WO2020031031A1 - 半導体装置および半導体装置の作製方法 - Google Patents
半導体装置および半導体装置の作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/60—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET]
- H10D30/67—Thin-film transistors [TFT]
- H10D30/674—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the active materials
- H10D30/6755—Oxide semiconductors, e.g. zinc oxide, copper aluminium oxide or cadmium stannate
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- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B12/00—Dynamic random access memory [DRAM] devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B41/00—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates
- H10B41/70—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates the floating gate being an electrode shared by two or more components
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- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/60—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET]
- H10D30/67—Thin-film transistors [TFT]
- H10D30/6729—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes
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- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/60—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET]
- H10D30/67—Thin-film transistors [TFT]
- H10D30/6729—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes
- H10D30/673—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes characterised by the shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of the gate electrodes
- H10D30/6733—Multi-gate TFTs
- H10D30/6734—Multi-gate TFTs having gate electrodes arranged on both top and bottom sides of the channel, e.g. dual-gate TFTs
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- H10D62/00—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers
- H10D62/10—Shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of the regions of the semiconductor bodies; Shapes of the semiconductor bodies
- H10D62/13—Semiconductor regions connected to electrodes carrying current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. source or drain regions
- H10D62/149—Source or drain regions of field-effect devices
- H10D62/151—Source or drain regions of field-effect devices of IGFETs
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- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D62/00—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers
- H10D62/10—Shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of the regions of the semiconductor bodies; Shapes of the semiconductor bodies
- H10D62/17—Semiconductor regions connected to electrodes not carrying current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. channel regions
- H10D62/213—Channel regions of field-effect devices
- H10D62/221—Channel regions of field-effect devices of FETs
- H10D62/235—Channel regions of field-effect devices of FETs of IGFETs
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- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D62/00—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers
- H10D62/80—Semiconductor bodies, or regions thereof, of devices having potential barriers characterised by the materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B12/00—Dynamic random access memory [DRAM] devices
- H10B12/30—DRAM devices comprising one-transistor - one-capacitor [1T-1C] memory cells
Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device.
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor wafer, a module, and an electronic device.
- a semiconductor device in this specification and the like refers to any device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- a semiconductor device such as a transistor, a semiconductor circuit, an arithmetic device, and a storage device are one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- a display device (a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting display device, or the like), a projection device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, a power storage device, a storage device, a semiconductor circuit, an imaging device, an electronic device, or the like sometimes includes a semiconductor device.
- One embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- One embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, a manufacturer, or a composition (composition of matter).
- a technique for forming a transistor using a semiconductor thin film formed over a substrate having an insulating surface has attracted attention.
- the transistor is widely applied to electronic devices such as an integrated circuit (IC) and an image display device (also simply referred to as a display device).
- IC integrated circuit
- image display device also simply referred to as a display device.
- a silicon-based semiconductor material is widely known as a semiconductor thin film applicable to a transistor, an oxide semiconductor has attracted attention as another material.
- CAAC c-axis aligned crystalliteline
- nc nanocrystallineline
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a technique for manufacturing a transistor using an oxide semiconductor having a CAAC structure.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor has extremely low leakage current in a non-conduction state.
- a low-power-consumption CPU utilizing the characteristic of a transistor including an oxide semiconductor, which has low leakage current in a non-conduction state is disclosed (see Patent Document 1).
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor has a higher off-state current and higher normally-on characteristics as the temperature during the operation of the transistor is higher. This is because the higher the temperature at which the transistor operates, the lower the threshold voltage of the transistor and the larger the sub-threshold swing value (S value). Accordingly, at high temperatures, the electrical characteristics of a semiconductor device including a transistor vary greatly, and the reliability is likely to be reduced.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device which operates stably even at high temperatures.
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device with small off-state current.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a highly reliable semiconductor device.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device with small variation.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device with reduced power consumption.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a metal oxide, an insulating layer, a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, and a third conductive layer; And a second region and a third region.
- the first region overlaps with the first conductive layer, and the second region overlaps with the second conductive layer.
- Region overlaps with the third conductive layer via the insulating layer, and the carrier concentration of the first region and the carrier concentration of the second region are respectively 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more and less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3.
- the carrier concentration in the third region is greater than or equal to 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm ⁇ 3 and less than 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 .
- Another embodiment of the present invention includes a metal oxide, an insulating layer, a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, and a third conductive layer.
- the third region overlaps with the third conductive layer via the insulating layer, and the value of the ratio of the carrier concentration of the first region to the carrier concentration of the third region is 1 ⁇ 10 2 or more. Wherein the ratio of the carrier concentration of the second region to the carrier concentration of the third region is 1 ⁇ 10 2 or more.
- a first layer is provided between the first region and the first conductive layer, and a second layer is provided between the second region and the second conductive layer.
- the first and second conductive layers each comprise tantalum nitride, and wherein the first and second layers each comprise tantalum, nitrogen and oxygen, or comprise tantalum and oxygen.
- the first and second conductive layers each comprise tantalum nitride, and wherein the first and second layers each comprise tantalum, nitrogen and oxygen, or comprise tantalum and oxygen.
- the hydrogen concentration in the third region be lower than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a transistor, wherein the transistor includes a metal oxide, a first insulating layer, a second insulating layer, a first conductive layer, A second conductive layer, a third conductive layer, and a fourth conductive layer, wherein the second insulating layer is provided over the fourth conductive layer, and the metal oxide is provided on the second insulating layer.
- the second conductive layer is provided over the metal oxide, the third conductive layer overlaps with the fourth conductive layer through the metal oxide, and the off-state current of the transistor is higher than or equal to 180 ° C. It is 1 aA or less in a temperature range of 220 ° C. or less.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a transistor, wherein the transistor includes a metal oxide, a first insulating layer, a second insulating layer, a first conductive layer, A second conductive layer, a third conductive layer, and a fourth conductive layer, wherein the second insulating layer is provided over the fourth conductive layer, and the metal oxide is provided on the second insulating layer.
- the second conductive layer is provided over the metal oxide, the third conductive layer overlaps with the fourth conductive layer through the metal oxide, and the transistor has an off-state per channel width of 1 ⁇ m.
- the current is 10 aA / ⁇ m or less in a temperature range from 180 ° C. to 220 ° C.
- the metal oxide preferably contains indium, the element M (M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin), and zinc.
- a semiconductor device which operates stably even at a high temperature can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low off-state current can be provided.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with small variation can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with reduced power consumption can be provided.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are schematic cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a top view of a transistor assumed in calculation using a device simulator.
- FIGS. 2B and 2C are cross-sectional views of transistors assumed in calculations using a device simulator.
- FIG. 3 is a calculation result of the Id-Vg characteristics of the transistor.
- 4A to 4D are schematic cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 5A and 5B are diagrams illustrating a drain current of a transistor.
- FIG. 6A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6B and 6C are cross-sectional views illustrating a structure example of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7B and 7C are cross-sectional views illustrating a structure example of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 8B and 8C are cross-sectional views illustrating a structure example of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9A is a top view illustrating a structure example of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9B and 9C are cross-sectional views illustrating a structure example of a transistor of one embodiment of the present invention.
- 10A and 10B are block diagrams each illustrating a configuration example of a storage device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 11A to 11H are circuit diagrams illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 12A and 12B are schematic views of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13A is a block diagram of a display device.
- 13B and 13C are circuit diagrams of the display device.
- 14A to 14C are circuit diagrams of a display device.
- FIG. 15A is a circuit diagram of a display device.
- FIG. 15B is a timing chart.
- 15C and 15D are circuit diagrams of the display device.
- 16A to 16D are diagrams each illustrating an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 17A to 17H are diagrams each illustrating an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 18A and 18B show the hydrogen concentration and the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film of this example.
- 19A and 19B show the hydrogen concentration and the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film of this example.
- ⁇ ⁇ Particular elements may be omitted in some cases, particularly in a top view (also referred to as a “plan view”) or a perspective view, in order to facilitate understanding of the present invention.
- a top view also referred to as a “plan view”
- a perspective view in order to facilitate understanding of the present invention.
- some hidden lines and the like may be omitted.
- ordinal numbers given as first, second, and the like are used for convenience, and do not indicate the order of steps or the order of lamination. Therefore, for example, the description can be made by appropriately replacing “first” with “second” or “third”.
- ordinal numbers described in this specification and the like do not always coincide with ordinal numbers used for specifying one embodiment of the present invention.
- connection relation is not limited to the predetermined connection relation, for example, the connection relation shown in the figure or the text, and it is assumed that anything other than the connection relation shown in the figure or the text is disclosed in the figure or the text.
- X and Y are objects (for example, an apparatus, an element, a circuit, a wiring, an electrode, a terminal, a conductive film, a layer, and the like).
- a transistor is an element having at least three terminals including a gate, a drain, and a source.
- a region (hereinafter, also referred to as a channel formation region) in which a channel is formed between the drain (drain terminal, drain region, or drain electrode) and the source (source terminal, source region, or source electrode); A current can flow between the source and the drain through the channel formation region.
- a channel formation region refers to a region through which current mainly flows.
- the functions of the source and the drain may be switched when transistors having different polarities are used or when the direction of current changes in circuit operation. For this reason, in this specification and the like, the terms of source and drain may be used interchangeably.
- the channel length refers to, for example, in a top view of a transistor, a region where a semiconductor (or a portion of a semiconductor in which current flows when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap each other, or a source in a channel formation region. It refers to the distance between the (source region or source electrode) and the drain (drain region or drain electrode). Note that in one transistor, the channel length does not always have the same value in all regions. That is, the channel length of one transistor may not be determined to one value. Therefore, in this specification, the channel length is any one of the values, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the average value in the channel formation region.
- the channel width refers to, for example, in a top view of a transistor, a region where a semiconductor (or a portion of a semiconductor in which current flows when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap each other, or a channel formation region in a channel length direction. Refers to the length of the channel formation region in the vertical direction with reference to Note that in one transistor, the channel width does not always have the same value in all regions. That is, the channel width of one transistor may not be determined to one value. Therefore, in this specification, a channel width is any one of values, a maximum value, a minimum value, or an average value in a channel formation region.
- a channel width in a region where a channel is actually formed corresponds to a channel width illustrated in a top view of the transistor.
- apparatus channel width a channel width illustrated in a top view of the transistor.
- the effective channel width becomes larger than the apparent channel width, and the effect may not be ignored.
- the proportion of a channel formation region formed on the side surface of the semiconductor may be large. In that case, the effective channel width is larger than the apparent channel width.
- a simple term “channel width” may refer to an apparent channel width.
- a simple term “channel width” may refer to an effective channel width. The values of the channel length, the channel width, the effective channel width, the apparent channel width, and the like can be determined by analyzing a cross-sectional TEM image or the like.
- an impurity in a semiconductor refers to, for example, elements other than the main components of the semiconductor.
- an element having a concentration of less than 0.1 atomic% can be regarded as an impurity.
- an impurity is contained, for example, a defect level density of a semiconductor may be increased or crystallinity may be reduced.
- examples of the impurity that changes the characteristics of the semiconductor include a Group 1 element, a Group 2 element, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, and an oxide semiconductor.
- transition metals other than the main components such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, silicon, boron, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen.
- water may function as an impurity in some cases.
- oxygen vacancies may be formed by entry of impurities, for example.
- the impurity that changes the characteristics of the semiconductor include a Group 1 element, a Group 2 element, a Group 13 element, and a Group 15 element other than oxygen and hydrogen.
- silicon oxynitride has a higher oxygen content than nitrogen as its composition.
- silicon nitride oxide has a higher nitrogen content than oxygen as its composition.
- the term “insulator” can be replaced with an insulating film or an insulating layer.
- the term “conductor” can be referred to as a conductive film or a conductive layer.
- the term “semiconductor” can be referred to as a semiconductor film or a semiconductor layer.
- parallel refers to a state where two straight lines are arranged at an angle of ⁇ 10 ° or more and 10 ° or less. Therefore, the case where the angle is ⁇ 5 ° or more and 5 ° or less is also included.
- substantially parallel refers to a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of ⁇ 30 ° or more and 30 ° or less.
- “Vertical” means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 80 ° or more and 100 ° or less. Therefore, a case where the angle is 85 ° or more and 95 ° or less is also included.
- substantially perpendicular refers to a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 60 ° or more and 120 ° or less.
- a metal oxide is a metal oxide in a broad sense.
- Metal oxide is classified into an oxide insulator, an oxide conductor (including a transparent oxide conductor), an oxide semiconductor (also referred to as oxide semiconductor or simply OS), and the like.
- oxide semiconductor also referred to as oxide semiconductor or simply OS
- the metal oxide may be referred to as an oxide semiconductor in some cases. That is, the term “OS transistor” can be referred to as a transistor including a metal oxide or an oxide semiconductor.
- the term “normally off” refers to a drain current per channel width of 1 ⁇ m (also referred to as off-state current) flowing through a transistor when no potential is applied to a gate or a ground potential is applied to a gate. , 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 20 A or less at room temperature, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 A or less at 85 ° C., or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 A or less at 125 ° C.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic cross-sectional views of the transistor 10 of one embodiment of the present invention. 1A and 1B are cross-sectional views of the transistor 10 in the channel length direction.
- the transistor 10 includes a semiconductor layer 30 disposed on a substrate (not shown), a conductive layer 40a, a conductive layer 40b, and an insulating layer 50 disposed on the semiconductor layer 30.
- a conductive layer 60 disposed on the insulating layer 50.
- the semiconductor layer 30 has a region 34, and regions 31a and 31b.
- At least a part of the conductive layer 60 overlaps with the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 via the insulating layer 50. At least a part of the conductive layer 40a overlaps with the region 31a of the semiconductor layer 30, and at least a part of the conductive layer 40b overlaps with the region 31b of the semiconductor layer 30.
- the conductive layer 60 functions as a gate electrode of the transistor 10
- the insulating layer 50 functions as a gate insulating layer of the transistor 10
- the conductive layer 40a functions as one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the transistor 10
- 40b functions as the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 10.
- the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 functions as a channel formation region of the transistor 10
- the region 31a of the semiconductor layer 30 functions as one of a source region and a drain region of the transistor 10
- the region 31b of the semiconductor layer 30 The transistor 10 functions as the other of the source region and the drain region.
- the transistor 10 may include an insulating layer 70 provided below the semiconductor layer 30 and a conductive layer 80 provided below the insulating layer 70. At least a part of the conductive layer 80 overlaps with the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 with the insulating layer 70 interposed therebetween.
- the conductive layer 60 functions as a first gate electrode of the transistor 10
- the insulating layer 50 functions as a first gate insulating layer of the transistor 10
- the conductive layer 80 functions as a second gate of the transistor 10.
- the insulating layer 70 functions as an electrode, and functions as a second gate insulating layer of the transistor 10.
- the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 is formed on the upper surface of the semiconductor layer 30 (on the conductive layer 60 side); however, the present embodiment is not limited to this.
- the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 may be formed on the lower surface of the semiconductor layer 30 (on the side of the conductive layer 80), or may be formed from the upper surface to the lower surface of the semiconductor layer 30.
- a metal oxide functioning as a semiconductor (hereinafter also referred to as an oxide semiconductor) be used for a channel formation region of the transistor.
- an oxide semiconductor for a channel formation region of a transistor, a transistor with high field-effect mobility can be realized. Further, a highly reliable transistor can be realized.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region has extremely low leakage current in a non-conduction state, a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- an oxide semiconductor can be formed by a sputtering method or the like, it can be used for a transistor included in a highly integrated semiconductor device.
- an In-M-Zn oxide (element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, or cerium , Neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, or one or more thereof).
- element M aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin is preferably used.
- an In-M oxide, an In-Zn oxide, or an M-Zn oxide may be used as the oxide semiconductor.
- a metal oxide is used for a channel formation region of a transistor
- hydrogen in the metal oxide be reduced as much as possible.
- Hydrogen contained in a metal oxide reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to form water, which may form oxygen vacancies in the metal oxide. If the channel formation region in the metal oxide contains oxygen vacancies, the transistor might have normally-on characteristics. Further, a defect in which hydrogen is contained in the oxygen vacancy functions as a donor, and an electron serving as a carrier may be generated. Further, part of hydrogen may bond with oxygen which is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron serving as a carrier. Therefore, a transistor including a metal oxide containing hydrogen is likely to have normally-on characteristics.
