WO2021192575A1 - 二次電池用負極および二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用負極および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- This disclosure relates to a negative electrode for a secondary battery and a secondary battery.
- the Si-containing material is an alloying material that alloys with lithium, and is known to be able to occlude more lithium ions per unit volume than carbon-based active materials such as graphite, and is a negative electrode active material for secondary batteries. It is expected to be used for.
- the Si-containing material has a large volume change (expansion / contraction) during charge / discharge, the conductivity of the negative electrode tends to decrease, and as a result, there is a problem that the charge / discharge cycle characteristics decrease.
- carbon nanotubes are added into the negative electrode having a Si-containing material to suppress the decrease in conductivity of the negative electrode due to expansion and contraction of the Si-containing agent and suppress the decrease in charge / discharge cycle characteristics. There is a technique to do.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency is the ratio of the initial discharge capacity to the initial charge capacity.
- the negative electrode for a secondary battery includes a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material, an additive, and a conductive agent, the negative electrode active material contains a Si-containing material, and the additive is an alkali.
- the conductive agent contains a metal sulfate, the conductive agent contains carbon nanotubes, and the content of the alkali metal sulfate in the negative electrode mixture is 0.0025% by mass or more, 0, based on the total amount of the negative electrode active material. .1 mass% or less.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes the negative electrode for the secondary battery, the positive electrode, and the non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a secondary battery which is an example of the embodiment.
- the negative electrode for a secondary battery includes a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material, an additive, and a conductive agent, the negative electrode active material contains a Si-containing material, and the additive is an alkali.
- the conductive agent contains a metal sulfate, the conductive agent contains carbon nanotubes, and the content of the alkali metal sulfate in the negative electrode mixture is 0.0025% by mass or more, 0, based on the total amount of the negative electrode active material. .1 mass% or less.
- the content of the alkali metal sulfate in the negative electrode mixture needs to be within the above range.
- the content of the alkali metal sulfate is less than 0.0025% by mass with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material, for example, the reaction between the carbon nanotubes and the electrolytic solution cannot be sufficiently suppressed, and the initial charge / discharge efficiency.
- the effect of suppressing the decrease in the amount of When the content of the alkali metal sulfate exceeds 0.1% by mass with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material, for example, a large amount of the alkali metal sulfate is present in a place other than the carbon nanotube, and the alkali metal sulfate is present.
- the influence of the side reaction derived from the salt becomes large, and the effect of suppressing the decrease in the initial charge / discharge efficiency cannot be obtained.
- the carbon nanotubes contained in the negative electrode mixture follow the expansion and contraction of the Si-containing material due to charging and discharging, the increase of the Si-containing material isolated from the conductive path in the negative electrode mixture is suppressed. Therefore, the carbon nanotubes contribute to the effect of suppressing a decrease in the conductivity of the negative electrode due to expansion and contraction of the Si-containing material and suppressing a decrease in charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- number (1) to numerical value (2) means a numerical value (1) or more and a numerical value (2) or less.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a secondary battery which is an example of the embodiment.
- the secondary battery 10 shown in FIG. 1 has a wound electrode body 14 in which a positive electrode 11 and a negative electrode 12 are wound via a separator 13, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and arranged above and below the electrode body 14, respectively.
- the insulating plates 18 and 19 and a battery case 15 for accommodating the above members are provided.
- the battery case 15 is composed of a bottomed cylindrical case body 16 and a sealing body 17 that closes an opening of the case body 16.
- the winding type electrode body 14 instead of the winding type electrode body 14, another form of an electrode body such as a laminated type electrode body in which positive electrodes and negative electrodes are alternately laminated via a separator may be applied.
- examples of the battery case 15 include a metal case such as a cylinder, a square, a coin, and a button, and a resin case (laminated battery) formed by laminating a resin sheet
- the case body 16 is, for example, a bottomed cylindrical metal container.
- a gasket 28 is provided between the case body 16 and the sealing body 17 to ensure the airtightness inside the battery.
- the case body 16 has, for example, an overhanging portion 22 that supports the sealing body 17 with a part of the side surface overhanging inward.
