WO2016001604A1 - Système laser uv-visible à impulsions ultra-courtes de forte puissance et/ou de forte énergie - Google Patents
Système laser uv-visible à impulsions ultra-courtes de forte puissance et/ou de forte énergie Download PDFInfo
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/23—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media
- H01S3/2383—Parallel arrangements
- H01S3/2391—Parallel arrangements emitting at different wavelengths
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- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/0604—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams
- B23K26/0608—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams in the same heat affected zone [HAZ]
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- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/0604—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams
- B23K26/0613—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by a combination of beams having a common axis
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/062—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by direct control of the laser beam
- B23K26/0622—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by direct control of the laser beam by shaping pulses
- B23K26/0624—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by direct control of the laser beam by shaping pulses using ultrashort pulses, i.e. pulses of 1 ns or less
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
- H01S3/0092—Nonlinear frequency conversion, e.g. second harmonic generation [SHG] or sum- or difference-frequency generation outside the laser cavity
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
- H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
- H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
- H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
- H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
- H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
- H01S3/16—Solid materials
- H01S3/1601—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion
- H01S3/1603—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth
- H01S3/1618—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth ytterbium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/23—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media
- H01S3/2308—Amplifier arrangements, e.g. MOPA
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
- H01S3/16—Solid materials
- H01S3/1601—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion
- H01S3/1603—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth
- H01S3/1608—Solid materials characterised by an active (lasing) ion rare earth erbium
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a laser system with ultra-short pulses, high power and / or high energy in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) spectral range.
- the invention relates to a laser system for generating ultrashort UV-visible laser pulses using a nonlinear optical frequency conversion optical device for controlling the optical frequency of the output laser pulses.
- optical frequency conversion encompasses nonlinear optical techniques of sum frequency generation and multiple harmonic generation.
- ultra-short pulses are defined as pulses of picosecond, sub-picosecond or femtosecond duration. More precisely, a picosecond pulse is understood to mean a light pulse with a duration of between 1 ps and 20 ps and a femtosecond pulse, a light pulse lasting between 1 fs and 1 ps.
- An ultra-short pulse laser system generally emits at a high repetition rate, typically between 50kHz and 10MHz.
- an ultrashort pulse laser system having a rate of 1 MHz emits a train of ultra-short pulses, each pulse being of duration ps or fs, with a time interval of the order of one microsecond between successive pulses.
- a high-power pulse is understood to mean a light pulse having an average power of between 10W and 1 MW and preferably greater than or equal to 10W, and a high-energy pulse having a light pulse having an energy of between " ⁇ ⁇ and 1 kJ and preferably greater than or equal to 1 mJ
- the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range is considered here to extend from 200 nm to 450 nm, the visible range from 450 nm to 750 nm and the infrared range from 750 nm to 1600 nm.
- Ultrahigh-pulse lasers have many applications including laser micromachining, laser marking, analytical chemistry, nano-surgery and ophthalmic surgery.
- a UV-visible laser pulse system is based on an infrared laser source and a non-linear optical frequency conversion optical device, for example by sum of frequency (also called harmonic generation).
- a non-linear optical frequency conversion optical device for example by sum of frequency (also called harmonic generation).
- sum of frequency also called harmonic generation
- ultra-short pulse infrared laser sources make it possible to generate and amplify high power and / or high energy laser pulses in the infrared range.
- a nonlinear optical frequency sum optical conversion device converts the infrared laser pulses into laser pulses of optical frequency equal to a double, triple or quadruple harmonic of the optical frequency of the infrared pulses.
- a source of ultra-short UV-visible laser pulses is thus obtained.
- the sum of frequencies consists in effect of producing an optical radiation at the optical frequency v3 from two optical frequency radiations v1 and v2 respectively, connected by the following relationship between the optical frequencies:
- Figure 1 shows a conventional ultra-short pulse ultra-short pulse laser frequency conversion.
- This UV-visible pulse laser comprises a source 1 1 of near-infrared laser pulses and a non-linear optical frequency conversion device here based on the use of two nonlinear optical crystals 1, 2 arranged in series.
- the source 1 1 is a laser source doped Ytterbium fiber.
- the source 1 1 of infrared laser pulses emits ultrashort light pulses 1 10 of wavelength ⁇ 1, in the infrared.
- a first nonlinear optical crystal 1 receives infrared light pulses.
- the first nonlinear optical crystal 1 Under particular conditions, in particular the intensity of the light pulses 1 10 and of phase matching, the first nonlinear optical crystal 1 generates light pulses 1 1 1 of wavelength ⁇ 2 different from the wavelength ⁇ 1 .
- the wavelength ⁇ 2 is equal to half the wavelength ⁇ 1.
- the wavelength ⁇ 1 is equal to 1030 nm
- the wavelength ⁇ 2 is equal to 515 nm.
- the transfer of the energy from the wavelength ⁇ 1 to the wavelength ⁇ 2 in the nonlinear optical crystal is partial, so that at the output of the first nonlinear optical crystal 1, there is a pulse 1 1 1 of wavelength ⁇ 2 and a pulse 1 10 of wavelength ⁇ 1.
- another nonlinear optical crystal 2 is disposed on the optical path at the output of the first nonlinear optical crystal 1.
- the other nonlinear optical crystal 2 receives light pulses 1 of wavelength ⁇ 1 and light pulses 1 1 1 of wavelength ⁇ 2, the light pulses 1 10 and 1 1 1 coming from the same source 1 1 .