- a defect in which hydrogen is contained in an oxygen vacancy can function as a donor of an oxide semiconductor.
- the threshold voltage of the transistor decreases and the sub-threshold swing value increases. Further, the threshold voltage and the sub-threshold swing value of the transistor have a correlation with the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor.
- an oxide semiconductor when used for a channel formation region of a transistor, it is preferable to use an i-type (intrinsic) or substantially i-type oxide semiconductor having a low carrier concentration.
- an oxide semiconductor having a low carrier concentration for a channel formation region of a transistor With the use of an oxide semiconductor having a low carrier concentration for a channel formation region of a transistor, the off-state current of the transistor can be reduced and the reliability of the transistor can be improved.
- FIGS. 2A to 2C show a top view and cross-sectional views of a transistor assumed in calculation used for a device simulator.
- FIG. 2A is a top view of the transistor.
- 2B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 2A, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor in a channel length direction.
- FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed line W1-W2 in FIG. 2A, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor in a channel width direction. Note that some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 2A for clarity.
- the transistor includes a conductive layer BGE provided over a substrate (not shown), an insulating layer BGI1, an insulating layer BGI2, and an insulating layer BGI3 provided over the conductive layer BGE.
- the semiconductor layer SEM1 and the semiconductor layer SEM2 disposed on the insulating layer BGI3, the conductive layer SE and the conductive layer DE disposed on the semiconductor layer SEM2, and the semiconductor layer SEM2, the conductive layer SE, and the conductive layer DE. It has a semiconductor layer SEM3 arranged, an insulating layer TGI arranged on the semiconductor layer SEM3, and a conductive layer TGE arranged on the insulating layer TGI.
- the conductive layer TGE functions as a first gate (also referred to as a top gate), the conductive layer BGE functions as a second gate (also referred to as a back gate), and the insulating layer TGI functions as a first gate insulating layer.
- the insulating layers BGI1, BGI2, and BGI3 function as second gate insulating layers (also referred to as back gate insulating layers)
- the semiconductor layer SEM1 The semiconductor layer SEM2 and the semiconductor layer SEM3 function as a semiconductor layer
- the conductive layer SE functions as a source
- the conductive layer DE functions as a drain.
- the conductive layer TGE corresponds to the conductive layer 60 of the transistor 10 illustrated in FIG. 1B
- the insulating layer TGI corresponds to the insulating layer 50 of the transistor 10 illustrated in FIG. 1B
- the semiconductor layers SEM1 and SEM2 correspond to FIG.
- the conductive layer SE corresponds to the conductive layer 40a of the transistor 10 shown in FIG. 1B
- the conductive layer DE corresponds to the conductive layer 40b of the transistor 10 shown in FIG. 1B
- the conductive layer BGE corresponds to the conductive layer 80 of the transistor 10 illustrated in FIG. 1B
- the insulating layers BGI1, BGI2, and BGI3 correspond to the insulating layer 70 of the transistor 10 illustrated in FIG. 1B.
- the transistors illustrated in FIGS. 2A to 2C have a top gate and a back gate.
- the threshold voltage of a transistor having a top gate and a back gate can be controlled by applying different potentials to the top gate and the back gate. For example, by applying a negative potential to the back gate, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be increased and off-state current can be reduced. That is, by applying a negative potential to the back gate, the drain current when the potential applied to the top gate is 0 V can be reduced.
- Table 1 shows parameter values that differ among the structures 1A to 7A among the values of the parameters assumed in the calculation using the device simulator.
- Id-Vg characteristics at drain voltage Vd 1.2 V were calculated for each of Structures 1A to 7A. Note that in this calculation, no potential was applied to the back gate.
- FIG. 3 shows the Id-Vg characteristics of the structures 1A to 7A obtained by calculation.
- the horizontal axis indicates a change in the gate voltage Vg [V]
- the vertical axis indicates a change in the drain current Id [A].
- FIG. 3 is a semilogarithmic graph in which the vertical axis has a logarithmic axis.
- transistor characteristics were obtained in the structures 1A to 6A. That is, it can be understood that transistor characteristics can be obtained by setting the donor concentration of the semiconductor layers SEM1 and SEM2 to 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less. In addition, as the donor concentration of the semiconductor layers SEM1 and SEM2 is lower, the threshold voltage tends to change in the positive direction. Therefore, it is understood that the semiconductor layer SEM2 preferably has a low donor concentration in order for the transistor to have normally-off and stable electric characteristics.
- the Id-Vg characteristics of Structures 1A to 3A were substantially the same.
- the carrier concentration of the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 which functions as a channel formation region of the transistor 10 is preferably lower than or equal to 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 and preferably lower than 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3. More preferably, it is more preferably less than 2 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 , even more preferably less than 2 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the carrier concentration in the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm ⁇ 3 or more, and more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3. It is less than atoms / cm 3 , more preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 , still more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 , and still more preferably less than 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 .
- SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry
- the region 31a and the region 31b of the semiconductor layer 30 have a low resistance region.
- the region 31a having a low resistance region between the conductive layer 40a and the region 34 the electric field at the junction between the conductive layer 40a and the region 34 is weakened, hot carrier deterioration is suppressed, and reliability is improved. Can be achieved.
- the region 31b having a low resistance region between the conductive layer 40b and the region 34 the electric field at the junction between the conductive layer 40b and the region 34 is weakened, hot carrier degradation is suppressed, and reliability is reduced. Can be improved.
- the junction between the semiconductor layer 30 and the conductive layer 40a and the junction between the semiconductor layer 30 and the conductive layer 40b are often Schottky contacts.
- the region 31a and the region 31b have a low-resistance region, so that the semiconductor layer 30 and the conductive layer 40b can have a low resistance. Schottky barrier between them can be reduced, and the contact resistance can be reduced.
- the junction between the semiconductor layer 30 and the conductive layer 40a is preferably formed by Schottky contact as described above, but one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the junction between the semiconductor layer 30 and the conductive layer 40a may be an ohmic contact.
- the junction between the semiconductor layer 30 and the conductive layer 40b may also be an ohmic contact.
- the carrier concentration of the low resistance region included in the region 31a and the region 31b of the semiconductor layer 30 is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more and less than 1 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 , and preferably 5 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3. It is more preferable that it is ⁇ 3 or more and less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the carrier concentration of the low-resistance region included in the region 31a and the region 31b of the semiconductor layer 30 is preferably higher than the carrier concentration of the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 that functions as a channel formation region of the transistor 10.
- the value of the ratio of the carrier concentration of the region 31a and the region 31b of the semiconductor layer 30 to the carrier concentration of the region 34 of the semiconductor layer 30 is preferably 10 or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 2 or more, and 2 ⁇ 10 2 or more. It is more preferably 3 or more and 2 ⁇ 10 5 or less.
- a drain current (on-state current) flowing when the transistor 10 is on can be increased.
- the region 34 and the region 31a and the region 31b of the semiconductor layer 30 are formed on the upper surface of the semiconductor layer 30 (on the conductive layer 60 and the conductive layers 40a and 40b side). Embodiments are not limited to this.
- the region 34 and the regions 31a and 31b of the semiconductor layer 30 may be formed from the upper surface to the lower surface of the semiconductor layer 30.
- FIG. 1A shows that the boundary between the region 34 and the region 31a and the boundary between the region 34 and the region 31b substantially coincide with the side surfaces of the conductive layer 60 and the insulating layer 50. It is not limited to.
- the region 31a and the region 31b may have a region overlapping with the conductive layer 60 via the insulating layer 50.
- a high-resistance region is not formed between the channel formation region of the semiconductor layer 30 and the source and drain regions; thus, on-state current and mobility of the transistor 10 can be increased.
- the boundary between the region 34 and the region 31a and the boundary between the region 34 and the region 31b are overlapped with the semiconductor layer 30, the conductive layer 60, the conductive layer 40a, and the conductive layer 40b. It may be located in an area that does not need to be. With such a structure, the off-state current of the transistor 10 can be reduced.
- the semiconductor layer 30 may have the region 32a between the region 34 and the region 31a, and may have the region 32b between the region 34 and the region 31b, as shown in FIG. 4C.
- the carrier concentration of the region 32a is preferably higher than the carrier concentration of the region 34 and lower than the carrier concentration of the region 31a.
- the carrier concentration of the region 32b is preferably higher than the carrier concentration of the region 34 and lower than the carrier concentration of the region 31b.
- the conductive layer 40 (the conductive layer 40 a and the conductive layer 40 b) is in contact with the semiconductor layer 30, so that oxygen atoms forming the metal oxide of the semiconductor layer 30
- the conductive layer 40 may be oxidized.
- the conductivity of the conductive layer 40 decreases.
- the diffusion of oxygen atoms in the semiconductor layer 30 into the conductive layer 40 causes the semiconductor layer 30 near the interface with the conductive layer 40 to be in an oxygen-deficient state. As a result, it is highly probable that the electrical characteristics of the transistor vary and the reliability of the transistor decreases.
- Oxidation of the conductive layer 40 may form a layer 44a (layer 44b) between the conductive layer 40a (conductive layer 40b) and the semiconductor layer 30, as shown in FIG. 4D.
- the three-layer structure of the conductive layer 40a (the conductive layer 40b), the layer 44a (the layer 44b), and the semiconductor layer 30 is a three-layer structure including a metal-insulator-semiconductor. Yes, it may be called a MIS (Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor) structure.
- MIS Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor
- the layer 44 is a layer containing tantalum, nitrogen, and oxygen, or tantalum and oxygen. Is obtained.
- controlling the formation of the layer 44 means that the difference (energy between the electron affinity of the layer 44 and the electron affinity of the conductive layer 40 (conductive layer 40a and conductive layer 40b) between the layer 44 and the layer 44 is reduced. (A barrier), and an interface level formed at the interface between the layer 44 and the semiconductor layer 30 and in the vicinity thereof is reduced. More specifically, the thickness of the layer 44 is 0.1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, preferably 0.5 nm or more and 2 nm or less. By controlling the formation of the layer 44, a current easily flows between the conductive layer 40 and the semiconductor layer 30, and the reliability of the transistor can be improved. In addition, the transistor becomes thermally stable, and can operate stably even at a high temperature.
- the film thickness of the layer 44 may be measured by observing the cross-sectional shape of the layer 44 and its periphery using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the film thickness of the layer 44 can be calculated by performing line analysis of the composition of the layer 44 and its periphery by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the thickness of the layer 44 is defined as a difference between the position (depth) of the interface between the layer 44 and the semiconductor layer 30 and the position (depth) of the interface between the conductive layer 40 and the layer 44.
- the position (depth) of the interface between the layer 44 and the semiconductor layer 30 is determined as the main component of the semiconductor layer 30 and the conductivity.
- the depth at which the quantitative value of the metal that is not the main component of the layer 40 is half value is set.
- the position (depth) of the interface between the conductive layer 40 and the layer 44 is defined as the depth at which the quantitative value of oxygen in the semiconductor layer 30 is half. As described above, the thickness of the layer 44 can be calculated.
- a conductive material having oxidation resistance hard to oxidize
- a metal nitride such as titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, molybdenum nitride, or tungsten nitride is preferably used.
- it is preferable to increase the crystallinity of the conductive layer 40 and it is preferable to increase the film density of the conductive layer 40.
- a layer may be provided between the conductive layer 40a and the semiconductor layer 30, and between the conductive layer 40b and the semiconductor layer 30.
- the conductive layer 40a and the semiconductor layer 30 and the conductive layer 40b and the semiconductor layer 30 are not directly in contact with each other, so that oxidation of the conductive layer 40a and the conductive layer 40b can be suppressed. it can. Therefore, the layer preferably has a function of suppressing oxidation of the conductive layers 40a and 40b. Further, the layer preferably has a function of suppressing transmission of oxygen.
- a metal oxide containing the element M may be used for the above layer.
- the element M aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin is preferably used.
- the layer preferably has a higher concentration of the element M than the semiconductor layer 30.
- gallium oxide may be used as the above layer.
- a metal oxide such as an In-M-Zn oxide may be used for the layer.
- the atomic ratio of the element M to In is preferably larger than the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the semiconductor layer 30.
- the thickness of the above layer is preferably 0.5 nm or more and 5 nm or less, more preferably 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less.
- the layer preferably has crystallinity.
- the layer has crystallinity, release of oxygen in the layer can be suitably suppressed.
- the layer has a crystal structure such as a hexagonal structure, the release of oxygen in the semiconductor layer 30 may be suppressed in some cases.
- the carrier concentration of an oxide semiconductor used for a channel formation region of a transistor is reduced, so that the threshold voltage of the transistor is increased, the subthreshold swing value is reduced, and the off-state current of the transistor is reduced. It was explained that reliability could be improved. Note that in the case where the threshold voltage of the transistor is increased and the sub-threshold swing value is reduced, the off-state current of the transistor can be further reduced by reducing the leakage current of the transistor, which further improves reliability. Can be done.
- the transistor includes a first gate, a second gate, a first gate insulating layer, a second gate insulating layer, a semiconductor layer including a channel formation region, a source, and a drain.
- FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of a current (I) -gate voltage (Vg) characteristic of the transistor
- FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of a drain current (Id) -gate voltage (Vg) characteristic of the transistor.
- the horizontal axis indicates a change in voltage (Vg) [V] applied to the first gate
- the vertical axis indicates a change in current (I) [A] or drain current (Id) [A].
- Is shown. 5A and 5B are semilogarithmic graphs in which the vertical axis is a logarithmic axis.
- Current A shown by a solid line in FIG. 5A is a current flowing from the drain to the source via the channel formation region.
- the current B indicated by a broken line in FIG. 5A is a current flowing from the drain to the first gate
- the current C indicated by a dotted line in FIG. 5A is a current flowing from the drain to the second gate.
- the current A in the non-conductive state may be referred to as a sub-threshold leak current.
- the current B in the non-conductive state may be referred to as a first leak current.
- the current C in the non-conductive state may be referred to as a second leak current.
- the voltage Vab shown in FIG. 5A is the value of the gate voltage at which the current A and the current B have the same value.
- the voltage Vbc shown in FIG. 5A is the value of the gate voltage at which the current B and the current C have the same value.
- the voltage Vac shown in FIG. 5A is the value of the gate voltage at which the current A and the current C have the same value.
- the current D shown in FIG. 5B is the drain current of the transistor.
- the current D is observed as the sum of the current A, the current B, and the current C shown in FIG. 5A.
- the ratio of the current B to the drain current is high.
- the ratio of the current C to the drain current is high and the value of the gate voltage Vg is equal to or higher than the voltage Vac, the ratio of the current A to the drain current is high.
- a drain current (off current) when no potential is applied to the first gate is mainly a sub-threshold. It is a leak current. Therefore, by increasing the threshold voltage of the transistor or decreasing the sub-threshold swing value, the sub-threshold leakage current can be reduced and the off-state current can be reduced.
- the voltage Vac may increase.
- the off-state current is mainly the second leak current. Therefore, in order to reduce the off-state current, it is necessary to reduce the second leak current.
- the thickness of the second gate insulating layer may be increased.
- the voltage Vbc When the current (current C) flowing from the drain to the second gate is reduced, the voltage Vbc may be higher than the voltage Vac. In particular, when the voltage Vbc is higher than 0 V, the off-state current is mainly the first leak current. Therefore, in order to reduce the off-state current, it is necessary to reduce the first leak current.
- the thickness of the first gate insulating layer may be increased.
- the off-state current of the transistor can be further reduced, and reliability is reduced. It can be further improved.
- the off-state current of the transistor 10 can be 1 aA or less.
- the off-state current per 1 ⁇ m of the channel width of the transistor 10 can be 10 aA / ⁇ m or less.
- Metal oxide As the semiconductor layer 30, a metal oxide that functions as a semiconductor is preferably used. Hereinafter, metal oxides applicable to the semiconductor layer 30 according to the present invention will be described.
- the metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, it preferably contains indium and zinc. In addition, it is preferable that aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, and the like be contained in addition to these. Further, one or more kinds selected from boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium and the like may be contained.
