WO2024189252A1 - 2-hidroxi-octadecen-9-cis-oato para uso en el tratamiento de patologías oncológicas y del dolor neuropático - Google Patents
2-hidroxi-octadecen-9-cis-oato para uso en el tratamiento de patologías oncológicas y del dolor neuropático Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
- A61K31/201—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids having one or two double bonds, e.g. oleic, linoleic acids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate (HOCO), a monounsaturated fatty acid derivative hydroxylated at the alpha carbon, its salts or esters, for the treatment of oncological pathologies of the central nervous system and related pathologies and for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by said oncological pathologies, by their treatment with antitumor agents, chemotherapeutic agents, as well as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, neuropathic pain after nerve or spinal cord injury, by fibromyalgia or hepatitis.
- HOCO 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate
- Lipids ingested in the diet can regulate the lipid composition of cell membranes. These changes in the lipid composition of membranes also influence cell signalling, which can lead to the development of diseases or, alternatively, reverse them, as well as prevent them. Similarly, therapeutic, nutraceutical or pharmacological interventions aimed at regulating membrane lipid levels can prevent and reverse (cure) pathological processes. It is now known that cell membranes are related to multiple cellular processes. On the one hand, they support proteins involved in cell signalling that regulate important organic parameters.
- This signalling mediated by numerous hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, etc., activates membrane proteins (receptors), which propagate the received signal to the cell interior through other proteins (peripheral membrane proteins), some of which are also located in the membrane. Since (1) these systems function as amplification cascades and (2) membrane lipids can regulate the localization and function of such peripheral proteins (plasma membrane or inner membrane or cytoplasm, active or inactive), the lipid composition of membranes can have an important impact on cell functionality. In particular, the interaction of certain peripheral proteins, such as G proteins, protein kinase C, Ras protein, etc., with the cell membrane depends on the lipid composition of the cell membrane.
- the lipid composition of the membranes can have a significant impact on cell function.
- the composition of cell membranes is influenced by the type and amount of lipids ingested. This suggests that lipid intake can regulate the lipid composition of membranes, which in turn can control the interaction (and thus the activity) of important cell signaling proteins.
- studies have been conducted showing the therapeutic activity of 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate (HOCO), an alpha-hydroxylated monounsaturated fatty acid derivative, in the treatment of various diseases. There are patients suffering from various types of cancer with poor prognosis with unmet medical needs.
- HOCO 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate
- pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester refers to a salt or ester of a compound that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound from which it is derived.
- maintenance treatment or “maintenance therapy” refers to a therapeutic treatment administered as an adjunct to a primary or main treatment or therapy, for the purpose of either preventing or delaying the recurrence of a disease, which has completely or partially remitted after treatment with a primary treatment or therapy, or to slow the development of a disease after completion of treatment with a primary therapy.
- effective amount or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a drug that provides a therapeutic effect without providing unacceptable toxic effects in the patient.
- the effective amount or dose of the drug depends on the compound and the condition or disease treated and on, for example, the age, weight and clinical condition of the patient treated, the route of administration, the patient's medical history, the severity of the disease and the potency of the compound administered.
- the term “RANO” (Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology) refers to the response evaluation criteria in neuro-oncology, which are used in clinical trials and in clinical practice (Brandsma and van den Bent).
- RECIST Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors refers to the evaluation criteria in solid tumors, which are used in patients with primary and/or metastatic cancer or recurrent metastatic disease (Lencioni et al.).
- PR Partial Response
- SD Stable Disease
- AE adverse Event
- NCI-CTCAE (from the English “National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events”) refers to the common terminology criteria for adverse events of the National Cancer Institute of the United States.
- the problem of the state of the art is to provide a compound for use in the treatment of various types of cancer with poor prognosis and/or short life expectancy and in the treatment of neuropathic pain, caused by diabetic peripheral neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, spinal cord injury, chemotherapeutic agent, antitumor agent, cancer, fibromyalgia or hepatitis.
- the present invention provides a solution to said technical problem.
- the present invention provides the compound 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for use in the treatment of a pathology.
- oncologic selected from the group consisting of glioblastoma, astrocytoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodengroglioma, ependymoma, xanthoastrocytoma, medulloblastoma, low grade glioma, grade 3 glioma, pontine glioma, ependymal tumor, subependymoma, gliomatosis cerebri, embryonal tumor, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, cranial and spinal nerve tumor, mixed neuro-glial tumor, pituitary tumor, germ cell tumor, meningeal tumor,
- the present invention also provides the use of the compound 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an oncological pathology selected from the group consisting of glioblastoma, astrocytoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodengroglioma, ependymoma, xanthoastrocytoma, medulloblastoma, low grade glioma, grade 3 glioma, pontine glioma, ependymal tumor, subependymoma, gliomatosis cerebri, embryonal tumor, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, cranial and spinal nerves, mixed neuro-glial tumor, pituitary tumor, germ cell tumor, men
- the present invention further provides a method of treating an oncological pathology selected from the group consisting of glioblastoma, astrocytoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodengroglioma, ependymoma, xanthoastrocytoma, medulloblastoma, low grade glioma, grade 3 glioma, pontine glioma, ependymal tumor, subependymoma, gliomatosis cerebri, embryonal tumor, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, cranial and spinal nerve tumor, mixed neuro-glial tumor, pituitary tumor, germ cell tumor, meninges tumor, meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, hemangioblastoma, choroid plexus tumor, choroid
- HOCOS sodium salt of HOCO
- the compound was shown to be safe and effective against these types of cancer (Example 1).
- Brain tumors have different molecular and cellular characteristics, so their treatment varies depending on the type of tumor.
