WO2018131663A1 - 霊長類生体の脳内ampa受容体のイメージング方法、プログラム、診断薬、コンパニオン診断薬、医薬、スクリーニング方法、入力端末、サーバ及びシステム - Google Patents
霊長類生体の脳内ampa受容体のイメージング方法、プログラム、診断薬、コンパニオン診断薬、医薬、スクリーニング方法、入力端末、サーバ及びシステム Download PDFInfo
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- 0 *N(*)*C*C1=CCC(*C=C)C=C1 Chemical compound *N(*)*C*C1=CCC(*C=C)C=C1 0.000 description 2
- OQLLEHHZQQBUNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N NC(COc(c(F)cc(SCCN(C(C1=C2C=CCC1)=O)C2=O)c1)c1F)=O Chemical compound NC(COc(c(F)cc(SCCN(C(C1=C2C=CCC1)=O)C2=O)c1)c1F)=O OQLLEHHZQQBUNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NOBYLSUZDAFFKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N NCCSc(cc1F)cc(F)c1OCC(N)=O Chemical compound NCCSc(cc1F)cc(F)c1OCC(N)=O NOBYLSUZDAFFKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/0474—Organic compounds complexes or complex-forming compounds, i.e. wherein a radioactive metal (e.g. 111In3+) is complexed or chelated by, e.g. a N2S2, N3S, NS3, N4 chelating group
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/0404—Lipids, e.g. triglycerides; Polycationic carriers
- A61K51/0406—Amines, polyamines, e.g. spermine, spermidine, amino acids, (bis)guanidines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2123/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technique for imaging AMPA receptors in the brain of primate organisms.
- AMPA receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system and are known to be involved in learning, memory, neurodegeneration, and cell death.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 research on treatment of psychiatric / neurological diseases targeting AMPA receptors has been underway.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 In order to investigate the relationship between AMPA receptors and these diseases, it is required to evaluate the expression level and distribution of AMPA receptors in the brain.
- AMPA receptor analysis techniques include microscopic observation at the synapse and spine level (antibody staining using an electron microscope, fluorescence observation using a two-photon microscope, and functional observation at a synapse using an electrophysiological technique).
- relatively macroscopic observations such as single molecule tracking method using quantum dot method and immunostaining method using slice are known.
- Patent Document 4 describes an example in which an AMPA receptor in a monkey living brain is imaged using a substance having an affinity for an AMPA receptor.
- the decrease in the probe-derived radiation detection value depending on the dose of the unlabeled competitor is not actually confirmed, and only radiation derived from the probe present in the brain can be detected at a certain time. That is, it has not been proved that radiation derived from a probe bound to an AMPA receptor can be detected and the AMPA receptor can really be imaged based on the detected radiation.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a technique for imaging the brain AMPA receptor of a primate organism and its application.
- a substance which is administered to a primate organism and selectively binds to the AMPA receptor in the brain of the primate organism and has a radioactive label is transferred into the brain to bind to the AMPA receptor in the brain, Detecting radiation emitted from the substance bound to the brain AMPA receptor to obtain data on the distribution and / or expression level of the AMPA receptor in the brain.
- AMPA receptor imaging method
- the detection is performed after the first time has passed after the substance has entered the brain and after the second time longer than the first time, The method according to (1) or (2), wherein data relating to the distribution and / or amount of the AMPA receptor in the brain is obtained based on each detected value.
- the substance is a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
- a and Z are each independently CO, SO or SO 2 ;
- X and Y are each independently S or O;
- R 1 to R 4 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo;
- R 5 is independently for each occurrence alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo;
- n is an integer from 0 to 4;
- One or more atoms are radioisotopes of the atoms.
- a diagnostic agent for a disease associated with a primate brain AMPA receptor comprising a substance that selectively binds to a brain AMPA receptor in a primate living body and has a radioactive label, or the above-mentioned disease
- a companion diagnostic for the treatment or prevention of cancer comprising a substance that selectively binds to a brain AMPA receptor in a primate living body and has a radioactive label, or the above-mentioned disease
- a medicament for the treatment or prevention of diseases associated with cerebral AMPA receptors in the primate body A pharmaceutical comprising a substance that selectively binds to a brain AMPA receptor in a primate living body as an active ingredient, and is administered in a dosage plan based on the data obtained by any of the methods (1) to (4) .
- a screening method for a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for a disease associated with an AMPA receptor in the brain of a primate body A method comprising a step of selecting the candidate substance based on the difference in the data obtained by the method according to any one of (1) to (4) before and after administration of the candidate substance to the primate organism.
- An input terminal that transmits information on the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the brain of a primate organism to a server.
- (11) a database storing data in which the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the primate brain and the disease state associated with the AMPA receptors in the primate brain are associated; Means for querying the input information regarding the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the brain of the subject's living body and the data, and transmitting information regarding the disease state of the subject to an output terminal; Server to provide.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a method for imaging AMPA receptors in the brain of a primate organism.
- This method comprises a step of transferring a substance having a radiolabel and selectively binding to a primate living brain AMPA receptor, which is administered to the primate living body, to the brain and binding to the brain AMPA receptor.
- a substance having a radiolabel is used that selectively binds to the AMPA receptor in the brain of the primate organism as in the examples described later, the substance is released from the substance bound to the AMPA receptor in the brain of the primate organism.
- the present inventors discovered for the first time that detected radiation can be detected, and established a methodology according to this embodiment.
- this embodiment based on this novel discovery is a process of acquiring data related to the distribution and / or expression level of the brain AMPA receptor by detecting the radiation emitted from the substance bound to the brain AMPA receptor.
- the distribution and / or expression level of the AMPA receptor in the entire brain of the primate organism can be grasped, and the brain AMPA receptor in the primate organism can be imaged.
- Imaging by radiation detection is not particularly limited, but includes molecular imaging such as positron emission tomography (PETRON), multiphoton imaging method, two-photon imaging method, near infrared fluorescence imaging method, autoradiography, and Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) may be used. Among these, PET imaging is preferable.
- PET imaging is preferable.
- Primates are not particularly limited, but may be humans and monkeys. It is considered that there are some differences between humans and monkeys in terms of substance metabolism, permeability of the blood brain barrier, and the amount and distribution of AMPA receptors in the brain. In this regard, although the examples described later relate to human data, the present inventors have confirmed that monkeys can be similarly imaged (data not shown).
- bonded with the AMPA receptor in a brain can be detected more frequently, and the imaging accuracy of an AMPA receptor increases.
- the required time is not particularly limited, and may be set in advance based on the substance used and statistics (typically, 10 minutes or more, 20 minutes or more, 30 minutes or more, 40 minutes or more after administration of the substance). Or may be set to be 45 minutes or longer.), Or may be set for each target living body. Specifically, the required time is calculated by applying (i) a mathematical analysis model, or (ii) the difference between the region where the target protein is present and the region where the target protein is not present is It may be the maximum time zone in which the variation is reduced, and (iii) the time zone in which the difference between the disease and the healthy person can be detected most clearly.
- the required time is not particularly limited, but may be set to be 110 minutes or less, 100 minutes or less, 90 minutes or less, 80 minutes or less, 70 minutes or less, or 60 minutes or less after administration of the substance.
- the detection is performed after the first time has passed after the substance has entered the brain and after the second time longer than the first time, and the brain AMPA is determined based on the detected values. It is preferred to obtain data relating to receptor distribution and / or quantity. More preferably, the radiation dose derived from the above-mentioned substance taken into each brain region is detected continuously or discontinuously between the first time and the second time, and the average value is calculated. Based on the disparity between brain regions, data regarding the distribution and / or amount of AMPA receptors in the brain can be obtained. Alternatively, a region in which the radiation detection value has changed (decreased) with a relatively small width between the lapse of the first time and the lapse of the second time is likely to correspond to the AMPA receptor. For this reason, the imaging accuracy of an AMPA receptor can be increased by using data based on a difference in detected values. If the first time and the second time are excessively long, the absolute amount of radiation is attenuated, and detection with high accuracy may be difficult.
- the first time and the second time are not particularly limited, and may be set in advance based on a substance to be used and statistics, or may be set for each target living body.
- the first time may typically be set to be 10 minutes or more, 20 minutes or more, 30 minutes or more, 40 minutes or more, or 45 minutes or more after administration of the substance, 110 minutes or less, 100 minutes or less. It may be set to be less than or equal to 90 minutes, less than or equal to 90 minutes, less than or equal to 80 minutes, less than or equal to 70 minutes, or less than or equal to 60 minutes, and may be determined in the same manner as the required time described above.
- the second time may be set to be typically 30 minutes to 150 minutes (specifically 60 minutes or less) after administration of the substance.
- the above substance is not particularly limited, but for example, after parenteral administration, intravenous administration, or intraperitoneal administration, it passes through the blood-brain barrier and moves to the brain. For this reason, it is necessary that the substance has a characteristic capable of passing through the blood-brain barrier. From this viewpoint, it is preferable that the substance has required blood solubility as well as required low molecular weight and fat solubility.
- the said substance may be a single substance, or the state carried
- the substance may be contained in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include sterile water, saline, physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride injection, Ringer's injection, isotonic dextrose injection, Examples include sterile water injection solution, dextrose, and lactated Ringer's injection solution.
- the dose of the above substance may be appropriately set depending on the type of substance used; age, weight, health condition, sex and diet content of the subject to be administered; number of administrations, administration route, and the like.
- the administration of the substance is not particularly limited.
- the said substance is not specifically limited,
- the compound of following formula (I), or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate may be sufficient.
- a and Z are each independently CO, SO or SO 2 ;
- X and Y are each independently S or O;
- R 1 to R 4 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo;
- R 5 is independently for each occurrence alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo;
- n is an integer from 0 to 4;
- One or more atoms are radioisotopes of the atoms.
- the radioisotope is selected from the group consisting of 15 O, 13 N, 11 C, 18 F and the like, but is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of half-life, the radioisotope is preferably 11 C or 18 F.
- R 1 to R 4 is a group containing a radioisotope (eg, [ 11 C] alkyl (preferably 11 CH 3 ), [ 11 C ] Alkenyl, or [ 11 C] alkynyl, or 18 F).
- R 2 is preferably alkyl, more preferably both R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen, or each of R 3 and R 4 is independently alkyl.
- A is SO 2 , Z is CO, X is S, Y is O, R 2 is alkyl, R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl or halo. , R 1 is alkyl or halo, R 1 is in the para position, one of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen, the other is alkyl, and R 5 is halo, especially fluoro, , R 5 is present in both ortho positions relative to the Y group (ie, both meta positions relative to the X group), n is 2 and one of R1-R4 contains a radioisotope Groups such as [ 11 C] alkyl (preferably 11 CH 3 ), [ 11 C] alkenyl, or [ 11 C] alkynyl, or 18 F are preferred.
- A is SO 2 , Z is CO, X is S, Y is O, R 2 is alkyl and R 1 is When hydrogen, alkyl or halo and R 1 is alkyl or halo, R 1 is in the para position, one of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen, the other is alkyl, and R 5 is Halo, especially fluoro, wherein R 5 is present in both ortho positions relative to the Y group (ie both meta positions relative to the X group), n is 2 and R 1 to R 4 More preferably, one group contains a radioisotope (eg, [ 11 C] alkyl (preferably 11 CH 3 ), [ 11 C] alkenyl, or [ 11 C] alkynyl, or 18 F).
- a radioisotope eg, [ 11 C] alkyl (preferably 11 CH 3 ), [ 11 C] alkenyl, or [ 11 C] alkynyl, or 18 F).
- radioactive isotopes include the following compounds:
- alkyl means a monovalent group resulting from the loss of one hydrogen atom of an aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon.
- Alkyl is, for example, 1 to 15 (C 1 -C 15 ) carbon atoms, typically 1 to 10 (C 1 -C 10 ), 1 to 8 (C 1 -C 8 ), 1 Up to 6 (C 1 -C 6 ), 1 to 5 (C 1 -C 5 ), 1 to 4 (C 1 -C 4 ), 1 to 3 (C 1 -C 3 ), 1 to 2 Having (C 1 -C 2 ) or 2 to 6 (C 2 -C 6 ) carbon atoms.
- Alkyl may be linear or branched.
- alkyl examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, n-butyl, isobutyl , T-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, and hexyl.
- the alkyl may be further substituted with a suitable substituent.
- alkenyl refers to an aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbon group having at least one double bond.
- Alkenyl is, for example, 2 to 15 (C 2 -C 15 ) carbon atoms, typically 2 to 10 (C 2 -C 10 ), 2 to 8 (C 2 -C 8 ), 2 ⁇ 6 (C 2 -C 6 ), 2 to 5 (C 2 -C 5 ), 2 to 4 (C 2 -C 4 ), 2 to 3 (C 2 -C 3 ), 3 to 6 (C 3 -C 6 ), 3-8 (C 3 -C 8 ), 4-6 (C 4 -C 6 ), 4-7 (C 4 -C 7 ), or 4-8 It has (C 4 -C 8 ) carbon atoms.
- Alkenyl may be linear or branched.
- Alkenyl may be further substituted with a suitable substituent.
- alkynyl refers to an aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbon group having at least one triple bond.
- Alkynyl is, for example, 2 to 15 (C 2 -C 15 ) carbon atoms, typically 2 to 10 (C 2 -C 10 ), 2 to 8 (C 2 -C 8 ), 2 ⁇ 6 (C 2 -C 6 ), 2 to 5 (C 2 -C 5 ), 2 to 4 (C 2 -C 4 ), 2 to 3 (C 2 -C 3 ), 3 to 6 (C 3 -C 6 ), 3-8 (C 3 -C 8 ), 4-6 (C 4 -C 6 ), 4-7 (C 4 -C 7 ), or 4-8 It has (C 4 -C 8 ) carbon atoms.