- the metal oxide is an In-M-Zn oxide including indium, the element M, and zinc is considered.
- the element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin.
- Other elements applicable to the element M include boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, and the like.
- a combination of a plurality of the aforementioned elements may be used as the element M.
- a metal oxide containing nitrogen may be collectively referred to as a metal oxide. Further, a metal oxide containing nitrogen may be referred to as metal oxynitride.
- An oxide semiconductor (metal oxide) is classified into a single crystal oxide semiconductor and a non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor.
- the non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor include a CAAC-OS (c-axis aligned crystal oxide semiconductor), a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, an nc-OS (nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor), and a pseudo-amorphous oxide semiconductor (a-like).
- OS amorphous-like oxide semiconductor; an amorphous oxide semiconductor;
- the CAAC-OS has a c-axis orientation and a crystal structure in which a plurality of nanocrystals are connected in an ab plane direction and has a strain.
- the strain refers to a region where the orientation of the lattice arrangement changes between a region where the lattice arrangement is uniform and a region where another lattice arrangement is uniform in a region where a plurality of nanocrystals are connected.
- Nanocrystals are basically hexagonal, but are not limited to regular hexagons, and may be non-regular hexagons.
- distortion may have a lattice arrangement such as a pentagon or a heptagon.
- CAAC-OS it is difficult to confirm clear crystal grain boundaries (grain boundaries) even in the vicinity of strain. That is, it can be seen that the formation of crystal grain boundaries is suppressed by the distortion of the lattice arrangement. This is because the CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion because the arrangement of oxygen atoms is not dense in the ab plane direction, or the bonding distance between atoms changes by substitution with a metal element. That's why.
- the CAAC-OS is a layered crystal in which a layer containing indium and oxygen (hereinafter, an In layer) and a layer containing elements M, zinc, and oxygen (hereinafter, a (M, Zn) layer) are stacked. It tends to have a structure (also called a layered structure). Note that indium and the element M can be substituted for each other. Therefore, indium may exist in the metal site of the (M, Zn) layer. Further, the element M may be present in the metal site of the In layer.
- CAAC-OS is a metal oxide with high crystallinity.
- the CAAC-OS it is difficult to confirm a clear crystal grain boundary; thus, it can be said that electron mobility due to the crystal grain boundary is not easily reduced.
- the crystallinity of the metal oxide may be reduced due to entry of impurities, generation of defects, or the like; therefore, the CAAC-OS can be regarded as a metal oxide with few impurities and defects (such as oxygen vacancies). Therefore, a metal oxide having a CAAC-OS has stable physical properties. Therefore, the metal oxide including the CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability.
- the nc-OS has a periodic atomic arrangement in a minute region (for example, a region from 1 nm to 10 nm inclusive, particularly a region from 1 nm to 3 nm inclusive).
- a minute region for example, a region from 1 nm to 10 nm inclusive, particularly a region from 1 nm to 3 nm inclusive.
- the nc-OS may not be distinguished from an a-like @ OS or an amorphous oxide semiconductor depending on an analysis method.
- an In—Ga—Zn oxide which is a kind of metal oxide containing indium, gallium, and zinc, may have a stable structure by being formed using the above-described nanocrystal. is there.
- IGZO tends to be difficult to grow in the air, it is preferable to use a smaller crystal (for example, the above-described nanocrystal) than a large crystal (here, a crystal of several mm or a crystal of several cm).
- a smaller crystal for example, the above-described nanocrystal
- a large crystal here, a crystal of several mm or a crystal of several cm.
- it may be structurally stable.
- ⁇ A-like ⁇ OS is a metal oxide having a structure between an nc-OS and an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- a-like @ OS has voids or low density regions. That is, a-like @ OS has lower crystallinity than the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS.
- Oxide semiconductors have various structures, each having different characteristics.
- the oxide semiconductor of one embodiment of the present invention may include two or more of an amorphous oxide semiconductor, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, an a-like @ OS, an nc-OS, and a CAAC-OS.
- a metal oxide with low carrier density for the transistor.
- the impurity concentration in the metal oxide may be reduced and the defect state density may be reduced.
- a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states are referred to as high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic.
- a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic metal oxide has a low defect state density, so that the trap state density may be low in some cases.
- a transistor including a metal oxide with a high trap state density in a channel formation region may have unstable electric characteristics in some cases.
- the impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, iron, nickel, and silicon.
- the concentration of the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the metal oxide obtained by SIMS is set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- a semiconductor device which operates stably even at a high temperature can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low off-state current can be provided.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with small variation can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with reduced power consumption can be provided.
- FIG. 6A is a top view of the transistor 200A and its periphery.
- FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a chain line L1-L2 in FIG. 6A.
- FIG. 6C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 6A. Note that in the top view of FIG. 6A, some components are omitted for clarity.
- 6A to 6C illustrate the transistor 200A and the insulating layer 210, the insulating layer 212, the insulating layer 214, the insulating layer 216, the insulating layer 280, the insulating layer 282, and the insulating layer 284 that function as interlayer films.
- a conductive layer 246 (a conductive layer 246a and a conductive layer 246b) which is electrically connected to the transistor 200A and functions as a contact plug and a conductive layer 203 which functions as a wiring are illustrated.
- a conductive layer 260 (a conductive layer 260a and a conductive layer 260b) that functions as a first gate (also referred to as a top gate) electrode and a conductive layer that functions as a second gate (also referred to as a bottom gate) electrode.
- a layer 205 (the conductive layers 205a and 205b), an insulating layer 250 functioning as a first gate insulating layer, an insulating layer 220 functioning as a second gate insulating layer, an insulating layer 222, and an insulating layer 224.
- An oxide 230 having a region where a channel is formed (an oxide 230a, an oxide 230b, and an oxide 230c); a conductive layer 242a functioning as one of a source and a drain; and a conductive layer functioning as the other of the source and the drain.
- the semiconductor device includes a layer 242b and an insulating layer 274.
- the insulating layers 210 and 212 function as interlayer films.
- An insulator such as TiO 3 (BST) can be used in a single layer or a stacked layer.
- insulators for example, aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, or zirconium oxide may be added.
- these insulators may be nitrided. Silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon nitride may be stacked over the above insulator.
- the insulating layer 210 preferably functions as a barrier film for preventing impurities such as water and hydrogen from entering the transistor 200A from the substrate side of the insulating layer 210. Therefore, it is preferable that the insulating layer 210 be formed using an insulating material having a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, and copper atoms (the impurities are hardly transmitted). Alternatively, it is preferable to use an insulating material which has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (for example, at least one of an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule) (the oxygen is hardly permeated).
- the insulating layer 210 may be used for the insulating layer 210.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen from the substrate side of the insulating layer 210 to the transistor 200A can be suppressed.
- the insulating layer 212 preferably has a lower dielectric constant than the insulating layer 210.
- parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.
- the conductive layer 203 is formed so as to be embedded in the insulating layer 212.
- the height of the upper surface of the conductive layer 203 and the height of the upper surface of the insulating layer 212 can be approximately the same.
- the conductive layer 203 has a single-layer structure; however, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductive layer 203 may have a multilayer structure of two or more layers.
- the conductive layer 203 is preferably formed using a highly conductive material mainly containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum.
- the conductive layer 260 may function as a first gate electrode in some cases.
- the conductive layer 205 may function as a second gate electrode in some cases.
- the threshold voltage of the transistor 200A can be controlled by changing the potential applied to the conductive layer 205 independently of the potential applied to the conductive layer 260 without changing the potential.
- the threshold voltage of the transistor 200A can be increased and off-state current can be reduced. Therefore, when a negative potential is applied to the conductive layer 205, the drain current when the potential applied to the conductive layer 260 is 0 V can be smaller than when no negative potential is applied.
- an electric field generated from the conductive layer 260 and an electric field generated from the conductive layer 205 are different from each other.
- the insulating layer 214 and the insulating layer 216 function as interlayer films, like the insulating layer 210 or the insulating layer 212.
- the insulating layer 214 preferably functions as a barrier film that prevents impurities such as water and hydrogen from entering the transistor 200A from the substrate side of the insulating layer 214. With such a structure, diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen from the substrate side of the insulating layer 214 to the transistor 200A can be suppressed.
- the insulating layer 216 preferably has a lower dielectric constant than the insulating layer 214. By using a material having a low dielectric constant as an interlayer film, parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.
- the conductive layer 205 serving as a second gate electrode has a stacked structure in which the conductive layer 205a is formed in contact with the inner walls of the openings of the insulating layers 214 and 216, and the conductive layer 205b is further formed inside. I have.
- the heights of the upper surfaces of the conductive layers 205a and 205b and the upper surface of the insulating layer 216 can be approximately the same.
- the transistor 200A has a structure in which the conductive layer 205a and the conductive layer 205b are stacked, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductive layer 205 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked structure including three or more layers.
- the conductive layer 205a be formed using a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, and copper atoms (the impurities are hardly transmitted).
- a conductive material which has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen for example, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules
- a function of suppressing diffusion of an impurity or oxygen means a function of suppressing diffusion of any one or all of the impurity or the oxygen.
- the conductive layer 205a has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen, so that the conductive layer 205b can be prevented from being oxidized to lower the conductivity.
- the conductive layer 205b is preferably formed using a highly conductive conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component. In that case, the conductive layer 203 is not necessarily provided. Although the conductive layer 205b is illustrated as a single layer, the conductive layer 205b may have a stacked structure, for example, a stacked layer of titanium or titanium nitride and the above conductive material.
- the insulating layer 220, the insulating layer 222, and the insulating layer 224 function as a second gate insulating layer.
- the insulating layer 224 in contact with the oxide 230 release oxygen by heating.
- oxygen released by heating may be referred to as excess oxygen.
- the insulating layer 224 may be formed using silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride as appropriate.
- an oxide material from which part of oxygen is released by heating is preferably used as the insulating layer 224.
- An oxide from which oxygen is desorbed by heating is defined as having an oxygen desorption amount of 1.0 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or more, preferably 1 in terms of oxygen atoms, as determined by TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy) analysis. .0 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or more, more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or more, or 3.0 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or more at which oxides.
- the surface temperature of the film at the time of the TDS analysis is preferably in the range of 100 ° C to 700 ° C, or 100 ° C to 400 ° C.
- the insulating layer 222 preferably has a barrier property.
- the insulating layer 222 functions as a layer for preventing impurities such as hydrogen from entering the transistor 200A from the periphery of the transistor 200A.
- the insulating layer 222 is formed of, for example, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), (
- An insulator containing a so-called high-k material such as Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (BST) is preferably used in a single layer or a stacked layer.
- a problem such as a leak current may be caused by thinning of a gate insulating layer.
- a high-k material is used for an insulator functioning as a gate insulating layer, reduction in gate potential at the time of transistor operation can be performed while maintaining the physical thickness.
- the insulating layer 220 is preferably thermally stable.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are thermally stable.
- the insulating layer 220 having a stacked structure that is thermally stable and has a high relative dielectric constant can be obtained.
- FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C show a three-layer stacked structure as the second gate insulating layer; however, a single layer, or a stacked structure of two or four or more layers may be used. In that case, the structure is not limited to a laminated structure made of the same material, and may be a laminated structure made of different materials.
- the oxide 230 having a region functioning as a channel formation region includes an oxide 230a, an oxide 230b over the oxide 230a, and an oxide 230c over the oxide 230b.
- the oxide 230a is provided below the oxide 230b, diffusion of impurities from the structure formed below the oxide 230a to the oxide 230b can be suppressed.
- the oxide 230c is provided over the oxide 230b, diffusion of impurities into the oxide 230b from a structure formed above the oxide 230c can be suppressed.
- the oxide 230 the metal oxide functioning as a semiconductor described in the above embodiment can be used.
- 6A and 6B includes a region where the conductive layer 242 (the conductive layer 242a and the conductive layer 242b) overlaps with the oxide 230c, the insulating layer 250, and the conductive layer 260.
- a transistor with high on-state current can be provided.
- a transistor with high controllability can be provided.
- One of the conductive layers 242 functions as a source electrode, and the other functions as a drain electrode.
- the conductive layer 242 can be formed using a metal such as aluminum, titanium, chromium, nickel, copper, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, tantalum, or tungsten, or an alloy containing the metal as a main component.
- a metal nitride film such as tantalum nitride is preferable because it has a barrier property against hydrogen or oxygen and has high oxidation resistance.
- FIG. 6B shows a single-layer structure as the conductive layer 242 in FIG. 6B, but a stacked structure of two or more layers may be used.
- a tantalum nitride film and a tungsten film may be stacked.
- a titanium film and an aluminum film may be stacked.
- a two-layer structure in which an aluminum film is laminated on a tungsten film a two-layer structure in which a copper film is laminated on a copper-magnesium-aluminum alloy film, a two-layer structure in which a copper film is laminated on a titanium film, and on a tungsten film
- a two-layer structure in which copper films are stacked may be employed.
- a three-layer structure in which a titanium film or a titanium nitride film, an aluminum film or a copper film is stacked over the titanium film or the titanium nitride film, and a titanium film or a titanium nitride film is further stacked thereon, a molybdenum film or a molybdenum nitride
- a three-layer structure in which an aluminum film or a copper film is stacked over a film and the molybdenum film or the molybdenum nitride film, and a molybdenum film or a molybdenum nitride film is stacked thereover.
- a transparent conductive material containing indium oxide, tin oxide, or zinc oxide may be used.
- a barrier layer may be provided over the conductive layer 242. It is preferable that a material having a barrier property to oxygen or hydrogen be used for the barrier layer. With this structure, oxidation of the conductive layer 242 can be suppressed when the insulating layer 274 is formed.
- a metal oxide can be used for the barrier layer, for example.
- an insulating film having a barrier property to oxygen and hydrogen such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, and gallium oxide.
- silicon nitride formed by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD: Chemical Vapor Deposition) method may be used.
- the range of material selection for the conductive layer 242 can be widened.
- a material having low oxidation resistance and high conductivity such as tungsten or aluminum can be used for the conductive layer 242.
- a conductor which can be easily formed or processed can be used.
- the insulating layer 250 functions as a first gate insulating layer.
- the insulating layer 250 may have a stacked structure as in the case of the second gate insulating layer.
- the insulator that functions as the gate insulating layer has a stacked structure of a high-k material and a thermally stable material, so that the gate potential during transistor operation can be reduced while maintaining the physical thickness. Becomes Further, a laminated structure which is thermally stable and has a high relative dielectric constant can be obtained.
- the conductive layer 260 functioning as a first gate electrode includes a conductive layer 260a and a conductive layer 260b over the conductive layer 260a.
- the conductive layer 260a is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, and copper atoms, similarly to the conductive layer 205a.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen for example, at least one of an oxygen atom and an oxygen molecule).
- the conductive layer 260a has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen, material selectivity of the conductive layer 260b can be improved. That is, by having the conductive layer 260a, oxidation of the conductive layer 260b is suppressed, and a decrease in conductivity can be prevented.
- the conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, or the like is preferably used.
- the conductive layer 260a an oxide semiconductor that can be used as the oxide 230 can be used. In that case, by forming the conductive layer 260b by a sputtering method, the electric resistance of the conductive layer 260a can be reduced and the conductive layer 260b can be formed as a conductive layer.
- the conductive layer 260 functions as a wiring, it is preferable to use a conductor with high conductivity.
- the conductive layer 260b can be formed using a conductive material mainly containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum.
- the conductive layer 260b may have a stacked structure, for example, a stacked structure of titanium or titanium nitride and the above conductive material.
- the insulating layer 274 is preferably provided so as to cover the top surface and the side surface of the conductive layer 260, the side surface of the insulating layer 250, and the side surface of the oxide 230c.
- the insulating layer 274 may be formed using an insulating material having a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen. For example, it is preferable to use aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or the like.
- a metal oxide such as magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, or tantalum oxide, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride can be used.
- oxidation of the conductive layer 260 can be suppressed. Further, with the insulating layer 274, diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen included in the insulating layer 280 into the transistor 200A can be suppressed.
- the insulating layer 280, the insulating layer 282, and the insulating layer 284 function as interlayer films.