- the overhanging portion 22 is preferably formed in an annular shape along the circumferential direction of the case body 16, and the sealing body 17 is supported on the upper surface thereof.
- the sealing body 17 has a structure in which a filter 23, a lower valve body 24, an insulating member 25, an upper valve body 26, and a cap 27 are laminated in this order from the electrode body 14 side.
- Each member constituting the sealing body 17 has, for example, a disk shape or a ring shape, and each member except the insulating member 25 is electrically connected to each other.
- the lower valve body 24 and the upper valve body 26 are connected to each other at the central portion thereof, and an insulating member 25 is interposed between the peripheral portions thereof.
- the lower valve body 24 deforms and breaks so as to push the upper valve body 26 toward the cap 27 side, and the lower valve body 24 and the upper valve body 26 The current path between them is cut off.
- the upper valve body 26 breaks and gas is discharged from the opening of the cap 27.
- the positive electrode lead 20 attached to the positive electrode 11 extends to the sealing body 17 side through the through hole of the insulating plate 18, and the negative electrode lead 21 attached to the negative electrode 12 is the insulating plate 19. It extends to the bottom side of the case body 16 through the outside.
- the positive electrode lead 20 is connected to the lower surface of the filter 23, which is the bottom plate of the sealing body 17, by welding or the like, and the cap 27, which is the top plate of the sealing body 17 electrically connected to the filter 23, serves as the positive electrode terminal.
- the negative electrode lead 21 is connected to the inner surface of the bottom of the case body 16 by welding or the like, and the case body 16 serves as a negative electrode terminal.
- the positive electrode 11, the negative electrode 12, the separator 13, and the non-aqueous electrolyte constituting the secondary battery 10 will be described in detail.
- the positive electrode 11 includes, for example, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode current collector a metal foil stable in the potential range of the positive electrode such as aluminum or an aluminum alloy, a film in which the metal is arranged on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer is composed of, for example, a positive electrode mixture containing a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive agent, and the like.
- the positive electrode mixture layer is preferably formed on both sides of the positive electrode current collector.
- a slurry of a positive electrode mixture containing a positive electrode active material, a binder, a conductive agent, etc. is applied onto the positive electrode current collector, the coating film is dried and rolled, and the positive electrode mixture layer is collected as a positive electrode. It can be manufactured by forming it on both sides of an electric body.
- a lithium transition metal composite oxide or the like is used as the positive electrode active material.
- Metal elements contained in the lithium transition metal composite oxide include Ni, Co, Mn, Al, B, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Zr, Nb, In and Sn. , Ta, W and the like. Above all, it is preferable to contain at least one of Ni, Co and Mn.
- suitable composite oxides include lithium transition metal composite oxides containing Ni, Co and Mn, and lithium transition metal composite oxides containing Ni, Co and Al.
- Examples of the conductive agent contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and graphite.
- Examples of the binder contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimides, acrylic resins, polyolefins, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Alternatively, its salt, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and the like can be mentioned.
- the negative electrode 12 includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the current collector.
- a negative electrode current collector for example, a foil of a metal stable in the potential range of the negative electrode such as copper or a copper alloy, a film in which the metal is arranged on the surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode mixture layer is composed of a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material, an additive, a conductive agent, and the like.
- the negative electrode mixture preferably contains a binder in addition to the above substances.
- a slurry of a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material, an additive, a conductive agent, a binder, and the like is applied to a negative electrode current collector, and the coating film is dried and rolled to form a negative electrode mixture layer. It can be manufactured by forming it on both sides of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material contains a Si-containing material.
- the Si-containing material may be any material that can occlude and release lithium ions, but from the viewpoint of increasing the capacity of the secondary battery, the lithium ion conductive phase, the Si particles dispersed in the lithium ion conductive phase, and the Si particles.
- the lithium ion conductive phase is preferably a Si-containing material which is at least one selected from a silicon oxide phase, a silicate phase and a carbon phase.
- the silicate phase is, for example, at least one element E1 selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium because of its high lithium ion conductivity. Is preferably included.
- the silicate phase further includes zirconium, niobium, tantalum, lanthanum, vanadium, titanium, phosphorus, bismuth, zinc, tin, lead, antimony, cobalt, and fluorine in terms of suppressing a decrease in initial charge / discharge efficiency.