- it has been shown that brain tumors Pediatric brain tumors differ from tumors in adults, mainly from a molecular point of view, so their treatment is different from that applied to adult patients.
- Astrocytomas come from connective cells called astrocytes. They are the most common intra-axial primary tumors. It is the most common type of glioma. Ependymomas develop from ependymal cells that line the ventricles. They represent 2% of all brain tumors. They are the most common in children. Oligodendrogliomas form from oligodendrocytes, the supporting cells of the brain. They represent between 1% and 2% of all brain tumors. They are more common in adults.
- Glioblastoma is an astrocytoma that develops in the brain, cerebellum or spinal cord. Glioblastomas account for about 15% of all brain tumors. As such, they are one of the most common types of primary brain tumors. Glioblastomas can affect people of any age, but are more common in adults. Glioblastomas are very aggressive, grow rapidly, and can spread throughout the brain. They rarely spread outside the brain. Because of these characteristics, glioblastoma can be very difficult to treat and is usually not curable. The average overall survival (OS) for patients with glioblastoma is about 14 months with the current standard treatment of radiation and temozolomide, a treatment that has not changed in the past 20 years.
- OS overall survival
- glioblastomas were considered high-grade (III and IV) gliomas, defined by genetic and epigenetic alterations.
- Grade IV glioblastomas may have several mutations.
- the type of grade IV glioblastoma with the native isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzyme is the most aggressive and there are currently no effective treatments against this subtype of glioblastoma.
- the oncological pathology is selected from the group consisting of oligoastrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodengroglioma, ependymoma, xanthoastrocytoma, medulloblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, pontine glioma, ependymal tumor, subependymoma, gliomatosis cerebri, embryonal tumor, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, cranial and spinal nerve tumor, mixed neuro-glial tumor, pituitary tumor, germ cell tumor, meningeal tumor, meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, hemangioblastoma, choroid plexus tumor, choroid plexus papilloma, pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, mesothelioma, ple
- the glioblastoma is grade IV glioblastoma multiforme with native isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzyme.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention is for use in the treatment of grade IV glioblastoma multiforme with native IDH in a subject having methylation of the methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT) gene promoter.
- the salt is the sodium salt.
- the ester is methyl ester or ethyl ester.
- the compound, salt or ester is administered orally.
- the compound, salt or ester is administered in a dose selected from the group consisting of 500 mg/day, 1000 mg/day, 1050 mg/day, 2000 mg/day, 2100 mg/day, 3150 mg/day, 4000 mg/day, 4200 mg/day, 6000 mg/day, 6300 mg/day 8000 mg/day, 10000 mg/day, 12000 mg/day, 12600 mg/day, 14000 mg/day and 16000 mg/day.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention is administered in a dose of 2100 mg/day or 12000 mg/day.
- the compound, salt or ester is administered in two doses per day, in doses selected from the group consisting of 250 mg, 500 mg, 1000 mg, 2000 mg, 4000 mg, 6000 mg and 8000 mg. In embodiments of the invention, the compound, salt or ester is administered in three doses per day, in doses selected from the group consisting of 1050 mg, 2100 mg, 4000 mg and 4200 mg. In embodiments of the invention, the compound, salt or ester is administered in a dose of 2100 mg/day in three doses per day of 700 mg each. In embodiments of the invention, the compound, salt or ester is administered in a dose of 12000 mg/day in three doses per day of 400 mg each.
- the compound, salt or ester is used as a first line treatment.
- the first line treatment comprises 4 week cycles, wherein each cycle comprises administering the compound, salt or ester daily for the first three weeks of each cycle and wherein during the fourth week no treatment is administered.
- the compound, salt or ester is used as a pre- or post-surgical treatment to reduce the size of a tumor.
- the subject receiving the treatment has been previously treated with at least one and up to five different lines of chemotherapy treatment.
- the compound, salt or ester is used as a maintenance treatment.
- the maintenance treatment comprises 4-week cycles, wherein each cycle comprises administering the compound, salt or ester daily for the first three weeks of each cycle and wherein during the fourth week no treatment is administered.
- each cycle comprises administering the compound, salt or ester daily for the first three weeks of each cycle and wherein during the fourth week no treatment is administered.
- the first-line treatment of HOCOS combined with radiotherapy and temozolomide was investigated in newly diagnosed patients with grade IV glioblastoma multiforme with native IDH. (Example 2).
- the treatment of various types of cancer with HOCOS, in combination with various chemotherapeutic agents, was investigated in cell line trials (Example 3).
- the treatment comprises: - a chemoradiotherapy phase lasting 6 to 7 weeks, comprising administering radiotherapy daily, 5 days per week; administering a second chemotherapeutic agent at a daily dose of 75 mg/m 2 from the first day of radiotherapy; and administering the compound, salt or ester at a dose of 12000 mg/day for 4 weeks starting from week 3 after the start of radiotherapy; - a 4-week treatment rest period; - a maintenance period of 6 cycles of 4 weeks, in which each cycle comprises administering the second chemotherapeutic agent at a daily dose of 150-200 mg/m 2 , the first five days of each cycle; administering the compound, salt or ester at a dose of 12000 mg/day for the first three weeks of each cycle and in which during the fourth week no treatment is administered; and - a monotherapy phase of 4-week cycles, in which each cycle comprises administering the compound, salt or ester at a dose of 12000 mg/day for the first
- the treatment comprises: - a chemoradiotherapy phase lasting 6 to 7 weeks, comprising administering radiotherapy daily, 5 days per week; administering temozolomide at a daily dose of 75 mg/m 2 from the first day of radiotherapy; and administering HOCOS at a dose of 12000 mg/day for 4 weeks starting from week 3 from the start of radiotherapy; - a treatment rest period of 4 weeks; - a maintenance period of 6 cycles of 4 weeks, wherein each cycle comprises administering temozolomide at a daily dose of 150-200 mg/m 2 , the first five days of each cycle; administering HOCOS at a dose of 12000 mg/day for the first three weeks of each cycle and wherein no treatment is administered during the fourth week; and - a chemoradiotherapy phase lasting 6 to 7 weeks, comprising administering radiotherapy daily, 5 days per week; administering temozolomide at a daily dose of 75 mg/m 2 from the first day of radiotherapy; and administering HOCOS at a dose of 12000
- radiotherapy is administered at a daily dose of 2 Gy.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention is for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in combination with a second chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of temozolomide, thiamine, gemcitabine, fluorouracil, oxyplatin, irinotecan, etoposide, imatinib, folfirinox, erlotinib and cisplatin.