- the insulating layer 282 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film for preventing impurities such as water and hydrogen from entering the transistor 200A from the outside, similarly to the insulating layer 214.
- the insulating layers 280 and 284 preferably have a lower dielectric constant than the insulating layer 282.
- parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.
- the transistor 200A may be electrically connected to another structure through a plug or a wiring such as the conductive layer 246 embedded in the insulating layer 280, the insulating layer 282, and the insulating layer 284.
- a single layer or a stacked layer of a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, and a metal oxide material can be used as in the case of the conductive layer 205.
- a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, and a metal oxide material
- a high melting point material such as tungsten or molybdenum, which has both heat resistance and conductivity.
- a low-resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. By using a low-resistance conductive material, wiring resistance can be reduced.
- the conductive layer 246 for example, a stacked structure of tantalum nitride or the like, which is a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen and oxygen, and tungsten having high conductivity is used; The diffusion of impurities from the outside can be suppressed while maintaining the state.
- an insulating layer 276 having a barrier property may be provided between the conductive layer 246 and the insulating layer 280.
- oxygen in the insulating layer 280 reacts with the conductive layer 246 and oxidation of the conductive layer 246 can be suppressed.
- the range of selection of a material of a conductor used for a plug or a wiring can be widened.
- a metal material having high conductivity while having a property of absorbing oxygen for the conductive layer 246, a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- a material having high conductivity while having low oxidation resistance such as tungsten or aluminum, can be used.
- a conductor which can be easily formed or processed can be used.
- a semiconductor device including a transistor with high on-state current can be provided. Further, a semiconductor device including a transistor with small off-state current can be provided. In addition, it is possible to provide a semiconductor device in which fluctuation in electric characteristics is suppressed, stable electric characteristics are improved, and reliability is improved.
- a substrate over which the transistor 200A is formed for example, an insulator substrate, a semiconductor substrate, or a conductor substrate may be used.
- the insulator substrate include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, a stabilized zirconia substrate (such as a yttria-stabilized zirconia substrate), and a resin substrate.
- the semiconductor substrate include a semiconductor substrate formed using silicon and germanium, and a compound semiconductor substrate formed using silicon carbide, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, zinc oxide, and gallium oxide.
- a semiconductor substrate having an insulator region inside the above-described semiconductor substrate for example, an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) substrate.
- the conductor substrate include a graphite substrate, a metal substrate, an alloy substrate, and a conductive resin substrate.
- a substrate including a metal nitride, a substrate including a metal oxide, and the like are given.
- a substrate provided with a conductor or a semiconductor on an insulator substrate a substrate provided with a conductor or an insulator on a semiconductor substrate, a substrate provided with a semiconductor or an insulator on a conductor substrate, and the like.
- a substrate in which an element is provided may be used.
- Elements provided on the substrate include a capacitor, a resistor, a switch, a light-emitting element, a storage element, and the like.
- Examples of the insulator include oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, nitrided oxides, metal oxides, metal oxynitrides, and metal nitrided oxides having insulating properties.
- a high-k material is used for an insulator functioning as a gate insulator, a voltage can be reduced during operation of a transistor while a physical thickness is maintained.
- a material having a low relative dielectric constant for an insulator functioning as an interlayer film parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced. Therefore, a material may be selected according to the function of the insulator.
- Examples of the insulator having a high relative dielectric constant include gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium, an oxynitride containing aluminum and hafnium, an oxide containing silicon and hafnium, and silicon and hafnium. Oxynitride or nitride containing silicon and hafnium.
- Insulators having a low relative dielectric constant include silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide added with fluorine, silicon oxide added with carbon, silicon oxide added with carbon and nitrogen, and voids. There is silicon oxide having a hole, resin, or the like.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor is surrounded by an insulator (such as the insulating layer 214, the insulating layer 222, or the insulating layer 274) which has a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen; Characteristics can be stabilized.
- the insulator having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, and zirconium.
- Lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or an insulator containing tantalum may be used as a single layer or a stacked layer.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen
- a metal oxide such as tantalum oxide, a metal nitride such as aluminum nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, titanium nitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride can be used.
- the insulator functioning as a gate insulator is preferably an insulator having a region containing oxygen which is released by heating.
- the oxide 230 oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be compensated.
- [conductor] Aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, lanthanum It is preferable to use a metal element selected from the above, an alloy containing the above-described metal element as a component, an alloy in which the above-described metal elements are combined, or the like.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, a nitride containing titanium and aluminum, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, and the like are used. Is preferred.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, nitride containing titanium and aluminum, nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, and oxide containing lanthanum and nickel are not easily oxidized.
- a conductive material or a material that maintains conductivity even when oxygen is absorbed is preferable.
- a semiconductor having high electric conductivity represented by polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, or a silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- a plurality of conductive layers formed using the above materials may be stacked.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined may be employed.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing nitrogen are combined may be employed.
- a stacked structure of a combination of the above-described material containing a metal element, a conductive material containing oxygen, and a conductive material containing nitrogen may be used.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are used for a conductor functioning as a gate electrode is used.
- a conductive material containing oxygen is preferably provided on the channel formation region side.
- a conductive material containing a metal element and oxygen contained in a metal oxide in which a channel is formed is preferably used.
- a conductive material containing the above-described metal element and nitrogen may be used.
- a conductive material containing nitrogen such as titanium nitride or tantalum nitride may be used.
- indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, and silicon were added.
- Indium tin oxide may be used.
- indium gallium zinc oxide containing nitrogen may be used.
- An insulating material for forming an insulating layer, a conductive material for forming an electrode, or a semiconductor material for forming a semiconductor layer includes a sputtering method, a spin coating method, a CVD method (a thermal CVD method, a MOCVD (metal) Organic CVD), PECVD (Plasma Enhanced CVD), high-density plasma CVD (High-density plasma CVD), LPCVD (low pressure CVD), APCVD (atmospheric pressure CVD), ALD (atomic pressure CVD), etc.
- MBE Atomic Layer Deposition
- MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy
- PLD Pulsed Laser Deposition
- a dipping method a spray coating method
- a droplet discharge method inkjet method
- a printing method screen printing, an offset printing
- a high-quality film can be obtained at a relatively low temperature.
- a film formation method which does not use plasma during film formation such as an MOCVD method, an ALD method, or a thermal CVD method
- damage to a formation surface is less likely to occur.
- a wiring, an electrode, an element (a transistor, a capacitor, or the like) included in a memory device may be charged up by receiving charge from plasma in some cases. At this time, the accumulated charges may destroy wirings, electrodes, elements, and the like included in the memory device.
- plasma damage does not occur, so that the yield of the storage device can be increased. Further, since plasma damage does not occur during film formation, a film with few defects can be obtained.
- the CVD method and the ALD method are different from the film formation method in which particles emitted from a target or the like are deposited, and are film formation methods in which a film is formed by a reaction on the surface of a processing object. Therefore, the film formation method is less affected by the shape of the object to be processed and has good step coverage.
- the ALD method has excellent step coverage and excellent thickness uniformity, and thus is suitable for covering the surface of an opening having a high aspect ratio.
- the ALD method since the ALD method has a relatively low film formation rate, it may be preferable to use the ALD method in combination with another film formation method such as a CVD method with a high film formation rate.
- the composition of the obtained film can be controlled by the flow rate ratio of the source gas.
- a film having an arbitrary composition can be formed depending on a flow rate ratio of a source gas.
- a film whose composition is continuously changed can be formed by changing the flow ratio of the source gas while forming the film.
- a gas containing no chlorine is preferably used as a material gas.
- FIG. 7A is a top view of the transistor 200B and its periphery.
- FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a chain line L1-L2 in FIG. 7A.
- FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 7A. Note that some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 7A for clarity.
- the transistor 200B is a modified example of the transistor 200A. Therefore, in order to prevent the description from being repeated, points different from the transistor 200A will be mainly described.
- the oxide 230c, the insulating layer 250, and the conductive layer 260 are provided in the openings provided in the insulating layer 254 and the insulating layer 280.
- the oxide 230c, the insulating layer 250, and the conductive layer 260 are provided between the conductive layers 242a and 242b.
- the insulating layer 254 is in contact with part of the top surface of the insulating layer 224, side surfaces of the oxides 230a and 230b, part and top surfaces of the side surfaces of the conductive layer 242a, and part of the side surface and top surface of the conductive layer 242b. Placed.
- the insulating layer 254 preferably functions as a barrier film that suppresses diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen from the insulating layer 280 to the transistor 200B.
- the insulating layer 254 preferably has lower hydrogen permeability than the insulating layer 224.
- the insulating layer 280 is separated from the insulating layer 224, the oxide 230a, and the oxide 230b by the insulating layer 254. Accordingly, diffusion of hydrogen included in the insulating layer 280 into the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b can be suppressed; thus, favorable electrical characteristics and reliability can be given to the transistor 200B.
- the insulating layer 254 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (for example, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules).
- the insulating layer 254 preferably has lower oxygen permeability than the insulating layer 280 or 224.
- the insulating layer 254 for example, an insulating layer containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium may be formed. In this case, it is preferable that the insulating layer 254 be formed by an ALD method. Since the ALD method is a film formation method with good coverage, a step or the like can be prevented from being formed due to unevenness of the insulating layer 254.
- the insulating layer 254 for example, an insulating layer containing aluminum nitride may be used.
- a film having excellent insulating properties and excellent heat conductivity can be obtained, so that heat dissipation of heat generated when the transistor 200B is driven can be improved.
- the insulating layer 254 aluminum titanium nitride, titanium nitride, or the like can be used.
- the film be formed by a sputtering method because the film can be formed without using a highly oxidizing gas such as oxygen or ozone as a deposition gas.
- silicon nitride, silicon nitride oxide, or the like can be used.
- an oxide containing gallium may be used as the insulating layer 254.
- An oxide containing gallium is preferable because it may have a function of suppressing diffusion of one or both of hydrogen and oxygen.
- gallium oxide, gallium zinc oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, or the like can be used as the oxide containing gallium.
- the atomic ratio of gallium to indium is preferably larger. By increasing the atomic ratio, the insulating property of the oxide can be increased.
- the insulating layer 254 can have a multilayer structure of two or more layers. Note that when the insulating layer 254 has a multilayer structure of two or more layers, a multilayer structure including different materials may be used. For example, a stacked structure of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride and an insulator having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen can be employed. Further, as the insulator having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen, for example, an insulating layer containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium can be used.
- FIG. 8A is a top view of the transistor 200C and its periphery.
- FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 8A.
- FIG. 8C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed line W1-W2 in FIG. 8A. Note that some components are not illustrated in the top view of FIG. 8A for clarity.
- ⁇ Transistor 200C is a modified example of transistor 200A and transistor 200B. Therefore, in order to prevent the description from being repeated, points different from the transistor 200A and the transistor 200B are mainly described.
- the conductive layer 205 may have a single-layer structure.
- an insulating film to be the insulating layer 216 is formed over the patterned conductive layer 205, and the upper portion of the insulating film is subjected to a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or the like until the upper surface of the conductive layer 205 is exposed. It may be removed by using.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- the average surface roughness (Ra) of the upper surface of the conductive layer 205 may be 1 nm or less, preferably 0.5 nm or less, and more preferably 0.3 nm or less.
- the flatness of the insulating layer formed over the conductive layer 205 can be improved, and the crystallinity of the oxide 230b and the oxide 230c can be improved.
- the conductive layer 205 functioning as a second gate also functions as a wiring without providing the conductive layer 203.
- the insulating layer 250 is provided over the oxide 230c and the metal oxide 252 is provided over the insulating layer 250.
- the conductive layer 260 (the conductive layer 260 a and the conductive layer 260 b) is provided over the metal oxide 252, and the insulating layer 270 is provided over the conductive layer 260.
- an insulating layer 271 is provided over the insulating layer 270.
- the metal oxide 252 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen.
- the metal oxide 252 for suppressing diffusion of oxygen between the insulating layer 250 and the conductive layer 260, diffusion of oxygen to the conductive layer 260 is suppressed. That is, a decrease in the amount of oxygen supplied to the oxide 230 can be suppressed. Further, oxidation of the conductive layer 260 due to oxygen can be suppressed.
- the metal oxide 252 may function as a part of the first gate electrode.
- an oxide semiconductor that can be used as the oxide 230 can be used as the metal oxide 252.
- the electric resistance of the metal oxide 252 can be reduced and the metal oxide 252 can be formed as a conductive layer.
- the metal oxide 252 may function as part of the first gate insulating layer. Therefore, in the case where silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like is used for the insulating layer 250, the metal oxide 252 is preferably a metal oxide that is a high-k material having a high relative dielectric constant. With such a stacked structure, a stacked structure which is stable against heat and has a high relative dielectric constant can be obtained. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the gate potential applied during the operation of the transistor while maintaining the physical film thickness. Further, the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the insulating layer functioning as a gate insulating layer can be reduced.
- EOT equivalent oxide thickness
- the metal oxide 252 is illustrated as a single layer; however, a stacked structure of two or more layers may be used. For example, a metal oxide functioning as part of a first gate electrode and a metal oxide functioning as part of a first gate insulating layer may be stacked.
- the on-state current of the transistor 200C can be improved without reducing the effect of an electric field from the conductive layer 260.
- the distance between the conductive layer 260 and the oxide 230 is maintained by the physical thickness of the insulating layer 250 and the metal oxide 252, so that Leakage current between the layer 260 and the oxide 230 can be suppressed. Therefore, by providing a stacked structure of the insulating layer 250 and the metal oxide 252, the physical distance between the conductive layer 260 and the oxide 230 and the electric field strength applied from the conductive layer 260 to the oxide 230 can be easily reduced. Can be adjusted appropriately.
- an oxide semiconductor which can be used for the oxide 230 can be used as the metal oxide 252 by reducing the resistance.
- a metal oxide containing one or two or more selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium, and the like can be used.
- hafnium aluminate which is an insulating layer containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium.
- hafnium aluminate has higher heat resistance than hafnium oxide. Therefore, it is preferable because it is difficult to crystallize in a heat treatment in a later step.
- the metal oxide 252 is not an essential component. An appropriate design may be made according to the required transistor characteristics.
- the insulating layer 270 is preferably formed using an insulating material having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen.
- an insulating material having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen.
- the insulating layer 271 functions as a hard mask.
- the side surface of the conductive layer 260 is substantially vertical, specifically, the angle between the side surface of the conductive layer 260 and the substrate surface is 75 degrees or more and 100 degrees or less, Preferably, it can be 80 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less.
- the insulating layer 271 may also serve as a barrier layer by using an insulating material having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen. In that case, the insulating layer 270 may not be provided.
- portions of the insulating layer 270, the conductive layer 260, the metal oxide 252, the insulating layer 250, and the oxide 230c are selectively removed, so that their side surfaces can be substantially matched. In addition, a part of the surface of the oxide 230b can be exposed.
- the transistor 200C includes the region 231a and the region 231b in part of the surface of the exposed oxide 230b.
- One of the region 231a and the region 231b functions as a source region, and the other functions as a drain region.
- the regions 231a and 231b are formed by, for example, introducing an impurity element such as phosphorus or boron into the exposed surface of the oxide 230b by an ion implantation method, an ion doping method, a plasma immersion ion implantation method, plasma treatment, or the like. Can be realized. Note that in this embodiment and the like, the “impurity element” refers to an element other than the main component element.
- a metal film is formed after part of the surface of the oxide 230b is exposed, and then heat treatment is performed, so that elements included in the metal film are diffused into the oxide 230b to form the regions 231a and 231b. You can also.
- the region 231a and the region 231b may be referred to as “impurity regions” or “low-resistance regions”.
- the region 231a and the region 231b can be formed in a self-aligned manner.
- the region 231a or 231b does not overlap with the conductive layer 260, so that parasitic capacitance can be reduced.
- no offset region is formed between the channel formation region and the source or drain region (the region 231a or the region 231b).
- an offset region may be provided between the channel formation region and the source or drain region in order to further reduce the off-state current.
- the offset region is a region where the electrical resistivity is high, and is a region where the above-described impurity element is not introduced.
- the offset region can be formed by introducing the above-described impurity element after forming the insulating layer 275.