- Alkynyl may be linear or branched.
- alkynyl include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (-C ⁇ CH), - C ⁇ CH (CH 3), - C ⁇ C (CH 2 CH 3), - CH 2 C ⁇ CH, -CH 2 C ⁇ C (CH 3 ), —CH 2 C ⁇ C (CH 2 CH 3 ), and the like.
- Alkynyl may be further substituted with a suitable substituent.
- halogen or “halo” means fluoro (—F), chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br), and iodo (—I).
- pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt that is not harmful to mammals, particularly humans.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be formed with nontoxic acids or bases, including inorganic acids or bases, or organic acids or bases.
- examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include metal salts formed from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc, or lysine, N, N ′′ -dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline Organic salts formed from diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts.
- solvate means a solvent-containing compound formed by the association of one or more solvent molecules with the compound of the present invention.
- Solvates include, for example, monosolvates, disolvates, trisolvates, and tetrasolvates. Solvates include hydrates.
- a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 2 is alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl includes, for example, a compound of formula (II) below or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof object: (Wherein, A, X, Y, Z , R 1, R 3, R 4, R 5, and n are the same as defined in the compounds of formula (I).)
- R 3 and R 4 in formula (I) and formula (II) are both hydrogen.
- R 2 is [ 11 C] alkyl, [ 11 C] alkenyl, or [ 11 C] alkynyl, preferably R 2 is [ 11 C] alkyl, in particular 11 CH 3 . .
- X 1 is I.
- a specific example of a compound of formula (II) is 2- [2,6-difluoro-4-( ⁇ 2-[(phenylsulfonyl) amino] ethyl ⁇ thio) phenoxy] acetamide (PEPA).
- the reaction can be carried out in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide.
- a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide.
- the reaction is preferably performed under basic conditions using a base such as NaOH.
- the reaction temperature is preferably room temperature to reflux temperature, particularly preferably 60 to 100 ° C., more preferably 80 ° C.
- the reaction time is 1 to 10 minutes, in particular 5 minutes.
- PET probes usually have to be manufactured in a short time and in high yield due to the short half-life of radioisotopes. Since the reaction proceeds quantitatively in a short time, it is suitable for the production of a PET probe.
- the inventors have found that the reaction of the compound of formula (II) with X 1 -R 2 occurs quantitatively at the NH group adjacent to the A group of the compound of formula (II). Therefore, even if R 3 and R 4 are hydrogen, only the NH group can be converted to an NR 2 group without using a protecting group.
- a compound of formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof produces a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 2 is alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl. It can be used as an intermediate for Also, the compound of formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is a radiolabeled formula wherein R 2 is [ 11 C] alkyl, [ 11 C] alkenyl, or [ 11 C] alkynyl. It can be used as an intermediate for producing a compound of (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
- a compound of formula (I), wherein R 1 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is, for example, a compound of formula (III) below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: Or solvate: Wherein A, X, Y, Z, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and n are the same as defined above, and each R a is independently alkyl, alkenyl, Or is alkynyl) can be prepared by reacting with X 1 -R 1 , wherein R 1 is the same as defined above and X 1 is a halogen. In one embodiment, R a is all n-butyl.
- R 1 is [ 11 C] alkyl, [ 11 C] alkenyl, or [ 11 C] alkynyl, preferably R 1 is [ 11 C] alkyl, in particular 11 CH 3 . .
- X 1 is I.
- the reaction can be performed in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a phosphine ligand, a carbonate and a copper halide.
- the palladium catalyst include tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium.
- the phosphine ligand include tri (o-tolyl) phosphine and (di-tert-butyl) methylphosphine.
- the carbonate include K 2 CO 3 .
- Examples of the copper halide include CuCl.
- the reaction can be carried out in a polar aprotic solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide.
- the reaction temperature is preferably room temperature to reflux temperature, particularly preferably 60 to 100 ° C., more preferably 80 ° C.
- the reaction time is 1 to 10 minutes, in particular 5 minutes.
- PET probes usually have to be manufactured in a short time and in high yield due to the short half-life of radioisotopes. Since the reaction proceeds quantitatively in a short time, it is suitable for the production of a PET probe.
- a compound of formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof wherein R 1 is alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl. It can be used as an intermediate for manufacturing.
- a compound of formula (III) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is a radiolabeled formula wherein R 1 is [ 11 C] alkyl, [ 11 C] alkenyl, or [ 11 C] alkynyl. It can be used as an intermediate for producing a compound of (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
- the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof can also be produced by the methods shown in the following examples.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a program for causing a computer to execute the above-described imaging method. Specifically, the computer controls the imaging apparatus according to the program to image the AMPA receptor in the brain of the primate organism.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a diagnostic agent for a disease associated with cerebral AMPA receptors in the primate body, or a companion diagnostic agent for treatment or prevention of a disease.
- the companion diagnostic agent for treatment is a diagnostic agent for determining whether treatment is expected when it is found that the brain AMPA receptor is a related disease.
- the companion diagnostic agent for prevention is found to be a disease related to the brain AMPA receptor, it is assumed that the disease state (prognosis) in the future or further progression is suppressed. It is a diagnostic agent to judge whether prevention is possible.
- an AMPA receptor function activator can be recommended for subjects whose decrease in expression level of AMPA receptor is known, and AMPA receptor can be recommended for subjects whose increase in expression amount of AMPA receptor is known.
- the administration of antagonists can be recommended. For example, even in a group of diseases clinically diagnosed with depression according to the current disease classification (DSM-V, ICD-10, etc.), there are cases in which increased expression of AMPA receptors is observed, and there is no change or decrease. There are some cases. In that case, even if the clinical diagnosis is depression, tailor-made diagnosis and treatment such as administration of an antagonist is performed for depression with increased AMPA receptor.
- the type of AMPA receptor function activator / AMPA receptor antagonist Prevention in cases where the expression level or distribution of the AMPA receptor correlates with the signs of symptom seizures, etc. To administer the drug automatically).
- one embodiment of the present invention is a medicament for treating or preventing a disease associated with a primate brain AMPA receptor, which selectively binds to a brain AMPA receptor in a primate organism.
- the present invention also relates to a medicine that is administered in a dosage schedule based on data on the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the brain obtained by the above-described imaging method using a substance as an active ingredient.
- the AMPA receptor antagonist which is a medicine according to one embodiment (which may be used together with a companion diagnostic agent), is not particularly limited, but peranpanel hydrate (Eisai Co., Ltd.), talampane (Teva Co.) for epilepsy disease. Is mentioned.
- a and Z are each independently CO, SO, or SO 2 , and these groups are expected to show an interaction with the AMPA receptor.
- a and Z are each independently CO or SO 2 , more preferably, A is SO 2 and Z is CO.
- X and Y are each independently S or O, preferably X is S and Y is O.
- R 1 to R 4 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo.
- R 1 -R 4 are hydrogen, ie, at least one of R 1 -R 4 is other than hydrogen.
- R 2 is alkyl.
- R 1 is alkyl or halo.
- R 1 can be present in any of the ortho, meta, or para positions.
- R 1 is in the para position.
- one of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen and the other is alkyl.
- R 1 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo and R 2 is alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl.
- R 5 is each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo for each occurrence.
- R 5 is halo, particularly preferably fluoro. More preferably, R 5 is present in both ortho positions relative to the Y group (ie both meta positions relative to the X group).
- n is an integer of 0-4. Preferably n is 2.
- the combinations of substituents in the compound of formula (I) are as follows: A and Z are each independently CO, SO or SO 2 , X and Y are each independently S or O R 1 , R 3 and R 4 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo, R 2 is alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl and R 5 is each independently for each occurrence, A combination wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo, and n is an integer of 0 to 4 is preferable.
- the combinations of substituents in the compound of formula (I) include: A is SO 2 , Z is CO, X is S, Y is O, and R 2 is When it is alkyl, R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl or halo and R 1 is alkyl or halo, R 1 is in the para position, one of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen and the other is alkyl R 5 is each independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo, and n is preferably a combination of 0 to 4 integers.
- the combinations of substituents in the compound of formula (I) include: A is SO 2 , Z is CO, X is S, Y is O, and R 2 is When alkyl, R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl or halo and R 1 is alkyl or halo, R 1 is in the para position, one of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen and the other is A combination in which R 5 is halo, in particular fluoro, R 5 is in both ortho positions with respect to the Y group (ie both meta positions with respect to the X group) and n is 2 Is preferred.
- the combinations of substituents in the compound of formula (I) include: A is SO 2 , Z is CO, X is S, Y is O, and R 2 is When it is alkyl, R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl or halo and R 1 is alkyl or halo, R 1 is in the para position, R 3 and R 4 are both hydrogen, and R 5 is Each independently represents a combination of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or halo, and n is an integer of 0 to 4.
- the AMPA receptor function activator / AMPA receptor antagonist can be administered orally or parenterally.
- Oral administration agents can be solid preparations such as powders, granules, capsules and tablets, or liquid preparations such as syrups and elixirs.
- parenteral administration agents injections (vein, muscle, etc.), rectal administration agents, external preparations for skin, and inhalants can be used. These preparations are produced according to a conventional method by adding a pharmaceutically acceptable production aid to the active ingredient. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain a sustained-release preparation by a known technique.
- Diseases associated with primate brain AMPA receptors may be, but are not limited to, psychiatric or neurological diseases, for example, (1) Depression, major depression, bipolar depression, mood disorders, affective disorders, recurrent depression, postpartum depression, stress disorder, depressive symptoms, mania, anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety syndrome, Panic disorder, phobia, social phobia, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, taurette syndrome, autism, fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, adjustment disorder, bipolar Disorder, neurosis, schizophrenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, epilepsy, irritability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychotic major depression, refractory major depression , Psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant depression (2) Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer-type senile dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, multiple cerebral infarction dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's fronto
- One embodiment of the present invention is a medicament for the treatment or prevention of diseases associated with cerebral AMPA receptors in the primate body.
- the above diseases are not particularly limited, but are selected from the group consisting of epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, cerebral ischemia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, autism, attention hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and multiple sclerosis It may be one or more.
- the drug according to this embodiment can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is not particularly limited.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a screening method for a therapeutic or prophylactic agent for a disease associated with a primate brain AMPA receptor. This method includes a step of selecting candidate substances based on the difference in data regarding the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the brain obtained by the above-described imaging method before and after administration of the candidate substance to a primate organism. .
- the candidate substance can be selected as an AMPA receptor function activator / AMPA receptor antagonist.
- the above-mentioned diseases that have conventionally been grouped are finely classified according to the expression level or distribution of brain AMPA receptors, and appropriate therapeutic or preventive drugs are prepared for each classification.
- the selected candidate substance actually has a therapeutic or prophylactic effect for a disease associated with a primate brain AMPA receptor (animal experiment, human test, etc.). Further, selection may be made based on the fact that the above-mentioned effect is actually provided.
- a system includes an input terminal, a server, and an output terminal.
- the input terminal transmits information on the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the brain of the primate organism to the server. This information can be acquired by the imaging method of the present invention described above.
- the server stores data in which the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the primate brain and the disease state associated with the AMPA receptors in the primate brain are associated with each other.
- the server inquires the input information on the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the brain of the subject's living body and the data in the database, and generates information on the disease state of the subject (information creation unit) And means for transmitting this information to the output terminal.
- a system including this server can accurately present the state of the disease of the subject.
- the disease state includes, for example, the presence or absence of disease, seriousness, and seizure possibility.
- the information creation unit can select data that is the same as or similar to the distribution and / or expression level of the AMPA receptor in the brain of the subject from the database, and generate information related to the disease state.
- the server includes a distribution and / or expression level of a primate brain AMPA receptor, a disease state associated with the primate brain AMPA receptor, and a previously administered primate body.
- a database that stores data associated with the type, dose, and / or usage of a drug for the treatment or prevention of a disease associated with a brain AMPA receptor in the body.
- the server inquires the input information regarding the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the brain of the subject's living body, and information on the recommended type, dose and / or usage of the drug to the subject. (Information creation unit), and further includes means for transmitting this information to the output terminal.
- a system including this server can recommend an appropriate medicine type, dose and / or usage depending on the subject. The specific embodiment may be the same as described above for the companion diagnostic agent and the medicine.
- the database of the server is fed back with information about the prevention or treatment outcome of the subject by administration according to the recommended type, dose and / or usage of the recommended medicine, and the subject's living brain. It is associated with information regarding the distribution and / or expression level of the internal AMPA receptor. This updates the database and further increases the recommended accuracy.
- the output terminal is an output terminal that outputs information transmitted from the server.
- the system 1000 (not shown) of the present invention includes an input terminal 200, a server 300, and an output terminal 500.
- the input terminal 200 has a function of transmitting information related to the distribution and / or expression level of AMPA receptors in the brain of the primate organism to the server. Specifically, an imaging data generation unit 210, a metadata generation unit 220, a synthesis unit 250, and a transmission unit 223 are provided.
- the input terminal 200 receives an output transmitted from the molecular imaging apparatus 100 such as PET, multiphoton imaging method, two-photon imaging method, near infrared fluorescence imaging method, autoradiography, SPECT, etc. as a receiving terminal (not shown). ) To the imaging data generation unit 210.
- the input data is data acquired by the imaging method of the present invention.
- the molecular imaging apparatus 100 will be described as PET.
- the imaging data generation unit 210 is connected to the molecular imaging apparatus 100 outside the system 1000, receives image data continuously or intermittently, performs a two-stage data conversion process, and receives the brain AMPA receptor.