- the other nonlinear optical crystal 2 generates, by sum of frequency, other light pulses 1 12 of wavelength ⁇ 3 different from the wavelengths ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 1.
- the other light pulses January 12 have an optical frequency equal to the optical frequency sum of the two incident light pulses 1 10, 1 1 1.
- Such a device makes it possible to obtain harmonics of triple or quadruple frequency of the frequency of the source pulses, the wavelength ⁇ 3 of the light pulses January 12 being respectively equal to one third or one quarter of the wavelength ⁇ 1 of the light pulses.
- a single frequency doubling conversion does not allow ultraviolet wavelengths to be attained when the laser source 11 generates light pulses in the near infrared.
- the generation of triple or quadruple harmonics is generally necessary to obtain pulses in the ultraviolet.
- the efficiency of frequency conversion by harmonic generation in a nonlinear optical crystal decreases as the multiplication factor in harmonic increases.
- the efficiency of frequency conversion can reach 50% to 70% for frequency doubling but only 20% to 30% for frequency tripling and 10% to 25% for frequency quadrupling.
- the optical fiber In the case of a source of conventional long-fiber optical fiber infrared pulses, for example erbium doped or erbium-ytterbium co-doped optical fiber, the optical fiber is limited in energy.
- these pre-stretched pulses undergo nonlinear distortions that accumulate during amplification in the amplifying fiber.
- the UV-visible pulses at the output of the frequency converter are in this case limited in energy by the maximum energy of the source of infrared pulses to optical fiber.
- the crystal laser is limited in power because of the thermal effects in the crystal.
- the UV-visible pulses at the output of the frequency converter are in this case limited in power by the maximum power of the solid crystal laser source.
- the power and / or energy of the laser pulses 1 1 1 or 1 12, of picosecond or femtosecond duration, obtained by frequency conversion is therefore limited by the power and / or the energy of the laser source. 1 1 used and by the conversion efficiency in the nonlinear optical crystal (s) used.
- One of the aims of the invention is to increase the energy and / or the power of a source of ultra-short pulses in the UV-visible range, especially when the source is based on an optical fiber technology.
- Another object of the invention is to reduce the wavelength towards the ultraviolet of a source of ultra-short pulses of high energy and / or high power.
- Yet another object of the invention is to improve the stability over time of a UV-visible ultra-short pulse laser of high energy and / or high power.
- the present invention aims to overcome the disadvantages of prior art and more particularly relates to a UV-visible laser system ultrashort pulses of high power and / or high energy.
- the laser system comprises a plurality of laser pulse sources, where the plurality of sources comprises between two and five distinct sources, each laser pulse source being adapted to emit at least one ultra-short laser pulse in the visible or infrared domain; at least one non-linear optical crystal adapted to receive two ultra-short laser pulses, said two ultra-short laser pulses being emitted respectively by two separate sources of laser pulses and synchronization means adapted to temporally synchronize said two incident ultrashort laser pulses; on said nonlinear optical crystal, so that said two ultra-short laser pulses temporally and spatially overlap in said nonlinear optical crystal with any phase shift, said at least one nonlinear optical crystal being adapted to generate, by sum frequency converter, a frequency-converted ultra-short laser pulse having an optical frequency equal to the sum of the respective optical frequencies of the two ultra-short laser pulses superimposed temporally and spatially in said nonlinear optical crystal.
- any phase shift that the phase difference between two ultrashort pulses from two different sources and superimposed in the nonlinear optical crystal can take any value.
- any phase shift may vary over time from a pair of ultrashort pulses to another pair of ultrashort pulses to be superimposed in the same nonlinear optical crystal.
- the UV-visible laser system makes it possible to increase the power and / or the energy of the ultra-short pulses converted into frequency, without increasing the frequency conversion losses.
- the energy and / or power of ultra-short UV-visible pulses increases with the number of sources used.
- the system of the invention makes it possible to produce a pulse with a predetermined conversion efficiency.
- the system of the invention makes it possible to ensure the stability of the frequency conversion efficiency of a pulse at the next pulse, and therefore the stability of the power and / or energy of ultra-short UV-visible pulses.
- the system of the invention does not require an interferometric system to measure and control the optical phase shift between each pair of ultra-short pulses superimposed in a non-linear frequency conversion optical crystal.
- a simple time synchronization system replaces the interferometric system usually used in a nanosecond laser, to achieve the phase matching condition between the superimposed beams in a nonlinear frequency-matched frequency conversion optical crystal.
- the phase shift may be fluctuating from an ultrashort pulse to the next ultrashort pulse.
- a laser in injected nanosecond regime, a laser emits in general several longitudinal modes, which generates instabilities of a pulse ns to the next pulse ns.
- ultrashort pulse trains have a great stability over periods of up to several minutes.
- the laser system comprises N nonlinear optical crystals, where N is an integer greater than or equal to two, each nonlinear optical crystal being adapted to receive two distinct laser pulses emitted respectively by two sources of light. separate laser pulses or generated by frequency sum conversion from two sources of ultra-short laser pulses, said two laser pulses incident on a nonlinear optical crystal being temporally synchronized, and said N nonlinear optical crystals being disposed of whereby a frequency-converted laser pulse is generated by successive frequency sum in said N nonlinear optical crystals.