- the insulating layer 275 also functions as a mask like the insulating layer 271 and the like. Therefore, an impurity element is not introduced into a region of the oxide 230b which overlaps with the insulating layer 275, so that the electric resistivity of the region can be kept high.
- the transistor 200C includes the insulating layer 270, the conductive layer 260, the metal oxide 252, the insulating layer 250, and the insulating layer 275 on side surfaces of the oxide 230c.
- the insulating layer 275 is preferably an insulator having a low relative dielectric constant.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon oxide having holes for the insulating layer 275 because an excess oxygen region can be easily formed in the insulating layer 275 in a later step.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are thermally stable.
- the insulating layer 275 preferably has a function of diffusing oxygen.
- the transistor 200 ⁇ / b> C includes the insulating layer 275 and the insulating layer 274 over the oxide 230.
- the insulating layer 274 is preferably formed by a sputtering method. By using a sputtering method, an insulator with less impurities such as water and hydrogen can be formed.
- the insulating layer 274 may be formed using aluminum oxide.
- an oxide film formed by a sputtering method may extract hydrogen from a structure to be formed. Therefore, when the insulating layer 274 absorbs hydrogen and water from the oxide 230 and the insulating layer 275, the concentration of hydrogen in the oxide 230 and the insulating layer 275 can be reduced.
- FIG. 9A is a top view of the transistor 200D and its periphery.
- FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed-dotted line L1-L2 in FIG. 9A.
- FIG. 9C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed-dotted line W1-W2 in FIG. 9A. Note that some components are not illustrated in the top view in FIG. 9A for clarity.
- the transistor 200D is a modified example of the transistor 200B. Therefore, in order to prevent the description from being repeated, points different from the transistor 200B will be mainly described.
- an insulating layer 274 is provided between the insulating layer 280 and the transistor 200C.
- the insulating layer 274 is preferably formed using an insulating material having a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen.
- an insulating material having a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen.
- metal oxides such as magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, and tantalum oxide, silicon nitride oxide, and silicon nitride can be used.
- the insulating layer 274 With the insulating layer 274, diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen included in the insulating layer 280 into the oxide 230b through the oxide 230c and the insulating layer 250 can be suppressed. Further, oxidation of the conductive layer 260 due to excess oxygen included in the insulating layer 280 can be suppressed.
- region 9B has a region 231a and a region 231b in part of the surface of the exposed oxide 230b without providing the conductive layer 242.
- One of the region 231a and the region 231b functions as a source region, and the other functions as a drain region.
- an insulating layer 273 is provided between the oxide 230b and the insulating layer 274.
- a region 231 (a region 231a and a region 231b) illustrated in FIG. 9B is a region in which an element that reduces the resistance of the oxide 230b is added to the oxide 230b.
- the region 231 can be formed by using, for example, a dummy gate.
- a dummy gate may be provided over the oxide 230b, and an element which reduces the resistance of the oxide 230b may be added using the dummy gate as a mask. That is, the element is added to a region where the oxide 230 does not overlap with the dummy gate, so that a region 231 is formed.
- an ion implantation method in which an ionized source gas is added by mass separation an ion doping method in which an ionized source gas is added without mass separation, a plasma immersion ion implantation method, or the like. Can be used.
- boron or phosphorus is typically given.
- hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur, chlorine, titanium, a rare gas, or the like may be used.
- the rare gas include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and the like.
- concentration of the element may be measured using SIMS or the like.
- boron and phosphorus are preferable because the equipment of the production line for amorphous silicon or low-temperature polysilicon can be used. Existing equipment can be diverted and equipment investment can be reduced.
- an insulating film serving as the insulating layer 273 and an insulating film serving as the insulating layer 274 may be formed over the oxide 230b and the dummy gate.
- the insulating film to be the insulating layer 280 is subjected to a CMP process, so that one of the insulating films to be the insulating layer 280 is formed. The portion is removed to expose the dummy gate. Subsequently, when removing the dummy gate, a part of the insulating film serving as the insulating layer 273 in contact with the dummy gate may be removed.
- the insulating layer 274 and the insulating layer 273 are exposed on the side surface of the opening provided in the insulating layer 280, and a part of the region 231 provided in the oxide 230b is exposed on the bottom surface of the opening. I do.
- a CMP process or the like is performed until the insulating layer 280 is exposed.
- insulating layers 273 and 274 are not essential components. An appropriate design may be made according to the required transistor characteristics.
- a transistor including a metal oxide (hereinafter, may be referred to as an OS transistor) according to one embodiment of the present invention, with reference to FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 11A to 11H, and A storage device to which a capacitor is applied (hereinafter, may be referred to as an OS memory device) is described.
- An OS memory device is a storage device including at least a capacitor and an OS transistor that controls charging and discharging of the capacitor. Since the off-state current of the OS transistor is extremely small, the OS memory device has excellent holding characteristics and can function as a nonvolatile memory.
- FIG. 10A illustrates an example of a configuration of an OS memory device.
- the storage device 1400 includes a peripheral circuit 1411 and a memory cell array 1470.
- the peripheral circuit 1411 includes a row circuit 1420, a column circuit 1430, an output circuit 1440, and a control logic circuit 1460.
- the column circuit 1430 includes, for example, a column decoder, a precharge circuit, a sense amplifier, a write circuit, and the like.
- the precharge circuit has a function of precharging a wiring.
- the sense amplifier has a function of amplifying a data signal read from a memory cell. Note that the above wiring is a wiring connected to a memory cell included in the memory cell array 1470, and will be described later in detail.
- the amplified data signal is output to the outside of the storage device 1400 as a data signal RDATA via the output circuit 1440.
- the row circuit 1420 includes, for example, a row decoder, a word line driver circuit, and the like, and can select a row to be accessed.
- a low power supply voltage (VSS), a high power supply voltage (VDD) for the peripheral circuit 1411, and a high power supply voltage (VIL) for the memory cell array 1470 are externally supplied to the storage device 1400. Further, a control signal (CE, WE, RE), an address signal ADDR, and a data signal WDATA are externally input to the storage device 1400.
- the address signal ADDR is input to a row decoder and a column decoder, and the data signal WDATA is input to a write circuit.
- the control logic circuit 1460 processes a control signal (CE, WE, RE) input from the outside to generate a control signal for a row decoder and a column decoder.
- the control signal CE is a chip enable signal
- the control signal WE is a write enable signal
- the control signal RE is a read enable signal.
- the signal processed by the control logic circuit 1460 is not limited to this, and another control signal may be input as needed.
- the memory cell array 1470 has a plurality of memory cells MC and a plurality of wirings arranged in a matrix. Note that the number of wirings connecting the memory cell array 1470 and the row circuit 1420 is determined by the configuration of the memory cells MC, the number of memory cells MC in one column, and the like. Further, the number of wirings connecting the memory cell array 1470 and the column circuit 1430 is determined by the configuration of the memory cells MC, the number of memory cells MC included in one row, and the like.
- FIG. 10A shows an example in which the peripheral circuit 1411 and the memory cell array 1470 are formed on the same plane
- the present embodiment is not limited to this.
- a memory cell array 1470 may be provided so as to overlap a part of the peripheral circuit 1411.
- a structure in which a sense amplifier is provided so as to overlap below the memory cell array 1470 may be employed.
- FIGS. 11A to 11H illustrate a configuration example of a memory cell applicable to the above-described memory cell MC.
- FIGS. 11A to 11C show circuit configuration examples of a memory cell of a DRAM.
- a DRAM including a memory cell of one OS transistor and one capacitor may be referred to as DOSRAM (registered trademark) (Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory).
- DOSRAM registered trademark
- a memory cell 1471 illustrated in FIG. 11A includes a transistor M1 and a capacitor CA. Note that the transistor M1 has a gate (sometimes called a top gate) and a back gate.
- a first terminal of the transistor M1 is connected to a first terminal of the capacitor CA, a second terminal of the transistor M1 is connected to a wiring BIL, a gate of the transistor M1 is connected to a wiring WOL, and a back gate of the transistor M1. Are connected to the wiring BGL.
- the second terminal of the capacitor CA is connected to the wiring CAL.
- the wiring BIL functions as a bit line
- the wiring WOL functions as a word line.
- the wiring CAL functions as a wiring for applying a predetermined potential to the second terminal of the capacitor CA. It is preferable that a low-level potential be applied to the wiring CAL during data writing and data reading.
- the wiring BGL functions as a wiring for applying a potential to the back gate of the transistor M1. By applying an arbitrary potential to the wiring BGL, the threshold voltage of the transistor M1 can be increased or decreased.
- the memory cell MC is not limited to the memory cell 1471, and the circuit configuration can be changed.
- the memory cell MC may have a structure in which the back gate of the transistor M1 is connected to the wiring WOL instead of the wiring BGL as in the memory cell 1472 illustrated in FIG. 11B.
- the memory cell MC may be a single-gate transistor, that is, a memory cell including a transistor M1 having no back gate, like the memory cell 1473 illustrated in FIG. 11C.
- the transistor described in the above embodiment can be used as the transistor M1.
- the leakage current of the transistor M1 can be extremely small. That is, the written data can be held for a long time by the transistor M1, so that the frequency of refreshing the memory cell can be reduced. Alternatively, the refresh operation of the memory cell can be made unnecessary. Further, since the leak current is extremely small, multi-valued data or analog data can be held in the memory cell 1471, the memory cell 1472, and the memory cell 1473.
- [NOSRAM] 11D to 11G show circuit configuration examples of a gain cell type memory cell having two transistors and one capacitor.
- the memory cell 1474 illustrated in FIG. 11D includes a transistor M2, a transistor M3, and a capacitor CB. Note that the transistor M2 has a top gate (which may be simply referred to as a gate) and a back gate.
- NOSRAM registered trademark
- NOSRAM Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconductor RAM
- a first terminal of the transistor M2 is connected to a first terminal of the capacitor CB, a second terminal of the transistor M2 is connected to a wiring WBL, a gate of the transistor M2 is connected to a wiring WOL, and a back gate of the transistor M2.
- the second terminal of the capacitor CB is connected to the wiring CAL.
- a first terminal of the transistor M3 is connected to the wiring RBL, a second terminal of the transistor M3 is connected to the wiring SL, and a gate of the transistor M3 is connected to a first terminal of the capacitor CB.
- the wiring WBL functions as a write bit line
- the wiring RBL functions as a read bit line
- the wiring WOL functions as a word line.
- the wiring CAL functions as a wiring for applying a predetermined potential to the second terminal of the capacitor CB. It is preferable that a low-level potential be applied to the wiring CAL during data writing, data holding, and data reading.
- the wiring BGL functions as a wiring for applying a potential to the back gate of the transistor M2. By applying an arbitrary potential to the wiring BGL, the threshold voltage of the transistor M2 can be increased or decreased.
- the memory cell MC is not limited to the memory cell 1474, and the circuit configuration can be changed as appropriate.
- the memory cell MC may have a structure in which the back gate of the transistor M2 is connected to the wiring WOL instead of the wiring BGL as in the memory cell 1475 illustrated in FIG. 11E.
- the memory cell MC may be a single-gate transistor, that is, a memory cell including a transistor M2 without a back gate, like the memory cell 1476 illustrated in FIG. 11F.
- the memory cell MC may have a configuration in which the wiring WBL and the wiring RBL are combined as one wiring BIL as in a memory cell 1477 illustrated in FIG. 11G.
- the transistor described in the above embodiment can be used as the transistor M2.
- the leakage current of the transistor M2 can be significantly reduced.
- the written data can be held for a long time by the transistor M2, so that the frequency of refreshing the memory cell can be reduced.
- the refresh operation of the memory cell can be made unnecessary.
- the leak current is extremely small, multi-valued data or analog data can be held in the memory cell 1474. The same applies to memory cells 1475 to 1477.
- the transistor M3 may be a transistor including silicon in a channel formation region (hereinafter, may be referred to as a Si transistor).
- the conductivity type of the Si transistor may be an n-channel type or a p-channel type.
- the Si transistor may have higher field-effect mobility than the OS transistor. Therefore, a Si transistor may be used as the transistor M3 functioning as a reading transistor.
- the transistor M2 can be provided so as to be stacked over the transistor M3; therefore, the area occupied by the memory cell can be reduced and the memory device can be highly integrated.
- the transistor M3 may be an OS transistor.
- OS transistors are used for the transistors M2 and M3, a circuit can be formed using the memory cell array 1470 using only n-type transistors.
- FIG. 11H shows an example of a gain cell type memory cell having three transistors and one capacitor.
- the memory cell 1478 illustrated in FIG. 11H includes the transistors M4 to M6 and the capacitor CC.
- the capacitor CC is provided as appropriate.
- the memory cell 1478 is electrically connected to the wiring BIL, the wiring RWL, the wiring WWL, the wiring BGL, and the wiring GNDL.
- the wiring GNDL is a wiring that applies a low-level potential. Note that the memory cell 1478 may be electrically connected to the wiring RBL and the wiring WBL instead of the wiring BIL.
- the transistor M4 is an OS transistor having a back gate, and the back gate is electrically connected to the wiring BGL. Note that the back gate and the gate of the transistor M4 may be electrically connected to each other. Alternatively, the transistor M4 may not have a back gate.
- each of the transistor M5 and the transistor M6 may be an n-channel Si transistor or a p-channel Si transistor.
- the transistors M4 to M6 may be OS transistors.
- the memory cell array 1470 can be formed using only n-type transistors.
- the transistor described in the above embodiment can be used as the transistor M4.
- the leakage current of the transistor M4 can be significantly reduced.
- peripheral circuit 1411 the memory cell array 1470, and the like described in this embodiment are not limited to the above. Arrangement or function of these circuits and wirings, circuit elements, and the like connected to the circuits may be changed, deleted, or added as necessary.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B An example of a chip 1200 on which a semiconductor device of the present invention is mounted is described with reference to FIGS. 12A and 12B.
- a plurality of circuits (systems) are mounted on the chip 1200.
- SoC system-on-chip
- a chip 1200 includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit) 1211, a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) 1212, one or more analog operation units 1213, one or more memory controllers 1214, one or more interfaces 1215. , One or more network circuits 1216 and the like.
- CPU Central Processing Unit
- GPU Graphics Processing Unit
- the chip 1200 is provided with bumps (not shown), and is connected to the first surface of a printed circuit board (PCB) 1201 as shown in FIG. 12B.
- a plurality of bumps 1202 are provided on the back surface of the first surface of the PCB 1201, and are connected to the motherboard 1203.
- the motherboard 1203 may be provided with a storage device such as a DRAM 1221, a flash memory 1222, or the like.
- a storage device such as a DRAM 1221, a flash memory 1222, or the like.
- the DOSRAM described in the above embodiment can be used as the DRAM 1221.
- the NOSRAM described in the above embodiment can be used for the flash memory 1222.
- the CPU 1211 preferably has a plurality of CPU cores.
- the GPU 1212 preferably has a plurality of GPU cores.
- the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 may each have a memory for temporarily storing data.
- a memory common to the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 may be provided in the chip 1200.
- the above-described NOSRAM or DOSRAM can be used.
- the GPU 1212 is suitable for parallel calculation of a large number of data, and can be used for image processing and product-sum operation. By providing the GPU 1212 with an image processing circuit or a product-sum operation circuit using the oxide semiconductor of the present invention, image processing and product-sum operation can be performed with low power consumption.
- the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 are provided on the same chip, wiring between the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 can be shortened, data transfer from the CPU 1211 to the GPU 1212, data transfer between the memories of the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212, After the calculation by the GPU 1212, the calculation result can be transferred from the GPU 1212 to the CPU 1211 at high speed.
- the analog operation unit 1213 includes one or both of an A / D (analog / digital) conversion circuit and a D / A (digital / analog) conversion circuit. Further, the above-described product-sum operation circuit may be provided in the analog operation unit 1213.
- the memory controller 1214 includes a circuit functioning as a controller of the DRAM 1221 and a circuit functioning as an interface of the flash memory 1222.
- the interface 1215 has an interface circuit with an externally connected device such as a display device, a speaker, a microphone, a camera, and a controller.
- the controller includes a mouse, a keyboard, a game controller, and the like.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- HDMI registered trademark
- High-Definition Multimedia Interface or the like can be used as such an interface.