- the data relating to the distribution and / or expression level is generated (the generated data is hereinafter referred to as imaging data).
- the first data conversion is data conversion for converting the direct output of the molecular imaging apparatus 100 into coordinates.
- the direct output of the molecular imaging apparatus 100 is, for example, continuous luminance (gradation) data in the order of the scan times of the helical scan.
- the imaging data generation unit 210 converts continuous data in the order of scan times into absolute coordinates or relative coordinates with a predetermined position in the brain as the origin. Then, data on the brain coordinates and brightness (gradation) is generated. As an example, it is expressed in the form of (Xi, Yj, Zk, B1) (X, Y, Z are three-dimensional coordinates of an arbitrary starting point, B is luminance (gradation), i, j, k, l is an integer). Since this data is four-dimensional data, it can be visualized as information giving brightness (gradation) to the intracerebral space by software capable of handling a three-dimensional space such as a three-dimensional CAD. Specifically, the luminance (gradation) in the brain can be expressed as a distribution, and two-dimensional segmentation is also possible.
- the second data conversion is data conversion in which data relating to luminance (gradation) among the data obtained by the first data conversion is converted into the expression level of the AMPA receptor by a predetermined calculation.
- the data used for the calculation at this time includes, for example, the name of the PET drug related to the imaging method of the present invention, its dose, the first time and the second time of the present invention, the time required from the completion of the synthesis to the administration (after the PET drug synthesis) The time required for the decay of radioactivity).
- AMPA receptor specific adsorption property is converted into the expression level of the AMPA receptor, and data relating to the expression level of the AMPA receptor is generated.
- it is expressed in the form of (Xi, Yj, Zk, Al) (X, Y, Z are three-dimensional coordinates of an arbitrary origin, A is the expression level of AMPA receptor, i, j, k , L is an integer).
- This data can express the AMPA receptor expression level in the brain as a distribution, and can also be cut out two-dimensionally.
- the metadata generation unit 220 generates additional data related to the data acquired from the molecular imaging apparatus 100.
- the data includes, for example, (1) data on the subject (data S), (2) data on the verification site (data R), (3) data on the imaging conditions (data Z), (4) date and time (data T), (5) Consists of data relating to terminal identification number data (data N).
- data on the subject (Data S) Examples of data on the subject (data S) include the subject's attribute (classification), identification number, and in the case of a human, for example, a patient identification code, gender, age, weight, disease name, and drug described in the medical record Histories of taking, etc.
- the data (data R) related to the collation part is related to a specific part in the brain that is collated by the server 300 (the information creating unit 310, the collation unit 350), and may be one or plural. For example, it is a code that designates a brain region (region X) of interest when making a diagnosis.
- the region X is, for example, the frontal lobe, dentate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleated nucleus, cerebellum, and bridge.
- Data related to imaging conditions examples include the device name of the molecular imaging apparatus 100 or a predetermined device code, the name of the PET drug used for imaging, the nuclide, the dose, the administration method, the synthesis date and time of the PET drug, The date and time of shipment (or the time required from synthesis or shipment to administration) and the first time and the second time in the imaging method of the present invention are selected.
- Date and time related data The date / time data (data T) is date / time data acquired for specifying and recording the generation time of metadata, and may be acquired from a clock memory (not shown) provided in the input terminal 200. Alternatively, it may be acquired from a clock 900 provided outside the input terminal 200.
- the date and time may be Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), standard time of a predetermined country based on UTC, or time of an Internet clock.
- UTC Coordinated Universal Time
- data N is a unique identification number assigned to each input terminal 200, and is preferably a number for which an authentication relationship with the server 300 is set in advance.
- the synthesizing unit 250 concatenates the imaging data generated by the imaging data generation unit 210 and the metadata generated by the metadata generation unit 220 to generate concatenated data.
- the entire data is packaged in a format that can be transmitted to the outside. Specifically, after concatenating the top of the metadata to the end of the imaging data, a header indicating the beginning of the data at the top of the entire data, and a footer indicating the end of the data at the end Combine to form a data package. If necessary, a synchronization signal that triggers data transmission / reception or an error correction code may be added. Further, a part or the whole of the data package may be encrypted as necessary.
- the transmission unit 223 transmits the data package to the server 300, and an existing communication terminal can be used as it is. Further, since the server 300 described later is not only installed in the vicinity of the input terminal 200 but may be installed at a long distance, the transmission unit 223 may be an intranet or Internet compatible communication terminal. .
- the server 300 includes a reception unit 332 (first reception unit 332), a separation unit 333, an information creation unit 310, a transmission unit 335 (first transmission unit 335), and a database 400 (first database 400). Prepare.
- the receiving unit 332 receives a data package from the input terminal 200, and an existing communication terminal can be used as it is.
- headers, footers, synchronization signals, etc., which have been assigned for transmission are removed. If the data is encrypted, the data is combined. As a result of these processes, the linked data in which the imaging data and the metadata are linked is restored.
- the separation unit 333 separates the imaging data and the metadata from the connection data. Then, data S, data R, data Z, data T, and data N are further separated from the metadata. Further, the separation unit 333 selects and transmits data S, data R, data Z, data T, and data N to the database 400 (first database 400) (here, as an example, the data R is transmitted). ). Further, the separation unit 333 sends the imaging data and part or all of the metadata to the information creation unit 310.
- the separation unit 333 further identifies the region X based on the data R, and then separates the imaging data of the region X from the imaging data.
- the separated imaging data of the region X is output to the information creation unit 310 (particularly the matching unit 350).
- the information creation unit 310 includes a collation unit 350 and an instruction unit 360. And the collation part 350 and the instruction
- the collation unit 350 collates the imaging data of the region X received from the separation unit 333 and the reference data received from the database 400 (first database 400).
- Reference data received from the database 400 (first database 400) is imaging data for the region X prepared in advance for reference in diagnosis, as will be described later.
- An example of the reference data is the AMPA receptor expression level in region X for a healthy subject or model subject.
- the collating unit 350 compares the imaging data for the region X with the reference data for the region X, and determines the magnitude of the AMPA receptor expression level.
- the AMPA receptor expression level input from the input terminal 200 to the verification unit 350 and the AMPA receptor expression level as reference data originating from the database 400 (first database 400) are expressed as 2 Compare and judge over stages.
- the first stage is to determine whether the expression level of the imaging data is larger than the expression level of the reference data
- the second stage is that the expression level of the imaging data is smaller than or equal to the expression level of the reference data
- the expression level of the imaging data can be determined in three levels, which are larger, smaller, and equal to the expression level of the reference data.
- the instruction unit 360 presents instructions according to the above three-stage determination. Specifically, data A is output when the expression level of the reference data is larger than the expression level of the imaging data, and data B is output when the expression level of the reference data is smaller than the expression level of the imaging data. If the imaging data expression level and the reference data expression level are the same, data C is output. These data A to C are stored in an internal memory (not shown) of the server 300 and are read out.
- data A is “AMPA receptor expression level is larger than reference”
- data B is “AMPA receptor expression level is lower than reference”
- data C is “AMPA receptor expression level is lower than reference”.
- the expression level of the receptor is the same level as the standard ”.
- Another example is the presentation of diagnosis results for diseases, etc., depending on the level of AMPA receptor expression.
- Another example is the presentation of a drug to be administered, such as a therapeutic drug, depending on the amount of AMPA receptor expressed.
- data A is “AMPA receptor antagonist prescription”
- data B is “AMPA receptor promoter prescription”
- data C is not indicated or “prescription” "No" or “Need to follow up”.
- the transmission unit 335 (first transmission unit 335) combines the data output from the information creation unit 310 (referred to as instruction data) and a part or all of the metadata separated by the separation unit 335, and the data package To the output terminal 500.
- the combined metadata is at least (1) data relating to the subject, and may be, for example, a subject identification number.
- the data package may include a header and a footer, or may include a synchronization signal and an error correction code. Further, the entire data package may be encrypted as necessary.
- the transmission unit (first transmission unit 335) can use an existing communication terminal as it is, and may be an intranet or Internet compatible communication terminal.
- the database 400 includes a selection unit 410 (first selection unit 410) and a reference data storage 450.
- the selection unit 410 (first selection unit 410) and the reference data storage 450 are connected in series.
- the selection unit 410 (first selection unit 410) generates a request command according to data sent from the separation unit 333 outside the database 400 (first database 400), and outputs the request command to the reference data storage 450. For example, when the data R is received from the separation unit 333, the reference data related to the described reference part is searched and a command to be output is generated.
- the reference data storage 450 stores data in which the distribution and / or expression level of the primate brain AMPA receptor is associated with the disease state associated with the primate brain AMPA receptor. ing.
- the storage form may be a read only memory (ROM) or a rewritable random access memory (RAM). Since the data is preferably updated based on the latest medical knowledge and medical information, a random access memory (RAM) is preferable.
- RAM random access memory
- the data stored in the reference data storage 450 is at least imaging data to be referred to when diagnosing a disease state associated with an AMPA receptor (hereinafter referred to as reference data).
- An example of the reference data is the AMPA receptor expression level for a healthy subject or a model subject. Since the brain regions to be referred to differ depending on the disease, the reference data is stored for each brain region. For example, the frontal lobe, the dentate cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the nucleus, the cerebellum, the bridge, etc., and corresponds to the data R in the metadata. Accordingly, when the region X is designated as the referenced data, the reference data of the corresponding part is stored so that it can be output.
- the reference data storage 450 transmits corresponding reference data to the matching unit 350 in accordance with the request command generated by the selection unit 410 (first selection unit 410).
- the reference data is not limited to a healthy subject or model subject, and may be an AMPA receptor expression level for a typical example of a disease.
- the disease is, for example, depression, stress disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, age-related memory disorder, intrinsic sleep disorder, etc., and corresponds to data S in the metadata. Therefore, when the disease name is designated as the data to be referred to, it is stored so that typical reference data of the corresponding disease can be output.
- the output terminal 500 has a function of receiving and displaying data from the server 300. Specifically, the output terminal 500 includes a receiving unit 553, a separating unit 520, an instruction display unit 540, and a metadata display. Part 530.
- the receiving unit 553 receives a data package transmitted from the server 300 to the output terminal 500, and an existing communication terminal can be used as it is.
- the data package is encrypted, the data is decrypted, and when a header, footer, synchronization signal, and error correction code are attached, they are removed to generate a data string.
- the separation unit 520 separates instruction data and metadata from the data. Then, the separation unit 520 transmits the instruction data to the instruction display unit 540 and transmits the metadata to the metadata display unit 530.
- the instruction display unit 540 is a liquid crystal display, for example, and displays the instruction data in a form that is easy to visually recognize, such as characters and images.
- the metadata display unit 530 is a liquid crystal display, and displays metadata in a form that is easy to visually recognize, such as characters and images.
- the instruction display unit 540 and the metadata display unit 530 are different display devices (liquid crystal display or the like). However, even if a single liquid crystal display displays a display area separately, picture-in-picture (PinP) May be superimposed and displayed. Moreover, it is a single touch sensor built-in liquid crystal display, and the display of 2 screens may be switched by flick operation.
- a system 1000 (not shown) of the present invention includes an input terminal 200, a server 300, and an output terminal 500. These are connected by communication lines that can transmit and receive each other, but do not always need to be connected, and may be connected at any time by a command issued by any device as necessary. . Also, the installation location of the input terminal 200, the server 300, and the output terminal 500 is not limited as long as the connection can be established by a communication line, and each device is installed remotely. May be. A plurality of input terminals 200 and a plurality of output terminals 500 may be connected to one server 300.
- the server 300 includes an ID generation unit 340 and a second transmission unit 323, and the input terminal 200 includes a reception unit 232 and an ID authentication unit 240. It is intended that mutual authentication is established by the ID generation unit 340 inside the server 300 and the ID authentication unit 240 inside the input terminal 200.
- the ID generation unit 340 transmits the data N to the ID generation unit 340 when the data from the first reception unit 323 is input to the separation unit 333 and the data N is generated from the metadata.
- the data N is the identification number of the input terminal 200.
- the ID generation unit 340 encodes the data N using a predetermined function and outputs the encoded data N to the second transmission unit 323. Subsequently, the second transmission unit 323 transmits the encoded data (referred to as data NN) to the input terminal 200 (reception unit 232). The receiving unit 232 of the input terminal 200 receives the data NN and outputs the data NN to the ID authentication unit 240. Next, the ID authentication unit 240 performs decryption using a predetermined function and performs authentication. Specifically, the data NN is decrypted to generate data N, which is collated with an identification number (data N) that the input terminal 200 has.
- data NN is decrypted to generate data N, which is collated with an identification number (data N) that the input terminal 200 has.
- the encoding function and the decoding function are determined in advance.
- an encoding function is defined as f (x)
- a decoding function is defined as f ⁇ 1 (x) that is an inverse function of the encoding function.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the system 1000 of the present invention, and is the same as the configuration of FIG. 1 except that a second database 600 is provided.
- the second database 600 includes a second selection unit 610 and an instruction data storage 650.
- the second selection unit 610 and the instruction data storage 650 are connected in series.
- the second selection unit 610 generates a request command according to the data sent from the separation unit 333, and outputs the request command to the instruction data storage 650. For example, when the data R is received from the separation unit 333, the instruction data related to the described part is searched and a command to be output is generated.
- the instruction data storage 650 includes the distribution and / or expression level of the primate brain AMPA receptor, the state of the disease associated with the primate brain AMPA receptor, and the recommended drug for the subject. Data associated with information on type, dose and / or usage is stored. Similar to the first database 400, the storage may be a read-only memory (ROM) or a rewritable random access memory (RAM), but a random access memory (RAM) is desirable.
