WO2024248564A1 - 무선 통신 시스템에서 장치가 메시지를 전송하는 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 - Google Patents
무선 통신 시스템에서 장치가 메시지를 전송하는 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024248564A1 WO2024248564A1 PCT/KR2024/007559 KR2024007559W WO2024248564A1 WO 2024248564 A1 WO2024248564 A1 WO 2024248564A1 KR 2024007559 W KR2024007559 W KR 2024007559W WO 2024248564 A1 WO2024248564 A1 WO 2024248564A1
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- object recognition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/30—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes
- H04W4/40—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes for vehicles, e.g. vehicle-to-pedestrians [V2P]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/764—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using classification, e.g. of video objects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/70—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning
- G06V10/82—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding using pattern recognition or machine learning using neural networks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V20/00—Scenes; Scene-specific elements
- G06V20/50—Context or environment of the image
- G06V20/52—Surveillance or monitoring of activities, e.g. for recognising suspicious objects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V20/00—Scenes; Scene-specific elements
- G06V20/50—Context or environment of the image
- G06V20/56—Context or environment of the image exterior to a vehicle by using sensors mounted on the vehicle
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V20/00—Scenes; Scene-specific elements
- G06V20/50—Context or environment of the image
- G06V20/56—Context or environment of the image exterior to a vehicle by using sensors mounted on the vehicle
- G06V20/58—Recognition of moving objects or obstacles, e.g. vehicles or pedestrians; Recognition of traffic objects, e.g. traffic signs, traffic lights or roads
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/60—Control of cameras or camera modules
- H04N23/61—Control of cameras or camera modules based on recognised objects
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/73—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by influencing the exposure time
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/741—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by increasing the dynamic range of the image compared to the dynamic range of the electronic image sensors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/18—Closed-circuit television [CCTV] systems, i.e. systems in which the video signal is not broadcast
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/30—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes
- H04W4/38—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes for collecting sensor information
Definitions
- a method for transmitting a control message for controlling an image acquisition device in a wireless communication system and a device therefor are provided.
- a wireless communication system is a multiple access system that supports communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmission power, etc.).
- multiple access systems include a CDMA (code division multiple access) system, an FDMA (frequency division multiple access) system, a TDMA (time division multiple access) system, an OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) system, an SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access) system, and an MC-FDMA (multi carrier frequency division multiple access) system.
- SL refers to a communication method that establishes a direct link between user equipment (UE) to directly exchange voice or data between terminals without going through a base station (BS).
- UE user equipment
- BS base station
- SL is being considered as a solution to solve the burden on base stations due to rapidly increasing data traffic.
- V2X vehicle-to-everything refers to a communication technology that exchanges information with other vehicles, pedestrians, and objects with built-in infrastructure through wired/wireless communication.
- V2X can be divided into four types: V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle), V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure), V2N (vehicle-to-network), and V2P (vehicle-to-pedestrian).
- V2X communication can be provided through the PC5 interface and/or the Uu interface.
- Figure 1 is a diagram for explaining and comparing V2X communication based on RAT before NR and V2X communication based on NR.
- V2X messages may include location information, dynamic information, attribute information, etc.
- a terminal may transmit a CAM of a periodic message type and/or a DENM of an event triggered message type to another terminal.
- 5G NR is a new clean-slate type mobile communication system that is the successor technology to LTE-A and has the characteristics of high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR can utilize all available spectrum resources, from low frequency bands below 1 GHz to intermediate frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and high frequency (millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz.
- FIG. 2 shows the structure of an applicable LTE system. This may be called an Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), or a Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-A system.
- E-UTRAN Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- LTE-A Long Term Evolution
- Base stations (20) can be connected to each other through the X2 interface.
- the base station (20) is connected to an EPC (Evolved Packet Core, 30) through the S1 interface, more specifically, to an MME (Mobility Management Entity) through the S1-MME and to an S-GW (Serving Gateway) through the S1-U.
- EPC Evolved Packet Core, 30
- MME Mobility Management Entity
- S-GW Serving Gateway
- EPC (30) consists of MME, S-GW, and P-GW (Packet Data Network-Gateway).
- MME has terminal connection information or terminal capability information, and this information is mainly used for terminal mobility management.
- S-GW is a gateway with E-UTRAN as an end point
- P-GW is a gateway with PDN as an end point.
- Figure 3 shows the structure of the NR system.
- the NG-RAN may include a gNB and/or an eNB that provides user plane and control plane protocol termination to the UE.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a case where only a gNB is included.
- the gNB and the eNB are connected to each other via an Xn interface.
- the gNB and the eNB are connected to a 5th generation core network (5G Core Network: 5GC) via an NG interface. More specifically, they are connected to an access and mobility management function (AMF) via an NG-C interface, and to a user plane function (UPF) via an NG-U interface.
- AMF access and mobility management function
- UPF user plane function
- Figure 4 shows the structure of a radio frame of NR.
- a radio frame can be used in uplink and downlink transmission in NR.
- a radio frame has a length of 10 ms and can be defined as two 5 ms half-frames (Half-Frames, HF).
- a half-frame can include five 1 ms subframes (Subframes, SF).
- a subframe can be divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots in a subframe can be determined according to the subcarrier spacing (SCS).
- SCS subcarrier spacing
- Each slot can include 12 or 14 OFDM (A) symbols according to the cyclic prefix (CP).
- each slot can include 14 symbols.
- each slot can include 12 symbols.
- the symbols can include OFDM symbols (or CP-OFDM symbols), SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - FDMA) symbols (or DFT-s-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM) symbols).
- Table 1 illustrates the number of symbols per slot ((N slot symb ), the number of slots per frame ((N frame,u slot )) and the number of slots per subframe ((N subframe,u slot ) ) depending on the SCS setting (u) when normal CP is used.
- Table 2 illustrates the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe according to SCS when extended CP is used.
- OFDM(A) numerology e.g., SCS, CP length, etc.
- OFDM(A) numerology e.g., SCS, CP length, etc.
- the (absolute time) section of a time resource e.g., subframe, slot, or TTI
- TU Time Unit
- multiple numerologies or SCS can be supported to support various 5G services. For example, when the SCS is 15 kHz, wide area in traditional cellular bands can be supported, and when the SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz, dense-urban, lower latency and wider carrier bandwidth can be supported. When the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth greater than 24.25 GHz can be supported to overcome phase noise.
- the NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges.
- the two types of frequency ranges can be FR1 and FR2.
- the numerical value of the frequency range can be changed, and for example, the two types of frequency ranges can be as shown in Table 3 below.
- FR1 can mean "sub 6GHz range”
- FR2 can mean “above 6GHz range” and can be called millimeter wave (mmW).
- mmW millimeter wave
- FR1 can include a band of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz as shown in Table 4 below. That is, FR1 can include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher.
- the frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher included in FR1 can include an unlicensed band.
- the unlicensed band can be used for various purposes, for example, it can be used for communication for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).
- Figure 5 shows the slot structure of an NR frame.
- a slot includes multiple symbols in the time domain.
- one slot may include 14 symbols, but in the case of an extended CP, one slot may include 12 symbols.
- one slot may include 7 symbols, but in the case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6 symbols.
- a carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain.