- the network circuit 1216 has a circuit for a network such as a LAN (Local Area Network). Further, a circuit for network security may be provided.
- a network such as a LAN (Local Area Network).
- a circuit for network security may be provided.
- the above-described circuit (system) can be formed on the chip 1200 by the same manufacturing process. Therefore, even if the number of circuits required for the chip 1200 increases, the number of manufacturing processes does not need to be increased, and the chip 1200 can be manufactured at low cost.
- the PCB 1201 provided with the chip 1200 having the GPU 1212, the DRAM 1221, and the motherboard 1203 provided with the flash memory 1222 can be referred to as a GPU module 1204.
- the GPU module 1204 Since the GPU module 1204 has the chip 1200 using the SoC technology, its size can be reduced. In addition, since it is excellent in image processing, it is preferably used for portable electronic devices such as a smartphone, a tablet terminal, a laptop PC, and a portable (portable) game machine.
- a product-sum operation circuit using the GPU 1212 allows a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recursive neural network (RNN), a self-encoder, a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), and a deep belief network ( Since a technique such as DBN) can be executed, the chip 1200 can be used as an AI chip or the GPU module 1204 can be used as an AI system module.
- the display device illustrated in FIG. 13A includes a pixel portion 502, a driver circuit portion 504, a protection circuit 506, and a terminal portion 507. Note that the protection circuit 506 may not be provided.
- the transistor of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to the transistor included in the pixel portion 502 or the driver circuit portion 504.
- the transistor of one embodiment of the present invention may be applied to the protection circuit 506 as well.
- the pixel portion 502 includes a plurality of pixel circuits 501 for driving a plurality of display elements arranged in X rows and Y columns (X and Y are each independently a natural number of 2 or more).
- the driving circuit portion 504 includes driving circuits such as a gate driver 504a that outputs a scanning signal to the scanning lines GL_1 to GL_X and a source driver 504b that supplies a data signal to the data lines DL_1 to DL_Y.
- the gate driver 504a may have at least a shift register.
- the source driver 504b is configured using, for example, a plurality of analog switches. Further, the source driver 504b may be formed using a shift register or the like.
- the terminal portion 507 is a portion provided with a terminal for inputting power, a control signal, an image signal, and the like from an external circuit to the display device.
- the protection circuit 506 is a circuit that, when a potential outside a certain range is applied to a wiring to which the protection circuit 506 is connected, connects the wiring to another wiring.
- the protection circuit 506 illustrated in FIG. 13A is connected to various wirings such as a scanning line GL which is a wiring between the gate driver 504a and the pixel circuit 501 and a data line DL which is a wiring between the source driver 504b and the pixel circuit 501. Is done.
- the gate driver 504a and the source driver 504b may be provided over the same substrate as the pixel portion 502, or may be formed over a substrate (eg, a single crystal semiconductor film, a multi-crystal semiconductor film, A structure in which a driver circuit substrate formed using a crystalline semiconductor film is mounted on a substrate by COG (Chip On Glass) or TAB (Tape Automated Bonding) may be employed.
- a substrate eg, a single crystal semiconductor film, a multi-crystal semiconductor film, A structure in which a driver circuit substrate formed using a crystalline semiconductor film is mounted on a substrate by COG (Chip On Glass) or TAB (Tape Automated Bonding) may be employed.
- the plurality of pixel circuits 501 illustrated in FIG. 13A can have a configuration illustrated in FIGS. 13B and 13C, for example.
- the pixel circuit 501 illustrated in FIG. 13B includes a liquid crystal element 570, a transistor 550, and a capacitor 560. Further, a data line DL_n, a scanning line GL_m, a potential supply line VL, and the like are connected to the pixel circuit 501.
- the potential of one of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 is appropriately set in accordance with the specifications of the pixel circuit 501.
- the alignment state of the liquid crystal element 570 is set by data to be written. Note that a common potential (common potential) may be applied to one of a pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 included in each of the plurality of pixel circuits 501. Alternatively, a different potential may be applied to one of the pair of electrodes of the liquid crystal element 570 of the pixel circuit 501 in each row.
- the pixel circuit 501 illustrated in FIG. 13C includes a transistor 552, a transistor 554, a capacitor 562, and a light-emitting element 572. Further, a data line DL_n, a scanning line GL_m, a potential supply line VL_a, a potential supply line VL_b, and the like are connected to the pixel circuit 501.
- one of the potential supply lines VL_a and VL_b is supplied with the high power supply potential VDD, and the other is supplied with the low power supply potential VSS.
- FIG. 14A illustrates an example in which an n-channel transistor is used as the transistor 554 in the pixel circuit 501 illustrated in FIG. 13C.
- the pixel circuit 501a illustrated in FIG. 14A includes a transistor 552, a transistor 554a, a capacitor 562, and a light-emitting element 572a.
- the transistor 552 is an n-channel transistor
- the transistor 554a is an n-channel transistor.
- the transistor including an oxide semiconductor in the channel formation region described in the above embodiment can be used as the transistor 552, and the transistor including silicon in the channel formation region can be used as the transistor 554a.
- the transistor including an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region described in the above embodiment can be used as the transistor 552 and the transistor 554a.
- the area occupied by the transistor in the pixel is reduced, so that an extremely high-definition image can be displayed.
- Such a display device has extremely high definition, it is preferably used for a device for virtual reality (VR) such as a head-mounted display, or a device for augmented reality (AR: Augmented Reality) of a glasses type.
- VR virtual reality
- AR Augmented Reality
- the display device has an extremely high-definition display portion. High display can be performed.
- the display device is not limited to this, and can be suitably used for an electronic device having a relatively small display portion. For example, it can be suitably used for a display portion of a wearable electronic device such as a smart watch.
- one of a source and a drain of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to the data line DL_n.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitor 562 and the gate of the transistor 554a.
- the other electrode of the capacitor 562 is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_a.
- the gate of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to the scan line GL_m.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 554a is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_a.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 554a is electrically connected to one of the light-emitting elements 572a.
- the other electrode of the light-emitting element 572a is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_b.
- the low power supply potential VSS is supplied to the potential supply line VL_a, and the high power supply potential VDD is supplied to the potential supply line VL_b.
- FIG. 14B illustrates a structure different from that of the pixel circuit 501a illustrated in FIG. 14A.
- one of a source and a drain of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to the data line DL_n.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitor 562 and the gate of the transistor 554a.
- the gate of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to the scan line GL_m.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 554a is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_a.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 554a is electrically connected to the other electrode of the capacitor 562 and one electrode of the light-emitting element 572a.
- the other electrode of the light-emitting element 572a is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_b.
- the high power supply potential VDD is supplied to the potential supply line VL_a
- the low power supply potential VSS is supplied to the potential supply line VL_b.
- FIG. 14C illustrates an example in which a p-channel transistor is used as the transistor 554 in the pixel circuit 501 illustrated in FIG. 13C.
- the pixel circuit 501c illustrated in FIG. 14C includes a transistor 552, a transistor 554b, a capacitor 562, and a light-emitting element 572a.
- the transistor 552 is an n-channel transistor
- the transistor 554b is a p-channel transistor.
- the transistor including an oxide semiconductor in the channel formation region described in the above embodiment can be used as the transistor 552, and the transistor including silicon in the channel formation region can be used as the transistor 554b.
- one of a source and a drain of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to the data line DL_n.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitor 562 and the gate of the transistor 554b.
- the other electrode of the capacitor 562 is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_a.
- the gate of the transistor 552 is electrically connected to the scan line GL_m.
- One of a source and a drain of the transistor 554b is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_a.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 554a is electrically connected to one electrode of the light-emitting element 572a.
- the other electrode of the light-emitting element 572a is electrically connected to the potential supply line VL_b.
- the high power supply potential VDD is supplied to the potential supply line VL_a
- the low power supply potential VSS is supplied to the potential supply line VL_b.
- FIG. 15A is a circuit diagram of the pixel circuit 400.
- the pixel circuit 400 includes a transistor M1, a transistor M2, a capacitor C1, and a circuit 401.
- the wiring S1, the wiring S2, the wiring G1, and the wiring G2 are connected to the pixel circuit 400.
- the transistor M1 has a gate connected to the wiring G1, one of a source and a drain connected to the wiring S1, and the other connected to one electrode of the capacitor C1.
- the transistor M2 has a gate connected to the wiring G2, one of a source and a drain connected to the wiring S2, the other connected to the other electrode of the capacitor C1, and the circuit 401, respectively.
- the circuit 401 is a circuit including at least one display element.
- the display element various elements can be used; however, typically, a light-emitting element such as an organic light-emitting element or an LED element, a liquid crystal element, a MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) element, or the like can be used.
- a light-emitting element such as an organic light-emitting element or an LED element
- a liquid crystal element such as an organic light-emitting element or an LED element
- MEMS Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
- N1 A node connecting the transistor M1 and the capacitor C1 is denoted by N1
- N2 a node connecting the transistor M2 and the circuit 401 is denoted by N2.
- the pixel circuit 400 can hold the potential of the node N1 by turning off the transistor M1. Further, by turning off the transistor M2, the potential of the node N2 can be held. In addition, by writing a predetermined potential to the node N1 via the transistor M1 in a state where the transistor M2 is turned off, the potential of the node N2 is changed in accordance with a change in the potential of the node N1 by capacitive coupling via the capacitor C1. Can be changed.
- a transistor to which an oxide semiconductor is applied as described in the above embodiment can be applied to one or both of the transistor M1 and the transistor M2. Therefore, the potential of the node N1 and the potential of the node N2 can be held for a long time with an extremely small off-state current. Note that in the case where the period during which the potential of each node is held is short (specifically, when the frame frequency is 30 Hz or higher, a transistor to which a semiconductor such as silicon is applied may be used.
- FIG. 15B is a timing chart relating to the operation of the pixel circuit 400. Note that, here, for the sake of simplicity, the effects of various resistances such as wiring resistance, parasitic capacitance of transistors and wirings, and threshold voltages of transistors are not considered.
- one frame period is divided into a period T1 and a period T2.
- the period T1 is a period for writing a potential to the node N2
- the period T2 is a period for writing a potential to the node N1.
- Period T1 a potential for turning on the transistor is applied to both the wiring G1 and the wiring G2. Further, the supply voltage V ref is a fixed potential to the wiring S1, and supplies a first data potential V w to the wiring S2.
- the potential Vref is applied to the node N1 from the wiring S1 via the transistor M1. Further, the node N2 is supplied from the wiring S2 through the transistor M2 is first data potential V w. Therefore, a state where the potential difference V w -V ref is held in the capacitor C1.
- a potential for turning on the transistor M1 is applied to the wiring G1
- a potential for turning off the transistor M2 is applied to the wiring G2.
- the second data potential V data is supplied to the wiring S1.
- the wiring S2 may be given a predetermined constant potential or may be floating.
- the node N1 is supplied with the second data potential V data via the transistor M1.
- the potential of the node N2 changes by the potential dV in accordance with the second data potential V data due to the capacitive coupling by the capacitor C1. That is, a potential obtained by adding the first data potential Vw and the potential dV is input to the circuit 401.
- FIG. 15B shows dV as a positive value, it may be a negative value. That is, the potential V data may be lower than the potential V ref .
- the potential dV is substantially determined by the capacitance value of the capacitor C1 and the capacitance value of the circuit 401.
- the capacitance value of the capacitor C1 is sufficiently larger than the capacitance of the circuit 401, the potential dV is a potential close to the second data potential V data.
- the pixel circuit 400 can generate a potential to be supplied to the circuit 401 including a display element by combining two types of data signals, it is possible to perform gradation correction in the pixel circuit 400. Become.
- the pixel circuit 400 can also generate a potential that exceeds the maximum potential that can be supplied to the wiring S1 and the wiring S2.
- HDR high dynamic range
- overdrive driving or the like can be realized.
- the pixel circuit 400LC illustrated in FIG. 15C includes a circuit 401LC.
- the circuit 401LC includes a liquid crystal element LC and a capacitor C2.
- one electrode is connected to one of the node N2 and the capacitor C2, and the other electrode is connected to a wiring to which the potential Vcom2 is supplied .
- the other electrode of the capacitor C2 is connected to a wiring to which the potential Vcom1 is supplied .
- Capacitor C2 functions as a storage capacitor. Note that the capacitor C2 can be omitted if unnecessary.
- the pixel circuit 400LC can supply a high voltage to the liquid crystal element LC, a high-speed display can be realized by, for example, overdrive driving, or a liquid crystal material with a high driving voltage can be used. Further, by supplying a correction signal to the wiring S1 or the wiring S2, the gradation can be corrected according to the use temperature, the deterioration state of the liquid crystal element LC, and the like.
- the pixel circuit 400EL illustrated in FIG. 15D includes a circuit 401EL.
- the circuit 401EL includes a light-emitting element EL, a transistor M3, and a capacitor C2.
- the other electrode of the capacitor C2 is connected to a wiring to which the potential Vcom is supplied .
- the other electrode is connected to a wiring to which the potential VL is supplied.
- the transistor M3 has a function of controlling a current supplied to the light-emitting element EL.
- the capacity C2 functions as a storage capacity. If the capacitor C2 is unnecessary, it can be omitted.
- the transistor M3 may be connected to the cathode side. At that time, the values of the potential VH and the potential VL can be changed as appropriate.
- a high current can be supplied to the light-emitting element EL by applying a high potential to the gate of the transistor M3;
- a correction signal to the wiring S1 or the wiring S2, it is possible to correct variation in electrical characteristics of the transistor M3 and the light-emitting element EL.
- the present invention is not limited to the circuits illustrated in FIGS. 15C and 15D, and may have a configuration in which a transistor, a capacitor, and the like are additionally provided.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a display portion of an electronic device or the like having a display function.
- electronic devices for example, electronic devices having a relatively large screen such as a television device, a notebook personal computer, a monitor device, a digital signage, a pachinko machine, a game machine, a digital camera, a digital video camera, Examples include a digital photo frame, a mobile phone, a portable game machine, a portable information terminal, and a sound reproducing device.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can increase definition, it can be preferably used for an electronic device having a relatively small display portion.
- electronic devices include wearable devices that can be worn on the head, such as wristwatch-type or bracelet-type information terminals (wearable devices), devices for VR such as a head-mounted display, and devices for glasses-type AR. And the like.
- FIG. 16A is a perspective view of a glasses-type electronic device 700.
- the electronic device 700 includes a pair of display panels 701, a pair of housings 702, a pair of optical members 703, a pair of mounting portions 704, and the like.
- the electronic device 700 can project the image displayed on the display panel 701 onto the display area 706 of the optical member 703.
- the optical member 703 has a light-transmitting property, a user can see an image displayed in the display area 706 in a manner superimposed on a transmitted image visually recognized through the optical member 703. Therefore, electronic device 700 is an electronic device capable of performing AR display.
- One housing 702 is provided with a camera 705 capable of capturing an image of the front.
- one of the housings 702 is provided with a wireless receiver or a connector to which a cable can be connected, and a video signal or the like can be supplied to the housing 702.
- an acceleration sensor such as a gyro sensor
- the orientation of the user's head can be detected and an image corresponding to the orientation can be displayed in the display area 706.
- the housing 702 is preferably provided with a battery, and can be charged wirelessly or by wire.
- a method of projecting an image on the display area 706 of the electronic device 700 will be described with reference to FIG. 16B.
- a display panel 701, a lens 711, and a reflector 712 are provided inside the housing 702.
- a portion corresponding to the display area 706 of the optical member 703 has a reflection surface 713 functioning as a half mirror.
- Light 715 emitted from the display panel 701 passes through the lens 711 and is reflected by the reflection plate 712 to the optical member 703 side. Inside the optical member 703, the light 715 repeats total reflection at the end face of the optical member 703, and reaches the reflection surface 713, whereby an image is projected on the reflection surface 713. Accordingly, the user can visually recognize both the light 715 reflected by the reflection surface 713 and the transmitted light 716 transmitted through the optical member 703 (including the reflection surface 713).
- FIG. 16B shows an example in which the reflection plate 712 and the reflection surface 713 each have a curved surface.
- the degree of freedom in optical design can be increased and the thickness of the optical member 703 can be reduced as compared with the case where these are flat surfaces.