- the compound, salt or ester for use of the invention is for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in combination with temozolomide, in the treatment of glioblastoma.
- the glioblastoma is native HDI grade IV glioblastoma multiforme.
- the invention also provides the compound 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, which is administered in a dose of 500 mg/day to 16000 mg/day.
- Neuropathic pain is not conventional pain activated by specific analgesic pain receptors, characteristic of cuts, blows, burns and the like.
- Neuropathic pain can be caused by several types of events including neuronal injury, injury to nerves of the central and/or peripheral nervous system, a chemotherapeutic agent, an antitumor agent, cancer, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia and hepatitis. Most patients suffering from this type of neuropathic pain are treated with various very potent and toxic medications, with very modest therapeutic results.
- An example is spinal cord injury, which has been shown to be resistant to treatment with opioids, a family of drugs usually very potent for other types of pain (Rodgers et al.).
- the present invention also provides the use of the compound 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
- the present invention additionally provides a method of treating neuropathic pain comprising administering an effective amount of the compound 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, to a subject.
- the neuropathic pain is caused by a neuronal injury or by an injury to nerves of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
- the neuronal injury is a spinal cord injury.
- the neuropathic pain is caused by a cause selected from the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic agent, an antitumor agent and cancer.
- the antitumor agent is an alkaloid. More preferably, the alkaloid is vincristine.
- the neuropathic pain is caused by a cause selected from the group consisting of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, spinal cord injury, chemotherapeutic agent, antitumor agent, cancer, fibromyalgia and hepatitis.
- the compound, salt or ester for use of the invention in the treatment of neuropathic pain is administered in a dose selected from the group consisting of 500 mg/day, 1000 mg/day, 1050 mg/day, 2000 mg/day, 2100 mg/day, 3150 mg/day, 4000 mg/day, 4200 mg/day, 6000 mg/day, 6300 mg/day, 8000 mg/day, 10000 mg/day, 12000 mg/day, 12600 mg/day, 14000 mg/day and 16000 mg/day.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention is administered in a dose of 2100 mg/day or 4200 mg/day.
- the neuropathic pain is caused by a cause selected from the group consisting of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia and hepatitis.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention is for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in combination with at least one other active ingredient selected from the group consisting of pregabalin, an opioid analgesic, a steroidal analgesic, a non-steroidal analgesic, a cannabinoid analgesic, an anticonvulsant, an anxiolytic, an anesthetic and an antidepressant.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention is for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in combination with at least one other active ingredient selected from the group consisting of lamotrigine, omeprazole, phenoxypentanoic acid, metformin, ibuprofen, dulcolax, alprazolam, diazepam, baclofen, macrogol, duloxetine, levofloxacin, gabapentin, ceftriaxone, enoxaparin, pantoprazole, paracetamol, ipratropium bromide, acetylcysteine, metoclopramide, metamizole, teicoplanin, desketoprofen, oxybutynin, meropenem, beclomethasone dipropionate, formoterol fumarate, atorvastatin, calcifediol, paroxetine, cyanocobalamin, clonazepam, amlodipine,
- the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, for use in the treatment of an oncological pathology, selected from the group consisting of glioblastoma, astrocytoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodengroglioma, ependymoma, xanthoastrocytoma, medulloblastoma, low-grade glioma, grade 3 glioma, pontine glioma, ependymal tumor, subependymoma, gliomatosis cerebri, embryonal tumor, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, cranial and spinal nerve
- the oncological pathology is selected from the group consisting of oligoastrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodengroglioma, ependymoma, xanthoastrocytoma, medulloblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, pontine glioma, ependymal tumor, subependymoma, gliomatosis cerebri, embryonal tumor, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, cranial and spinal nerve tumor, mixed neuro-glial tumor, pituitary tumor, germ cell tumor, meninges tumor, meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, hemangioblastoma, choroid plexus tumor, choroid plexus papilloma, pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, mesothelioma, pleural mesotheli
- lung small cell lung cancer, rectal cancer, rectosigmoid junction cancer, metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma, metastatic sigmoid adenocarcinoma of the colon, metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma, urachal fistula cancer, urachal adenocarcinoma, endometrial cancer, neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer, chondrosarcoma of the uterus, adenocarcinoma of the cecum, adenocarcinoma of the bladder, esophageal cancer, and metastatic small cell esophageal cancer.
- the glioblastoma is grade IV glioblastoma multiforme with native isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzyme.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is for use in the treatment of grade IV glioblastoma multiforme with native IDH in a subject having methylation of the methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT) gene promoter.
- the salt is the sodium salt (HOCOS).
- the ester is methyl ester or ethyl ester.