- An RB Resource Block
- An RB Resource Block
- a BWP Bandwidth Part
- P Physical Resource Block
- a carrier can include at most N (for example, 5) BWPs.
- Data communication can be performed through activated BWPs.
- Each element can be referred to as a Resource Element (RE) in the resource grid, and one complex symbol can be mapped.
- RE Resource Element
- the wireless interface between terminals or between terminals and a network may be composed of an L1 layer, an L2 layer, and an L3 layer.
- the L1 layer may mean a physical layer.
- the L2 layer may mean at least one of a MAC layer, an RLC layer, a PDCP layer, and an SDAP layer.
- the L3 layer may mean an RRC layer.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the embodiment of FIG. 6 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
- New network characteristics in 6G could include:
- AI can be applied at each stage of the communication process (or at each stage of signal processing, as described below).
- High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communications is one of the functions of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.
- AI Artificial Intelligence: Introducing AI into communications can simplify and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use a lot of analytics to determine how complex target tasks are performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays. Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a significant role in M2M, machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. AI can also be a rapid communication in Brain Computer Interface (BCI). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.
- BCI Brain Computer Interface
- THz waves also known as sub-millimeter waves, generally refer to the frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm.
- the 100 GHz–300 GHz band range (Sub THz band) is considered to be the main part of the THz band for cellular communications. Adding the Sub THz band to the mmWave band will increase the capacity of 6G cellular communications.
- 300 GHz–3 THz is in the far infrared (IR) frequency band.
- the 300 GHz–3 THz band is part of the optical band but is at the boundary of the optical band, just behind the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz–3 THz band shows similarities with RF.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an electromagnetic spectrum according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the embodiment of FIG. 7 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
- Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates, and (ii) high path loss at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are indispensable).
- the narrow beam width generated by the highly directional antenna reduces interference.
- the small wavelength of THz signals allows a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and BSs operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array techniques to overcome range limitations.
- FSO backhaul network Free space optical transmission backhaul network
- UAVs or drones will be a crucial element in 6G wireless communications.
- high-speed data wireless connectivity can be provided using UAV technology.
- the base station (BS) entity can be installed on the UAV to provide cellular connectivity.
- UAVs may have certain features not found in fixed BS infrastructure such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and freedom of movement with controlled mobility.
- BS base station
- UAVs may have certain features not found in fixed BS infrastructure such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and freedom of movement with controlled mobility.
- UAVs can easily handle such situations.
- UAVs will be a new paradigm in wireless communications. This technology facilitates three basic requirements of wireless networks namely eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC.
- UAVs can also support several purposes such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and
- V2X vehicle to everything
- V2I vehicle to infrastructure
- NTN may represent a network or network segment that uses RF (radio frequency) resources mounted on a satellite (or unmanned aerial system (UAS) platform).
- FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a transparent payload, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a typical scenario of an NTN based on a regenerative payload, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 8 or FIG. 9 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
- a satellite (or UAS platform) may create a service link with a UE.
- the satellite (or UAS platform) may be connected to a gateway via a feeder link.
- the satellite may be connected to a data network via the gateway.
- a beam footprint may mean an area where a signal transmitted by a satellite can be received.
- a satellite (or UAS platform) can create a service link with a UE.
- a satellite (or UAS platform) associated with a UE can be associated with another satellite (or UAS platform) via an inter-satellite link (ISL).
- the other satellite (or UAS platform) can be associated with a gateway via a feeder link.
- a satellite can be associated with a data network via another satellite and a gateway based on a regenerative payload. If there is no ISL between a satellite and another satellite, a feeder link between the satellite and the gateway may be required.
- a satellite (or UAS platform) can implement a transparent or regenerative (with on board processing) payload.
- a satellite (or UAS platform) may generate multiple beams over a given service area depending on the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform).
- the field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) may vary depending on the onboard antenna diagram and the minimum elevation angle.
- a transparent payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Thus, the waveform signal repeated by the payload may not be altered.
- a regenerative payload may include radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation/decoding, switching and/or routing, and coding/modulation.
- a regenerative payload may be substantially identical to onboarding all or part of a base station function onto the satellite (or UAS platform).
- Wireless sensing is a technology that uses radio frequencies to obtain information about the environment and/or the characteristics of objects in the environment by detecting the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (range), etc. of an object. Since the radio frequency sensing function does not require a connection to the object through a device in the network, it can provide a service for object positioning without a device. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can provide a wide range of new functions such as various object detection, object recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), and high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition.
- object recognition e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs
- Wireless sensing services can provide information to various industries (e.g., unmanned aerial vehicles, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.) that enable applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, health and traffic management, etc.
- wireless sensing can use non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, camera) to additionally support 3GPP-based sensing.
- non-3GPP type sensors e.g., radar, camera
- the operation of a wireless sensing service i.e., a sensing operation, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering processing of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing may provide an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from a communication network to a wireless communication and sensing network.
- FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a sensing operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the embodiment of FIG. 10 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, (a) of FIG. 10 illustrates an example of sensing using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter at the same location (e.g., monostatic sensing), and (b) of FIG. 10 illustrates an example of sensing using a separated sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter (e.g., bistatic sensing).
- Figure 11 shows a radio protocol architecture for SL communication. Specifically, Figure 11 (a) shows a user plane protocol stack of NR, and Figure 11 (b) shows a control plane protocol stack of NR.
- SL synchronization signal Sidelink Synchronization Signal, SLSS
- SLSS Segment Synchronization Signal
- SLSS is an SL-specific sequence and may include a Primary Sidelink Synchronization Signal (PSSS) and a Secondary Sidelink Synchronization Signal (SSSS).
- PSSS Primary Sidelink Synchronization Signal
- SSSS Secondary Sidelink Synchronization Signal
- the PSSS may be referred to as a Sidelink Primary Synchronization Signal (S-PSS)
- S-SSS Sidelink Secondary Synchronization Signal
- S-SSS Sidelink Secondary Synchronization Signal
- length-127 M-sequences may be used for the S-PSS
- length-127 Gold sequences may be used for the S-SSS.
- a terminal may detect an initial signal (signal detection) and acquire synchronization using the S-PSS.
- the terminal may acquire detailed synchronization and detect a synchronization signal ID using the S-PSS and the S-SSS.
- PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel
- PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel
- the basic information may be information related to SLSS, duplex mode (DM), TDD UL/DL (Time Division Duplex Uplink/Downlink) configuration, resource pool related information, type of application related to SLSS, subframe offset, broadcast information, etc.
- the payload size of PSBCH may be 56 bits including a 24-bit CRC.
- S-PSS, S-SSS and PSBCH may be included in a block format supporting periodic transmission (e.g., SL SS (Synchronization Signal)/PSBCH block, hereinafter referred to as S-SSB (Sidelink-Synchronization Signal Block)).
- the S-SSB may have the same numerology (i.e., SCS and CP length) as the PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control Channel)/PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel) in a carrier, and a transmission bandwidth may be within a (pre-)configured SL BWP (Sidelink BWP).
- the bandwidth of the S-SSB may be 11 RB (Resource Block).
- the PSBCH may span 11 RBs.