- Tungsten, aluminum, and boron preferably containing at least one element E2.
- a conductive film made of a highly conductive material is formed on the particle surface of the Si-containing material.
- the constituent material of the conductive coating include at least one selected from a carbon material, a metal, and a metal compound. Of these, a carbon material such as amorphous carbon is preferable.
- the carbon film can be formed by, for example, a CVD method using acetylene, methane or the like, a method of mixing coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenol resin or the like with a silicon-based active material and performing heat treatment. Further, a conductive film may be formed by fixing a conductive filler such as carbon black to the particle surface of the Si-containing material using a binder.
- the Si-containing material examples include a composite material A containing Si particles dispersed in a silicate phase and a silicate phase, a composite material B containing silicon oxide phase and Si particles dispersed in a silicon oxide phase, a carbon phase, and the like.
- a composite material C containing Si particles dispersed in a carbon phase examples include a composite material C containing Si particles dispersed in a carbon phase. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the silicate phase of the composite material A preferably contains the above-mentioned element E1, and more preferably further contains the above-mentioned element E2.
- a silicate phase containing lithium (hereinafter, may be referred to as a lithium silicate phase) is preferable from the viewpoints of high lithium ion conductivity and suppression of a decrease in initial charge / discharge efficiency.
- the composite material A preferably contains a lithium silicate phase and Si particles dispersed in the lithium silicate phase (hereinafter, may be referred to as LSX).
- the content of the silicon particles in the composite material A is preferably 30% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, preferably 35% by mass or more and 75% by mass, in terms of increasing the capacity and improving the charge / discharge cycle characteristics. It is preferably 55% by mass or more, and more preferably 70% by mass or less.
- the content of silicon particles can be measured by Si-NMR.
- the desirable measurement conditions for Si-NMR are shown below.
- Measuring device Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum measuring device (INOVA-400) manufactured by Varian Probe: Varian 7mm CPMAS-2 MAS: 4.2kHz MAS speed: 4kHz Pulse: DD (45 ° pulse + signal capture time 1H decouple) Repeat time: 1200 sec Observation width: 100 kHz Observation center: Around -100ppm Signal capture time: 0.05sec Accumulation number: 560 Sample amount: 207.6 mg
- the Si particles dispersed in the silicate phase have a particle-like phase of Si alone, and are composed of a single crystallite or a plurality of crystallites.
- the crystallite size of the Si particles is preferably 30 nm or less, for example, in terms of improving charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the lower limit of the crystallite size of the Si particles is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 5 nm.
- the crystallite size of the Si particles is more preferably 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less, and further preferably 15 nm or more and 25 nm or less.
- the crystallite size of the Si particles is calculated by Scherrer's equation from the half width of the diffraction peak attributed to the Si (111) plane of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Si particles.
- the average particle size of the Si particles is preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 200 nm or less, and even more preferably 50 nm or less before the initial charging, for example, from the viewpoint of suppressing cracks in the Si particles themselves.
- the average particle size of the Si particles is preferably 400 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less.
- the average particle size of Si particles is measured by observing a cross-sectional SEM (scanning electron microscope) photograph of composite material A. Specifically, the average particle size of the Si particles is obtained by averaging the maximum diameters of any 100 Si particles.
- the composite material B in which Si particles are dispersed in the silicon oxide phase is represented by, for example, the general formula SiO x (preferably in the range of 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, more preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6). Will be done.
- the composite material C in which Si particles are dispersed in the carbon phase is, for example, the general formula SixC1y (preferably in the range of 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.45 and 0.7 ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ . The range of y ⁇ 0.55 is more preferable).
- the Si particle content, crystallite size, and average particle size of the composite materials B and C may be the same as those of the composite material A.
- the content of the Si-containing material in the negative electrode active material is, for example, 1% by mass or more with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material in terms of suppressing the increase in capacity of the secondary battery and the deterioration of charge / discharge cycle characteristics. , 15% by mass or less is preferable.
- the negative electrode active material preferably further contains a carbon material that electrochemically occludes and releases lithium ions as another negative electrode material having a smaller degree of expansion and contraction during charging and discharging than a Si-containing material.