- the compound, salt or ester is administered in a dose selected from the group consisting of 500 mg/day, 1000 mg/day, 1050 mg/day, 2000 mg/day, 2100 mg/day, 3150 mg/day, 4000 mg/day, 4200 mg/day, 6000 mg/day, 6300 mg/day, 8000 mg/day, 10000 mg/day, 12000 mg/day, 12600 mg/day, 14000 mg/day and 16000 mg/day.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention is administered in a dose of 2100 mg/day or 12000 mg/day.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises a second chemotherapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of temozolomide, thiamine, gemcitabine, fluorouracil, oxyplatin, irinotecan, etoposide, imatinib, folfirinox, erlotinib and cisplatin.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises temozolomide, for use in the treatment of glioblastoma.
- the glioblastoma is native IDH grade IV glioblastoma multiforme.
- the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound 2-hydroxy-octadecen-9-cis-oate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, for use in the treatment of neuropathic pain, wherein the compound, salt or ester is administered in a dose of 500 mg/day to 16000 mg/day.
- the neuropathic pain is caused by a neuronal injury or by an injury to nerves of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
- the neuronal injury is a spinal cord injury.
- the neuropathic pain is caused by a cause selected from the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic agent, an antitumor agent and cancer.
- the antitumor agent is an alkaloid. More preferably, the alkaloid is vincristine.
- the neuropathic pain is caused by a cause selected from the group consisting of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia and hepatitis.
- the compound, salt or ester is administered in a dose selected from the group consisting of 500 mg/day, 1000 mg/day, 1050 mg/day, 2000 mg/day, 2100 mg/day, 4000 mg/day, 4200 mg/day, 6000 mg/day, 8000 mg/day, 10000 mg/day, 12000 mg/day, 14000 mg/day and 16000 mg/day.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention is administered in a dose of 2100 mg/day or 4200 mg/day.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises at least one other active ingredient selected from the group consisting of pregabalin, an opioid analgesic, a steroidal analgesic, a non-steroidal analgesic, a cannabinoid analgesic, an anticonvulsant, an anxiolytic, an anesthetic and an antidepressant.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises at least one other active ingredient selected from the group consisting of lamotrigine, omeprazole, phenoxypentanoic acid, metformin, ibuprofen, dulcolax, alprazolam, diazepam, baclofen, macrogol, duloxetine, levofloxacin, gabapentin, ceftriaxone, enoxaparin, pantoprazole, paracetamol, ipratropium bromide, acetylcysteine, metoclopramide, metamizole, teicoplanin, desketoprofen, oxybutynin, meropenem, beclomethasone dipropionate, formoterol fumarate, atorvastatin, calcifediol, paroxetine, cyanocobalamin, clonazepam, amlodipine, trazodone, flurazepam,
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises 1 to 20% (w/w) of an antioxidant, 0.01 to 10% (w/w) of a sweetener, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of a gelling agent and 0.01 to 10% (w/w) of a flavoring, the sum of the percentages of all the ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition (including the active ingredient(s)) being 100% (w/w).
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises 20 to 80% (w/w) of a diluent, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of an antioxidant, 0.01 to 10% (w/w) of a sweetener, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of a gelling agent and 0.01 to 10% (w/w) of a flavoring, the sum of the percentages of all the ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition (including the active ingredient(s)) being 100% (w/w).
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be in the form of a gastro-resistant composition to prevent degradation of its components by the low pH of the gastric environment.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier includes, without limitation, diluents, antioxidants, sweeteners, gelling agents, flavorings, fillers or other vehicles, such as colloidal anhydrous silica and glyceryl monostearate.
- the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a capsule, powder, tablet, emulsion, suspension, solution or any other pharmaceutical form, packaged in a blister, bottle, a paper, polyester, polyethylene and/or aluminum sachet, or any other type of container.
- conventional techniques for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions may be used.
- the compound, salt or ester of the invention may be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which may be in the form of an ampoule, capsule, a sachet, paper, polyester, polyethylene and/or aluminum, or any other type of container.
- a carrier When the carrier is a diluent, it may be a solid, semi-solid or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, excipient or medium for the active compound.
- Suitable diluents are water, saline solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, polyhydroxyethoxylated castor oil, peanut oil, olive oil, lactose, terra alba, sucrose, cyclodextrin, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, gum acacia, stearic acid or lower alkyl ethers of cellulose, silicic acid, fatty acids, fatty acid amines, mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids, pentaerythritol fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene, hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- the carrier or diluent may include any sustained release material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or mixed with a wax.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also include wetting agents, antioxidants, emulsifying and suspending agents, preservative agents, sweetening agents and flavoring agents.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be formulated so as to provide rapid, sustained or delayed release of the compounds disclosed herein after administration to the patient using methods well known in the art.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be a solid composition or a liquid solution.
- composition of the invention may be sterilized and mixed, if desired, with auxiliary agents, emulsifiers, salt to influence osmotic pressure, buffers and/or coloring substances and the like, which do not react detrimentally with the compounds disclosed hereinbefore.
- auxiliary agents emulsifiers, salt to influence osmotic pressure, buffers and/or coloring substances and the like, which do not react detrimentally with the compounds disclosed hereinbefore.
- auxiliary agents emulsifiers, salt to influence osmotic pressure, buffers and/or coloring substances and the like, which do not react detrimentally with the compounds disclosed hereinbefore.
- FIGURES Figure 1 Pharmacokinetic profile of HOCOS at different doses.
- the graphs represent log [HOCOS] (ng/ml) of serum in patients after administration of the first dose on the first day of treatment (day 1, black) and the steady state after 21 days of treatment (day 21, grey) at doses of 500 mg/day (bid), 1000 mg/day (bid), 2000 mg/day (bid), 4000 mg/day (bid), 8000 mg/day (bid), 12000 mg/day (tid) and 16000 mg/day (bid), orally.