- the frequency location of the S-SSB may be (pre-)configured. Therefore, the terminal does not need to perform hypothesis detection in frequency to discover the S-SSB in the carrier.
- the transmitting terminal may transmit one or more S-SSBs to a receiving terminal within one S-SSB transmission period according to the SCS.
- the number of S-SSBs that the transmitting terminal transmits to the receiving terminal within one S-SSB transmission period may be pre-configured or configured for the transmitting terminal.
- the S-SSB transmission period may be 160 ms.
- an S-SSB transmission period of 160 ms may be supported for all SCSs.
- the transmitting terminal can transmit one or two S-SSBs to the receiving terminal within one S-SSB transmission period.
- the transmitting terminal can transmit one or two S-SSBs to the receiving terminal within one S-SSB transmission period.
- the transmitting terminal can transmit one, two, or four S-SSBs to the receiving terminal within one S-SSB transmission period.
- the transmitting terminal can transmit 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 S-SSBs to the receiving terminal within one S-SSB transmission period.
- the transmitting terminal can transmit 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 S-SSBs to the receiving terminal within one S-SSB transmission period.
- the structure of the S-SSB transmitted by the transmitting terminal to the receiving terminal may be different depending on the CP type.
- the CP type may be Normal CP (NCP) or Extended CP (ECP).
- NCP Normal CP
- ECP Extended CP
- the number of symbols to which the PSBCH is mapped in the S-SSB transmitted by the transmitting terminal may be 9 or 8.
- the number of symbols to which the PSBCH is mapped in the S-SSB transmitted by the transmitting terminal may be 7 or 6.
- the PSBCH may be mapped to the first symbol in the S-SSB transmitted by the transmitting terminal.
- the receiving terminal receiving the S-SSB may perform an AGC (Automatic Gain Control) operation in the first symbol section of the S-SSB.
- AGC Automatic Gain Control
- Figure 12 shows a terminal performing V2X or SL communication.
- terminal in V2X or SL communication may mainly mean a user's terminal.
- a network device such as a base station transmits and receives a signal according to a communication method between terminals
- the base station may also be considered a type of terminal.
- terminal 1 may be a first device (100)
- terminal 2 may be a second device (200).
- terminal 1 can select a resource unit corresponding to a specific resource within a resource pool, which means a set of a series of resources. Then, terminal 1 can transmit an SL signal using the resource unit.
- terminal 2 which is a receiving terminal, can be configured with a resource pool in which terminal 1 can transmit a signal, and can detect a signal of terminal 1 within the resource pool.
- terminal 1 if terminal 1 is within the connection range of the base station, the base station can inform terminal 1 of the resource pool. On the other hand, if terminal 1 is outside the connection range of the base station, another terminal can inform terminal 1 of the resource pool, or terminal 1 can use a pre-configured resource pool.
- a resource pool can be composed of multiple resource units, and each terminal can select one or multiple resource units to use for its SL signal transmission.
- Figure 13 shows resource units for V2X or SL communication.
- the entire frequency resources of the resource pool can be divided into NF units, and the entire time resources of the resource pool can be divided into NT units. Accordingly, a total of NF * NT resource units can be defined within the resource pool.
- Fig. 13 shows an example in which the resource pool repeats with a period of NT subframes.
- one resource unit (e.g., Unit #0) may appear repeatedly periodically. Or, in order to obtain a diversity effect in the time or frequency dimension, the index of the physical resource unit to which one logical resource unit is mapped may change in a pre-determined pattern over time.
- a resource pool may mean a set of resource units that a terminal that wishes to transmit an SL signal can use for transmission.
- Resource pools can be subdivided into several types. For example, depending on the content of the SL signal transmitted from each resource pool, resource pools can be divided as follows.
- SA Scheduling Assignment
- MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
- MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
- TA Timing Advance
- SA may also be transmitted multiplexed with SL data on the same resource unit, and in this case, the SA resource pool may mean a resource pool in which SA is multiplexed with SL data and transmitted. SA may also be called an SL control channel.
- SL data channel Physical Sidelink Shared Channel, PSSCH
- PSSCH Physical Sidelink Shared Channel
- SL data channel may be a resource pool used by a transmitting terminal to transmit user data. If SA is multiplexed and transmitted together with SL data on the same resource unit, only SL data channels excluding SA information may be transmitted in the resource pool for the SL data channel. In other words, REs (Resource Elements) used to transmit SA information on individual resource units within the SA resource pool may still be used to transmit SL data in the resource pool of the SL data channel.
- a transmitting terminal may transmit PSSCH by mapping it to consecutive PRBs.
- the discovery channel may be a resource pool for transmitting terminals to transmit information such as their IDs. Through this, the transmitting terminals can enable adjacent terminals to discover themselves.
- different resource pools may be used depending on the transmission/reception properties of the SL signal. For example, even when it is the same SL data channel or discovery message, it may be again divided into different resource pools depending on the transmission timing determination method of the SL signal (for example, whether it is transmitted at the time of reception of a synchronization reference signal or whether it is transmitted by applying a certain timing advance at the time of reception), the resource allocation method (for example, whether the base station designates transmission resources of individual signals to individual transmitting terminals or whether individual transmitting terminals select individual signal transmission resources on their own within the resource pool), the signal format (for example, the number of symbols that each SL signal occupies in one subframe or the number of subframes used for transmission of one SL signal), the signal strength from the base station, the transmission power strength of the SL terminal, etc.
- the transmission timing determination method of the SL signal for example, whether it is transmitted at the time of reception of a synchronization reference signal or whether it is transmitted by applying a certain timing advance at the time of reception
- FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a BWP according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the embodiment of FIG. 14 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In the embodiment of FIG. 14, it is assumed that there are three BWPs.
- a common resource block may be a carrier resource block numbered from one end of a carrier band to the other end.
- a PRB may be a numbered resource block within each BWP.
- Point A may indicate a common reference point for a resource block grid.
- the BWP can be set by a point A, an offset from point A (NstartBWP) and a bandwidth (NsizeBWP).
- point A can be an outer reference point of PRBs of a carrier where subcarrier 0 of all nucleos (e.g., all nucleosides supported by the network on that carrier) is aligned.
- the offset can be the PRB spacing between the lowest subcarrier in a given nucleometry and point A.
- the bandwidth can be the number of PRBs in a given nucleometry.
- SLSS Sidelink Synchronization Signal
- S-PSS Sidelink Primary Synchronization Signal
- S-SSS Sidelink Secondary Synchronization Signal
- length-127 M-sequences may be used for S-PSS
- length-127 Gold sequences may be used for S-SSS.
- a terminal may detect an initial signal (signal detection) and obtain synchronization using S-PSS.
- the terminal can obtain detailed synchronization using S-PSS and S-SSS and detect a synchronization signal ID.
- PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel
- PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel
- the basic information may be information related to SLSS, duplex mode (DM), TDD UL/DL (Time Division Duplex Uplink/Downlink) configuration, resource pool related information, type of application related to SLSS, subframe offset, broadcast information, etc.
- the payload size of PSBCH may be 56 bits including a 24-bit CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check).
- S-PSS, S-SSS and PSBCH may be included in a block format supporting periodic transmission (e.g., SL SS (Synchronization Signal)/PSBCH block, hereinafter referred to as S-SSB (Sidelink-Synchronization Signal Block)).
