EP2929894B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2013-12-09 BR BR112015013625A patent/BR112015013625A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
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2015
- 2015-06-10 CL CL2015001618A patent/CL2015001618A1/es unknown
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| EP0362279B1 (en) | 1987-05-29 | 1995-01-11 | Cambridge Biotech Corporation | Saponin adjuvant |
| WO1996033739A1 (en) | 1995-04-25 | 1996-10-31 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. | Vaccines containing a saponin and a sterol |
| WO1998036772A1 (en) | 1997-02-19 | 1998-08-27 | Csl Limited | Chelating immunostimulating complexes |
| US6506386B1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 2003-01-14 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals, S.A. | Vaccine comprising an iscom consisting of sterol and saponin which is free of additional detergent |
| WO2001021151A1 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. | Intranasal influenza virus vaccine |
| WO2002074336A2 (en) * | 2001-02-23 | 2002-09-26 | Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. | Influenza vaccine formulations for intradermal delivery |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| AR093530A1 (es) | 2015-06-10 |
| US20150313991A1 (en) | 2015-11-05 |
| BR112015013625A2 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
| EP2929894B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
| AU2013360504B2 (en) | 2016-12-01 |
| UY34506A (es) | 2014-06-30 |
| AU2013360504A1 (en) | 2015-07-02 |
| EP2929894A4 (en) | 2015-12-02 |
| CL2015001618A1 (es) | 2016-05-27 |
| EP2929894A1 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
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