- the reflecting plate 712 and the reflecting surface 713 may be flat surfaces.
- ⁇ ⁇ A member having a mirror surface can be used as the reflection plate 712, and it is preferable that the reflectance be high.
- the reflection surface 713 a half mirror using reflection of a metal film may be used. However, when a prism or the like using total reflection is used, the transmittance of the transmitted light 716 can be increased.
- the housing 702 preferably has a mechanism for adjusting the distance between the lens 711 and the display panel 701 and the angle between them. This makes it possible to perform focus adjustment, enlargement and reduction of an image, and the like.
- the lens 711 and the display panel 701 may be configured to be movable in the optical axis direction.
- the housing 702 has a mechanism capable of adjusting the angle of the reflection plate 712. By changing the angle of the reflector 712, the position of the display area 706 where an image is displayed can be changed. This makes it possible to arrange the display area 706 at an optimum position according to the position of the user's eyes.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to the display panel 701. Therefore, the electronic device 700 can perform display with extremely high definition.
- FIGS. 16C and 16D are perspective views of a goggle-type electronic device 750.
- FIG. FIG. 16C is a perspective view illustrating the front, plan, and left sides of the electronic device 750
- FIG. 16D is a perspective view illustrating the back, bottom, and right sides of the electronic device 750.
- the electronic device 750 includes a pair of display panels 751, a housing 752, a pair of mounting portions 754, a buffer member 755, a pair of lenses 756, and the like.
- the pair of display panels 751 are provided in positions inside the housing 752 so as to be visible through the lens 756.
- the electronic device 750 is a VR electronic device. A user wearing the electronic device 750 can visually recognize an image displayed on the display panel 751 through the lens 756. Further, by displaying different images on the pair of display panels 751, three-dimensional display using parallax can be performed.
- An input terminal 757 and an output terminal 758 are provided on the back side of the housing 752.
- a cable for supplying a video signal from a video output device or the like, power for charging a battery provided in the housing 752, or the like can be connected to the input terminal 757.
- the output terminal 758 functions as, for example, an audio output terminal, and can be connected to an earphone, a headphone, or the like. Note that the audio output terminal does not need to be provided when the configuration is such that audio data can be output by wireless communication or when audio is output from an external video output device.
- the housing 752 preferably has a mechanism capable of adjusting the left and right positions of the lens 756 and the display panel 751 such that the lens 756 and the display panel 751 are at optimal positions according to the position of the user's eyes. . Further, it is preferable to have a mechanism for adjusting the focus by changing the distance between the lens 756 and the display panel 751.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to the display panel 751. Therefore, the electronic device 750 can display an image with extremely high definition. Thereby, a user can be made to feel high immersion.
- the buffer member 755 is a portion that comes into contact with the user's face (forehead, cheek, etc.). When the buffer member 755 is in close contact with the user's face, light leakage can be prevented, and the sense of immersion can be further enhanced. It is preferable to use a soft material for the cushioning member 755 so that the cushioning member 755 adheres to the user's face when the user wears the electronic device 750.
- a soft material for the cushioning member 755 so that the cushioning member 755 adheres to the user's face when the user wears the electronic device 750.
- materials such as rubber, silicone rubber, urethane, and sponge can be used.
- a sponge or the like whose surface is covered with cloth or leather (natural leather or synthetic leather) is used, a gap is hardly generated between the user's face and the cushioning member 755, so that light leakage is preferably prevented. Can be.
- a member that touches the user's skin such as the cushioning member 755 and the mounting portion 754, be configured to be removable because cleaning and replacement are easy.
- the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used for a processor such as a CPU or a GPU or a chip.
- 17A to 17H illustrate specific examples of an electronic device including a processor such as a CPU or a GPU, a chip, or a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the electronic device described below may include the display device of one embodiment of the present invention in the display portion.
- the display portion includes the display device of one embodiment of the present invention, the electronic device can realize high resolution. Also, a high resolution and a large screen can be compatible.
- An image having a resolution of, for example, full high definition, 4K2K, 8K4K, 16K8K, or higher can be displayed on the display unit of the electronic device.
- the screen size of the display unit may be 20 inches or more on a diagonal, 30 inches or more on a diagonal, 50 inches or more on a diagonal, 60 inches or more on a diagonal, or 70 inches or more on a diagonal.
- the GPU, the chip, or the display device can be mounted on various electronic devices.
- the electronic device include a relatively large screen such as a television device, a monitor for a desktop or notebook type information terminal, a digital signage (digital signage), and a large game machine such as a pachinko machine.
- artificial intelligence can be mounted on the electronic device.
- the electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention may include an antenna. By receiving a signal with the antenna, an image, information, or the like can be displayed on the display portion.
- the antenna may be used for wireless power transmission.
- the electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention includes sensors (force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation speed, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, sound, time, hardness, electric field, current, (Including a function of measuring voltage, power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, vibration, odor, or infrared light).
- the electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention can have various functions. For example, a function of displaying various information (still images, moving images, text images, etc.) on the display unit, a touch panel function, a function of displaying a calendar, date or time, a function of executing various software (programs), a wireless communication It can have a function, a function of reading a program or data recorded on a recording medium, and the like.
- 17A to 17H illustrate examples of electronic devices.
- FIG. 17A illustrates a mobile phone (smartphone), which is a type of information terminal.
- the information terminal 5100 includes a housing 5101 and a display portion 5102.
- a touch panel is provided in the display portion 5102 as an input interface, and buttons are provided in the housing 5101.
- the information terminal 5100 can execute an application using artificial intelligence by applying the chip of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the application using artificial intelligence include an application that recognizes a conversation and displays the content of the conversation on a display unit 5102, and recognizes a character, a graphic, and the like input by a user on a touch panel provided in the display unit 5102.
- An application displayed on the display portion 5102, an application for performing biometric authentication such as a fingerprint or a voiceprint, and the like can be given.
- FIG. 17B illustrates a notebook information terminal 5200.
- the notebook information terminal 5200 includes a main body 5201 of the information terminal, a display portion 5202, and a keyboard 5203.
- the notebook information terminal 5200 can execute an application utilizing artificial intelligence by applying the chip of one embodiment of the present invention.
- applications using artificial intelligence include design support software, text correction software, menu automatic generation software, and the like.
- a new artificial intelligence can be developed.
- the smartphone and the notebook-type information terminal are illustrated as examples in FIGS. 17A and 17B, respectively.
- information terminals other than the smartphone and the notebook-type information terminal can be applied.
- Examples of the information terminal other than the smartphone and the notebook information terminal include a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), a desktop information terminal, and a workstation.
- FIG. 17C illustrates a portable game machine 5300 which is an example of a game machine.
- the portable game machine 5300 includes a housing 5301, a housing 5302, a housing 5303, a display portion 5304, a connection portion 5305, operation keys 5306, and the like.
- the housing 5302 and the housing 5303 can be removed from the housing 5301.
- an image output to the display portion 5304 can be output to another video device (not shown). it can.
- the housing 5302 and the housing 5303 can each function as an operation portion. Thereby, a plurality of players can play the game at the same time.
- the chip described in the above embodiment can be incorporated in a chip or the like provided over the substrate of the housing 5301, the housing 5302, and the housing 5303.
- FIG. 17D shows a stationary game machine 5400 which is an example of the game machine.
- a controller 5402 is connected to the stationary game machine 5400 wirelessly or by wire.
- a game machine with low power consumption can be realized.
- heat generation from a circuit can be reduced by low power consumption, so that influence of the heat generation on the circuit itself, peripheral circuits, and modules can be reduced.
- the portable game machine 5300 having artificial intelligence can be realized.
- the expression of the progress of the game, the behavior of the creature appearing in the game, the phenomenon occurring in the game, etc. is determined by the program of the game, but by applying artificial intelligence to the portable game machine 5300, Thus, expressions that are not limited to game programs are possible. For example, it is possible to express such a content that a player asks a question, a progress of a game, a time, a behavior of a person appearing in the game changes.
- the game player when playing a game that requires a plurality of players on the portable game machine 5300, the game player can be configured as an anthropomorphic person by artificial intelligence. Can play games.
- 17C and 17D illustrate a portable game machine and a stationary game machine as examples of the game machine, but a game machine to which the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied is not limited thereto.
- a game machine to which the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied for example, an arcade game machine installed in an entertainment facility (a game center, an amusement park, or the like), a pitching machine installed in a sports facility for batting practice, or the like Is mentioned.
- the GPU or chip of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a large computer.
- FIG. 17E is a diagram illustrating a supercomputer 5500, which is an example of a large-sized computer.
- FIG. 17F is a diagram showing a rack-mounted computer 5502 included in the supercomputer 5500.
- the supercomputer 5500 has a rack 5501 and a plurality of rack-mounted computers 5502. Note that the plurality of computers 5502 are stored in a rack 5501.
- the computer 5502 is provided with a plurality of substrates 5504, and the GPU or the chip described in the above embodiment can be mounted on the substrates.
- Supercomputer 5500 is a large computer mainly used for scientific and technical calculations. In scientific calculations, enormous calculations must be processed at high speed, so that power consumption is high and chip heat generation is large. By applying the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention to the supercomputer 5500, a supercomputer with low power consumption can be realized. In addition, heat generation from a circuit can be reduced by low power consumption, so that influence of the heat generation on the circuit itself, peripheral circuits, and modules can be reduced.
- 17E and 17F illustrate a supercomputer as an example of a large computer; however, a large computer to which the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied is not limited thereto.
- Examples of a large-sized computer to which the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied include a computer (server) that provides a service, a large-sized general-purpose computer (mainframe), and the like.
- the GPU, the chip, or the display device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to an automobile which is a mobile object and a periphery of a driver's seat of the automobile.
- FIG. 17G is a diagram showing the vicinity of a windshield in the interior of an automobile, which is an example of a moving object.
- FIG. 17G illustrates a display panel 5701 attached to a pillar, in addition to a display panel 5701, a display panel 5702, and a display panel 5703 attached to a dashboard.
- the display panels 5701 to 5703 can provide various information by displaying a speedometer, a tachometer, a mileage, a fuel gauge, a gear state, an air conditioner setting, and the like. Further, display items, layout, and the like displayed on the display panel can be appropriately changed according to the user's preference, so that design can be improved.
- the display panels 5701 to 5703 can also be used as lighting devices.
- the display panel 5704 can complement a field of view (blind spot) blocked by pillars by displaying an image from an imaging device (not shown) provided in a car. That is, by displaying an image from the imaging device provided outside the automobile, blind spots can be compensated for and safety can be improved. In addition, by displaying an image that complements the invisible part, it is possible to more naturally confirm safety without a sense of incongruity.
- the display panel 5704 can be used as a lighting device.
- the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied as a component of artificial intelligence
- the chip can be used for an automatic driving system of an automobile, for example. Further, the chip can be used in a system for performing road guidance, danger prediction, and the like.
- the display panels 5701 to 5704 may be configured to display information such as road guidance and danger prediction.
- a car is described as an example of a moving body, but the moving body is not limited to a car.
- a moving object includes a train, a monorail, a ship, a flying object (a helicopter, an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone), an airplane, a rocket), and the like.
- the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied to these moving objects.
- a system using artificial intelligence can be provided.
- FIG. 17H shows an electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 which is an example of the electric appliance.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 includes a housing 5801, a refrigerator door 5802, a refrigerator door 5803, and the like.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 having artificial intelligence can be realized.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 has a function of automatically generating menus based on the ingredients stored in the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800, the expiration date of the ingredients, and the like, and is stored in the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800. It can have a function of automatically adjusting the temperature to the food material.
- an electric refrigerator-freezer has been described as an example of the electric appliances
- other electric appliances include, for example, a vacuum cleaner, a microwave oven, an electronic oven, a rice cooker, a water heater, an IH cooker, a water server, a heating and cooling appliance including an air conditioner, Examples include a washing machine, a dryer, and an audiovisual device.
- a first metal oxide film having a thickness of 100 nm was formed over a quartz substrate by a sputtering method.
- oxygen gas at 5 sccm the deposition pressure was set to 0.7 Pa, the deposition power was set to 500 W, the substrate temperature was set to 130 ° C., and the distance between the target and the substrate was set to 60 mm.
- the first heat treatment was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour, and then in an oxygen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour.
- Sample 1B was subjected to treatment at a temperature of 350 ° C. for 37 seconds in an atmosphere in which a silane (SiH 4 ) gas was introduced at a flow rate of 1 sccm.
- the treatment was performed at 350 ° C. for 135 seconds in an atmosphere in which a silane (SiH 4 ) gas was introduced.
- the surface of the silicon-containing substrate was heat-treated in a hydrogen chloride (HCl) atmosphere to form a 100-nm-thick silicon oxide film on the substrate.
- a 500-nm-thick metal oxide film was formed over the silicon oxide film by a sputtering method.
- the deposition pressure was 0.7 Pa
- the deposition power was 500 W
- the substrate temperature was 130 ° C.
- the distance between the target and the substrate was 60 mm.
- the first heat treatment was performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour, and then in an oxygen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour.
- silicon nitride film was formed on the metal oxide film by a CVD method.
- silane (SiH 4 ) gas 20 sccm, nitrogen gas 600 sccm, and ammonia (NH 3 ) gas 200 sccm are used as a film formation gas, the power is set to 50 W, the pressure is set to 200 Pa, and the substrate temperature is set to 270 ° C.
- NH 3 ammonia
- the hydrogen concentration in the metal oxide film was evaluated using a SIMS analyzer. The analysis is performed from the surface side of the sample. Further, the sheet resistance of the metal oxide film was measured for Samples 1B to 4B using a sheet resistance measuring device.
- the sheet resistance measuring instrument has a measurement upper limit of 6.0 ⁇ 10 6 ⁇ / sq. Was used.
- the sheet resistance R s [ ⁇ / sq. ] Is converted into the carrier surface density N (T) [cm ⁇ 2 ] at the film thickness T [nm] of the metal oxide film after the film reduction.
- the carrier surface density N (T) is expressed by Expression (2) using the carrier concentration n (x) [cm ⁇ 3 ] at a distance x [nm] from the bottom surface of the metal oxide film.
- the carrier concentration n (x) at a distance x [nm] from the bottom surface of the metal oxide film is expressed using a complementary error function erfc (y) (y is a variable) as shown in Expression (3). I can do it.
- a, b, and c are parameters.
- the carrier surface density N (T) can be expressed by Expression (4) using parameters a, b, and c.
- Equation (5) holds between the error function erf (y) and the complementary error function erfc (y).
- the data points of the T dependence of the carrier surface density N (T) converted from the sheet resistance are fitted by the least squares method using the equation (4).
- the parameters a, b, and c are used as fitting parameters.
- the carrier concentration n (x) with respect to the distance x from the bottom surface of the metal oxynitride film can be calculated.
- the measured sheet resistance of the metal oxide film can be converted to the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film.
- FIGS. 18A to 19B show the hydrogen concentration in the metal oxide film obtained by the SIMS analysis and the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film converted from the sheet resistance.
- the horizontal axis is the depth direction (Depth) [nm] perpendicular to the film surface of the sample, and the vertical axis is the carrier concentration [cm ⁇ 3 ] in the metal oxide film or the metal concentration.
- the hydrogen concentration in the oxide film [atoms / cm 3 ].
- FIG. 18A shows the hydrogen concentration and the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film of Sample 1B.
- FIG. 18B shows the hydrogen concentration and the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film of Sample 2B.
- FIG. 19A shows the hydrogen concentration and the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film of Sample 3B.
- FIG. 19B shows the hydrogen concentration and the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film of Sample 4B.
- the profile of the hydrogen concentration in the metal oxide film and the profile of the carrier concentration in the metal oxide film substantially match. That is, there is a correlation between the hydrogen concentration in the metal oxide film and the carrier concentration, and it has been found that to reduce the carrier concentration in the channel formation region, it is preferable to reduce the hydrogen concentration in the region.