- the S-SSB may have the same numerology (i.e., SCS and CP length) as the PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control Channel)/PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel) in a carrier, and a transmission bandwidth may be within a (pre-)configured SL BWP (Sidelink BWP).
- the bandwidth of the S-SSB may be 11 RB (Resource Block).
- the PSBCH may span 11 RBs.
- the frequency location of the S-SSB may be (pre-)configured. Therefore, the terminal does not need to perform hypothesis detection in frequency to discover the S-SSB in the carrier.
- FIG. 15 illustrates a procedure for a terminal to perform V2X or SL communication according to a resource allocation mode according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the embodiment of FIG. 15 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
- the base station can schedule SL resources to be used by the terminal for SL transmission.
- the base station can transmit information related to SL resources and/or information related to UL resources to the first terminal.
- the UL resources can include PUCCH resources and/or PUSCH resources.
- the UL resources can be resources for reporting SL HARQ feedback to the base station.
- the first terminal may receive information related to a DG (dynamic grant) resource and/or information related to a CG (configured grant) resource from the base station.
- the CG resource may include a CG type 1 resource or a CG type 2 resource.
- the DG resource may be a resource that the base station configures/allocates to the first terminal via DCI (downlink control information).
- the CG resource may be a (periodic) resource that the base station configures/allocates to the first terminal via DCI and/or an RRC message.
- the base station may transmit an RRC message including information related to the CG resource to the first terminal.
- the base station may transmit an RRC message including information related to the CG resource to the first terminal, and the base station may transmit DCI related to activation or release of the CG resource to the first terminal.
- the first terminal may transmit a PSCCH (e.g., Sidelink Control Information (SCI) or 1st-stage SCI) to the second terminal based on the resource scheduling.
- a PSCCH e.g., Sidelink Control Information (SCI) or 1st-stage SCI
- the first terminal may transmit a PSSCH (e.g., 2nd-stage SCI, MAC PDU, data, etc.) related to the PSCCH to the second terminal.
- the first terminal may receive a PSFCH related to the PSCCH/PSSCH from the second terminal.
- HARQ feedback information e.g., NACK information or ACK information
- the first terminal may transmit/report HARQ feedback information to the base station via PUCCH or PUSCH.
- the HARQ feedback information reported to the base station may be information generated by the first terminal based on the HARQ feedback information received from the second terminal.
- the HARQ feedback information reported to the base station may be information generated by the first terminal based on a rule set in advance.
- the DCI may be DCI for scheduling of SL.
- the terminal can determine SL transmission resources within SL resources set by the base station/network or preset SL resources.
- the set SL resources or preset SL resources may be a resource pool.
- the terminal can autonomously select or schedule resources for SL transmission.
- the terminal can perform SL communication by selecting resources by itself within the set resource pool.
- the terminal can select resources by itself within a selection window by performing sensing and resource (re)selection procedures.
- the sensing can be performed on a subchannel basis.
- the first terminal that has selected resources by itself within the resource pool can transmit PSCCH (e.g., SCI (Sidelink Control Information) or 1st-stage SCI) to the second terminal using the resources.
- PSCCH e.g., SCI (Sidelink Control Information) or 1st-stage SCI
- the first terminal can transmit a PSSCH (e.g., 2nd-stage SCI, MAC PDU, data, etc.) related to the PSCCH to the second terminal.
- the first terminal can receive a PSFCH related to the PSCCH/PSSCH from the second terminal.
- the first terminal may transmit an SCI to the second terminal on the PSCCH.
- the first terminal may transmit two consecutive SCIs (e.g., 2-stage SCIs) to the second terminal on the PSCCH and/or the PSSCH.
- the second terminal may decode the two consecutive SCIs (e.g., 2-stage SCIs) to receive the PSSCH from the first terminal.
- the SCI transmitted on the PSCCH may be referred to as a 1st SCI, a 1st SCI, a 1st-stage SCI, or a 1st-stage SCI format
- the SCI transmitted on the PSSCH may be referred to as a 2nd SCI, a 2nd SCI, a 2nd-stage SCI, or a 2nd-stage SCI format.
- the first terminal can receive the PSFCH.
- the first terminal and the second terminal can determine the PSFCH resource, and the second terminal can transmit the HARQ feedback to the first terminal using the PSFCH resource.
- the first terminal may transmit SL HARQ feedback to the base station through PUCCH and/or PUSCH.
- PSCCH can be defined as a physical control channel for terminal-to-terminal communication
- PSSCH can be defined as a physical data channel or physical shared channel for terminal-to-terminal communication
- PSFCH can be defined as a terminal-to-terminal physical feedback transmission channel.
- V2X service plays a major role in ensuring safety including collision prevention and controlling efficient traffic flow by allowing road users (vehicles, RSUs, pedestrians, etc.) to transmit their status information (location, speed, size, etc.) or environmental information (map, signal information, etc.) to surrounding road users through communication.
- road users vehicles, RSUs, pedestrians, etc.
- status information location, speed, size, etc.
- environmental information map, signal information, etc.
- infrastructure-based services based on Roadside Unit can help traffic safety by detecting and predicting collisions by generating, transmitting, and relaying ITS messages between Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) and vehicles.
- RSU can adopt AI functions to improve the quality of object detection and predict collisions in order to perform camera-based solutions.
- RSU can relatively accurately detect the locations of VRUs or objects that are not connected (by PC5 or Uu link).
- connection to the network based on RSU has a structure of camera (or image capture module) - AI sensor (AI sensing module) - analyzer (sensing data analysis module) - message generator (message generation module), and MEC (Multi-access Edge Computing) and cloud can be appropriately utilized depending on the processing complexity of object recognition.
- AI sensor AI sensing module
- analyzer sensing data analysis module
- message generator message generator
- MEC Multi-access Edge Computing
- object recognition is a technology that automatically detects and recognizes a specific object in a digital image as one of the computer vision technologies.
- the object recognition technology that can be used in typical ITS is a deep learning-based object recognition technology (e.g., DNN, Yolo (You Only Look Once)), which inputs an image into an artificial neural network model, extracts features from the image, and performs object recognition and classification based on the features of the extracted image.
- the deep learning-based object recognition technology may include an object detection technology that detects an object in an input image and an object classification technology that classifies the detected object.
- the two technologies can also be processed by grouping them into a logical unit. Each technology is described in detail as follows.
- - Input image is input to an artificial neural network model (trained to detect objects in images) ->
- the artificial neural network model extracts features from the input image ->
- the artificial neural network model uses the extracted features to create a bounding box for the area in the image where the object is likely to be ->
- the extracted image is input to an artificial neural network model (trained to classify the type of object) ->
- the input image is classified to predict the type of object detected.
- YOLO You Only Look Once
- YOLO is a deep learning-based model for object detection that can predict the location and class of an object in real time by processing an image with a single forward propagation.
- YOLO divides the input image into multiple grids and can detect an object by predicting multiple bounding boxes and class probabilities in each grid cell.
- Such diverse object recognition technologies can play an important role in recognizing objects included in ITS and supporting V2X services.
- object recognition technologies with real-time processing speed and accuracy can be important in the fields of V2X, ITS, and autonomous driving.