- HOCOS log [HOCOS] (ng/ml) of serum in patients after administration of the first dose on the first day of treatment (day 1, black) and the steady state after 21 days of treatment (day 21, grey) at doses of 500 mg/day (bid), 1000 mg/day (bid), 2000 mg/day (bid), 4000 mg/day (bid), 8000 mg/day (bid), 12000 mg/day (tid) and 16000 mg/day (bid), orally.
- A Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of a patient with glioblastoma, showing tumor size at the start of treatment (images in the first column from the left) and progression over time with HOCOS alone (phase I/II clinical study), at 4 months (images in the second column from the left), 9 months (images in the third column from the left), 21 months (images in the fourth column from the left), and 32 months (images in the fifth column from the left).
- the tumor appears as the white area within the white circle amid normal neural tissue (gray).
- the patient showed sustained tumor regression (according to RANO criteria) over three years on HOCOS monotherapy 500 mg orally twice daily (1000 milligrams per day, po, bid).
- Transverse (top scans) and sagittal brain images (bottom scans) of the MRI show the reduction of glioblastoma (inside the white circle) throughout the treatment period of HOCOS monotherapy.
- B Effect of HOCOS (black dots) on a murine model (immunodeficient mice) of human pancreatic cancer (MIAPaCa-2 cells). The image shows how the treatment decreases the growth rate of pancreatic cancer compared to the control (white dots).
- the gray bars show the survival in patients treated with the current standard of care (SoC), consisting of radiotherapy for 6 weeks and temozolomide for 6 months
- the white bars show the survival in the clinical study with the current standard of care plus HOCOS or placebo (approximately 50% of each concomitant treatment with temozolomide for 6 months and monotherapy thereafter)
- the black bars are the extrapolation of the survival of patients treated with HOCOS plus standard of care, considering that in the clinical study patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio between the groups treated with HOCOS and placebo.
- other medications mentioned in the present invention were administered to patients during treatment.
- Figure 5 Safety and efficacy of HOCOS in the treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury.
- AE adverse event
- Medical investigators determined whether or not the AEs were related to the treatment.
- V5-V4 was analyzed, which should have been positive in all cases, since an increase in pain is expected when stopping treatment, either due to the drug or the placebo effect.
- Graph B shows the pain values (VAS) in patients who received 0.0 (placebo), 1050, 2100 or 4200 milligrams daily of HOCOS.
- C Since the sensation of neuropathic pain can fluctuate over time, it can be reduced and even disappear naturally, a pain assessment was carried out after the end of the treatment period of the study (V5). The study lasted approximately 6 months between screening and V5 and it was observed that some patients showed a continuous trend in their pain reduction that continued after finishing treatment (between V4 and V5).
- HOCOS efficacy as measured on thermal hyperalgesia by the tail flick test against vincristine-induced neuropathic pain.
- A Animals were first treated with 0.0 (control), 0.5, 0.75, or 1 mg/kg vincristine (cumulative dose over 10 days). Vincristine is a drug used in cancer chemotherapy and is associated with the development of neuropathic pain. The same animals were then treated orally with saline solution (0 mg/kg HOCOS) or with HOCOS (400 mg/kg) for 28 days. The latency time in the indicated animal groups was measured after 28 days of treatment. HOCOS was shown to increase latency time in the tail flick study, which is interpreted as a reduction in neuropathic pain.
- Tumors were assessed at baseline and every other treatment cycle until disease progression according to RANO criteria for glioblastomas, gliomas, and other nervous system tumors, or RECIST 1.1 for solid tumors in other tissues and organs. Patients aged 18 years or older with histologically or cytologically confirmed advanced solid tumors, including glioblastomas, and various types of high-grade gliomas refractory to standard therapy, or for which there is no standard therapy (Table 2) who had been previously treated with more than one (up to five) different lines of cancer therapy and were no longer responding to conventional therapies were included.
- Table 2 standard therapy
- glioma In the glioma cohort, patients with grade 3 or 4 malignant gliomas that had relapsed or progressed after standard first- or second-line therapy were included, with progressive disease defined according to RANO criteria. Key exclusion criteria included receipt of anticancer therapy within four weeks prior to treatment start (six weeks for mitomycin and nitrosureas and two weeks for palliative radiotherapy and surgery); unresolved NCI-CTCAE grade >1 from prior anticancer therapy; gastrointestinal dysfunction that could alter drug absorption; history of hyperlipidemia and/or need for lipid-lowering therapy; significant uncontrolled cardiovascular disease; and recent intracranial or intratumoral hemorrhage on CT or MRI.
- HOCOS was administered as a dry powder accompanied by a series of excipients (Table 1), in polyester, aluminum and low-density polystyrene sachets, and was reconstituted as an oral suspension in water between 30 minutes and 2 hours after a meal in 21-day cycles.
- the suspension contained the amount of HOCOS and the excipients indicated in Table 1 for the different dose levels.
- HOCOS formulations for the treatment of cancer HOCOS dose 0 g 0.125 g 0.25 g 0.5 g 1 g 2 g 3 g 4 g (placebo) HOCOS compound 0.000 0.125 0.250 0.500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Cellulose 4.0 3.875 3.750 3.500 3,000 2,000 1,000 - microcrystalline Mannitol 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 3.680 Citric acid 0.011 0.015 0.030 0.060 0.115 0.225 0.330 0.350 Sucralose 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 Xanthan Gum 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 Mango Flavor 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
- Dose cohort escalation decisions were also based on a clinical review of all relevant data available from the contemporaneous dose cohorts and previous.