- the content of the carbon material in the negative electrode active material is 85% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material in terms of suppressing deterioration of charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary battery, for example. Is preferable.
- Examples of the carbon material include graphite, easily graphitized carbon (soft carbon), and non-graphitized carbon (hard carbon). Among them, graphite having excellent charge / discharge stability and a small irreversible capacity is preferable.
- Graphite means a material having a graphite-type crystal structure, and examples thereof include natural graphite, artificial graphite, and graphitized mesophase carbon particles.
- the content of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode mixture is, for example, preferably 85% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more, and 95% by mass or more, based on the total amount of the negative electrode mixture. More preferably.
- Examples of carbon nanotubes as conductive agents contained in the negative electrode mixture include single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
- Single-walled carbon nanotubes are carbon nanostructures in which one layer of graphene sheets constitutes one cylindrical shape, and two-walled carbon nanotubes are two layers of graphene sheets laminated concentrically.
- the multi-walled carbon nanotube is a carbon nanostructure that constitutes one cylindrical shape by concentrically laminating three or more layers of graphene sheets in a concentric manner.
- the graphene sheet refers to a layer in which the carbon atom of the sp2 hybrid orbital constituting the graphite crystal is located at the apex of the regular hexagon.
- the shape of carbon nanotubes is not limited. Such shapes include various forms including needle shape, cylindrical tube shape, fish bone shape (fishbone or cup laminated type), playing card shape (platelet) and coil shape.
- the fiber length of carbon nanotubes is preferably 500 nm or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, for example, in terms of suppressing deterioration of charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the fiber length of carbon nanotubes can be determined by measuring the length of 50 arbitrary carbon nanotubes with a field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM) and arithmetically averaging them.
- the outermost peripheral diameter (that is, the fiber diameter) of the carbon nanotube is preferably 0.5 nm or more and 20 nm or less, and is 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, for example, from the viewpoint of suppressing deterioration of charge / discharge cycle characteristics. Is more preferable.
- the outermost diameter of the carbon nanotubes can be determined by measuring the outer diameters of 50 arbitrary carbon nanotubes with a field emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and calculating by arithmetic averaging.
- the content of carbon nanotubes in the negative electrode mixture is 0.01% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material in terms of suppressing deterioration of charge / discharge cycle characteristics, for example. It is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 0.8% by mass or less.
- the conductive agent contained in the negative electrode mixture may contain a particulate conductive agent in addition to the carbon nanotubes.
- the particulate conductive agent include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, and graphite.
- its primary particle size is preferably 5 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and the aspect ratio is preferably less than 10.
- alkali metal sulfate examples include lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, rubidium sulfate, cesium sulfate, and francium sulfate.
- the alkali metal sulfate may contain at least one selected from lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and potassium sulfate in terms of further suppressing a decrease in the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the secondary battery. preferable.
- the content of the alkali metal sulfate in the negative electrode mixture is 0.0025% by mass or more, 0.1, based on the total amount of the negative electrode active material, in that it suppresses a decrease in the initial charge / discharge efficiency of the secondary battery. It may be 10% by mass or less, but preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 0.1% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.02% by mass or more and 0.08% by mass or less.
- the binder contained in the negative electrode mixture may be the same as the binder used in the positive electrode 11.
- the content of the binder in the negative electrode mixture is, for example, preferably 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass, more preferably 1% by mass to 5% by mass, based on the total amount of the negative electrode active material.
- a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating property is used as the separator 13.
- the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a non-woven fabric.
- olefin resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, a copolymer containing at least one of ethylene and propylene, cellulose and the like are suitable.
- the separator 13 may have either a single-layer structure or a laminated structure. A heat-resistant layer or the like may be formed on the surface of the separator 13.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is not limited to the liquid electrolyte, and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer or the like.
- the electrolyte salt for example, lithium salts such as LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 and the like are used.
- the solvent include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl acetate (MA), methyl propionate (MP) and the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen substituent in which at least a part of hydrogen in these solvents is replaced with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- halogen substituent examples include a fluorinated cyclic carbonate such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), a fluorinated chain carbonate, and a fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester such as methyl fluoropropionate (FMP).