- the above-described existing object recognition technology/algorithm may cause the following object recognition errors.
- the following errors may be errors caused by the characteristics of the image acquisition device, such as a camera that acquires the image.
- Small object recognition error Object recognition algorithms are mainly good at recognizing large objects, but are more likely to have recognition errors for small objects.
- the recognition rate for small objects may vary depending on the altitude or height of the camera that acquires the image.
- the brightness or contrast of an object may change depending on the lighting conditions or the environment of the shooting location.
- the object recognition rate based on the object recognition algorithm may be significantly reduced. For example, if the road is dark at dawn, the object recognition rate may be significantly reduced.
- Distortion or deformation may occur in the image due to the object's moving speed or weather conditions such as fog.
- the object recognition rate based on the object recognition algorithm may be significantly reduced.
- an image of an object moving at a fast speed may be distorted by a blur phenomenon due to insufficient shutter speed of the image acquisition device or a mismatch between shutter timing and speed. Such distortion may significantly reduce the object recognition rate in the image.
- the correction function of the image acquisition device e.g., CCTV or camera
- this correction may not be a correction that reflects the road conditions, but a correction to match the linear correction of the image acquisition device itself.
- This improvement algorithm technology is not directly linked to the object recognition technology of the object recognition algorithm, and may be a technology that operates independently.
- CCTV as a current image acquisition device, has a limitation in that it cannot be directly used to improve the recognition rate of object recognition because it uses continuous computing power without optimization with a static setting, which reduces efficiency.
- the proposed invention can generate configuration parameters for image correction and/or control of an image acquisition device based on specific trigger conditions, and can operate internally in a restful manner according to a connected interface structure, or can generate messages through an external MEC or cloud and transmit them to the reference architecture connection structures(s).
- the proposed invention can adaptively acquire and process images by reflecting image processing requirements contained in the configuration/control parameters or generated messages by generating new modules of a video capturing module, a post-processing module, and a configuration manager module of the reference architecture.
- the proposed invention can control the image acquisition device to acquire an image suitable for the road environment/road situation through the above-mentioned setting parameters, and input the acquired image into an AI sensor/AI model to greatly improve the object recognition rate, and by acquiring an image itself optimized for object recognition, the operation of additional correction/filtering for the image can be omitted/minimized, and accordingly, the computing power consumption for object recognition can be greatly reduced.
- Figure 16 is a diagram illustrating an architecture capable of processing and acquiring adaptive sensing images.
- the reference architecture may include an AI sensing module (310), a sensor data analysis module (320), a message generation module (330), an application module (340), and an infrastructure operation module (400).
- the AI sensing module (310) may include, that is, a learned AI-based object recognition model (or AI model) for object recognition/object classification.
- the reference architecture may further include proposed new modules, such as an image capturing module (210), an image post-processing module (220), and an image configuration manager module (100).
- the newly proposed image capture module (210), image post-processing module (220), and settings management module (100) can operate based on the satisfaction of at least one of the following trigger conditions.
- the reliability or criterion significant value of the algorithm can be recognition accuracy, recognition precision, recall, F1 score (harmonic mean of precision and recall), etc.
- the recognition accuracy can be the number of objects (correctly) recognized from the image by the AI model / the total number of objects (number of recognizable objects).
- active configuration parameter input may be provided when a specific road condition/road environment such as a traffic jam (determined by vehicle speed), a road condition by time zone (e.g., rush hour), or operation of a variable signal (a traffic light that turns on in the evening) is present.
- a specific road condition/road environment such as a traffic jam (determined by vehicle speed), a road condition by time zone (e.g., rush hour), or operation of a variable signal (a traffic light that turns on in the evening) is present.
- the sensor data analysis module (320) and/or the infrastructure operation module (400) may transmit/input a message including the active configuration parameter described above or information related thereto to the configuration management module (100).
- the configuration management module (100) may perform an operation for controlling the image capture module (210)/image post-processing module (220) based on the message.
- the setting management module (100) can generate a control parameter for controlling the image capture module (210) or a message including the control parameter if at least one of the above-described triggering conditions is satisfied.
- the setting management module (100) can provide the generated control parameter to the image capture module (210)/image post-processing module (220) to adjust/control parameters related to acquisition of an image or adjust parameters related to performing post-processing on an image.
- the setting management module (100) can control the image characteristics itself acquired from the image capture module (210)/image post-processing module (220) to be suitable for the road conditions.
- each of the above-described modules is described in detail. Meanwhile, each module is intended to be divided into logical units, and the functions/operations described below can be implemented as functions at the RSU level, MEC level, and Cloud level.
- the image capture module (210) may be an image acquisition device (camera, CCTV).
- the image capture module (210) may acquire/capture raw data for an image that has gone through a general OETF (Optical Electronic Transfer Function), and may transfer the raw data for the captured/acquired image to an image post-processing module (220)/AI sensing module (230)/image encoding module (230).
- the OETF may be a conversion function defined to convert an optical input signal into an electrical output signal in an image/video system. More specifically, in the image/video system, the OETF (Optical-Electro Transfer Function) may be a conversion function used to convert an original image acquired by a camera sensor into an image in a digital format.
- the image capture module (210) can adjust/change a conversion function related to the OETF based on the control parameters received from the setting management module (100). For example, the image capture module (210) can adjust/control the conversion ratio/ratio of the electrical output signal to the optical input signal by changing the conversion function of the OETF according to the control parameters received from the setting management module (100).
- the image capture module (210) may change the capture properties of the original image by adjusting the contrast ratio based on the control parameters received from the setting management module (100).
- the image capture module (210) may adaptively change the image resolution, frame rate, and/or brightness based on the control parameters received from the setting management module (100) depending on the road conditions/environment.
- the AI sensing module (230) may include an object recognition model learned to recognize an object from an image and perform an operation of classifying the recognized object.
- the AI sensing module (230) may perform object detection and object classification using an image object recognition technology.
- object recognition may be an operation in which an AI model, which is an artificial neural network model, extracts features from an input image (based on CNN, etc.) and then designates/masks an area in which an object is recognized as an area using a bounding box.
- Object classification may be an operation in which a recognized object is predicted based on features of an internal image of the bounding box.
- the AI sensing module (230) may be learned in advance to be able to recognize objects (pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, vehicles, etc.) related to the V2X service.
- the AI sensing module (230) may generate/predict object information (speed, direction of movement, movement case, object shape, object size, etc.) for the recognized object.
- the AI sensing module (230) can output object recognition information, which is output information including recognized/classified object information.
- the AI sensing module (230) can transmit prediction results or output data regarding objects that are significant in relation to the V2X service among the detected objects (i.e., objects that need to be generated as object information about the surrounding environment in relation to the V2X service, such as pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, vehicles, etc.) to the sensor data analysis module (320).
- the AI sensing module (230) can calculate accuracy (or object recognition rate), which is a value obtained by dividing the number of correctly recognized objects (or the number of classified objects) as described above by the total number of recognized objects (or the total number of recognized/detected objects).
- the calculated object recognition rate/accuracy can be used to evaluate the performance of the object recognition/classification algorithm of the AI sensing module (230).
- the AI sensing module (230) can calculate accuracy of categories such as path prediction and hazard detection as well as object recognition/classification.