- the pulsed laser system comprises two separate laser pulse sources, each laser pulse source being adapted to emit an ultra-short laser pulse, in the visible or infrared range, and a non-linear optical crystal. adapted to simultaneously receive an ultrashort laser pulse from each of the two separate laser pulse sources, the nonlinear optical crystal being adapted to generate, by sum of frequency, an ultra-short laser pulse, having an optical frequency equal to the sum of the optical frequencies of the two sources.
- the number N is equal to three
- the pulsed laser system comprising three distinct laser pulse sources, each laser pulse source being adapted to emit an ultra-short laser pulse in the visible range or infrared; and a first nonlinear optical crystal adapted to simultaneously receive two ultra-short laser pulses respectively emitted by two of the three different laser pulse sources
- the synchronization means being adapted to temporally synchronize said two incident laser pulses on the first nonlinear optical crystal so that said two incident laser pulses are superposed temporally and spatially in the first nonlinear optical crystal with any phase shift
- the first nonlinear optical crystal being adapted to generate, by sum of frequency, a frequency-converted ultra-short laser pulse having an optical frequency equal to the sum optical frequencies of said two sources
- a second nonlinear optical crystal being adapted to simultaneously receive said frequency-converted ultra-short laser pulse and another ultra-short laser pulse emitted respectively from the other laser pulse source from the three sources of impu laser lesions
- the synchronization means being adapted
- each source of laser pulses is adapted to emit an ultra-short pulse
- the synchronization means are adapted to temporally synchronize two distinct laser pulses incident on a nonlinear optical crystal.
- said two distinct laser pulses are superimposed temporally in said nonlinear optical crystal with a temporal accuracy less than or equal to 10% rms of the duration of said ultra-short pulses and preferably less than or equal to 5% rms of the duration of said ultra-short pulses.
- the synchronization means comprise at least one optical delay line disposed between, on the one hand, one of said sources of light pulses and, on the other hand, said optical crystal. nonlinear, the optical delay line being adapted to reduce a time delay between two incident light pulses on said nonlinear optical crystal.
- the synchronization means comprise synchronization electronic means adapted to temporally synchronize two ultra-short laser pulses in a non-linear optical crystal.
- the plurality of light pulse sources comprise a plurality of laser sources, each laser pulse source being adapted to emit at least one laser pulse.
- the plurality of light pulse sources comprises a common optical oscillator adapted to generate ultra-short mother light pulses of wavelength ⁇ ; and a plurality of amplifier systems optical, each optical amplifier system being adapted to receive an ultra-short mother light pulse of wavelength ⁇ and to generate an amplified ultra-short light pulse of wavelength ⁇ .
- the laser system further comprises a time control device comprising a differential cross-correlator adapted to measure a time delay between two distinct laser pulses incident on a non-linear optical crystal.
- the nonlinear optical crystal is a polarization multiplexing or angular multiplexing nonlinear optical crystal, said nonlinear optical crystal being selected from a barium borate crystal (3-BaB 2 O 4 ), or a lithium triborate crystal (UB 3 O 5 ) or lithium niobate crystal (LiNbO 3 ) of quasi-phase-locked type or PPLN.
- the plurality of separate laser pulse sources comprise a plurality of high energy optical fiber laser sources.
- the plurality of separate laser pulse sources comprise a plurality of solid laser sources with high power crystals.
- the synchronization means comprise synchronization electronic means adapted to temporally synchronize a plurality of laser pulses emitted respectively by said plurality of laser sources.
- the nonlinear optical system for the frequency conversion furthermore comprises:
- Another source of light pulses adapted to emit at least one other light pulse at a wavelength
- synchronization means adapted to synchronize, on the one hand, the light pulse of wavelength ⁇ 2 generated by frequency conversion at the output of the nonlinear optical crystal with, on the other hand, said other luminous pulse of length. wavelength ⁇ emitted by the other source of light pulses, and
- another nonlinear optical crystal adapted to receive said luminous pulse of wavelength 1 and the other luminous pulse of wavelength ⁇ , said luminous pulses of respective wavelengths ⁇ 2 and ⁇ being synchronized temporally, and another nonlinear optical crystal being adapted to generate, by frequency conversion, at least one other light pulse of wavelength ⁇ 3 different from the wavelengths ⁇ 2 and ⁇ of said synchronized light pulses.
- the plurality of separate laser pulse sources comprise a plurality of high energy optical fiber laser sources.
- the plurality of separate laser pulse sources comprises a plurality of solid crystal laser sources of high power.
- the invention also relates to a nonlinear optical method of frequency conversion, the method comprising the following steps:
- the nonlinear optical crystal being adapted to generate, by frequency conversion, at least one output pulse of wavelength different from the lengths of waves of said light pulses from sources of light pulses.
- the time synchronization step b) comprises a step of adjusting an optical delay on at least one optical delay line arranged between a source of light pulses and the nonlinear optical crystal.
- the transmission step a) comprises transmitting a plurality of source pulses by an oscillator and amplifying each of said source pulses by a separate optical amplifier.
- the transmission step a) comprises the emission of a plurality of laser pulses by a plurality of laser sources, each laser source being adapted to emit at least one laser pulse.
- the time synchronization step b) comprises an electronic synchronization step adapted to temporally synchronize a plurality of laser pulses emitted by said plurality of laser sources, respectively.
- the invention will find a particularly advantageous application in ultrashort laser pulse systems.
- the invention advantageously makes it possible to combine several light sources at a time to convert them into optical frequency and to summon the optical power.