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylic acid ester
- Example 1 [Adjustment of Si-containing material (LSX)] Silicon dioxide and lithium carbonate are mixed so that the atomic ratio Si / Li is 1.05, and the mixture is calcined in air at 950 ° C. for 10 hours. Lithium represented by the formula: Li 2 Si 2 O 5 I got a silicate. The obtained lithium silicate was pulverized so as to have an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m.
- the above lithium silicate and the raw material silicon were mixed at a mass ratio of 70:30.
- the mixture was ground at 200 rpm for 50 hours.
- the powdery mixture was taken out in the inert atmosphere and fired at 800 ° C. for 4 hours in the inert atmosphere under the pressure of a hot press to obtain a sintered body (LSX) of the mixture. rice field.
- the obtained LSX is pulverized and passed through a 40 ⁇ m mesh, the obtained LSX particles are mixed with coal pitch, the mixture is calcined at 800 ° C. in an inert atmosphere, and the surface of the LSX particles is made of conductive carbon. It was coated to form a conductive layer.
- the coating amount of the conductive layer was set to 5% by mass with respect to the total mass of the LSX particles and the conductive layer.
- LSX particles having a conductive layer and having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m were obtained.
- the content of Li 2 Si 2 O 5 measured by Si-NMR was 70% by mass (the content of Si particles was 30% by mass).
- LSX particles having a conductive layer and graphite were mixed at a mass ratio of 5:95, and this mixture was used as a negative electrode active material.
- Negative electrode active material, sodium sulfate (additive), carbon nanotube (conductive agent), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and styrene-butadiene rubber were added in an amount of 100: 0.0025: 0.3: 1.3: 1.0.
- the mixture was mixed by mass ratio, and an appropriate amount of water was added to prepare a slurry of the negative electrode mixture.
- the slurry of the negative electrode mixture is applied to both sides of the negative electrode current collector made of copper foil, the coating film is dried, and then the coating film is rolled using a roller to combine the negative electrodes on both sides of the negative electrode current collector.
- a negative electrode on which the agent layer was formed was prepared.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte LiPF 6 is dissolved at a ratio of 1.2 mol / L in a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl acetate (MA) are mixed at a volume ratio of 20:40:40. To prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- MA methyl acetate
- Test cell The positive electrode and the negative electrode were laminated so as to face each other via a separator and wound around the same to prepare an electrode body. Next, the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution are housed in a bottomed cylindrical battery case body, the electrolyte solution is injected, and then the opening of the battery case body is sealed with a gasket and a sealing body to form a test cell. Made.
- Example 2 In the production of the negative electrode, the negative electrode active material, sodium sulfate (additive), carbon nanotube (conductive agent), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and styrene butadiene rubber are used as 100: 0.025: 0.3: 1.3. A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixture was mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1.0.
- Example 3 In the production of the negative electrode, the negative electrode active material, sodium sulfate (additive), carbon nanotube (conductive agent), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and styrene-butadiene rubber are mixed with 100: 0.05: 0.3: 1.3. A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixture was mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1.0.
- Example 4 In the production of the negative electrode, the negative electrode active material, sodium sulfate (additive), carbon nanotube (conducting agent), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and styrene-butadiene rubber are used as 100: 0.1: 0.3: 1.3. A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixture was mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1.0.
- the negative electrode active material sodium sulfate (additive), carbon nanotube (conducting agent), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and styrene-butadiene rubber are used as 100: 0.3: 0.3: 1.3.
- a test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the mixture was mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 1.0.
- First charge / discharge efficiency (first discharge capacity / first charge capacity) x 100
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the initial charge / discharge efficiency in each Example and Comparative Example. However, the evaluation results in Table 1 are based on the initial charge / discharge efficiency of Comparative Example 1, and the initial charge / discharge efficiencies of the other Examples and Comparative Examples are shown by the rate of increase with respect to the above criteria. When the rate of increase is positive, it indicates that the decrease in the initial charge / discharge efficiency is suppressed.