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Abstract
Description
図2Aは、デバイスシミュレータを用いた計算で仮定したトランジスタの上面図である。図2B、図2Cは、デバイスシミュレータを用いた計算で仮定したトランジスタの断面図である。
図3は、トランジスタのId−Vg特性の計算結果である。
図4A乃至図4Dは、本発明の一態様である半導体装置の断面模式図である。
図5A、図5Bは、トランジスタのドレイン電流を説明する図である。
図6Aは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタの構成例を説明する上面図である。図6B、図6Cは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタの構成例を説明する断面図である。
図7Aは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタの構成例を説明する上面図である。図7B、図7Cは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタの構成例を説明する断面図である。
図8Aは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタの構成例を説明する上面図である。図8B、図8Cは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタの構成例を説明する断面図である。
図9Aは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタの構成例を説明する上面図である。図9B、図9Cは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタの構成例を説明する断面図である。
図10A、図10Bは、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成例を示すブロック図である。
図11A乃至図11Hは、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成例を示す回路図である。
図12A、図12Bは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の模式図である。
図13Aは、表示装置のブロック図である。図13B、図13Cは、表示装置の回路図である。
図14A乃至図14Cは、表示装置の回路図である。
図15Aは、表示装置の回路図である。図15Bは、タイミングチャートである。図15C、図15Dは、表示装置の回路図である。
図16A乃至図16Dは、本発明の一態様に係る電子機器を示す図である。
図17A乃至図17Hは、本発明の一態様に係る電子機器を示す図である。
図18A、図18Bは、本実施例の金属酸化膜中の水素濃度およびキャリア濃度である。
図19A、図19Bは、本実施例の金属酸化膜中の水素濃度およびキャリア濃度である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様のトランジスタの一例について説明する。
半導体層30として、半導体として機能する金属酸化物を用いることが好ましい。以下では、本発明に係る半導体層30に適用可能な金属酸化物について説明する。
酸化物半導体(金属酸化物)は、単結晶酸化物半導体と、それ以外の非単結晶酸化物半導体と、に分けられる。非単結晶酸化物半導体としては、例えば、CAAC−OS(c−axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor)、多結晶酸化物半導体、nc−OS(nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor)、擬似非晶質酸化物半導体(a−like OS:amorphous−like oxide semiconductor)、および非晶質酸化物半導体などがある。
続いて、上記金属酸化物をトランジスタのチャネル形成領域に用いる場合について説明する。
ここで、金属酸化物中における各不純物の影響について説明する。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態に示すトランジスタの構造例について説明する。
図6A乃至図6Cを用いてトランジスタ200Aの構造例を説明する。図6Aはトランジスタ200Aおよびその周辺の上面図である。図6Bは、図6Aに一点鎖線L1−L2で示す部位の断面図である。図6Cは、図6Aに一点鎖線W1−W2で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図6Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
以下では、半導体装置に用いることができる構成材料について説明する。
トランジスタ200Aを形成する基板としては、例えば、絶縁体基板、半導体基板、または導電体基板を用いればよい。絶縁体基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、石英基板、サファイア基板、安定化ジルコニア基板(イットリア安定化ジルコニア基板など)、樹脂基板などがある。また、半導体基板としては、例えば、シリコン、ゲルマニウムを材料とした半導体基板、または炭化シリコン、シリコンゲルマニウム、ヒ化ガリウム、リン化インジウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ガリウムからなる化合物半導体基板などがある。さらには、前述の半導体基板内部に絶縁体領域を有する半導体基板、例えば、SOI(Silicon On Insulator)基板などがある。導電体基板としては、黒鉛基板、金属基板、合金基板、導電性樹脂基板などがある。または、金属の窒化物を有する基板、金属の酸化物を有する基板などがある。さらには、絶縁体基板に導電体または半導体が設けられた基板、半導体基板に導電体または絶縁体が設けられた基板、導電体基板に半導体または絶縁体が設けられた基板などがある。または、これらの基板に素子が設けられたものを用いてもよい。基板に設けられる素子としては、容量素子、抵抗素子、スイッチ素子、発光素子、記憶素子などがある。
絶縁体としては、絶縁性を有する酸化物、窒化物、酸化窒化物、窒化酸化物、金属酸化物、金属酸化窒化物、金属窒化酸化物などがある。
導電体としては、アルミニウム、クロム、銅、銀、金、白金、タンタル、ニッケル、チタン、モリブデン、タングステン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、マンガン、マグネシウム、ジルコニウム、ベリリウム、インジウム、ルテニウム、イリジウム、ストロンチウム、ランタンなどから選ばれた金属元素、または上述した金属元素を成分とする合金か、上述した金属元素を組み合わせた合金等を用いることが好ましい。例えば、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、タングステン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物などを用いることが好ましい。また、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物は、酸化しにくい導電性材料、または、酸素を吸収しても導電性を維持する材料であるため、好ましい。また、リン等の不純物元素を含有させた多結晶シリコンに代表される、電気伝導度が高い半導体、ニッケルシリサイドなどのシリサイドを用いてもよい。
絶縁層を形成するための絶縁性材料、電極を形成するための導電性材料、または半導体層を形成するための半導体材料は、スパッタリング法、スピンコート法、CVD法(熱CVD法、MOCVD(Metal Organic CVD)法、PECVD(Plasma Enhanced CVD)法、高密度プラズマCVD(High density plasma CVD)法、LPCVD(low pressure CVD)法、APCVD(atmospheric pressure CVD)法等を含む)、原子層堆積(ALD:Atomic Layer Deposition)法、分子線エピタキシー(MBE:Molecular Beam Epitaxy)法、パルスレーザ堆積(PLD:Pulsed Laser Deposition)法、ディップ法、スプレー塗布法、液滴吐出法(インクジェット法など)、印刷法(スクリーン印刷、オフセット印刷など)などを用いて形成することができる。
図7A乃至図7Cを用いてトランジスタ200Bの構造例を説明する。図7Aはトランジスタ200Bおよびその周辺の上面図である。図7Bは、図7Aに一点鎖線L1−L2で示す部位の断面図である。図7Cは、図7Aに一点鎖線W1−W2で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図7Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
図8A乃至図8Cを用いてトランジスタ200Cの構造例を説明する。図8Aはトランジスタ200Cおよびその周辺の上面図である。図8Bは、図8Aに一点鎖線L1−L2で示す部位の断面図である。図8Cは、図8Aに一点鎖線W1−W2で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図8Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
図9A乃至図9Cを用いてトランジスタ200Dの構造例を説明する。図9Aはトランジスタ200Dおよびその周辺の上面図である。図9Bは、図9Aに一点鎖線L1−L2で示す部位の断面図である。図9Cは、図9Aに一点鎖線W1−W2で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図9Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
本実施の形態では、図10A、図10B、および図11A乃至図11Hを用いて、本発明の一態様に係る、金属酸化物を有するトランジスタ(以下、OSトランジスタと呼ぶ場合がある。)、および容量素子が適用されている記憶装置(以下、OSメモリ装置と呼ぶ場合がある。)について説明する。OSメモリ装置は、少なくとも容量素子と、容量素子の充放電を制御するOSトランジスタを有する記憶装置である。OSトランジスタのオフ電流は極めて小さいので、OSメモリ装置は優れた保持特性をもち、不揮発性メモリとして機能させることができる。
図10AにOSメモリ装置の構成の一例を示す。記憶装置1400は、周辺回路1411、およびメモリセルアレイ1470を有する。周辺回路1411は、行回路1420、列回路1430、出力回路1440、およびコントロールロジック回路1460を有する。
図11A乃至図11Cに、DRAMのメモリセルの回路構成例を示す。本明細書等において、1OSトランジスタ1容量素子型のメモリセルを用いたDRAMを、DOSRAM(登録商標)(Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory)と呼ぶ場合がある。図11Aに示す、メモリセル1471は、トランジスタM1と、容量素子CAと、を有する。なお、トランジスタM1は、ゲート(トップゲートと呼ぶ場合がある。)、及びバックゲートを有する。
図11D乃至図11Gに、2トランジスタ1容量素子のゲインセル型のメモリセルの回路構成例を示す。図11Dに示す、メモリセル1474は、トランジスタM2と、トランジスタM3と、容量素子CBと、を有する。なお、トランジスタM2は、トップゲート(単にゲートと呼ぶ場合がある。)、およびバックゲートを有する。本明細書等において、トランジスタM2にOSトランジスタを用いたゲインセル型のメモリセルを有する記憶装置を、NOSRAM(登録商標)(Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconductor RAM)と呼ぶ場合がある。
本実施の形態では、図12A、および図12Bを用いて、本発明の半導体装置が実装されたチップ1200の一例を示す。チップ1200には、複数の回路(システム)が実装されている。このように、複数の回路(システム)を一つのチップに集積する技術を、システムオンチップ(System on Chip:SoC)と呼ぶ場合がある。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である表示装置について、説明する。
画素に表示される階調を補正するためのメモリを備える画素回路と、これを有する表示装置について説明する。先の実施の形態で例示したトランジスタは、以下で例示する画素回路に用いられるトランジスタに適用することができる。
図15Aに、画素回路400の回路図を示す。画素回路400は、トランジスタM1、トランジスタM2、容量C1、及び回路401を有する。また画素回路400には、配線S1、配線S2、配線G1、及び配線G2が接続される。
続いて、図15Bを用いて、画素回路400の動作方法の一例を説明する。図15Bは、画素回路400の動作に係るタイミングチャートである。なおここでは説明を容易にするため、配線抵抗などの各種抵抗や、トランジスタや配線などの寄生容量、トランジスタのしきい値電圧などの影響は考慮しない。
期間T1では、配線G1と配線G2の両方に、トランジスタをオン状態にする電位を与える。また、配線S1には固定電位である電位Vrefを供給し、配線S2には第1データ電位Vwを供給する。
続いて期間T2では、配線G1にはトランジスタM1をオン状態とする電位を与え、配線G2にはトランジスタM2をオフ状態とする電位を与える。また、配線S1には第2データ電位Vdataを供給する。配線S2には所定の定電位を与える、またはフローティングとしてもよい。
〔液晶素子を用いた例〕
図15Cに示す画素回路400LCは、回路401LCを有する。回路401LCは、液晶素子LCと、容量C2とを有する。
図15Dに示す画素回路400ELは、回路401ELを有する。回路401ELは、発光素子EL、トランジスタM3、及び容量C2を有する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の表示装置を適用した電子機器の構成例について説明する。
本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置は、CPUやGPUなどのプロセッサ、またはチップに用いることができる。図17A乃至図17Hに、本発明の一態様に係るCPUやGPUなどのプロセッサ、またはチップ、もしくは、表示装置を備えた電子機器の具体例を示す。
本発明の一態様に係るGPUまたはチップ、もしくは、表示装置は、様々な電子機器に搭載することができる。電子機器の例としては、例えば、テレビジョン装置、デスクトップ型またはノート型の情報端末用などのモニタ、デジタルサイネージ(Digital Signage:電子看板)、パチンコ機などの大型ゲーム機、などの比較的大きな画面を備える電子機器の他、デジタルカメラ、デジタルビデオカメラ、デジタルフォトフレーム、電子ブックリーダー、携帯電話機、携帯型ゲーム機、携帯情報端末、音響再生装置、などが挙げられる。また、本発明の一態様に係るGPUまたはチップを電子機器に設けることにより、電子機器に人工知能を搭載することができる。
図17Aには、情報端末の一種である携帯電話(スマートフォン)が図示されている。情報端末5100は、筐体5101と、表示部5102と、を有しており、入力用インターフェースとして、タッチパネルが表示部5102に備えられ、ボタンが筐体5101に備えられている。
図17Cは、ゲーム機の一例である携帯ゲーム機5300を示している。携帯ゲーム機5300は、筐体5301、筐体5302、筐体5303、表示部5304、接続部5305、操作キー5306等を有する。筐体5302、および筐体5303は、筐体5301から取り外すことが可能である。筐体5301に設けられている接続部5305を別の筐体(図示せず)に取り付けることで、表示部5304に出力される映像を、別の映像機器(図示せず)に出力することができる。このとき、筐体5302、および筐体5303は、それぞれ操作部として機能することができる。これにより、複数のプレイヤーが同時にゲームを行うことができる。筐体5301、筐体5302、および筐体5303の基板に設けられているチップなどに先の実施の形態に示すチップを組み込むことができる。
本発明の一態様のGPUまたはチップは、大型コンピュータに適用することができる。
本発明の一態様のGPUまたはチップ、もしくは、表示装置は、移動体である自動車、および自動車の運転席周辺に適用することができる。
図17Hは、電化製品の一例である電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800を示している。電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800は、筐体5801、冷蔵室用扉5802、冷凍室用扉5803等を有する。
Claims (7)
- 金属酸化物と、絶縁層と、第1の導電層と、第2の導電層と、第3の導電層と、を有し、
前記金属酸化物は、第1の領域と、第2の領域と、第3の領域と、を有し、
前記第1の領域は、前記第1の導電層と重畳し、
前記第2の領域は、前記第2の導電層と重畳し、
前記第3の領域は、前記絶縁層を介して、前記第3の導電層と重畳し、
前記第1の領域および前記第2の領域のキャリア濃度はそれぞれ、5×1017cm−3以上1×1019cm−3未満であり、
前記第3の領域のキャリア濃度は、1×1012cm−3以上5×1017cm−3未満である、
半導体装置。 - 金属酸化物と、絶縁層と、第1の導電層と、第2の導電層と、第3の導電層と、を有し、
前記金属酸化物は、第1の領域と、第2の領域と、第3の領域と、を有し、
前記第1の領域は、前記第1の導電層と重畳し、
前記第2の領域は、前記第2の導電層と重畳し、
前記第3の領域は、前記絶縁層を介して、前記第3の導電層と重畳し、
前記第3の領域のキャリア濃度に対する、前記第1の領域のキャリア濃度の比の値は、1×102以上であり、
前記第3の領域のキャリア濃度に対する、前記第2の領域のキャリア濃度の比の値は、1×102以上である、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1または請求項2において、
前記第1の領域と、前記第1の導電層との間に、第1の層を有し、
前記第2の領域と、前記第2の導電層との間に、第2の層を有し、
前記第1の導電層および前記第2の導電層はそれぞれ、窒化タンタルを有し、
前記第1の層および前記第2の層はそれぞれ、タンタル、窒素、および酸素を有する、または、タンタルおよび酸素を有する、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一において、
前記第3の領域の水素濃度は、1×1018atoms/cm3未満である、
半導体装置。 - トランジスタを有し、
前記トランジスタは、金属酸化物と、第1の絶縁層と、第2の絶縁層と、第1の導電層と、第2の導電層と、第3の導電層と、第4の導電層と、を有し、
前記第2の絶縁層は、前記第4の導電層上に設けられ、
前記金属酸化物は、前記第2の絶縁層上に設けられ、
前記第1の絶縁層は、前記金属酸化物上に設けられ、
前記第3の導電層は、前記第1の絶縁層上に設けられ、
前記第1の導電層は、前記金属酸化物上に設けられ、
前記第2の導電層は、前記金属酸化物上に設けられ、
前記第3の導電層は、前記金属酸化物を介して、前記第4の導電層と重畳し、
前記トランジスタのオフ電流は、180℃以上220℃以下の温度範囲において、1aA以下である、
半導体装置。 - トランジスタを有し、
前記トランジスタは、金属酸化物と、第1の絶縁層と、第2の絶縁層と、第1の導電層と、第2の導電層と、第3の導電層と、第4の導電層と、を有し、
前記第2の絶縁層は、前記第4の導電層上に設けられ、
前記金属酸化物は、前記第2の絶縁層上に設けられ、
前記第1の絶縁層は、前記金属酸化物上に設けられ、
前記第3の導電層は、前記第1の絶縁層上に設けられ、
前記第1の導電層は、前記金属酸化物上に設けられ、
前記第2の導電層は、前記金属酸化物上に設けられ、
前記第3の導電層は、前記金属酸化物を介して、前記第4の導電層と重畳し、
前記トランジスタの、チャネル幅1μmあたりのオフ電流は、180℃以上220℃以下の温度範囲において、10aA/μm以下である、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一において、
前記金属酸化物は、インジウムと、元素M(Mはアルミニウム、ガリウム、イットリウム、または錫)と、亜鉛と、を有する、
半導体装置。
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| JP7581209B2 (ja) * | 2019-08-08 | 2024-11-12 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置 |
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