- the present invention also relates to the features which will emerge in the course of the description which follows and which will have to be considered individually or in all their technically possible combinations.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents a non-linear optical frequency conversion system according to the prior art
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the principle of a non-linear optical frequency conversion system according to the invention
- FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a first embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a second embodiment of the invention
- Figure 5 schematically illustrates a third embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a differential cross-correlator device for measuring the optical delay between two laser pulses.
- FIG. 2 represents a UV-visible ultra-short pulsed laser system of high power and / or high frequency conversion energy.
- the configuration of the proposed UV-visible laser system is based on the use of separate laser sources and not of a single source as in the previous system illustrated in FIG.
- the system of FIG. 2 comprises three distinct laser sources: a laser source 1 1, a laser source 12 and a laser source 1 3.
- the laser sources 1 1, 12, 13 are mode-locking ultra-short pulse laser sources.
- the system of the invention comprises at least two distinct laser sources and up to five distinct ultra-short pulse laser sources.
- a first source 11 and a second source 12 which are spatially separated laser sources are initially considered.
- the first source 1 1 emits ultra-short pulses 31 of wavelength ⁇ 1 and the second source 1 2 emits ultra-short pulses 32 of wavelength ⁇ 2.
- the first source 1 1 and the second source 1 2 are not coherent with each other.
- the first source 1 1 and the second source 12 are arranged to couple an ultrashort pulse 31 of the first source 1 1 and another ultrashort pulse 1 20 of the second source 12 in a first non-linear frequency conversion crystal 1 .
- an optical system may be arranged between the sources 1 1, 1 2 and the nonlinear optical crystal 1, so as to spatially and temporally superimpose an ultra-short pulse 31 and an ultra-short pulse 32 in the first one. non-linear crystal 1 frequency conversion.
- the necessary and sufficient condition to produce ultrashort pulses in picosecond regime, up to 20 ps, or in steady state.
- femtosecond by sum of frequencies in the non-linear crystal 1 is that an ultra-short pulse 31 and another ultra-short pulse 32 overlap temporally within the non-linear crystal 1, with any temporal phase relationship between these two pulses 31 and 32.
- the two sources 1 1, 1 2 emit at the same rate of repetition ultrashort pulses 31 and 32 of the same pulse duration, having an energy of the same level and which overlap spatially in the nonlinear optical crystal 1.
- Time slaving is sufficient to ensure the stability of the frequency conversion efficiency for a series of ultra-short pulses within a time interval of one microsecond to several minutes.
- the enslavement of the temporal synchronization being realized, without enslavement of the optical phase, one does not observe instability of an ultra-short pulse converted in frequency to the following ultra-short pulses, in the same train of pulses, also converted to frequency.
- the first source 11, the second source 12 and the first nonlinear frequency conversion crystal 1 make it possible, under the condition of synchronization of ultra-short pulses 31 and 32, to generate ultra-short pulses 131, having an optical frequency. equal to the sum of the respective optical frequencies of the ultra-short source pulses 31 and 32 generated respectively by the sources 1 1 and 12.
- the system of FIG. 2 further comprises a third source 13 and a second non-linear frequency conversion crystal 2.
- the third source 13 is spatially separated from the first source 11 and the second source 12 respectively.
- the first source 11, the second source 12 and the third source 13 are not coherent with each other.
- the third source 13 emits ultra-short pulses 33 at a wavelength ⁇ 3.
- the second nonlinear optical frequency conversion crystal 2 is disposed on the optical path downstream of the first nonlinear optical crystal 1, so as to receive an ultra-short pulse 33 of the third source 13 and an ultra-short pulse 131 generated by frequency sum in the first non-linear optical crystal 1.
- an optical system (not shown) is disposed between the third source 13 and the first and second nonlinear optical crystals 1, 2.
- 131, 33 to be combined in a nonlinear optical crystal 1, respectively 2 are identical, whether in the picosecond regime or in the femtosecond regime.
- the synchronization between the ultra-short pulses 33 and 131 in the second non-linear optical frequency conversion crystal 2 must be ensured with precision better than the duration of these pulses.
- This synchronization can be performed actively electronically or optically, as detailed in connection with FIGS. 3 to 5.
- the ultra-short pulse UV-visible laser system thus configured makes it possible to combine the ultra-short laser pulses of several infrared laser sources 1 1, 12, 13 synchronized temporally with respect to each other in order to convert pulses in pairs.
- ultra-short different sources by sum of successive frequencies in nonlinear crystals arranged successively, in order to produce ultrashort pulses in the ultraviolet of high average power and / or high energy per pulse.
- the laser system makes it possible to generate ultrashort pulses at the triple optical frequency, in other words at a wavelength equal to one third of the wavelength of the sources 1 1, 12, 13 .
- the distribution of the initial infrared power in several sources 1 1, 12, 13 or more amplification channels makes it possible, with the limitations of a given technology, to delay the accessible performance in power and / or energy in the ultraviolet range.
- the ultra-short pulse 132 obtained by frequency conversion has an energy, respectively a power, which increases as a function of the sum in energy, respectively in power, of the source pulses 31, 32, 33.
- the energy, respectively the power the ultra-short pulse 132 is not limited by the energy, respectively the power, of one of the source pulses 31, 32, 33, but by the sum of the energy limits, respectively in power, of the different sources 1 1, 12, 13.
- an additional source can be easily achieved by adding an independent source module and synchronization, without necessarily adding a non-linear optical crystal.