- ROM read-only memory
- RAM random access memory
- the data stored in the instruction data storage 650 is at least information on the type, dose, and / or usage of medicine recommended for the subject (hereinafter referred to as instruction data).
- instruction data is a drug recommended for a disease, with usage and dose. Since the recommended medicine differs for each disease, the instruction data is stored for each disease.
- the instruction data storage 650 transmits corresponding instruction data to the instruction unit 360 in response to the request command generated by the second selection unit 610.
- the instruction data storage 650 transmits corresponding instruction data to the instruction unit 360 in response to the request command generated by the second selection unit 610.
- the second selection unit can request data from the separation unit 333.
- presenting a drug when presenting a usage and a dose, data S is requested, and information on the sex, age, weight, and medication history of the subject is obtained. Then, taking into account information on these subjects, the usage and dose are determined by a predetermined algorithm, and output as additional data.
- the reference data storage 450 and the instruction data storage 650 are both updated and recommended by constantly feeding back information on the treatment and prevention results of subjects by administration according to the recommended type, dosage and / or usage of the recommended medicine. Accuracy can be increased.
- K 2 CO 3 8.40 g, 60.7 mmol
- Methyl bromoacetate 5.80 g, 38.5 mmol
- Chlorosulfonic acid (17.2 g, 24.7 mmol) was added dropwise to an DCM solution of (2,6-difluoro-phenoxy) -acetic acid methyl ester (2) (5.00 g, 24.7 mmol) in an ice bath.
- the reaction solution was heated to 45 ° C. and stirred for 1.5 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with 50 mL ice water, the organic layer was separated and washed with water (300 mL ⁇ 3).
- N- (2-bromo-ethyl) -benzenesulfonamide (9) (1.30 g, 4.90 mmol) and the reaction solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was poured into 30 mL of 2N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL ⁇ 3). The organic layer was washed with water (50 mL ⁇ 3) and brine (100 mL ⁇ 2), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and then concentrated in vacuo to give a residue.
- reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was diluted with 20 ml of water and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL ⁇ 3). The organic layer was washed with water (30 mL ⁇ 3) and brine (20 mL ⁇ 2), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and then concentrated under vacuum to give compound (6) as a yellow oil. (285 mg, 92%).
- K-1 A mixture of [4- (2-benzenesulfonylamino-ethylsulfanyl) -2,6-difluoro-phenoxy] -acetic acid methyl ester (5) (200 mg, 0.48 mmol) and 10 mL of 4N MeOH / NH 3 was stirred at room temperature. For 18 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to obtain a residue.
- benzenesulfonyl chloride (7) (3.00 g, 17.0 mmol)
- 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (8) (3.80 g, 18.7 mmol)
- DIPEA 4 .80 g, 37.4 mmol
- the reaction solution was then stirred at the same temperature for 1.5 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction solution was diluted with 20 mL of water and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL ⁇ 3).
- 1 H-NMR 400 MHz, CDCl 3 ): ⁇ 6.30 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.68 (m, 2H).
- triphenylphosphine 3.4 g, 13.1 mmol
- DMF 0.1 mL
- DCM 3 mL
- DCM 4 mL
- the solution was added dropwise.
- the reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed to give crude compound (11) as a yellow oil.
- 2- (2-bromo-ethyl) -isoindole-1,3-dione (13.2 g, 51.8 mmol)
- K 2 CO 3. (23.8 g, 172.4 mmol) was added.
- a methylamine alcohol solution (10 mL) of compound (13) (0.5 g, 1.2 mmol) was stirred at 100 ° C. for 30 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was concentrated to obtain a crude compound (14) as a yellow oil (1 g).
- Compound (1) 39.0 g, 0.30 mol
- K 2 CO 3 (62.0 g, 0.45 mol)
- Compound (18) (50.1 g, 0.30 mol)
- acetone 200 mL
- a solution of compound (19) (50 g, 0.23 mol) in DCM (180 mL) at 35 ° C. was added ClSO 3 H (106 mL, 1.38 mol).
- the reaction mixture was heated to reflux temperature and stirred for about 1.5 hours. Then poured into ice. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated to give compound 20 (37 g, 50%).
- a mixture of compound (20) (25.0 g, 0.08 mol), SnCl 2 (63.3 g, 0.28 mol), concentrated HCl (46.6 mL, 0.56 mol), and MeOH (333 mL) was added to the reflux temperature. And stirred for about 1.5 hours. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was poured onto ice and extracted with toluene. The organic layer was washed 3 times with 12% HCl, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated.
- Compound (23) (1.35 g, 11.0 mmol) was added to a solution of compound (22) (2.54 g, 10.0 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) followed by TEA (1.52 g, 15.0 mmol). Was added.
- the reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for about 3 hours and diluted with water.
- the solution was extracted with DCM (80 mL ⁇ 3). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated.
- a mixture of compound (21) (1.25 g, 5.36 mmol), K 2 CO 3 (905 mg, 6.55 mmol), compound (24) (1.88 g, 5.50 mmol), and acetone (50 mL) Stir for about 16 hours at room temperature.
- the reaction mixture was poured into 3% HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate (90 mL ⁇ 3). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated.
- a mixture of compound (25) (3.00 g, 6.06 mmol) and 2M NH 3 / MeOH (150 mL, 300 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for about 16 hours. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration to obtain compound (26) (2.3 g, 80%).
- CapcellPak UG-80 (10X250) (Shiseido, Japan) was used for the column, separation was performed at a flow rate of 5.0 ml / min, and detection was performed using UV254 nm and RI. The RI peak portion in the vicinity of about 8 minutes was collected and concentrated using an evaporator under the addition of Tween 80 (final concentration 0.8%) and 2.5 mg ascorbic acid. The residue was dissolved by adding 2.5 ml of physiological saline.
- Rats were 2 to 3 weeks old adult male SD rats (Charles River, Japan). A 200 ⁇ m-thick acute brain section containing the striatum was prepared, placed on a cell strainer, and allowed to stand in oxygenated ACSF (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) for 60 minutes.
- ACSF artificial cerebrospinal fluid
- AMPA receptor binding compounds K-2 and K-4 are dissolved in 100% DMSO (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) to a concentration of 2.1 mM and diluted with physiological saline immediately before administration. Rats were intravenously administered at a dose of 5 ⁇ l / body weight (g) (15% DMSO, 320 ⁇ M) to give 1 mg / kg to 1.5 mg / kg.
- the neck skin was incised approximately 3 cm, the subcutaneous fat was opened, and the jugular vein was exposed.
- the cannula tube was removed from the needle, the tip of the cannula tube was inserted 2.5 cm into the jugular vein, and fixed near the insertion part with a suture.
- the other side of the cannula tube was exposed from the back of the rat to the outside of the body, a stopper was attached to prevent backflow, and the incised skin was sutured. After the operation, the rats were returned to their home cages.
- PET imaging was performed using microPET (Focus 220; Siemens Medical Solution). PET imaging experiment using rats: After anesthetizing rats in an anesthesia box filled with isoflurane (DS Pharma Animal Health, Japan), anesthesia was maintained at 1.5% isoflurane concentration (air 2L / min). The vein was secured from the tail vein with a 24G Surfflow indwelling needle (Terumo, Japan). After fixing the rat on the PET imaging table, radiographic imaging for attenuation correction was performed before imaging, and then radiolabeled K-2 (about 40 MBq) was administered. During PET imaging, the body temperature was maintained at 37 ⁇ 0.5 ° C.
- the time during which the limbs of the rat were not moved was measured as the immobility time in 2 to 10 minutes (0 to 2 minutes was the environment adaptation time of the rat) of the captured movie. .
- the immobility time was compared between rats administered with 15% DMSO and rats administered with K-2 and K-4 dissolved in 15% DMSO.
- Example 1 PET imaging in humans
- PET imaging was performed on two subjects.
- a supine position was taken on the imaging table, and a venous path was secured with a 22 gauge surf flow needle on the forearm or back of the hand.
- After performing absorption correction CT imaging for about 1 minute about 370 MBq of [ 11 C] K-2 was intravenously administered as a PET drug over 1 minute. Thereafter, imaging was performed for 120 minutes.
- a PET / CT apparatus, aquidu (Toshiba Medical Systems) was used for imaging.
- the collected list data reconstructed a dynamic image by the OS-EM method.
- FIG. 11 shows an image relating to 30 minutes from 0 minutes to 30 minutes after PET drug administration (referred to as the first half image), and from 120 minutes after PET drug administration (an example of the first time) to 120 minutes (an example of the second time). ) For 60 minutes until ().
- the obtained image is a high-resolution and high-contrast image in which the brain AMPA receptor-binding region can be clearly distinguished as compared with the AMPA receptor-binding non-binding region, and thus diagnosis of diseases related to AMPA receptor binding. It can be said that it is suitable for.
- the first half image from 0 minutes to 30 minutes after PET drug administration, both PET drug bound to brain AMPA receptor and PET drug not bound to brain AMPA receptor are detected mixed.
- the overall brightness is high but the resolution is low (coarse), it can be said that there is room for improvement in order to clearly determine the AMPA receptor binding region in the brain. In principle, it is possible to acquire images continuously from 0 minute to 120 minutes after PET drug administration.
- the continuous image is an additive image that includes the first half image with a low resolution and the second half image with a high resolution, and the first half image with a higher radiation dose has a higher contribution to the luminance, and as a whole, It becomes a low resolution image and requires some skill for diagnosis.
- an example of the setting method of the first time for obtaining a high-resolution and multi-gradation image is a time when the PET drug that is not bound to the brain AMPA receptor is markedly washed out or later, It may be after the time when the total amount of radiation detection in the entire brain becomes the maximum value.
- the difference between the first half image and the second half image has been confirmed in monkeys as well as human examples (data not shown).
- Example 2 PET imaging in humans
- PET imaging was performed on healthy men in their 20s (Y5, Y14, Y16).
- a supine position was taken on the imaging table, and a venous path was secured with a 22 gauge surf flow needle on the forearm or back of the hand.
- CT imaging for about 1 minute
- about 370 MBq [ 11 C] K-2 was intravenously administered over 1 minute.
- imaging was performed for 120 minutes.
- a PET / CT apparatus, aquidu (Toshiba Medical Systems) was used for imaging.
- the collected list data reconstructed a dynamic image by the OS-EM method.
- VOIs containing multiple regions such as frontal lobe, dentate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus, cerebellum, and pons were created on the template MRI image using PMOD image analysis software (PMOD technologies). It was integrated and analyzed. The calculated value used for quantification was% SUV (% of standardized uptake value). In addition, based on the results of Example 1, the% SUV for three healthy subjects is the average value for 70 minutes from 50 minutes after PET drug administration (an example of the first time) to 120 minutes after (an example of the second time). Was calculated and used for analysis.
- the brain of the primate living body is considered.
- a substance that selectively binds to an internal AMPA receptor and has a radiolabel is used as an active ingredient of a diagnostic agent for a disease associated with an AMPA receptor in a primate brain or a companion diagnostic agent for treatment or prevention of the disease. It was suggested that it can be used.
- the results of the imaging method of the present invention can be used in drug administration plans for the treatment or prevention of diseases related to cerebral AMPA receptors in the primate and screening methods for treatment or prevention drugs. It was done.
- Example 3 In Example 2, the average value of 10 minutes (referred to as the previous period) from 50 minutes (an example of the first time) to 60 minutes (an example of the second time) as a% SUV for 6 healthy subjects, And the average value for 30 minutes (referred to as the latter period) from 60 minutes (one example of the first time) to 90 minutes (one example of the second time) was calculated and used for the analysis. The result is shown in FIG.
- the vertical axis in FIG. 14 represents the relative value of% SUV of each brain region when the% SUV of the occipital lobe is 1.
- the occipital lobe has a relatively large blood flow component and is suitable as a reference site.
- Example 4 (AMPA-PET for epilepsy patients whose epilepsy focus is confined to the medial temporal lobe-PET imaging in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy) PET imaging was performed on 3 patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. A supine position was taken on the imaging table, and a venous path was secured with a 22 gauge surf flow needle on the forearm or back of the hand. After absorption correction CT imaging for about 1 minute, about 370 MBq [ 11 C] K-2 was intravenously administered over 1 minute. Thereafter, imaging was performed for 90 minutes. A PET / CT apparatus, aquidu (Toshiba Medical Systems) was used for imaging. The collected list data reconstructed a dynamic image by the OS-EM method.
- aquidu Toshiba Medical Systems
- the reconstructed image was analyzed by integrating the PET image onto the standardized MRI image using PMOD image analysis software (PMOD technologies).
- PMOD image analysis software PMOD technologies.
- a SUVR (standardized uptake value ratio) image was used as the reconstructed image.
- the SUVR image was created by dividing the 20-minute addition average image from 30 minutes to 50 minutes after PET drug administration by the average value of the amount of radioactivity accumulated in the corpus callosum as the reference region.
- Example 5 Subtraction image analysis for epilepsy patients
- PET imaging was performed on 3 patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy.
- a supine position was taken on the imaging table, and a venous path was secured with a 22 gauge surf flow needle on the forearm or back of the hand.
- After absorption correction CT imaging for about 1 minute about 370 MBq [ 11 C] K-2 was intravenously administered over 1 minute. Thereafter, imaging was performed for 90 minutes.
- a PET / CT apparatus, aquidu (Toshiba Medical Systems) was used for imaging.
- the collected list data reconstructed a dynamic image by the OS-EM method.