- the maximum administered dose was defined as the dose level at which a DLT was observed during the treatment cycle in more than 33% of evaluable patients, and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined as the highest dose level below the previous one.
- Treatment was continued until clinical or radiological disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal of consent, or investigator decision. Treatment schedule modifications, dose delays of up to 14 days, and up to 2 dose reductions for toxicity were permitted.
- the efficacy analysis population included all patients who received at least 80% or more of the doses administered in Cycle 1 and who underwent at least one on-study tumor assessment. Responses were summarized descriptively using frequency distributions. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Six-month progression-free survival (PFS, i.e., the percentage of patients alive and progression-free at 180 days after the start of treatment) was also determined.
- the pharmacokinetic analysis population included patients who received HOCOS and provided at least one blood sample for evaluable pharmacokinetics before and after dosing.
- Pharmacokinetic parameters were summarized using descriptive statistics. Individual and mean concentration versus time profiles were presented on a linear and logarithmic scale. A power model was used to test for dose proportionality. Results Fifty-four patients were treated at 5 investigational sites in the United Kingdom and Spain (Table 2). No patients withdrew due to an adverse event (AE) or a serious adverse event (SAE) in either the dose-escalation or expansion phase of the study. Thirty-two patients (15 with glioblastoma/glioma and 17 with other advanced solid tumors) were treated in the first 7 cohorts and were included in the dose-escalation phase (500 mg/day up to 16,000 mg/day) of the study.
- AE adverse event
- SAE serious adverse event
- GFAP plasma brain astroglial cell-specific protein
- HOCOS monotherapy demonstrated promising antitumor activity in patients with high-grade (grade 3) glioma and glioblastoma (grade 4) and other cancers.
- Patients with glioblastoma, glioma, and other cancers experienced PR or SD according to RANO criteria, with clinical benefit lasting more than 6 months in 5 patients, including one patient with pretreated but unresponsive grade IV glioblastoma who experienced a response lasting more than 3 years ( Figure 3A).
- the 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate in the glioma population was 18.5%, which is surprising for this type of patient, who are unresponsive to any treatment when their disease is progressing and whose death usually occurs within a few months of recurrence.
- the encouraging clinical response observed in a population with such a poor prognosis and with clear unmet medical needs supports the therapeutic efficacy of this product.
- Table 2 Patients treated in the clinical study with HOCOS monotherapy Code Dose Pathology No. of cycles No.
- FIG. 3B The antitumor effect of HOCOS on the growth of human pancreatic cancer (MIAPaCa-2 cells) in immunosuppressed mice is shown.
- pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive type of cancer, with a high mortality rate and a very short life expectancy.
- patients with distant pancreatic cancer have a 5-year survival rate of 3%. This survival rate is somewhat higher in patients with regional pancreatic cancer (16%), with localized cancer having the best prognosis (44% life expectancy at 5 years).
- Inclusion criteria Patients with glioblastoma/glioma and other types of tumors were included in this phase I/II clinical study. These patients were administered HOCOS as monotherapy at the doses indicated in Table 2. The criteria for inclusion of these patients were as follows: - Able and willing to give written informed consent. - Male or female patients ⁇ 18 years of age. - With a histologically or cytologically confirmed advanced solid neoplasm that is refractory to standard therapy or for which there is no standard therapy.
- Inclusion criteria for patients with neurologic tumors A diagnosis of glioblastoma, grade 3 or 4 malignant glioma, or similar neurologic tumors, that come back (relapse) or progress after standard first-, second-, or later-line therapy. - Truly progressive disease, confirmed according to RANO criteria. - A life expectancy of at least 12 weeks. - ECOG performance status of 0-2. - Able to swallow and take oral medications. - Ability to undergo adequate tumor imaging, by CT or MRI, to assess disease progression.
- - Hematologic values at screening/baseline hemoglobin ⁇ 90 g/L (9 g/dL) or 5.6 mmol/L, absolute neutrophil count ⁇ 1.5 x 10 9 /L, platelets ⁇ 100 x 10 9 /L.
- - Coagulation values at screening/baseline International Normalized Ratio (INR) ⁇ 1.5, partial thromboplastin time (PTT) ⁇ 2 x upper limit of normal (ULN).
- non-childbearing potential defined as >2 years after last menstrual period or surgically sterile
- female patients of childbearing potential with a negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days prior to the first dose of HOCOS or within 14 days followed by a confirmatory negative urine pregnancy test within 7 days prior to the first dose of HOCOS, and who are (or if male and not surgically sterile, whose partner is using) effective non-hormonal contraception (non-hormonal intrauterine contraceptive device, barrier method of contraception together with spermicidal gel).
- Example 2 First-line clinical study in newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma with HOCOS in combination with temozolomide and radiotherapy Following the good results of the phase I/II clinical study, a phase II/III study was conducted in newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma. This clinical study was conducted in a double-blind, placebo-controlled format. For this purpose, 27 patients were included.
- Phase 2 Subjecting the patient to chemoradiotherapy lasting between 6 to 7 weeks, which includes the administration of radiotherapy at daily fractions of 2 Gy, 5 days per week; temozolomide at a dose of 75 mg/m 2 per day administered concomitantly with radiotherapy; HOCOS at a dose of 12,000 mg/day or placebo.
- Phase 3. A 4-week washout period where radiotherapy, HOCOS, and temozolomide are discontinued.
- Phase 4. A 6-cycle maintenance period, where each cycle lasts 4 weeks and each cycle consists of temozolomide (150-200 mg/m 2 ) and HOCOS (12,000 mg/day) or placebo daily for the first 3 weeks of each cycle followed by 7 days of no treatment for each cycle. Phase 5.