- a laser system combining several sources makes it possible to ensure the energy and / or power stability of the ultra-short pulses converted into frequency delivered by the system.
- the configuration illustrated in FIG. 2 is particularly suitable for sources 1 1, 12, 13 ultrashort pulses, in particular when they are injected by mode-locking laser sources.
- the time synchronization of the pulses in a nonlinear optical frequency conversion crystal is controlled and optimized at the same time. considering the duration of the pulses considered, according to different active synchronization strategies, detailed in connection with Figures 3 to 6.
- Fig. 3 schematically shows a multibeam frequency conversion laser system according to the first embodiment with active optical synchronization.
- the first embodiment is based on the use of a common laser injection source, called oscillator 10.
- the oscillator 10 emits ultra-short mother pulses 20.
- the ultra-short mother pulses 20 are spatially distributed between several amplification modules, also called optical amplifiers 21, 22, 23.
- the oscillator 10 and the amplifier 21 form a first source 21 1 of ultra-short pulses 31.
- the oscillator 10 and the amplifier 22 form a second source 212 of ultra-short pulses 32.
- the three sources 21 1, 212, 213 of ultra-short pulses are thus separated spatially.
- Oscillator 10 and amplifier 23 form a third source 213 of ultra-short pulses 33.
- the system of FIG. 3 comprises a first nonlinear optical conversion crystal 1 and a second nonlinear optical conversion crystal 2. .
- the optical amplifier 21 receives an ultrashort pulse 20 and generates an ultra-short amplified pulse 31.
- the optical amplifier 22 receives an ultra-short pulse 20 and generates an ultra-short amplified pulse 32.
- the ultra-short amplified pulses 31, 32 have the same optical frequency, or the same wavelength ⁇ 1 and in general, the same duration as the mother pulse 20 of the oscillator 10.
- An optical system for example a mirror system, not shown in FIG. 2, directs the ultra-short amplified pulses 31, 32 to a first non-optical crystal. linear 1 conversion.
- This time delay is generally several picoseconds it is constant from one impulse to the next impulse, but it varies slowly over a period of several minutes.
- This time delay comes in particular from the difference in optical path length between the optical paths associated respectively with the optical amplifiers 21 and 22.
- This time delay depends on the amplification technology, in particular the amplification time and the material traversed, and temperature variations that impact the propagation distance of the pulse during this amplification.
- the multibeam frequency conversion laser system of FIG. 3 provides for placing at least one optical delay line 41 or 42 on at least one channel, for example at the output of the optical amplifier 21 and / or respectively at the output of the optical amplifier. the optical amplifier 22.
- An error signal is detected which it is desired to minimize in order to minimize the time delay, for example by means of a cross-correlator.
- the optical delay line (s) 41, 42 make it possible to compensate the time delay between an ultra-short amplified pulse 31 coming from the optical amplifier 21 and an ultra-short amplified pulse 32 coming from the amplifier
- the ultra-short amplified pulses 31, 32 are temporally synchronized in the non-linear optical conversion crystal 1.
- an ultra-short pulse 131 doubled in frequency, is obtained.
- the other optical amplifier 23 also receives an ultra-short mother pulse 20 coming from the oscillator 10.
- the optical amplifier 23 amplifies an ultra-short mother pulse 20 and generates an ultra-short amplified pulse 33, of same wavelength ⁇ 1 as the ultra-short amplified pulses 31 and 32.
- An optical system not shown in FIG. 3 directs the ultrashort amplified pulse 33 and the ultra-short pulse 131 converted in frequency towards the other nonlinear optical conversion crystal 2.
- the ultra-short amplified pulse 33 generally has a time delay with respect to the frequency converted ultra-short pulse 131 from the first nonlinear optical crystal 1. This time delay is generally several picoseconds, but it is constant from one pulse to the next pulse, and it varies slowly over a period of several minutes.
- the multibeam conversion device plans to have another optical delay line 43 on the path of the optical amplifier 23, for example at the output of this optical amplifier 23.
- the optical delay line 43 makes it possible to compensate for the time delay between an impulse amplified ultra-short 33 from the optical amplifier 23 and an ultrashort pulse 131 converted into frequency from the first non-linear optical crystal 1.
- the ultra-short amplified pulse 33 and the frequency-converted ultra-short pulse 131 are synchronized temporally in the nonlinear optical conversion crystal 2.
- an ultra-short pulse 132 is obtained, tripled in frequency with respect to the frequency of the oscillator 10.
- Polarization multiplexing consists in arranging two pulses such that each pulse incident in the crystal has a polarization orthogonal to the other, the type of interaction then being of type II in the conversion crystal.
- Angular multiplexing consists in arranging two incident pulses so that they form a different angle of incidence in the crystal, provided that the two pulses are spatially superimposed in the same conversion crystal. In the case of angular multiplexing, the two pulses can then have the same polarization (type I interaction), or orthogonal polarization (type II interaction).
- the first nonlinear optical conversion crystal 1 is, for example, a type II barium beta borate (or BBO) crystal
- the second nonlinear optical conversion crystal 2 is for example also a type II BBO crystal.
- the nonlinear optical crystal is oriented at normal incidence and the cutting angle of the crystal makes it possible to achieve the phase agreement between the three waves propagating in the crystal.
- the quasi-phase-tuned crystals such as periodically polished lithium niobate, or PPLN
- PPLN lithium triborate
- mJ type II collinear or type I non-collinear.