- Reconstructed images were analyzed by integrating PET images onto standardized MRI images using PMOD image analysis software (PMOD technologies).
- a subtraction image was used as a reconstructed image and created as follows. 30 minutes after PET drug administration (one example of the first time) to 50 minutes after one minute (one example of the second time) 20-minute average images (images containing a lot of specific binding to AMPA receptors) and 1.5 minutes to An average image (an image containing a lot of blood flow components) for 1 minute until 2.5 minutes later was calculated.
- an SUVR image was calculated by dividing the average amount of radioactivity accumulated in the entire brain and using the entire brain as a reference region.
- a subtraction image was created by subtracting the 1-minute SUVR image from 1.5 to 2.5 minutes from the 20-minute SUVR image 30 to 50 minutes after PET drug administration, and calculating the difference.
- Example 6 (Asymmetric index comparison for healthy subjects and patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy) PET imaging was performed on 6 healthy subjects and 3 medial temporal lobe epilepsy patients. A supine position was taken on the imaging table, and a venous path was secured with a 22 gauge surf flow needle on the forearm or back of the hand. After absorption correction CT imaging for about 1 minute, about 370 MBq of [11C] K-2 was intravenously administered over 1 minute. Thereafter, imaging was performed for 90 minutes. A PET / CT apparatus, aquidu (Toshiba Medical Systems) was used for imaging. The collected list data reconstructed a dynamic image by the OS-EM method.
- aquidu Toshiba Medical Systems
- the reconstructed image is obtained by using PMOD image analysis software (PMOD technologies) VOIs including a plurality of regions such as frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and bridge.
- PMOD image analysis software PMOD technologies
- VOIs including a plurality of regions such as frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and bridge.
- a subtraction image was used as a reconstructed image and created as follows. Average image for 20 minutes from 30 minutes (example of first time) to 50 minutes (example of second time) after PET drug administration and average image for 1 minute from 1.5 minutes to 2.5 minutes (blood) An image containing a lot of flow components) was calculated.
- an SUVR image was calculated by dividing the average amount of radioactivity accumulated in the entire brain and using the entire brain as a reference region.
- a subtraction image was created by subtracting the 1-minute SUVR image from 1.5 to 2.5 minutes from the 20-minute SUVR image 30 to 50 minutes after PET drug administration, and calculating the difference.
- image values were calculated using the VOIs of the left and right temporal lobes, and asymmetry index (AI) was obtained. AI was calculated from the following formula.
- AI 200 ⁇ (left temporal lobe VOI value ⁇ right temporal lobe VOI value) / (left temporal lobe VOI value + right temporal lobe VOI value)
- Example 7 (Comparison between K-2 imaging and FDG imaging for patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy) PET imaging using 18F-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) was performed on three patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy.
- 18F-FDG fluorodeoxyglucose
- a venous passage was secured with a 22 gauge surf flow needle on the forearm or back of the hand.
- About 185 MBq of 18F-FDG was administered intravenously over 1 minute. Then, after leaving still for 60 minutes, it imaged for 20 minutes (after performing CT imaging for absorption correction for about 1 minute).
- the collected list data was reconstructed into a dynamic image by the OS-EM method.
- the reconstructed image is obtained by using PMOD image analysis software (PMOD technologies) VOIs including a plurality of regions such as frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and bridge.
- PMOD image analysis software PMOD technologies
- VOIs including a plurality of regions such as frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and bridge.
- a SUVR standardized uptake value ratio
- the [ 11 C] K-2 subtraction image As shown in FIG. 18, when the AI calculated from the [ 11 C] K-2 subtraction image and the FDG SUVR image of the patient with medial temporal lobe epilepsy were compared, the [ 11 C] K-2 subtraction image The calculated AI showed a significantly high value. That is, it can be seen that by measuring the AI using a [ 11 C] K-2 subtraction image, it can be detected as a focal point with higher sensitivity than FDG.
- Example 8 (Depression status of depressed patients and AMPA-PET comparison in remission) PET imaging was performed on a depressed patient and a depressed patient in remission of the patient. A supine position was taken on the imaging table, and a venous path was secured with a 22 gauge surf flow needle on the forearm or back of the hand. After absorption correction CT imaging for about 1 minute, about 370 MBq [ 11 C] K-2 was intravenously administered over 1 minute. Thereafter, imaging was performed for 60 minutes. A PET / CT apparatus, aquidu (Toshiba Medical Systems) was used for imaging. The collected list data reconstructed a dynamic image by the OS-EM method.
- aquidu Toshiba Medical Systems
- the reconstructed image is obtained by using PMOD image analysis software (PMOD technology) VOIs including a plurality of regions such as frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and bridge.
- PMOD image analysis software PMOD technology
- VOIs including a plurality of regions such as frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and bridge.
- a SUVR standardized uptake value ratio
- Example 8 shows that the therapeutic effect of a disease and the recovery status until healing can be known from an imaging image, and it is possible to formulate a pharmaceutical administration plan for treatment or prevention. It can be said. Moreover, it can be said that it is possible to screen for therapeutic or preventive drugs for the above-mentioned diseases.
- a PET drug it is shown that a compound of the present invention, particularly a compound in which R 2 is alkyl, for example, K-2 is preferable to FDG.
- AMPA ⁇ -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid
- DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
- DCM dichloromethane
- EtOAc ethyl acetate
- FDG fluorodeoxyglucose
- PE petroleum ether
- PEPA 2- [2,6 -Difluoro-4-( ⁇ 2-[(phenylsulfonyl) amino] ethyl ⁇ thio) phenoxy] acetamide
- PET Positron tomography
- TEA Tetraethylammonium
- TMS Tetramethylsilane
- MeOH Methanol
- EtOH Ethanol
- DMF N, N- Dimethylformamide
- MeI Methyl iodide
- WSC ⁇ HCl Water-soluble carbodiimide hydrochloride
- DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ACFS Artificial cerebrospinal fluid
- Imaging apparatus 200 Input terminal 210: Imaging data generation unit 220: Metadata generation unit 300: Server 310: Information generation unit 350: Verification unit 360: Instruction unit 400: Database (first database) 500: Output terminal 600: Second database 900: Clock 1000: System
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Abstract
Description
前記脳内AMPA受容体に結合した前記物質から放出される放射線を検知することで、前記脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関するデータを取得する工程を有する、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体のイメージング方法。
それぞれの検出値に基づき、前記脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は量に関するデータを取得する(1)又は(2)記載の方法。
A及びZは、それぞれ独立に、CO、SO又はSO2であり;
X及びYは、それぞれ独立に、S又はOであり;
R1~R4は、それぞれ独立に、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル又はハロであり;
R5は、出現ごとにそれぞれ独立に、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル又はハロであり;
nは、0~4の整数であり;
1個又はそれ以上の原子が該原子の放射性同位体である。)
を含む(1)から(3)いずれか記載の方法。
霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体に選択的に結合する物質を有効成分とし、(1)から(4)いずれか記載の方法で得られる前記データに基づく投与計画で投与されるものである医薬。
前記霊長類生体への候補物質の投与前後における、(1)から(4)いずれか記載の方法で得られる前記データの差異に基づき、前記候補物質を選抜する工程を有する方法。
入力された被験者の生体の脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関する情報と、前記データとを照会し、前記被験者の前記疾患の状態に関する情報を出力端末へと送信する手段と、を備えるサーバ。
入力された被験者の生体の脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関する情報と、前記データとを照会し、前記被験者への推奨される医薬の種類、用量及び/又は用法に関する情報を出力端末へと送信するする手段と、を備えるサーバ。
(11)又は(12)記載のサーバと、
(11)又は(12)記載のサーバから送信された前記情報を出力する出力端末と、を備えるシステム。
本発明の一実施形態は、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体のイメージング方法である。この方法は、霊長類生体に投与された、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体に選択的に結合しかつ放射性標識を有する物質を、脳内に移行させて脳内AMPA受容体に結合させる工程を有する。後述の実施例のように、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体に選択的に結合しかつ放射性標識を有する物質を用いたときに、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体に結合した物質から放出される放射線を検知できることを、本発明者らは初めて発見し、本実施形態に係る方法論を確立した。
A及びZは、それぞれ独立に、CO、SO又はSO2であり;
X及びYは、それぞれ独立に、S又はOであり;
R1~R4は、それぞれ独立に、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル又はハロであり;
R5は、出現ごとにそれぞれ独立に、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル又はハロであり;
nは、0~4の整数であり;
1個又はそれ以上の原子が該原子の放射性同位体である。