- the AI sensing module (230) can transmit output results including object information about recognized objects and/or information about the object recognition rate to the setting management module (100) and/or the sensor data analysis module (320).
- the sensor data analysis module (320) can determine whether to generate an object message including object information resulting from detection/recognition of objects related to the V2X service based on the output information/output data of the AI sensing module (230). When determining to generate an object message, the sensor data analysis module (320) can provide information on parameters related to the generation of the message and the object information to the message generation module.
- the message generation module (330) can generate a message for V2X or ITS based on the parameters and object information transmitted from the sensor data analysis module (320).
- the application module (340) can decode a message received from the message generation module (330) and provide object information, etc. included in the message to the user.
- the configuration management module (100) can determine whether to generate at least one control parameter for controlling the image capture module (210) and/or the image post-processing module (220) based on output information/output data (e.g., object recognition information) received from the AI sensing module (230) and/or the sensor data analysis module (320).
- the configuration management module (100) can transmit the generated at least one control parameter to the image capture module (210) or the image post-processing module (220).
- the setting management module (100) may trigger the generation of at least one control parameter for controlling the image capture module (210) and/or the image post-processing module (220) when the accuracy or object recognition rate included in the output information/output data is below a preset threshold.
- the object recognition information may further include cause information on a failure factor of object recognition and/or object classification.
- the cause information may include information on a failure factor of object classification, such as a blurring phenomenon due to object speed, low resolution of the image compared to the object size, increase in object density, lighting conditions, and increase in noise due to worsening weather such as snow/rain.
- the setting management module (100) may determine at least one control parameter that requires control based on the failure factor of object recognition included in the cause information.
- the setting management module (100) may generate a control parameter for increasing the frame rate or shutter speed to remove the blur phenomenon when the failure factor is a blur phenomenon.
- the setting management module (100) may generate a control parameter for dividing the image into a predetermined number of ROIs or increasing the resolution in response to an object recognition identification failure due to object density.
- the setting management module (100) may generate at least one control parameter for adjusting a tone mapping function/contrast ratio/OETF function so that more bit values can be allocated to dark portions in order to resolve an object recognition failure factor due to a decrease in lighting conditions (brightness).
- the setting management module (100) may transmit a control message including the at least one generated control parameter to the image capture module (210) and/or the image post-processing module (220), thereby controlling the image capture module (210) and/or the image post-processing module (220) to obtain an image in which the failure factor of object recognition is resolved.
- the setting management module (100) can effectively improve the object recognition rate of the AI sensing module (230) by changing the image characteristics to suit the road conditions through the above control parameters.
- the setting management module (100) may collect various road environment information (road traffic conditions, weather, time information, etc.) transmitted from the infrastructure operation module (400), and control the image capture module (210) and/or the image post-processing module (220) so that an image capable of increasing an object recognition rate may be acquired based on the collected road environment information.
- the setting management module (100) may generate at least one control parameter corresponding to the specific road condition/road environment when information on a specific road condition/road environment is input from the infrastructure operation module (400), and control the image capture module (210) and/or the image post-processing module (220) based on the generated at least one control parameter.
- the image post-processing module (220) can additionally correct an image whose characteristics are adaptively controlled according to a road environment according to the control parameters transmitted from the setting management module (100).
- the image post-processing module (220) can provide the AI sensing module (230) with the image data that has been corrected to be optimized for object recognition. For example, when the at least one control parameter is received, the image post-processing module (220) can correct the image data so that a specific area in which objects move on the road are clearly revealed in the image/image data transmitted from the image capture module (210) based on the at least one control parameter, or can perform tone mapping processing to adjust the contrast of an area in which a bounding box frequently appears in the image data.
- the image post-processing module (220) may drop the current frame from the buffer and not transmit it to the AI sensing module (230) if the amount of image change between frames is below a certain level based on the differential image between the previous frame and the current frame. In this case, computing resources and load related to AI sensing can be significantly reduced.
- the configuration management module (100) in the proposed invention may transmit the generated control parameters to another module (such as a video post-processing module or an image capture module (210)) in a restful manner, or may transmit the control parameters through a message having a specific cycle.
- another module such as a video post-processing module or an image capture module (210)
- the configuration management module (100) may generate control parameters/messages for controlling the image capture module (210) and/or the image post-processing module (220) based on the parameters defined as in Table 5.
- the messages may be messages based on message frames of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and/or the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
- Element Type remark @messageID int New message ID defined by SAE/ETSI ... ⁇ sequence> @minimumWidth Unsigned int Minimum resolution width @minimumHeight Unsigned int Minimum resolution Height @toneMapping Unsigned int Predefined tone mapping function type @transferCharacteristic Unsigned int OETF function types @minimumFrameRate Unsigned int Recommended minimum frame rate @contrast float or int Contrast adjustment ratio (0 ⁇ 100%) @brightness float or int Contrast adjustment ratio (0 ⁇ 100%) @divisionROI Unsigned int Number of divisions ⁇ sequence> @id Unsigned int id mapping from top left to right Determine ⁇ sequence> based on the number of divisionROIs @startWidth Unsigned int @startHeight Unsigned int @endWidth Unsigned int @endHeight Unsigned int @toneMapping Unsigned int @contrast float or int @bright
- @minimumWidth, @minimumHeight are parameters defined to adjust the resolution for the image capture module (or, image acquisition device such as camera, CCTV, etc.) and/or the image post-processing module.
- @minimumWidth, @minimumHeight can have values determined based on the size of the object in the image, etc.
- @minimumFrameRate is a parameter for adjusting the capturing framerate of the image, and can have a value determined based on the density of the object or the moving speed of the object.
- @contrast is a parameter for adjusting the contrast of the captured image, and can be in % units. For example, if a contrast decrease of about 0.05 is required, the value of @contrast can be set to -0.05 or 5%.
- @divisionROI may be a parameter for controlling the number of divisions of the image.
- @divisionROI may be determined based on the density of objects in the image, the location/number of unclassified objects, etc. For example, if the value of @divisionROI is 4, the image acquisition device/image capture module may divide the captured/acquired image into 4 ROIs.
- the image division may not necessarily be division at the same ratio, and the image characteristics may be additionally considered to divide the image into ROIs at an appropriate ratio.
- @divisionROI can also be used as a parameter for additional enlargement of the divided ROIs.
- Each divided ROI can have an ID defined in the right direction based on the upper left.
- @toneMapping can be a parameter for controlling RGB or YUV (Luminance Chrominance, Chrominance) values of a captured image. Based on @toneMapping, the number of bits allocated/mapped for a low-level area or a high-level area can be controlled. For example, more bits can be allocated to a specific area having a low level of an image through application of a gamma function. In this case, a dark part in the image can be expressed more clearly. For example, as defined in Table 6, a value of @toneMapping and a mapping function corresponding thereto can be defined in advance, and the setting management module (100) can determine an indication value of a tone mapping function to be indicated through a control parameter based on Table 6.
- @transferCharacteristic can be a parameter for a transfer function that changes a light/optical signal into an electrical signal as OETF information.
- @transferCharacteristic can be defined as in Table 7. For example, when a camera/image acquisition device captures an image for brightness that supports HDR (High Dynamic Range), the camera/image acquisition device can input the expression range to a specific function indicated by @transferCharacteristic to obtain an appropriate RGB output.