- a laser source 1 1 with a femtosecond Ytterbium doped fiber of the prior art is considered.
- Such a source 1 1 typically emits pulses 31 of energy 20 ⁇ per pulse, with a pulse duration of 400 fs, at a central wavelength ⁇ 1 of 1030 nm and at a rate of 1 MHz.
- Such a source 1 1 is limited in energy by the optical nonlinearities accumulating during the amplification in the active fiber of the previously pre-stretched pulse.
- the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 for example three amplifiers 21, 22, 23 emitting pulses each having an energy of 20 ⁇ , injected by the same femtosecond oscillator 10 are used.
- the synchronization of the amplified pulses 31 , 32, 33 is controlled for example by a differential optical cross-correlation device, which makes it possible to actively adjust the time delay between the three pulses which are successively combined by sum of frequencies in the non-linear crystals 1, 2.
- This first embodiment makes it possible to obtain pulses of high energy in the ultraviolet without exceeding the thermal deposition limits in each of the optical fiber amplifiers 21, 22, 23.
- the second embodiment uses a plurality of distinct laser sources synchronized with each other electronically with a temporal accuracy less than the pulse duration.
- FIG. 4 schematically represents a multi-beam frequency conversion optical system according to the second embodiment, with electronic synchronization.
- the laser source 1 1 emits an ultra-short laser pulse 31.
- the laser source 12 emits an ultra-short laser pulse 32.
- the laser sources 11 and 12 are spatially separated. In this case, the laser sources 1 1 and 12 and are not coherent with each other.
- a conventional electronic synchronization system 50 is connected on the one hand to the laser source 1 1 via an electronic link 51 and on the other hand to the laser source 12 via an electronic link 52.
- the electronic delay, between the transmission of the laser source 1 1 and the laser source 12 is measured by means of a phase detector on electronic signals by an RF technique classic.
- the electronic synchronization system 50 thus makes it possible to temporally synchronize the ultra-short laser pulse 31 and the ultra-short laser pulse 32.
- An optical system (not shown) directs ultra-short laser pulses 31 and 32 to the nonlinear optical conversion crystal 1.
- the multibeam conversion system further comprises at least one optical delay line 41 and / or 42 respectively, on at least one channel, for example at the output of the laser source 11 and / or respectively at the output of the laser source 12.
- the relative time delay between an ultra-short laser pulse 31 and an ultra-short laser pulse 32 is for example measured by cross-correlation.
- the delay line (s) 41, 42 make it possible to compensate the relative time delay between an ultra-short laser pulse 31 coming from the laser source 11 and an ultra-short laser pulse 32 coming from the laser source 12. It is assumed here that the different sources 1 1, 12 generate ultrashort pulses of the same duration and at the same rate of repetition.
- the time delay between the ultra-short pulses 31, 32 from two sources is generally of the order of the ps, but this delay is constant from one pulse to the next. next pulse and slowly varies the duration of an ultrashort pulse over a period of time of several minutes.
- the ultra-short laser pulses 31, 32 are synchronized temporally in the nonlinear optical conversion crystal 1.
- an ultra-short pulse 131 doubled in frequency, is obtained.
- the following pulses 31, 32 are also synchronized.
- the other laser source 13 emits another ultra-short laser pulse 33.
- An optical system (not shown in FIG. 4) directs the ultra-short laser pulse 33 and the ultra-short pulse 131 converted in frequency towards the other nonlinear optical crystal 2.
- the ultra-short laser pulse 33 generally has a time delay with respect to the frequency converted ultra-short pulse 131 from the nonlinear optical conversion crystal 1.
- the electronic synchronization system 50 is connected to the laser source 131 via an electronic link 53 which makes it possible to synchronize the ultrashort laser pulse 33 with the ultra-short pulse 131 converted into a frequency in the nonlinear optical conversion crystal. 2.
- an optical delay line 43 is disposed between the laser source 13 and the nonlinear optical conversion crystal 2 to refine the synchronization of the ultra-short laser pulse 33 and the ultra-short pulse 131 converted into frequency in the nonlinear conversion crystal 2.
- the non-linear conversion crystal 2 generates an ultra-short pulse 132, by frequency conversion, from the ultrafast laser pulse 33 and the ultrashort pulse 131 converted into frequency.
- the ultra-short pulse 132 has an optical frequency equal to the sum of the optical frequencies of the laser pulse 33 and the converted pulse 131.
- the ultra-short pulse 132 has the same duration, the same spatial profile as an ultra-short laser pulse 31, 32 or 33, with an energy which depends on the usual conversion efficiency of the non-linear crystals 1 and / or 2: 50 to 70% for second harmonic generation (SHG), 20 to 30% for third harmonic generation (THG), 15 to 25% for fourth harmonic generation (FHG).
- Figure 5 schematically illustrates a third embodiment of the invention.
- the laser system comprises a device 80 comprising a femtosecond oscillator followed by a stretcher, for temporally stretching the pulses delivered by the oscillator.
- a first amplifier system 81 comprises a first optical amplifier followed by a first compressor for recompressing the amplified pulses.
- a second amplifier system 82 includes a second optical amplifier followed by a second compressor for recompressing the amplified pulses
- a third amplifier system 83 includes a third optical amplifier followed by a third compressor for recompressing the amplified pulses.
- each compressor comprises a translation stage, which makes it possible to modify the propagation time of the pulse.