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Abstract
Description
正極11は、例えば、正極集電体と、正極集電体上に形成された正極合剤層とを備える。正極集電体には、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金などの正極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合剤層は、例えば、正極活物質、結着剤、導電剤等を含む正極合剤を含んで構成される。正極合剤層は、正極集電体の両面に形成されることが好ましい。正極11は、例えば、正極活物質、結着剤、導電剤等を含む正極合剤のスラリーを正極集電体上に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥、圧延して、正極合剤層を正極集電体の両面に形成することにより製造できる。
負極12は、例えば、負極集電体と、集電体上に形成された負極合剤層とを備える。負極集電体には、例えば、銅、銅合金などの負極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合剤層は、負極活物質、添加剤、導電剤等を含む負極合剤を含んで構成される。負極合剤は、上記物質の他に、結着剤を含むことが好適である。負極12は、例えば、負極活物質、添加剤、導電剤、結着剤等を含む負極合剤のスラリーを負極集電体に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥、圧延して、負極合剤層を負極集電体の両面に形成することにより製造できる。
プローブ:Varian 7mm CPMAS-2
MAS:4.2kHz
MAS速度:4kHz
パルス:DD(45°パルス+シグナル取込時間1Hデカップル)
繰り返し時間:1200sec
観測幅:100kHz
観測中心:-100ppm付近
シグナル取込時間:0.05sec
積算回数:560
試料量:207.6mg
シリケート相内に分散しているSi粒子は、Si単体の粒子状の相を有し、単独または複数の結晶子で構成される。Si粒子の結晶子サイズは、例えば、充放電サイクル特性が向上する等の点で、30nm以下であることが好ましい。Si粒子の結晶子サイズの下限値は、特に限定されないが、例えば、5nmである。
セパレータ13は、イオン透過性および絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータ13の材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレンおよびプロピレンの少なくとも一方を含む共重合体等のオレフィン系樹脂、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータ13は、単層構造、積層構造のいずれであってもよい。セパレータ13の表面には、耐熱層などが形成されていてもよい。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、電解質塩とを含む。非水電解質は、液体電解質に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。電解質塩には、例えば、LiFSI、LiTFSI、LiBF4、LiPF6等のリチウム塩が用いられる。溶媒には、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、酢酸メチル(MA)、プロピオン酸メチル(MP)等のエステル類、エーテル類、二トリル類、アミド類、およびこれらの2種以上の混合溶媒などが用いられる。非水溶媒は、上記これらの溶媒の水素の少なくとも一部をフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換したハロゲン置換体を含有していてもよい。
以下、実施例により本開示をさらに説明するが、本開示はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
[Si含有材料(LSX)の調整]
二酸化ケイ素と炭酸リチウムとを原子比Si/Liが1.05となるように混合し、混合物を950℃空気中で10時間焼成することにより、式:Li2Si2O5で表されるリチウムシリケートを得た。得られたリチウムシリケートを平均粒径10μmになるように粉砕した。
導電層を有するLSX粒子と、黒鉛とを、5:95の質量比で混合し、この混合物を負極活物質とした。負極活物質と、硫酸ナトリウム(添加剤)と、カーボンナノチューブ(導電剤)と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムと、スチレンブタジエンゴムとを、100:0.0025:0.3:1.3:1.0の質量比で混合し、水を適量加えて、負極合剤のスラリーを調整した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)と、酢酸メチル(MA)とを、20:40:40の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1.2モル/Lの割合で溶解させて、非水電解液を調製した。
正極と、負極とを、セパレータを介して互いに対向するように積層し、これを巻回して、電極体を作製した。次いで、電極体及び上記非水電解液を有底円筒形状の電池ケース本体に収容し、上記電解液を注入した後、ガスケット及び封口体により電池ケース本体の開口部を封口して、試験セルを作製した。
負極の作製において、負極活物質と、硫酸ナトリウム(添加剤)と、カーボンナノチューブ(導電剤)と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムと、スチレンブタジエンゴムとを、100:0.025:0.3:1.3:1.0の質量比で混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に試験セルを作製した。
負極の作製において、負極活物質と、硫酸ナトリウム(添加剤)と、カーボンナノチューブ(導電剤)と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムと、スチレンブタジエンゴムとを、100:0.05:0.3:1.3:1.0の質量比で混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に試験セルを作製した。