- HDR High Dynamic Range
- FIGS. 17 to 19 are diagrams for explaining how the settings management module controls the image capture module or the image post-processing module.
- the driving speed may increase due to less traffic on the dark road.
- object recognition in the image may be difficult due to the dark lighting and/or fast driving speed.
- the AI sensing module may perform object recognition/detection even for images with a small differential value compared to the previous frame (i.e., images that are almost identical to the previous frame), which may result in inefficient object recognition/detection.
- the setting management module can generate control parameters for controlling the contrast and tone mapping functions when the object recognition rate included in the output result/output data of the AI sensing module is below a specific threshold and the cause information related to dark lighting is included, and can provide the generated control parameters to the image capture module.
- Fig. 17 (a) illustrates an image acquired by the image capture module in an environment where object recognition is difficult due to insufficient lighting
- Fig. 17 (b) illustrates an image acquired from the image capture module controlled by the above-described control parameters.
- Object recognition may be difficult for the image in Fig. 17 (a) using a general image capture method and image processing method.
- Fig. 17 (a) illustrates an image acquired by the image capture module in an environment where object recognition is difficult due to insufficient lighting
- Fig. 17 (b) illustrates an image acquired from the image capture module controlled by the above-described control parameters.
- Object recognition may be difficult for the image in Fig. 17 (a) using a general image capture method and image processing method.
- the image capture module can acquire an image having a characteristic in which a dark part is more clearly highlighted by controlling the contrast and tone mapping functions based on the lighting environment.
- relatively accurate object recognition can be guaranteed even with the general image capture method and image processing method in the AI sensing module.
- a higher object recognition rate of the AI sensing module can be guaranteed compared to using an algorithm that only performs correction of an image already acquired.
- the setting management module can significantly increase the object recognition rate, which is degraded due to a dark environment, by generating a control parameter based on a tone mapping function.
- various tone mapping functions f(x)
- f(x) can be defined in the relationship between input(x)-output(y).
- the tone mapping function is a function based on log
- more image bits are allocated to an area corresponding to a low level than to an area corresponding to a high level, so that the (pixel) expression range for an area having a low level can be increased.
- the setting management module can additionally generate a control parameter for adjusting/controlling an appropriate contrast ratio for a dark environment to control the image capture module. In this case, an image that can be more easily recognized can be acquired, as illustrated in FIG. 17 (b).
- the setting management module may generate control parameters for controlling the frame rate (fps) and the shutter speed to remove the blur shape on the image acquired by the image capture module.
- fps frame rate
- an image capture module supporting 30 fps may acquire an image of an object running at a speed of 100 km or more (i.e., 27.78 m per second or more) at an intersection.
- the setting management module can minimize the blurring phenomenon in the image by providing the image capture module with a control parameter that adjusts the frame rate (fps) to 60fps, thereby reducing the acquisition interval of 1 frame to 1/60 second (or, the distance the object moves between frames is 0.463m).
- the AI sensing module can recognize/detect objects in real time for all input acquired/captured images.
- the image post-processing module or the image capture module may transmit only at least one frame among the multiple frames to the AI sensing module based on the amount of variation between the frames. For example, the image post-processing module or the image capture module may drop the current frame and not transmit it to the AI sensing module if the difference value between the current frame and the immediately preceding frame is the same or less than a specific threshold difference.
- a small-sized or unclassified obstacle on the road may be detected/recognized.
- the setting management module may generate a control parameter for changing the capture/image resolution to a specific level or higher and a control parameter for magnifying a specific ROI on the image.
- the specific ROI may be indicated/specified through the parameters of @startWidth, @startHeight, @endWidth, and @endHeight.
- the setting management module may transmit the generated control parameters to the image capture module and/or the image post-processing module.
- the image capture module and/or the image post-processing module may transmit/input an image obtained by capturing the specific ROI from an image with a resolution of a specific level or higher to the AI sensing module based on the control parameters.
- the AI sensing module can improve the object recognition rate by performing additional learning on obstacles that are not included in object classification based on an image with a specific ROI enlarged.
- the setting management module may apply a process of sensing a specific area by designating a specific ROI when the object recognition rate decreases.
- an embodiment may be provided in which only a specific area is simultaneously input to the AI sensing module and recognized by considering ROIs where roads and VRUs exist as analysis areas, excluding areas that do not require recognition.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating how a device transmits a control message to control an image acquisition device.
- the device can obtain object recognition information from an artificial neural network-based object recognition model that recognizes an object from an image of an image acquisition device (S201).
- the image acquisition device may acquire an image for a predetermined geographical area and transmit the image to the object recognition model.
- the object recognition model may extract features from the image, recognize objects existing in the geographical area based on the extracted features, and perform a classification operation on the recognized objects.
- the device may receive object recognition information on objects recognized in the image from the object recognition model.
- the image acquisition device may be a CCTV or a camera, including an image capture module and/or an image post-processing module described in FIGS. 16 to 19.
- the object recognition model may be an AI model included in the AI sensing module described in FIGS. 16 to 19.
- the device may include the setting management module described in FIGS. 16 to 19.
- the device may include at least one of a sensing data analysis module and a message generation module in addition to the setting management module.
- the device may be an RSU including the setting management module, the sensing data analysis module, and the message generation module.
- Object recognition information may include information (such as location, size, shape, mobility information) of objects recognized/detected in the image and/or accuracy/reliability (hereinafter, object recognition rate) for the image.
- object recognition rate may be calculated by the object recognition model based on the number of objects recognized/detected in the image and the number of classified objects, as described above.
- the device may directly calculate the object recognition rate based on the number of recognized objects and the number of classified objects included in the object recognition information.
- the object recognition rate may be calculated based on a value obtained by dividing the number of classified objects by the number of recognized objects.
- a classified object is an object for which a prediction probability higher than a predefined prediction probability is calculated, such as the type/level of the object
- an unclassified object is an object for which a prediction probability lower than a predefined prediction probability is calculated, such as the type/level of the object.
- the object recognition rate may be the number of objects having a prediction probability higher than a predefined prediction probability/the number of total recognized objects.
- the object recognition information may further include factor information regarding the cause of failure in classification of some objects among the recognized objects.
- the object recognition model may predict the existence of a specific object, but may not be able to classify the type/classification of the specific object due to brightness, object density, color of the object similar to the color of the surrounding environment, size of the object, or moving speed of the object.
- the object recognition model may generate cause information regarding the cause of failure in classification of the specific object, and further include the cause information in the object recognition information.
- the device can transmit an object message to the peripheral device based on the object information recognized from the image included in the object recognition information (S203).
- the device can select objects that need to be transmitted to the peripheral terminals/peripheral devices through a message for V2X services, etc., based on the object recognition information of the object recognition model, and transmit an object message including object information about the selected objects to the peripheral terminals/peripheral devices.
- the device can transmit the object information about the selected objects to the network or the RSU and request the network or the RSU to transmit an object message including the object information.
- the device can determine whether to generate/transmit a control message for controlling the image acquisition device based on the object recognition rate included in the object recognition information (S205). As described with reference to FIGS. 16 to 19, the device can generate at least one control parameter for controlling the image acquisition device when the object recognition rate is less than (or equal to or lower than) a preset threshold recognition rate, and transmit/transmit a control message including the generated at least one control parameter to the image acquisition device.