- Each compressor of each of the amplifier systems 81, 82, 83 thus integrates the function of recompression of the stretched pulses as well as the optical delay line function. These compressors thus make it possible to adjust the synchronization between the different amplified pulses 31, 32, 33.
- the amplifier system 81 forms with the device 80 a first source 31 1 of ultra-short pulses 31.
- the amplifier system 82 forms with the device 80 a second source 312 of ultra-short pulses 32.
- the amplifier system 83 forms with the device 80 a third source 313 of ultra-short pulses 33.
- optical synchronization means and electronic synchronization means are combined in the same laser system. This combination makes it possible to take advantage of the synchronization dynamics specific to each technique, and thus to decorrelate the servo loops.
- the laser system of FIG. 5 further comprises a differential cross-correlator 61 disposed between the output of the first amplifier system 81 and the second amplifier system 82 for measuring the time delay between an ultra-short pulse 31 and an ultra-short pulse 32
- the laser system of FIG. 5 further comprises another differential cross-correlator 62 disposed between the output of the first nonlinear optical conversion crystal 1 and the output of the third amplifier system 83 for measuring the time delay. between an ultra-short pulse 131 converted into frequency and an ultra-short pulse 33 from the third amplifier system 83.
- Figure 6 schematically illustrates a differential cross-correlator device for measuring the optical delay between two ultra-short laser pulses.
- a differential cross-correlator is based on a device of two nonlinear crystals in series, or on a device comprising a nonlinear optical crystal used in double pass, in which pass the two pulses whose time synchronization is sought.
- two ultra-short pulses 31, 32 to be synchronized have a crossed polarization, pass through a first dichroic mirror 71.
- the portions of each ultra-short pulse 31, 32 in temporal overlap with the other are converted by sum of frequency into a frequency-sum nonlinear optical crystal 72, the cumulative energy of this frequency-converted pulse is measured on the detector 75 through the second dichroic mirror 74.
- each pulse undergoes a different delay cumulated twice due to the double passage in the birefringent plate 73.
- the overlapping zones of the two The pulses are no longer the same, the converted energy is then measured on the second detector 76 by reflection on the first dichroic mirror 71.
- the difference 77 between the two signals measured by the detectors 75 and 76 provides an indicator of the delay between the two pulses 31 and 32 and an indicator of the direction of the delay.
- This error signal 77 can therefore be directly sent in a feedback loop to an optical delay line on one of the two compressors of the amplifier systems 81, 82, for example.
- the system of the invention comprises passive synchronization means adapted to stabilize the temporal synchronization between ultrashort pulses originating from different sources in a nonlinear optical frequency converter crystal.
- passive synchronization means comprise, for example, a mechanical stabilization device with respect to the vibrations so as to reduce the optical delay fluctuations between incident ultra-short pulses on the same non-linear optical crystal.
- the passive synchronization means may also comprise thermal stabilization means so as to reduce the optical delay fluctuations between thermally induced ultra-short pulses: for example, the supports of the mirrors in the optical path of the ultra-short pulses are preferably in invar so as to limit the thermal drifts.
- the invention applies in particular to an embodiment with four sources of ultrashort pulses of the same optical frequency and three non-linear optical crystals, to form ultra-short pulses of optical frequency equal to the fourth harmonic of the frequency optics of the four sources.
- This embodiment makes it possible, from sources emitting in the infrared, to generate ultra-short pulses in the UV of high power and / or high energy, and having a stable conversion efficiency of a pulse at the other.
- the invention applies to an embodiment with five sources of ultrashort pulses of the same optical frequency and four non-linear optical crystals, to form ultra-short pulses of optical frequency equal to the fifth harmonic of the optical frequency of the five sources.
- a first industrial application of the invention relates to the production of a laser source of ultrashort pulses of high energy in the UV, from optical fiber lasers, each optical fiber being limited in energy.
- Such a system offers the advantage of delivering ultrashort pulses of high energy in the UV, with high energy stability from one pulse to the next pulse in a pulse train.
- Another industrial application of the invention relates to the production of a laser source of ultrashort pulses of high power in the UV from solid crystal lasers, each crystal laser being limited in power.
- a laser source of ultrashort pulses of high power in the UV from solid crystal lasers, each crystal laser being limited in power.
- Such a system offers the advantage of delivering ultrashort pulses of high power in the UV, with high power stability from one pulse to the next pulse in a pulse train.
- Adjusting the time synchronization is easier and more robust than adjusting an interferometric system.
- the system of the invention has the advantage of being modular and relatively inexpensive. It is easy to add or replace one source module with another, to adapt the power or energy of the ultrashort output pulses. This system also offers the advantage of facilitating maintenance by replacing a module independently of the rest of the system.