負極の作製において、負極活物質と、硫酸ナトリウム(添加剤)と、カーボンナノチューブ(導電剤)と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムと、スチレンブタジエンゴムとを、100:0.1:0.3:1.3:1.0の質量比で混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に試験セルを作製した。
負極の作製において、添加剤である硫酸ナトリウムを用いず、負極活物質と、カーボンナノチューブ(導電剤)と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムと、スチレンブタジエンゴムとを、100:0.3:1.3:1.0の質量比で混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に試験セルを作製した。
負極の作製において、負極活物質と、硫酸ナトリウム(添加剤)と、カーボンナノチューブ(導電剤)と、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムと、スチレンブタジエンゴムとを、100:0.3:0.3:1.3:1.0の質量比で混合したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に試験セルを作製した。
試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.3Cの定電流で電池電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流で充電した後、0.3Cの定電流で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。この初回の充電容量及び初回の放電容量を測定し、以下の式により、初回の充放電効率を求めた。
表1に、各実施例及び比較例における初回の充放電効率の評価結果を示す。但し、表1の評価結果は、比較例1の初回の充放電効率を基準とし、その他の実施例及び比較例の初回の充放電効率を、上記基準に対する増加率で示した。増加率が正の場合には、初回の充放電効率の低下が抑制されたことを示している。
11 正極
12 負極
13 セパレータ
14 電極体
15 電池ケース
16 ケース本体
17 封口体
18,19 絶縁板
20 正極リード
21 負極リード
22 張り出し部
23 フィルタ
24 下弁体
25 絶縁部材
26 上弁体
27 キャップ
28 ガスケット
Claims (10)
- 負極活物質と、添加剤と、導電剤とを含む負極合剤を備えた二次電池用負極であって、
前記負極活物質はSi含有材料を含み、前記添加剤はアルカリ金属硫酸塩を含み、前記導電剤は、カーボンナノチューブを含み、
前記負極合剤中の前記アルカリ金属硫酸塩の含有量は、前記負極活物質の総量に対して、0.0025質量%以上、0.1質量%以下である、二次電池用負極。 - 前記アルカリ金属硫酸塩は、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸リチウム及び硫酸カリウムから選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1に記載の二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極合剤中の前記カーボンナノチューブの含有量は、前記負極活物質の総量に対して、0.01質量%以上、1.0質量%以下である、請求項1又は2に記載の二次電池用負極。
- 前記カーボンナノチューブの最外周径は、0.5nm以上、20nm以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極。
- 前記カーボンナノチューブの繊維長は、500nm以上、200μm以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極。
- 前記Si含有材料は、リチウムイオン導電相と、前記リチウムイオン導電相に分散しているSi粒子と、を含み、
前記リチウムイオン導電相は、ケイ素酸化物相、シリケート相及び炭素相から選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極。 - 前記シリケート相は、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、ルビジウム、セシウム、フランシウム、ベリリウム、マグネシウム、カルシウム、ストロンチウム、バリウム、ラジウムから選択される少なくとも1種の元素E1を含む、請求項6に記載の二次電池用負極。
- 前記シリケート相は、ジルコニウム、ニオブ、タンタル、ランタン、バナジウム、チタン、リン、ビスマス、亜鉛、錫、鉛、アンチモン、コバルト、フッ素、タングステン、アルミニウム、ホウ素から選択される少なくとも1種の元素E2を含む、請求項7に記載の二次電池用負極。
- 前記アルカリ金属硫酸塩は、前記負極活物質上より前記カーボンナノチューブ上に多く偏在している、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極と、正極と、非水電解液と、を備える、二次電池。
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| CN115398679A (zh) | 2022-11-25 |
| JP7780733B2 (ja) | 2025-12-05 |
| EP4131463A4 (en) | 2023-10-25 |
| CN115398679B (zh) | 2025-10-31 |
| US20230109890A1 (en) | 2023-04-13 |
| JPWO2021192575A1 (ja) | 2021-09-30 |
| EP4131463A1 (en) | 2023-02-08 |
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