用語「アルキル」とは、脂肪族飽和炭化水素の水素原子1個が失われて生じる1価の基を意味する。アルキルは、例えば、1~15個(C1-C15)の炭素原子、典型的には、1~10個(C1-C10)、1~8個(C1-C8)、1~6個(C1-C6)、1~5個(C1-C5)、1~4個(C1-C4)、1~3個(C1-C3)、1~2個(C1-C2)、又は2~6個(C2-C6)の炭素原子を有する。アルキルは、直鎖若しくは分枝状であってもよい。アルキルの例を挙げると、限定されないが、メチル、エチル、プロピル、イソプロピル、2-メチル-1-プロピル、2-メチル-2-プロピル、2-メチル-1-ブチル、3-メチル-1-ブチル、2-メチル-3-ブチル、2,2-ジメチル-1-プロピル、2-メチル-1-ペンチル、3-メチル-1-ペンチル、4-メチル-1-ペンチル、2-メチル-2-ペンチル、3-メチル-2-ペンチル、4-メチル-2-ペンチル、2,2-ジメチル-1-ブチル、3,3-ジメチル-1-ブチル、2-エチル-1-ブチル、n-ブチル、イソブチル、t-ブチル、ペンチル、イソペンチル、ネオペンチル、及びヘキシルなどがある。アルキルは、さらに適当な置換基によって置換されてもよい。
(合成例1)
R2がアルキル、アルケニル又はアルキニルである式(I)の化合物又はその医薬として許容し得る塩若しくは溶媒和物は、例えば、下記式(II)の化合物又はその医薬として許容し得る塩若しくは溶媒和物:
R1がアルキル、アルケニル、又はアルキニルである式(I)の化合物、又はその医薬として許容し得る塩若しくは溶媒和物は、例えば、下記式(III)の化合物、又はその医薬として許容し得る塩若しくは溶媒和物:
本発明の一実施形態は、前述のイメージング方法をコンピュータに実行させるためのプログラムである。具体的に、プログラムによってコンピュータは、イメージング装置を制御し、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体をイメージングする。
本発明の一実施形態は、霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の診断薬、又は疾患の治療又は予防のためのコンパニオン診断薬である。なお、ここで治療のためのコンパニオン診断薬とは、脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患であることが判明した場合に、治療が見込めるかどうかを判断するため診断薬である。また、ここで予防のためのコンパニオン診断薬とは、脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患であることが判明した場合に、今後の疾患病勢(予後)を推測する、もしくはそれ以上の進行を抑制する予防が見込めるかどうかを判断するため診断薬である。
X及びYは、それぞれ独立に、S又はOであり、好ましくは、XがSであり、かつYがOである。
R1~R4は、それぞれ独立に、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル又はハロである。一実施態様において、R1~R4の全てが水素となることはない、すなわち、R1~R4の少なくとも1つは水素以外である。一実施態様において、R2はアルキルである。他の実施態様において、R1はアルキル又はハロである。R1は、オルト位、メタ位、又はパラ位のいずれかに存在することができる。好ましくは、R1は、パラ位に存在する。さらに他の実施態様において、R3及びR4のうちの一方が、水素であり、他方がアルキルである。最も好ましくは、R1、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立に、水素、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル又はハロであり、R2は、アルキル、アルケニル又はアルキニルである。
R5は、出現ごとにそれぞれ独立に、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル又はハロである。好ましくは、R5は、ハロであり、特に好ましくは、フルオロである。さらに好ましくは、R5は、Y基に対して両方のオルト位(すなわち、X基に対して両方のメタ位)に存在する。
nは、0~4の整数である。好ましくは、nは2である。
(1)うつ病、大うつ病、双極性うつ病、気分変調障害、情動障害、再発性うつ病、産後うつ病、ストレス性障害、うつ症状、躁病、不安、全般性不安障害、不安症候群、パニック障害、恐怖症、社会性恐怖症、社会性不安障害、強迫性障害、心的外傷後ストレス症候群、外傷後ストレス障害、タウレット症候群、自閉症、脆弱X症候群、レット症候群、適応障害、双極性障害、神経症、統合失調症、慢性疲労症候群、不安神経症、強迫神経症、恐慌性障害、てんかん、神経過敏症、注意欠陥多動性障害、精神病性大うつ病、難治性大うつ病、治療抵抗性うつ病などの精神疾患
(2)アルツハイマー病、アルツハイマー型老人性認知症、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン舞踏病、多発脳梗塞性認知症、前頭側頭認知症、パーキンソン型前頭側頭認知症、進行性核上麻痺、ピック症候群、ニーマン-ピック症候群、大脳皮質基底核変性症、ダウン症、欠陥性認知症、レヴィー小体認知症、筋委縮性脊髄側索硬化症、運動神経原性疾患、クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病、脳性麻痺、進行性核上麻痺、多発性硬化症などの神経変性疾患
(3)加齢性記憶障害、老人性認知症などの加齢に伴う認知・記憶障害
(4)内在因性睡眠障害、外在因性睡眠障害、概日リズム障害、睡眠時随伴症、内科又は精神科障害に伴う睡眠障害、ストレス性不眠症、不眠症、不眠性神経症、睡眠時無呼吸症候群などの睡眠障害
(5)麻酔薬、外傷性疾患、又は神経変性疾患などに起因する呼吸抑制
(6)外傷性脳損傷、脳卒中、神経性食欲不振、摂食障害、神経性無食欲症、過食症、その他の摂食障害、アルコール依存症、アルコール乱用、アルコール性健忘症、アルコール妄想症、アルコール嗜好性、アルコール離脱、アルコール性精神病、アルコール中毒、アルコール性嫉妬、アルコール性躁病、アルコール依存性精神障害、アルコール精神病、薬物嗜好、薬物恐怖症、薬物狂、薬物離脱、偏頭痛、ストレス性頭痛、緊張性頭痛、糖尿病性ニューロパシー、肥満、糖尿病、筋肉痙攣、メニエール病、自律神経失調症、脱毛症、緑内障、難聴、高血圧、心臓病、頻脈、うっ血性心不全、過呼吸、気管支喘息、無呼吸、乳幼児突然死症候群、炎症性疾患、アレルギー疾患、インポテンス、更年期障害、不妊症、癌、HIV感染による免疫不全症候群、脳脊髄膜炎、末端肥大症、失禁、メタボリック・シンドローム、骨粗しょう症、消化性潰瘍、過敏性腸症候群、炎症性腸疾患、潰瘍性大腸炎、クローン病、ストレス性胃腸障害、神経性嘔吐、消化性潰瘍、下痢、便秘、術後イレウス
などが挙げられる。
医薬として許容し得る担体としては、特に制限されないが、例えば、滅菌水、食塩水、生理食塩水又はリン酸緩衝食塩水(PBS)、塩化ナトリウム注射液、リンゲル注射液、等張性デキストロース注射液、無菌水注射液、デキストロース、及び乳酸リンゲル注射液などがある。
本発明の一実施形態は、霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の治療又は予防薬のスクリーニング方法である。この方法は、霊長類生体への候補物質の投与前後における、上記したイメージング方法で得られる脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関するデータの差異に基づき、候補物質を選抜する工程を有する。
本発明の一実施形態に係るシステムは、入力端末と、サーバと、出力端末と、を備える。
図1に示すように、本発明のシステム1000(図示せず)は、入力端末200と、サーバ300と、出力端末500と、を備える。
入力端末200は、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関する情報をサーバへと送信する機能を有する。具体的には、イメージングデータ生成部210と、メタデータ生成部220と、合成部250と、送信部223と、を備える。そして、入力端末200は、PET、多光子イメージング法、二光子イメージング法、近赤外蛍光イメージング法、オートラジオグラフィー、SPECT等の分子イメージング装置100から送信される出力が、受信端末(図示せず)を経由して、イメージングデータ生成部210に入力される。入力されるデータは、本発明のイメージング方法によって取得したデータである。以降、分子イメージング装置100は、PETとして説明する。
第1のデータ変換は、分子イメージング装置100の直接の出力を、座標変換するデータ変換である。分子イメージング装置100のデータ生成方式によるが、分子イメージング装置100の直接出力は、例えば、ヘリカルスキャンしたスキャン時刻順の連続した輝度(階調)データである。イメージングデータ生成部210は、スキャン時刻順の連続データを、絶対座標、または脳内の所定位置を原点とした相対座標に変換する。そして脳内座標と輝度(階調)に関するデータを生成する。一例としては、(Xi、Yj、Zk、Bl)の様式で表現される(X、Y、Zは、任意起点の三次元座標、Bは輝度(階調)を表し、i、j、k、lは整数)。このデータは、四次元データであるので、三次元CAD等、三次元空間を取り扱うことのできるソフトウエアによって、脳内空間に輝度(階調)を与えた情報として、可視化ができるものである。具体的には、脳内の輝度(階調)を分布として表現し得るものであり、二次元切り出しも可能なものである。
(1)被験体に関するデータ(データS)
被験体に関するデータ(データS)の一例としては、被験体の属性(分類)、識別番号、ヒトの場合には、例えばカルテに記載された患者識別コード、性別、年齢、体重、疾患名、薬の服用履歴、などが挙げられる。
(2)照合部位に関するデータ(データR)
照合部位に関するデータ(データR)とは、サーバ300(情報作成部310、照合部350)で照合を行う脳内の特定部位に関するものであり、1つでも複数でもよい。例えば、診断を行う際に、注目する脳内部位(領域X)を指定するコードである。領域Xとは、例えば、前頭葉、歯状皮質、海馬、扁桃体、被核、小脳、橋である。
(3)イメージング条件に関するデータ(データZ)
イメージング条件に関するデータ(データZ)の一例としては、分子イメージング装置100の機器名、またはあらかじめ定めた機器コード、イメージングに用いたPET薬剤名、核種、投与量、投与方法、PET薬剤の合成日時または出荷日時(あるいは合成または出荷から投与までの所要時間)、本発明のイメージング方法における第1時間及び第2時間、から選ばれる。
(4)日時に関するデータ(データT)
日時に関するデータ(データT)は、メタデータの生成時刻を特定、記録するために取得する日時データであり、入力端末200の内部に設けたクロックメモリー(図示せず)から取得してもよいし、入力端末200の外部に設けたクロック900から取得してもよい。日時は、協定世界時(UTC)や、UTCを基準とした所定の国の標準時刻、インターネット時計の時刻であってよい。
(5)端末識別番号データ(データN)
端末識別番号データ(データN)は、入力端末200ごとに個別に付与されたユニークな識別番号であり、事前にサーバ300と、認証関係を設定した番号であることが望ましい。
サーバ300は、受信部332(第1受信部332)と、分離部333と、情報作成部310と、送信部335(第1送信部335)と、データベース400(第1データベース400)と、を備える。
分離部333は、さらに、データベース400(第1データベース400)に対して、データS、データR、データZ、データT、データNから選択して送信する(ここでは一例として、データRを送信する)。分離部333は、さらに、情報作成部310に対して、イメージングデータと、メタデータの一部または全部を送出する。
情報作成部310は、照合部350と、指示部360と、を備える。そして、照合部350と、指示部360とは、直列に連結されている。
このようにして、情報作成部310内では、入力データとレファランスデータとの照合を行い、照合結果に応じた指示を決定する。決定した結果は、情報作成部310の外部にある送信部335(第1送信部335)へ出力する。
なお、データパッケージには、ヘッダー、フッターを含んでもよいし、同期信号、エラー訂正符号を含んでもよい。また、必要に応じて、データパッケージ全体を暗号化してもよい。なお送信部(第1送信部335)は、既存の通信端末をそのまま用いることができ、イントラネット、インターネット対応の通信端末であってよい。
データベース400(第1データベース400)は、選択部410(第1選択部410)と、レファランスデータストレージ450、とを備える。選択部410(第1選択部410)と、レファランスデータストレージ450とは、直列に連結されている。
出力端末500は、サーバ300からのデータを受信し、表示する機能を有し、出力端末500は、具体的には、受信部553と、分離部520と、指示表示部540と、メタデータ表示部530と、を備える。
具体的には、ID生成部340は、分離部333に第1受信部323からのデータが入力され、メタデータからデータNを生成した時点で、ID生成部340にデータNを送信する。上述したように、データNは入力端末200の識別番号である。ID生成部340は、データNを、あらかじめ定めた関数によって符号化し、第2送信部323に出力する。続いて、第2送信部323は入力端末200(受信部232)に対して、符号化したデータ(データNNと呼ぶ)を送信する。
入力端末200の受信部232は、データNNを受信し、ID認証部240へデータNN出力する。次に、ID認証部240は、あらかじめ定めた関数によって復号化し、認証を行う。具体的には、データNNは復号化によって、データNが生成され、入力端末200が有する識別番号(データN)と照合する。照合の結果、両者が一致すれば認証関係が樹立したとみなし、入力端末200とサーバ300は、通信を継続し、一致しない場合は、通信を中止する、または認証のリトライを限定した回数行う。
なお、ここで、符号化の関数と、復号化の関数は、あらかじめ定めておくものである。典型例としては、符号化関数をf(x)、復号化関数を、符号化関数の逆関数であるf-1(x)として定める。
第2データベース600は、第2選択部610と、指示データストレージ650を備える。第2選択部610と、指示データストレージ650とは、直列に連結されている。
(K-1及びK-2の合成)
下記スキームに従って、2-[2,6-ジフルオロ-4-({2-[(フェニルスルホニル)アミノ]エチル}チオ)フェノキシ]アセトアミド(K-1,PEPA)及び{4-[2-(ベンゼンスルホニル-メチル-アミノ)-エチルスルファニル]-2,6-ジフルオロ-フェノキシ}-アセトアミド(K-2)を合成した。
各化合物の1H NMRスペクトルは、TMSを内部標準として使用し、Bruker Avance III 400MHz又はVarian Mercury plus-300MHzで記録した。
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):δ 3.78(s,3H),4.74(s,2H),6.86-6.99(m,3H).
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3): δ 3.81 (s,3H),4.96(s,2H),7.61(s,1H),7.64(s,1H).
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3): δ 3.52(s,1H),3.77(s,3H),4.71(s,2H),6.83(s,1H),6.86(s,1H).
1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3): δ 2.95(t,J=6.6Hz,2H),3.12(q,J=6.3Hz,2H),3.78(s,3H),4.72(s,2H),5.20(t,J=6.0Hz,1H),6.76-6.83(m,2H),7.47-7.60(m,3H),7.82-7.84(m,2H).
1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3): δ 2.81(s,3H),3.04-3.09(m,2H),3.19-3.24(m,2H),3.79(s,3H),4.74(s,2H),6.90-6.94(m,2H),7.50-7.60(m,3H),7.74-7.77(m,2H).
1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3): δ 2.82(s,3H),3.08-3.13(m,2H),3.20-3.26(m,2H),4.58(s,2H),6.93-6.99(m,2H),7.50-7.63(m,3H),7.75-7.78(m,2H).
1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δ2.82(s,3H),2.98(s,3H),3.05-3.09(m,5H),3.19-3.22(m,2H),4.80(s,2H),6.89-6.92(m,2H),7.53-7.55(m,2H),7.58-7.60(m,1H),7.75-7.77(m,2H).
LCMS[移動相:55%水(0.05%ギ酸)及び45%アセトニトリル(0.05%ギ酸)で6.5分間分析]純度>95%,保持時間=3.445min;MS Calcd.:444.5;MS Found:445.0[M+1]+.
1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3+D2O): δ 2.97-3.02(m,2H),3.11-3.16(m,2H),4.56(s,2H),6.82-6.90(m,2H),7.48-7.61(m,3H),7.82-7.87(m,2H).
水を加えて反応を停止し、酢酸エチルで生成物を抽出した後、この酢酸エチル溶液に飽和炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液を加え、水層に生成物を抽出し、再度、塩酸を加えて酸性とした後に、再び酢酸エチルで抽出し、飽和食塩水で洗浄した後、無水硫酸ナトリウムを加えて水分を除去した。この溶液を減圧留去し、得られた残渣をジクロロメタン溶液で溶解し、この溶液にジメチルアミン・塩酸塩(94.5mg)、WSC・HCl(150.8mg)、ジイソプロピルエチルアミン(265μL)を加え、室温で2時間攪拌した。これに塩酸を加えて反応を停止し、酢酸エチルで生成物を抽出した。これを飽和炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液、飽和食塩水で洗浄し、溶媒を減圧留去した。残渣をシリカゲルクロマトグラフィーにより精製し、目的とするK-5を白色固体(148.1mg,84%)として得た。
1HNMR(300MHz,CDCl3): δ 3.36-3.39(m,4H),5.09(s,1H),7.50-7.63(s,3H),7.87-7.89(s,2H).
(M-1、M-2及びM-3の合成)
下記スキームに従って、2-[4-(2-ベンゼンスルホニルアミノ-エチルスルファニル)-2,6-ジフルオロ-フェノキシ]-N-メチル-アセトアミド(M-1)、2-{2,6-ジフルオロ-4-[2-(4-フルオロ-ベンゼンスルホニルアミノ)-エチルスルファニル]-フェノキシ}-アセトアミド(M-2)、及び2-{2,6-ジフルオロ-4-[2-(4-メチル-ベンゼンスルホニルアミノ)-エチルスルファニル]-フェノキシ}-アセトアミド(M-3)を合成した。
各化合物の1H NMRスペクトルは、TMSを内部標準として使用し、Varian Mercury plus-400MHzで記録した。LCMSは、下記のものを使用した:Agilent1200A,カラム:C18;カラムサイズ:4.6*50分;移動相:B(ACN),A(0.05%NH3の水);勾配(B%):合成例に示すとおり。
1H-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3): δ 6.30(s,1H),7.66-7.68(m,2H).
1H-NMR(400MHz,DMSO_d6): δ 3.20-3.23(t,2H),3.75-3.79(t,2H),7.08-7.10(d,2H),7.84(s,4H).
1H-NMR(400MHz,CDCl3): δ 1.21-1.24(t,3H),3.11-3.14(t,2H),3.84-3.88(t,2H),4.18-4.20(d,2H),4.61(s,2H),6.91-6.94(d,2H),7.66-7.68(m,2H),7.77-7.79(m,2H).
1H-NMR(400MHz,DMSO_d6):δ 2.65-2.66(d,3H),2.91-2.94(t,2H),2.01-3.04(t,2H),4.50(s,2H),7.10-7.12(d,2H),7.57-7.65(m,3H),7.76-7.78(d,2H),7.92-7.95(t,1H),8.05(s,1H).