- HOCOS HOCOS
- placebo placebo daily for the first 3 weeks of each cycle followed by a 7-day no treatment washout, where such cycles continue on an ongoing basis as maintenance therapy until tumor progression according to RANO criteria.
- the clinical trial conducted was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-arm parallel study (1:1 ratio), to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HOCOS sodium salt versus placebo in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (grade IV glioma) and native IDH.
- patients received standard treatment (temozolomide and radiotherapy) together with different drugs cited in the present invention and were randomized to receive placebo (arm A) or a dose of 12000 mg/day of HOCOS (arm B).
- Figure 4A shows the overall survival (OS) of the patients participating in the study performed in the present invention (black bars: HOCOS+temozolomide combination), compared with the survival of the standard treatment (SoC, gray bars: temozolomide only).
- OS overall survival
- SoC standard treatment
- temozolomide only the overall survival of patients in the mixed population treated with temozolomide plus HOCOS or placebo is much higher (60%, 44% and 36% survival at 17, 28 and 36 months from diagnosis, respectively) than that of standard treatment with temozolomide as chemotherapy alone (38%, 9.4% and 1.4% survival at 17, 28 and 36 months after diagnosis, respectively).
- %MIN is the percentage of patients with survival (PFS or OS, as the case may be) in the mixed population of patients treated and not treated with HOCOS in the study of the present invention
- %SoC is the percentage of patients that appears in the studies performed with the standard treatment (only temozolomide)
- %HOCOS is the percentage of patients with survival (PFS or OS, as appropriate) that would occur if all patients with glioblastoma multiforme grade IV with native IDH were treated with HOCOS (plus temozolomide and the drugs cited in the present invention).
- %HOCOS is the only unknown.
- the %MIN data are obtained from the present study and the %SoC data were obtained from the literature (meta-analysis with all studies performed in patients with glioblastoma and treated with temozolomide).
- This calculation which indicates the therapeutic potential of HOCOS, clearly demonstrates the therapeutic benefit of this compound, since the survival rates, i.e. the OS and PFS values, at 36 months were 70.6% and 15.7% for HOCOS+temozolomide and only 1.4% and 0.35% for temozolomide alone ( Figure 4).
- HOCOS produces a marked and significant increase in the life expectancy of patients with grade IV glioblastoma with native IDH and that its combined use with temozolomide can save many lives. Furthermore, its oral administration and absence of adverse effects mean that HOCOS can be administered permanently as the only antitumor maintenance therapy, whereas temozolomide can only be administered for 6 months due to its toxicity.
- Example 3 Tests in cell lines with HOCOS in combination with other compounds in the treatment of various types of cancer In addition to the monotherapy treatments, both in humans and in human cancer cells and experimental animals shown in Figure 2A, Figure 2B and in Figure 3A and Figure 3B, the combinatorial treatments between HOCOS and other compounds extend beyond what is shown in Figure 4. This is possible for 2 reasons.
- HOCOS is a very harmless compound (low toxicity) and there is no risk of increasing the important and dangerous adverse effects of other antitumor drugs.
- the second is that the mechanism of action of HOCOS is totally different from that of other drugs and, therefore, its effects may be additive.
- human glioblastoma cells of the lines U118, SNB19, SF268, human mesothelioma cells NCI-H2021 and pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3 (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) and MIAPaCa-2 (neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer) were cultured in the absence or presence of different chemotherapeutic agents and combinations of HOCOS with said compounds.
- the compounds used for this study were temozolomide, thiamine, gemcitabine, fluorouracil, oxyplatin, irinotecan, etoposide, imatinib, folfirinox, erlotinib and cisplatin.
- the results obtained show that the combination of HOCOS with temozolomide is about 3 times more potent than HOCOS alone (Table 3).
- all the combinations used had a antitumor potency superior to that of a single drug, both on glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer.
- HOCOS is a compound without toxicity at therapeutic doses and with a mechanism of action different from other antitumor drugs that increases their potency, it can be used in combination therapies together with other drugs for the treatment of glioblastoma or other types of cancer.
- the aim of the study was to demonstrate the pharmacological safety (absence of toxicity) and pharmacological efficacy against neuropathic pain in patients with nerve injury.
- the mean neuropathic pain of the patients who participated in the research was between 7 and 8, with 10 being considered the maximum pain that can be experienced and 0 the absence of pain, according to the VAS scale. Therefore, this is a population with a chronic high pain.
- patients were randomly segregated (double blind) into 4 groups.
- HOCOS was administered in tablets at doses of 0 (placebo), 1050, 2100 or 4200 milligrams per day (in 3 doses and by oral administration) and neuropathic pain was recorded according to the VAS scale as a measure of efficacy.
- the composition of said tablets is described in Table 4. Table 4.
- composition of HOCOS tablets for the treatment of neuropathic pain QUANTITY PER PLACEBO COMPONENTS TABLET QUANTITY (mg) (mg) Active ingredient (AHO) 350.0 0.0 Microcrystalline cellulose 331.0 681.0 Mannitol 255.0 255.0 Hydroxypropylcellulose SSL 24.0 24.0 Croscarmellose sodium 60.0 60.0 Sodium glycolate (starch) 60.0 60.0 Hydroxypropylcellulose LH11 60.0 60.0 Sodium lauryl sulphate 12.0 12.0 Ascorbic acid 30.0 30.0 Sodium stearyl fumarate 18.0 18.0 Pure water qs qs Total weight of the base tablet 1200 mg 1200 mg Coating: Opadry® amb II 88A18002 White Polyvinyl Alcohol-Parc.