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- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020177000192A KR20170026451A (ko) | 2014-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | 초단파 고출력 및/또는 고에너지 펄스들을 갖는 uv가시광선 레이저 시스템 |
| JP2017520015A JP2017520806A (ja) | 2014-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | 極短高パワーおよび/または高エネルギーパルスを有するuv可視レーザシステム |
| CN201580047279.1A CN107078452A (zh) | 2014-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | 具有超短高功率和/或高能量脉冲的uv可见激光器系统 |
| EP15742363.3A EP3164917A1 (fr) | 2014-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | Système laser uv-visible à impulsions ultra-courtes de forte puissance et/ou de forte énergie |
| US15/322,737 US10020632B2 (en) | 2014-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | UV-visible laser system having ultrashort highpower and/or high-energy pulses |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1456388 | 2014-07-03 | ||
| FR1456388A FR3023423B1 (fr) | 2014-07-03 | 2014-07-03 | Systeme laser uv-visible a impulsions ultra-courtes de forte puissance et/ou de forte energie |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2016001604A1 true WO2016001604A1 (fr) | 2016-01-07 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2015/051847 Ceased WO2016001604A1 (fr) | 2014-07-03 | 2015-07-03 | Système laser uv-visible à impulsions ultra-courtes de forte puissance et/ou de forte énergie |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10020632B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3164917A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2017520806A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20170026451A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN107078452A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3023423B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2016001604A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017209989A1 (fr) * | 2016-06-02 | 2017-12-07 | Imra America, Inc. | Génération de fréquence de différence stable à l'aide de lasers à fibre |
| EP3504589A1 (fr) * | 2016-08-25 | 2019-07-03 | Coherent Kaiserslautern GmbH | Source laser pulsée ultraviolette modulaire |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3023423B1 (fr) * | 2014-07-03 | 2016-07-08 | Amplitude Systemes | Systeme laser uv-visible a impulsions ultra-courtes de forte puissance et/ou de forte energie |
| FR3042609B1 (fr) * | 2015-10-19 | 2018-02-16 | Amplitude Systemes | Systeme optique non lineaire de generation ou d'amplification d'impulsions lumineuses par melange a n ondes comportant un dispositif de modulation rapide |
| DE102017104662B4 (de) | 2017-03-06 | 2025-03-13 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh | Waffensystem mit wenigstens zwei HEL-Effektoren |
| FR3067524B1 (fr) * | 2017-06-09 | 2019-07-26 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Dispositif et procede de microscopie multiphotonique |
| FR3076959B1 (fr) * | 2018-01-12 | 2020-07-17 | Amplitude Systemes | Systeme laser et procede de generation d'impulsions laser de tres haute cadence |
| JP7436377B2 (ja) | 2018-03-23 | 2024-02-21 | ローレンス・リバモア・ナショナル・セキュリティー・エルエルシー | ゲートされたcwおよび短パルスレーザーを使用したレーザー穿孔および機械加工の強化 |
| DE102018221363A1 (de) * | 2018-12-10 | 2020-06-10 | Trumpf Laser Gmbh | Lasersystem und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines solchen Lasersystems |
| US12294194B2 (en) | 2019-01-22 | 2025-05-06 | Coherent, Inc. | Diode-pumped solid-state laser apparatus for laser annealing |
| FR3092442B1 (fr) * | 2019-02-04 | 2022-12-30 | Amplitude Systemes | Système laser à superposition temporelle d’impulsions |
| KR102146327B1 (ko) | 2019-09-16 | 2020-08-20 | 국방과학연구소 | 고출력 광섬유 레이저용 특성 측정 시스템 |
| JP7614649B2 (ja) * | 2019-12-27 | 2025-01-16 | 国立研究開発法人量子科学技術研究開発機構 | パルス整形装置及びパルス整形方法 |
| WO2022066435A1 (fr) * | 2020-09-28 | 2022-03-31 | Corning Incorporated | Procédés pour ajuster des propriétés de faisceau pour traitement au laser de substrats revêtus |
| CN112787722B (zh) * | 2021-03-12 | 2021-12-28 | 苏州大学 | 自适应调光的可见光通信系统及调制解调方法 |
| WO2023031803A1 (fr) * | 2021-09-02 | 2023-03-09 | Alcon Inc. | Source laser pour système chirurgical ophtalmique |
| CN119164482B (zh) * | 2024-08-30 | 2025-11-25 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | 一种高功率激光束间延时测量方法 |
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| DE10147362B4 (de) * | 2001-09-26 | 2009-07-30 | Lumera Laser Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur optischen Frequenzkonversion von zumindest zwei Laserstrahlen aus ultrakurzen Strahlungsimpulsen |
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| FR3023423B1 (fr) * | 2014-07-03 | 2016-07-08 | Amplitude Systemes | Systeme laser uv-visible a impulsions ultra-courtes de forte puissance et/ou de forte energie |
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2015
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- 2015-07-03 WO PCT/FR2015/051847 patent/WO2016001604A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2015-07-03 JP JP2017520015A patent/JP2017520806A/ja active Pending
- 2015-07-03 EP EP15742363.3A patent/EP3164917A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-07-03 US US15/322,737 patent/US10020632B2/en active Active
- 2015-07-03 KR KR1020177000192A patent/KR20170026451A/ko not_active Ceased
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| WO2017209989A1 (fr) * | 2016-06-02 | 2017-12-07 | Imra America, Inc. | Génération de fréquence de différence stable à l'aide de lasers à fibre |
| US10690994B2 (en) | 2016-06-02 | 2020-06-23 | Imra America, Inc. | Stable difference frequency generation using fiber lasers |
| EP3504589A1 (fr) * | 2016-08-25 | 2019-07-03 | Coherent Kaiserslautern GmbH | Source laser pulsée ultraviolette modulaire |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3023423A1 (fr) | 2016-01-08 |
| CN107078452A (zh) | 2017-08-18 |
| JP2017520806A (ja) | 2017-07-27 |
| KR20170026451A (ko) | 2017-03-08 |
| FR3023423B1 (fr) | 2016-07-08 |
| EP3164917A1 (fr) | 2017-05-10 |
| US20170141530A1 (en) | 2017-05-18 |
| US10020632B2 (en) | 2018-07-10 |
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