MS: m/z 417(M+1)+
LCMS[移動相:90%水(0.1%NH4OH)及び10%CH3CNから5%水(0.1%NH4OH)及び95%CH3CN、6.0分、最終的にこれらの条件下0.5分]純度97.4%,Rt=3.341分;MS Calcd.:416;MS Found:417([M+1]+).
1H-NMR(400MHz,DMSO_d6):δ 2.92-2.95(t,2H),3.01-3.04(t,2H),4.45(s,2H),7.09-7.11(d,2H),7.40-7.44(m,3H),7.47(s,1H),7.81-7.85(m,2H),7.95-7.98(t,1H).
MS: m/z 421(M+1)+
LCMS [移動相: 90%水(0.1%NH4OH)及び10%CH3CNから5%水(0.1%NH4OH)及び95%CH3CN、6分、最終的にこれらの条件下0.5分]純度95.1%,Rt=3.284分;MS Calcd.: 420;MS Found:421([M+1]+).
1H-NMR(400MHz,DMSO_d6): δ 2.38(s,3H),2.88-2.91(t,2H),2.99-3.02(t,2H),4.49(s,2H),7.08-7.10(d,2H),7.37-7.48(m,4H),7.64-7.66(d,2H),7.81-7.84(t,1H).
MS:m/z 417(M+1)+
LCMS[移動相:90%水(0.1%NH4OH)及び10%CH3CNから5%水(0.1%NH4OH)及び95%CH3CN、6.0分、最終的にこれらの条件下0.5分]純度96.6%,Rt=3.365分;MS Calcd.:416;MS Found:417([M+1]+).
(M-3preの合成)
下記スキームに従って、2-(2,6-ジフルオロ-4-((2-(4-(トリブチルスタンニル)フェニルスルホンアミド)エチル)チオ)フェノキシ)アセトアミド(M-3pre)を合成した。
各化合物の1H NMRスペクトルは、TMSを内部標準として使用し、Bruker Avance III 400MHz及びBruker Fourier 300MHzで記録した。LCMSは、下記のものを使用した:四重極質量分析計、Agilent LC/MSD1200シリーズ(カラム:ODS2000(50×4.6mm,5μm)ES (+)又は(-)イオン化モードで操作;T=30℃;流速=1.5mL/分;検出波長:254nm。
1H NMR(CDCl3,300MHz):δ 1.19(t,J=7.2Hz,3H),4.17(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),4.82(s,2H),7.06-7.13(m,3H).
1H NMR(CDCl3,300MHz): δ 1.18(t,J=6.9Hz,3H),4.16(q,J=6.9Hz,2H),4.83(s,2H),7.18-7.21(m,2H).
1H NMR (CDCl3,300MHz):δ 3.52(s,1H),3.79(s,3H),4.72(s,2H),6.88(d,J=6.3Hz,2H).
1H NMR(DMSO-d6,300MHz): δ 3.12-3.16(m,2H),3.43(t,J=3.6Hz,2H),7.69-7.73(m,2H),7.79-7.82(m,2H),8.13(t,J=3.9Hz,1H).
1H NMR(CDCl3,300MHz):δ 2.94-2.98(m,2H),3.08-3.14(m,2H),3.77(s,3H),4.73(s,2H),5.33(t,J=6.0Hz,1H),6.78-6.84(m,2H),7.61-7.70(m,4H).
1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400MHz):δ 2.93-2.96 (m,2H),3.00-3.03(m,2H),4.48(s,2H),7.10(d,J=9.2Hz,2H),7.40-7.45(m,2H),7.70(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.80(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),8.01(brs,1H).
1H NMR(CD3OD,300MHz): δ 0.94(t,J=7.2Hz,9H),1.12-1.17(m,5H),1.29-1.39(m,8H),1.52-1.60(m,5H),2.98-3.06(m,4H),4.55(s,2H),7.01(d,J=9.0Hz,2H),7.68(d,J=8.1Hz,2H),7.77(d,J=8.1Hz,2H);LCMS[移動相:30%水(0.02%NH4OAc)及び70%CH3CNから5%水(0.02%NH4OAc)及び95%CH3CN、6分、最終的にこれらの条件下0.5分]純度>95%,Rt=4.259分;MS Calcd.:692;MS Found:693([M+H]+).
(放射性標識化K-2の合成)
放射性標識化K-2を下記のように合成した。
(放射性標識化M-3の合成)
1mLのガラスバイアルに、Pd2(dba)3(1.74mg)、塩化第一銅(1.7mg)、炭酸カリウム(2.25mg)を計り取り、その混合物に、P(o-tol)3(1.7mg)のDMF(300μL)溶液を窒素雰囲気下で加えた。室温下で約5分程度撹拌してから、本溶液を標識用反応容器に移した。[11C]CH3Iを冷却下で捕集し、放射能が飽和した後に、原料のトリブチルスズ体(preM-3)(1.6mg)のDMF溶液(300μL)を加え、80℃で約5分間反応させた。反応混合物をPTFEフィルターを通して固形物を除去してからHPLC分離を行い、約7分付近のRIピーク部分を分取、濃縮、調剤化した。
Pd2(dba)3:トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウム
P(o-tolyl)3:トリ(o-トリル)ホスフィン
(in vitro autoradiography法)
ラットは、2~3週齢のオス成体SDラット(チャールズリバー、日本)を使用した。線条体を含む厚さ200μmの急性脳切片を作成し、セルストレイナー上に置き、酸素化ACSF(人工脳脊髄液)中で60分間静置した。
(AMPA受容体結合化合物の調製及び投与)
強制水泳試験では、AMPA受容体結合化合物K-2およびK-4を、100%DMSO(ナカライテスク、日本)に2.1mMの濃度となるように溶解し、投与直前に生理食塩水で希釈し(15%DMSO、320μM)、5μl/体重(g)の投与量にて、1mg/kgないし1.5mg/kgとなるようにラットに経静脈的に投与した。
すべての動物実験は、横浜市立大学の動物実験委員会の審議及び承認を受けた(承認番号:F-A-15-051)。
ラットは、6~10週齢のオス成体Wistarラット及びうつ病モデルラットであるWistar kyoto ラット(WKYラット)(チャールズリバー、日本)を使用した。
反復してK-2投与を行う経路を確保するため、実験を実施する1週間前に頚静脈カニューレ留置手術を行った。頚静脈カニューレ留置手術は、イソフルラン(DSファーマ アニマルヘルス、日本)でラットを入眠させた後、1.5%のイソフルラン濃度(空気2L/分)で麻酔を維持して行った。頚部の皮膚を約3cm切開し、皮下脂肪を開創し、頚静脈を露出させた。カニューレチューブを装着した針で頚静脈を貫通させた後、カニューレチューブを針から取り外し、カニューレチューブの尖端を頚静脈内に2.5cm挿入し、縫合糸で挿入部付近へ固定した。カニューレチューブの反対側は、ラット背部より体外へ露出させ、逆流を防ぐために栓を装着し、切開した皮膚を縫合した。手術終了後、ラットはホームケージに戻した。
PET撮像は、microPET(Focus 220;Siemens Medical Solution)を用いて行った。
ラットを用いたPET撮像実験:イソフルラン(DSファーマ アニマルヘルス、日本)を充填した麻酔箱の中でラットを入眠させた後、1.5%のイソフルラン濃度(空気2L/分)で麻酔を維持し、尾静脈より24Gサーフロー留置針(テルモ、日本)で静脈路を確保した。ラットをPET撮影台に固定した後、撮像の前に減弱補正のための放射撮像を行い、その後放射性標識したK-2(約40MBq)を投与した。PET撮像中は、体温をフィードバック型加温盤(BWT-100A;バイオリサーチセンター、日本)を用いて37±0.5℃に維持した。撮像後、静脈路を抜去し、イソフルラン投与を中止した後に、ラットをPET台より外し、ホームケージに戻した。ラットは、撮像後1週間、撮像した部屋にて飼育し、その後、通常のラット集団飼育室に戻した。
加算(Summation)画像を構成するとともに、0.5mmハニング(Hanning)フィルターで裏写りを取り除いてダイナミック画像を再構成した。再構成画像は、PMOD画像分析ソフトウェア(PMOD technologies)を用いて、海馬、内側前頭前皮質、側坐核、線条体、視床、小脳などの複数の領域を含むVOIsを、鋳型MRI画像上に作成したものと統合して解析した。定量に用いた算出値は%SUV(% of standardized uptake value)であり、以下の式で求めた;
%SUV = VOIで囲われた各組織の放射線量(kBq/cc)/投与した放射線量(MBq)×体重(kg)×100
強制水泳試験は、薬剤投与前日の投与前実験、薬剤投与1日目の急性投与実験、薬剤投与7日目の慢性投与実験を行った。
強制水泳試験(投与前実験、急性投与実験、慢性投与実験)では、ラットを実験の実施する部屋へ馴化させるため、1時間静置した。投与前実験は、馴化後すぐに強制水泳試験を行った。急性投与実験は、強制水泳試験を開始する30分前に15%DMSO又は15%DMSOに溶解したK-2およびK-4を経静脈的に投与した。慢性投与実験は、15%DMSO又は15%DMSOに溶解したK-2およびK-4の経静脈的投与を7日間行い、投与7日目の投与30分後に強制水泳試験を行った。
強制水泳試験は、直径20cm泳高さ50cmの円筒ケージを用いて、水温26±0.5℃の水道水を水位40cmまで注水して行った。この円筒ケージ内にラットを投入し、10分間泳ぐ様子をデジタルビデオカメラ(HC-V750、パナソニック、日本)を用いて撮影した。撮影後、ペーパータオルでラットの水滴を拭き取り、ホームケージへ戻した。
解析は、急性投与実験及び慢性投与実験において、撮影した動画の2~10分間(0~2分はラットの環境適応時間とした)における、ラットの四肢を動かさない時間を無動時間として計測した。15%DMSOを投与したラットと15%DMSOに溶解したK-2およびK-4を投与したラットで無動時間を比較した。
(AMPA受容体結合性試験結果)
in vitro autoradiography法によって、K-2はAMPA受容体に結合親和性を示すことが確認され、そのKd値は47.9nMであった(図4)。
電気生理学的検証によって、K-2及びK-4はAMPA受容体に結合親和性を示すことが確認された(図5)。
放射性標識化K-2([11C]K-2)をWistarラットとWKYラットに投与し、インビボでのPET撮像を行った(図6,7)。次に、これら画像に対して、PMOD画像分析ソフトウェアを用いて、解析を行った。その結果、WKYラットの内側前頭前皮質、線条体、大脳皮質、視床において放射性標識化K-2の有意に低い脳内への取り込みを示し(図8)、これらの部位においてAMPA受容体の集積量の低下が示唆された。これらの結果より、うつ病モデルラットであるWKYラットでは、特定の脳領域において、AMPA受容体の発現量が低下していることがわかった。
急性投与実験では、15%DMSOを投与したラットとK-2を投与したラット間で無動時間の変化は認められなかった(図9)。慢性投与実験では、K-2投与ラットでは無動時間の有意な低下が認められ、その効果は1mg/kgよりも1.5mg/kgで有意に高かった(図10)。また同様にK-4投与ラットでも無動時間の有意な低下が認められ、1mg/kg投与間で比較するとK-4はK-2に比して有意に無働時間を低下させた(図10)。この結果より、うつ病モデルラットであるWKYラットにおけるK-2およびK-4慢性投与は抗うつ効果を示すことが示唆された。
AMPA受容体に結合親和性を示すK-2やK-4といった化合物と、AMPA受容体の関連が知られているうつ病との関連(Jingli Zhangら、Rev.Neurosci.2013;24(5):499-505、Simon E Wardら、British Journal оf Pharmacology(2010),160,181-190)が確認されたことから、上記の抗うつ効果はAMPA受容体機能活性化に起因すると示唆される。このため、K-2及びK-4、並びにこれらに類似する本発明の化合物は、うつ病に限らずAMPA受容体が関連する疾患の治療に有用であることが示唆される。
これらは、哺乳類生体の脳内AMPA受容体のイメージング結果に基づき、脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の診断、上記疾患の治療又は予防のためのコンパニオン診断、上記疾患の治療又は予防のための医薬の投与計画の策定、上記疾患の治療又は予防薬のスクリーニングが可能であることを示唆する。
(ヒトでのPET撮像)
2名の被験者を対象としてPET撮像を行った。撮像台上で臥位をとり、前腕ないし手背に22ゲージサーフロー針で静脈路を確保した。約1分間の吸収補正用CT撮像を行った後、PET薬剤として、約370MBqの[11C]K-2を1分間かけて静脈投与した。その後、120分間の撮像を行った。撮像にはPET/CT装置aquiduo(東芝メディカルシステムズ)を用いた。収集されたリストデータはOS-EM法でダイナミック画像を再構成した。
図11は、PET薬剤投与0分後から30分後までの30分間に関する画像(前半画像という)、及びPET薬剤投与60分後(第1時間の一例)から120分後(第2時間の一例)までの60分間に関する画像(後半画像という)である。
両被験者ともに、前半画像では[11C]K-2の海馬集積に左右差が若干確認されるものの、明確には確認しにくかったが、後半画像(右側)では海馬集積に左右差が確認され、被験者Aでは右海馬に、被験者Bでは左海馬に高い集積を認めた。この結果は、PET薬剤投与の30分後~60分後の間に、脳内AMPA受容体に結合していないPET薬剤による非特異的な集積が顕著に洗い出されたことを示す。したがって、PET薬剤として[11C]K-2を使う場合には、特に限定されないが、少なくとも投与後30分、特に60分程度経過した後に検知及び検出を行うことが好ましいことが分かる。
また、高解像度かつ多階調の画像を得るための第1時間の設定方法の一例は、脳内AMPA受容体に結合していないPET薬剤が顕著に洗い出される時間かそれ以降であるから、少なくとも脳内全体の放射線検出量総量が最大値となる時間の以降であり得る。
なお、上記前半画像と後半画像の相違については、ヒトの例以外に、サルでも確認している(データ示さず)。
(ヒトでのPET撮像)
20代健常男性(Y5、Y14、Y16)を対象としてPET撮像を行った。撮像台上で臥位をとり、前腕ないし手背に22ゲージサーフロー針で静脈路を確保した。約1分間の吸収補正用CT撮像を行った後、約370MBqの[11C]K-2を1分間かけて静脈投与した。その後、120分間の撮像を行った。撮像にはPET/CT装置aquiduo(東芝メディカルシステムズ)を用いた。収集されたリストデータはOS-EM法でダイナミック画像を再構成した。
実施例2において、健常者6名分の%SUVとしてPET薬剤投与50分後(第1時間の一例)から60分後(第2時間の一例)までの10分間(前期という)の平均値、及びPET薬剤投与60分後(第1時間の一例)から90分後(第2時間の一例)までの30分間(後期という)の平均値を算出し、解析に用いた。この結果を図14に示す。なお、図14の縦軸は、後頭葉の%SUVを1としたときの、各脳領域の%SUVの相対値である。後頭葉は比較的血流成分が多く、参照部位として適している。
(てんかん焦点が、内側側頭葉に限局しているてんかん患者のAMPA-PET-内側側頭葉てんかん患者でのPET撮像)