- V2 and V3 and V4 were held, respectively, to assess the efficacy of the treatment and take blood samples. From V4 onwards, the medication was suspended and a visit was held after one month without treatment (V5). Therefore, V5 was a visit in which an increase in the level of pain was expected in all patients, both in those in whom the treatment worked and they stopped taking the product, and in those patients who had a placebo effect. At all visits, screening and V1 to V5, pain was measured using the VAS scale (Table 5). Table 5.
- HOCOS Neuropathic pain data (VAS scale) in patients with spinal cord injury Measurement of HOCOS Adverse Events
- P w/AE adverse events per patient
- placebo 1 adverse event per patient on placebo
- 0.5 adverse events per patient on HOCOS Figure 5A
- treatment-attributable adverse events were also greater in patients receiving placebo (0.44 placebo-related adverse events per patient, P w/RTAE) compared to those receiving HOCOS (0.08 HOCOS-related adverse events per patient, P w/RTAE) at the optimal dose (2100 milligrams per day).
- HOCOS is safe (nontoxic) and also protects against general health problems and/or problems resulting from other medications cited in this invention in patients with spinal cord injury. Therefore, these data indicate that HOCOS has a positive effect on the general health of patients with spinal cord injury (paraplegia and tetraplegia).
- HOCOS his or her pain
- VAS scale which consists of a straight line with the ends defining “no pain” (0 on the scale) and the “worst possible pain” (10 on the scale) (Haefeli and Elfering). The patient is asked to mark the intensity of his or her pain between these two points. Scales ranging in length from 5 to 20 cm have been used, although the best results have been obtained with lengths of 10 to 15 cm.
- HOCOS is effective in treating neuropathic pain. It is very important to consider that all the patients in this study were treated with pregabalin and other medications, which only partially alleviated the pain. The reduction observed in patients due to treatment with HOCOS is significant (up to 3 points on the VAS scale), and also occurs in addition to the effect of pregabalin and the other drugs. Since HOCOS has a different mechanism of action than other compounds, it can induce this effect both alone and in combination with other drugs.
- HOCOS can be effective as monotherapy or combination therapy with pregabalin, opioids, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, anesthetics, antidepressants, etc.
- pregabalin opioids, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, anesthetics, antidepressants, etc.
- HOCOS is more effective than pregabalin and, furthermore, that its effect is superimposed on that of the latter, being additive to it and to the rest of the medications mentioned in the present invention.
- the additive effect of HOCOS, together with the rest of the medications, to induce a marked reduction in neuropathic pain has several interesting considerations that should be highlighted. Firstly, this reduction is greater than that produced by the reference medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain, pregabalin (together with the rest of the medications mentioned here), which only reduces neuropathic pain by 1.2 points on the VAS scale (Cardenas et al.).
- the percentage of patients responding to pregabalin was 33% in the placebo group and 48% in the pregabalin group, with a difference of 0.82 points between these groups on the VAS scale (Cardenas et al.).
- pain reductions of 1.92 points on the VAS scale occurred between V1 and V4 for the total population.
- Censoring of patients did not result in differences in the absolute values of pain, but it did in the significance of the study according to the statistical test used (two-way ANOVA, Fisher's LSD test).
- Example 5 Efficacy of HOCOS against neuropathic pain in a rat model treated with vincristine The efficacy of HOCOS against neuropathic pain was also investigated in a rat model treated with vincristine (0.5 mg/kg to 1 mg/kg), a drug used in cancer chemotherapy and associated with the appearance of neuropathic pain.
- This model induces a peripheral neuropathy similar to that which could be observed in other types of patients, such as those with fibromyalgia, chemotherapy-related pain, post-herpetic pain or pain after diabetes or hepatitis, since it is not caused by traumatic nerve injury.
- this model is different from the spinal cord injury model and constitutes an example of the usefulness of HOCOS in other types of neuropathic pain other than nerve injuries in general, and spinal cord injury in particular.
- the level of pain was recorded using analgesimeters based on the reduction of hyperalgesia (exacerbated pain produced by mild stimuli, such as pressure with a toothpick) or allodynia (pain produced by non-painful stimuli, such as gentle pressure, the rubbing of a sheet or a finger on the skin). In this sense, 2 types of test were carried out.
- the “tail flick” allows thermal hyperalgesia to be measured and consists of applying a heat source to the tail, using a laser light beam or similar, and recording the time it takes the animal to move its tail away from the light beam. The longer the animal endures, the higher the temperature it withstands and the lower its pain threshold.
- This test is carried out by means of a laser or similar light source. The test measures the latency or period (seconds) between the onset of the stimulus in the animal and its response to it, such that lower latency values correspond to a higher level of neuropathic pain (Klazas et al.).
- HOCOS is useful to treat these types of neuropathic pain.
- the above trials and results demonstrate that HOCOS is effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain due to causes other than nerve or spinal cord injury.
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| WO2021152201A2 (es) * | 2020-01-29 | 2021-08-05 | Universitat De Les Illes Balears | Metabolitos de ácidos grasos alfa-hidroxilados, usos médicos de los mismos y uso como biomarcadores |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| AU2024235111A1 (en) | 2025-10-09 |
| KR20250152109A (ko) | 2025-10-22 |
| MX2025010171A (es) | 2025-10-01 |
| CN120857929A (zh) | 2025-10-28 |
| ES2982396A1 (es) | 2024-10-15 |
| IL323313A (en) | 2025-11-01 |
| JP2026509374A (ja) | 2026-03-18 |
| CL2025002519A1 (es) | 2025-11-14 |
| EP4663187A1 (en) | 2025-12-17 |
| AU2024235111B2 (en) | 2026-03-05 |
| US20260115161A1 (en) | 2026-04-30 |
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