3例の内側側頭葉てんかん患者を対象としてPET撮像を行った。撮像台上で臥位をとり、前腕ないし手背に22ゲージサーフロー針で静脈路を確保した。約1分間の吸収補正用CT撮像を行った後、約370MBqの[11C]K-2を1分間かけて静脈投与した。その後、90分間の撮像を行った。撮像にはPET/CT装置aquiduo(東芝メディカルシステムズ)を用いた。収集されたリストデータはOS-EM法でダイナミック画像を再構成した。
(てんかん患者を対象としたsubtraction画像解析)
3例の内側側頭葉てんかん患者を対象としてPET撮像を行った。撮像台上で臥位をとり、前腕ないし手背に22ゲージサーフロー針で静脈路を確保した。約1分間の吸収補正用CT撮像を行った後、約370MBqの[11C]K-2を1分間かけて静脈投与した。その後、90分間の撮像を行った。撮像にはPET/CT装置aquiduo(東芝メディカルシステムズ)を用いた。収集されたリストデータはOS-EM法でダイナミック画像を再構成した。
PET薬剤投与30分後(第1時間の一例)~50分後(第2時間の一例)の20分間の平均画像(AMPA受容体への特異的結合を多く含む画像)と1.5分~2.5分後までの1分間の平均画像(血流成分を多く含む画像)を算出した。それぞれの時間帯で、脳全体に集積する放射能量の平均値で割り、脳全体を参照領域としたSUVR画像を算出した。PET薬剤投与30分~50分後の20分間のSUVR画像から1.5分~2.5分後の1分間のSUVR画像を引いて、差を算出することでsubtraction画像を作成した。
(健常者及び内側側頭葉てんかん患者を対象としたAsymmetry Index比較)
6例の健常者と3例の内側側頭葉てんかん患者を対象としてPET撮像を行った。撮像台上で臥位をとり、前腕ないし手背に22ゲージサーフロー針で静脈路を確保した。約1分間の吸収補正用CT撮像を行った後、約370MBqの[11C]K-2を1分間かけて静脈投与した。その後、90分間の撮像を行った。撮像にはPET/CT装置aquiduo(東芝メディカルシステムズ)を用いた。収集されたリストデータはOS-EM法でダイナミック画像を再構成した。
PET薬剤投与30分後(第1時間の一例)~50分後(第2時間の一例)の20分間の平均画像と1.5分~2.5分後までの1分間の平均画像(血流成分を多く含む画像)を算出した。それぞれの時間帯で、脳全体に集積する放射能量の平均値で割り、脳全体を参照領域としたSUVR画像を算出した。PET薬剤投与30分~50分後の20分間のSUVR画像から1.5分~2.5分後の1分間のSUVR画像を引いて、差を算出することでsubtraction画像を作成した。
健常者と内側側頭葉てんかん患者のsubtraction画像において、左右の側頭葉のVOIを用いて画像値を算出し、Asymmetry inex(AI)を求めた。AIは以下の計算式より算出した。
健常者;AI=200×(左側頭葉VOI値-右側頭葉VOI値)/(左側頭葉VOI値+右側頭葉VOI値)
内側側頭葉てんかん患者;AI=200×(焦点側側頭葉のVOIで囲まれたsubtraction画像値-非焦点側側頭葉VOIで囲まれたsubtraction画像値)/(焦点側側頭葉VOIで囲まれたsubtraction画像値+非焦点側側頭葉VOIで囲まれたsubtraction画像値)
(内側側頭葉てんかん患者を対象としたK-2撮像とFDG撮像の比較)
3例の内側側頭葉てんかん患者を対象として、18F-FDG(フルオロデオキシグルコース)を用いたPET撮像を行った。前室で、前腕ないし手背に22ゲージサーフロー針で静脈路を確保した。約185MBqの18F-FDGを1分間かけて静脈投与した。その後、60分間静置した後、20分間の撮像を行った(約1分間の吸収補正用CT撮像を行った後)。収集されたリストデータはOS-EM法でダイナミック画像に再構成した。
内側側頭葉てんかん患者の[11C]K-2のsubtraction画像(実施例6において、3例の内側側頭葉てんかん患者を対象として取得した画像)、及びFDGのSUVR画像からAsymmetry Index(AI)を求めた。AIは、以下の計算式より算出した。
FDG画像;AI=200×(焦点側側頭葉のVOIで囲まれた放射能量(MBq/cc))-非焦点側側頭葉のVOIで囲まれた放射能量(MBq/cc))/(焦点側側頭葉のVOIで囲まれた放射能量(MBq/cc)+非焦点側側頭葉のVOIで囲まれた放射能量(MBq/cc))
[11C]K-2subtraction画像;AI=200×(焦点側側頭葉のVOIで囲まれたsubtraction画像値-非焦点側側頭葉VOIで囲まれたsubtraction画像値)/(焦点側側頭葉VOIで囲まれたsubtraction画像値+非焦点側側頭葉VOIで囲まれたsubtraction画像値)
(うつ病患者のうつ病状態と、寛解期のAMPA-PET比較)
うつ病患者と、同患者の寛解期のうつ病患者を対象としてPET撮像を行った。撮像台上で臥位をとり、前腕ないし手背に22ゲージサーフロー針で静脈路を確保した。約1分間の吸収補正用CT撮像を行った後、約370MBqの[11C]K-2を1分間かけて静脈投与した。その後、60分間の撮像を行った。撮像にはPET/CT装置aquiduo(東芝メディカルシステムズ)を用いた。収集されたリストデータはOS-EM法でダイナミック画像を再構成した。
またPET薬剤としては、FDGよりも、本発明の化合物、特にK-2を一例とするR2がアルキルである化合物が好ましいことを示している。
AMPA:α-アミノ-3-ヒドロキシ-5-メチル-4-イソキサゾール-プロピオン酸
DIPEA:ジイソプロピルエチルアミン
DCM:ジクロロメタン
EA、EtOAc:酢酸エチル
FDG:フルオロデオキシグルコース
PE:石油エーテル
PEPA:2-[2,6-ジフルオロ-4-({2-[(フェニルスルホニル)アミノ]エチル}チオ)フェノキシ]アセトアミド
PET:ポジトロン断層撮影法
TEA:テトラエチルアンモニウム
TMS:テトラメチルシラン
MeOH:メタノール
EtOH:エタノール
DMF:N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド
MeI:ヨウ化メチル
WSC・HCl:水溶性カルボジイミド塩酸塩
DMSO:ジメチルスルホキシド
ACFS:人工脳脊髄液
200:入力端末
210:イメージングデータ生成部
220:メタデータ生成部
300:サーバ
310:情報作成部
350:照合部
360:指示部
400:データベース(第1データベース)
500:出力端末
600:第2データベース
900:クロック
1000:システム
Claims (13)
- 霊長類生体に投与された、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体に選択的に結合しかつ放射性標識を有する物質を、脳内に移行させて前記脳内AMPA受容体に結合させ、
前記脳内AMPA受容体に結合した前記物質から放出される放射線を検知することで、前記脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関するデータを取得する工程を有する、霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体のイメージング方法。 - 前記物質が脳内に移行した後に所要時間を空けることで、前記脳内AMPA受容体に結合していない前記物質の脳外排出を促した後、前記検知を行う請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記物質が脳内に移行した後に第1時間経過後と、第1時間よりも長い第2時間経過後とにそれぞれ前記検出を行い、
それぞれの検出値に基づき、前記脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は量に関するデータを取得する請求項1又は2記載の方法。 - 請求項1から4いずれか記載の方法をコンピュータに実行させるためのプログラム。
- 霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体に選択的に結合しかつ放射性標識を有する物質を有効成分とする、霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の診断薬、又は前記疾患の治療又は予防のためのコンパニオン診断薬。
- 霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の治療又は予防のための医薬であって、
霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体に選択的に結合する物質を有効成分とし、請求項1から4いずれか記載の方法で得られる前記データに基づく投与計画で投与されるものである医薬。 - 前記疾患は、精神疾患又は神経疾患である請求項6又は7記載の薬。
- 霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の治療又は予防薬のスクリーニング方法であって、
前記霊長類生体への候補物質の投与前後における、請求項1から4いずれか記載の方法で得られる前記データの差異に基づき、前記候補物質を選抜する工程を有する方法。 - 霊長類生体の脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関する情報をサーバへと送信する入力端末。
- 霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量と、霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の状態と、が関連づけられたデータを格納するデータベースと、
入力された被験者の生体の脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関する情報と、前記データとを照会し、前記被験者の前記疾患の状態に関する情報を出力端末へと送信する手段と、を備えるサーバ。 - 霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量と、霊長類体の脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の状態と、既に投与された霊長類体の生体の脳内AMPA受容体が関連する疾患の治療又は予防のための医薬の種類、用量及び/又は用法と、が関連づけられたデータを格納するデータベースと、
入力された被験者の生体の脳内AMPA受容体の分布及び/又は発現量に関する情報と、前記データとを照会し、前記被験者への推奨される医薬の種類、用量及び/又は用法に関する情報を出力端末へと送信するする手段と、を備えるサーバ。 - 請求項10記載の入力端末と、
請求項11又は12記載のサーバと、
請求項11又は12記載のサーバから送信された前記情報を出力する出力端末と、を備えるシステム。
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| US16/476,717 US20200384134A1 (en) | 2017-01-11 | 2018-01-11 | Imaging method of ampa receptors in brain of primate organism, program, diagnostic agent, companion diagnostic agent, drug, screening method, input terminal, server and system |
| CN201880014627.9A CN110461369A (zh) | 2017-01-11 | 2018-01-11 | 灵长类生物的脑内ampa受体的成像方法、程序、诊断药、伴随诊断药、医药、筛选方法、输入终端、服务器及系统 |
| EP18738938.2A EP3569255A4 (en) | 2017-01-11 | 2018-01-11 | PROCESS FOR IMAGING AMPA RECEIVERS IN THE BRAIN OF A PRIMATE ORGANISM, PROGRAM, DIAGNOSIS AGENT, COMPANION DIAGNOSIS AGENT, DRUG, SCREENING PROCEDURE, INPUT TERMINAL, SERVER AND SYSTEM |
| KR1020197022967A KR20190104575A (ko) | 2017-01-11 | 2018-01-11 | 영장류 생체의 뇌 내 ampa 수용체의 영상화 방법, 프로그램, 진단약, 동반 진단약, 의약, 스크리닝 방법, 입력 단말, 서버 및 시스템 |
| CA3053581A CA3053581A1 (en) | 2017-01-11 | 2018-01-11 | Imaging method of ampa receptors in brain of primate organism, program, diagnostic agent, companion diagnostic agent, drug, screening method, input terminal, server and system |
| JP2018561421A JPWO2018131663A1 (ja) | 2017-01-11 | 2018-01-11 | 霊長類生体の脳内ampa受容体のイメージング方法、プログラム、診断薬、コンパニオン診断薬、医薬、スクリーニング方法、入力端末、サーバ及びシステム |
| RU2019124658A RU2019124658A (ru) | 2017-01-11 | 2018-01-11 | Способ визуализации амра-рецепторов в головном мозге организма примата, программа, диагностический агент, сопутствующий диагностический агент, лекарственное средство, способ скрининга, входной терминал, сервер и система |
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| JPWO2022138943A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-25 | 2022-06-30 | ||
| WO2022138943A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-25 | 2022-06-30 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 精神疾患若しくは神経疾患のモデル非ヒト動物の製造方法、前記モデル非ヒト動物、及び、前記精神疾患若しくは神経疾患の予防又は治療剤をスクリーニングする方法 |
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| EP3569255A1 (en) | 2019-11-20 |
| EP3569255A4 (en) | 2020-10-28 |
| JP6241974B1 (ja) | 2017-12-06 |
| CA3053581A1 (en) | 2018-07-19 |
| JP2018111682A (ja) | 2018-07-19 |
| JPWO2018131663A1 (ja) | 2020-04-09 |
| US20200384134A1 (en) | 2020-12-10 |
| KR20190104575A (ko) | 2019-09-10 |
| RU2019124658A (ru) | 2021-02-12 |
| CN110461369A (zh) | 2019-11-15 |
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