- the device may generate the control parameters based on the cause information included in the object recognition information as described above. For example, the device may generate at least one control parameter for adjusting a tone mapping function, a gamma function, a frame rate, a resolution, at least two ROI divisions, a contrast ratio, a shutter speed, an OETF function, etc. so as to eliminate a cause of object recognition failure due to the cause information. For example, the device may generate at least one control parameter based on the values defined in Tables 5 to 7 to control a parameter for image acquisition of the image acquisition device.
- the device may adjust/change the image characteristics to be acquired by the image acquisition device in advance so as to increase the object recognition rate of the object recognition model based on the cause information. Meanwhile, when the object recognition rate is higher than the preset threshold recognition rate, the device may not generate a control parameter for controlling the image acquisition device.
- the device may transmit the control message even if the object recognition rate is above the preset threshold.
- the object recognition model may recognize an object having mobility below a specific threshold for a certain period of time on the road (or an object that moves little for a certain period of time).
- the object recognition model may not be able to classify the type and kind of the recognized object due to the size, color, shape, etc. of the recognized object (for example, an obstacle on the road such as a sinkhole having a color similar to that of the road).
- the object recognition model may further include information about an unclassified object having mobility below a specific threshold in the object recognition information.
- the device may transmit the control message to the image acquisition device even if the object recognition rate of the object recognition model is above the preset threshold when the object recognition information further includes information about the unclassified object.
- the control message may transmit a control parameter including information about the number of ROIs to be segmented for the image and the ROI ID where the unclassified object is located, as illustrated in FIG. 19, to the image acquisition device (or the image post-processing module of the image acquisition device).
- the image acquisition device may segment the acquired image into a plurality of ROIs based on the control parameter, and transmit a (magnified) segmented image corresponding to the ROI having the ROI ID to the object recognition model.
- the object recognition model may intensively perform object recognition only for a specific ROI, and thus may more effectively predict object characteristics for the unclassified object than when object recognition is performed for the entire image.
- the device may transmit a control message to the image acquisition device for controlling the image acquisition device to drop at least one image among the images transmitted to the object recognition model.
- the device may transmit the control message when the object recognition information includes object information for objects less than a preset threshold number.
- the image acquisition device may drop the acquired image without transmitting it to the object recognition model when the image acquired based on the control message has a difference in pixel value less than a preset threshold difference compared to a previous image.
- the device may transmit a control message to the image acquisition device for releasing the drop of the at least one image when the object recognition information includes object information for objects greater than or equal to a preset threshold number.
- the preset threshold difference may be determined based on the number of objects included in the object recognition information and transmitted via the control message.
- the proposed invention can adjust the characteristics of the acquired image itself through direct control of the image acquisition device based on the factor of the decrease in the object recognition rate of the artificial neural network model.
- the proposed invention can effectively improve the object recognition rate in the image by adjusting the characteristics of the acquired image itself based on the road environment or road condition.
- the proposed invention can effectively reduce the object recognition processing load and power consumption by causing the image acquisition device to drop images in which the pixel value difference between the images is less than a specific threshold without transmitting them to the object recognition model when it is determined that object recognition for all images in real time is unnecessary.
- Figure 21 is a drawing illustrating how an image acquisition device receives a control message from a device.
- an image acquisition device can acquire an image for a specific geographical area (S211).
- the image acquisition device can be a CCTV or a camera that is fixedly installed to capture the specific geographical area.
- the image acquisition device can include an image capture module and/or an image post-processing module described in FIGS. 16 to 20.
- the image acquisition device can transfer/transmit the image to an artificial neural network-based object recognition model that has been trained to recognize an object from the image (S213).
- the image acquisition device can transfer the acquired image or video to the object recognition model according to a preset cycle.
- the image acquisition device can receive a control message including at least one control parameter instructing a change of a parameter related to acquisition of the image from the first device (S215).
- the control message can be received from the first device with transmission triggered based on the object recognition rate included in the object recognition information of the object recognition model being less than a preset threshold as described with reference to FIGS. 16 to 20.
- the image acquisition device can adjust parameters related to image acquisition, such as a contrast ratio, a tone mapping function, a gamma function, an image segmentation, a frame rate, a shutter speed, and an OETF function, according to the at least one parameter included in the control message, and the characteristics of the image can be changed according to the adjustment of the parameters.
- the image acquisition device can change/adjust parameters related to image acquisition according to the control message included in the control message based on Tables 5 to 7 described above.
- the image acquisition device may determine whether to drop the acquired image under the control of the first device. For example, if the first device transmits a control message related to dropping some images, the image acquisition device may drop the currently acquired image without transmitting it to the object recognition model if the difference between the pixel values of the currently acquired image and the pixel values of the image acquired immediately before is less than a preset threshold difference (or the threshold difference transmitted in the control message).
- a preset threshold difference or the threshold difference transmitted in the control message.
- Figure 22 illustrates a communication system applied to the present invention.
- a communication system (1) applied to the present invention includes a wireless device, a base station, and a network.
- the wireless device means a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (e.g., 5G NR (New RAT), LTE (Long Term Evolution)) and may be referred to as a communication/wireless/5G device.
- the wireless device may include a robot (100a), a vehicle (100b-1, 100b-2), an XR (eXtended Reality) device (100c), a hand-held device (100d), a home appliance (100e), an IoT (Internet of Thing) device (100f), and an AI device/server (400).
- the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc.
- the vehicle may include a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) (e.g., a drone).
- XR devices include AR (Augmented Reality)/VR (Virtual Reality)/MR (Mixed Reality) devices and can be implemented in the form of HMD (Head-Mounted Device), HUD (Head-Up Display) installed in a vehicle, television, smartphone, computer, wearable device, home appliance, digital signage, vehicle, robot, etc.
- HMD Head-Mounted Device
- HUD Head-Up Display
- Portable devices can include smartphone, smart pad, wearable device (e.g., smart watch, smart glass), computer (e.g., laptop, etc.).
- Home appliances can include TV, refrigerator, washing machine, etc.
- IoT devices can include sensors, smart meters, etc.
- base stations and networks can also be implemented as wireless devices, and a specific wireless device (200a) can act as a base station/network node to other wireless devices.
- Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) via a base station (200). Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology can be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) via the network (300).
- the network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, etc.
- the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can communicate with each other via the base station (200)/network (300), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station/network.
- vehicles can communicate directly (e.g. V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle)/V2X (Vehicle to everything) communication).
- IoT devices e.g., sensors
- IoT devices can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).
- Wireless communication/connection can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f)/base stations (200), and base stations (200)/base stations (200).
- the wireless communication/connection can be achieved through various wireless access technologies (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or, D2D communication), and communication between base stations (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (Integrated Access Backhaul).
- 5G NR wireless access technologies
- a wireless device and a base station/wireless device, and a base station and a base station can transmit/receive wireless signals to/from each other.
- the wireless communication/connection can transmit/receive signals through various physical channels.
- various configuration information setting processes for transmitting/receiving wireless signals various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, resource mapping/demapping, etc.), and resource allocation processes can be performed based on various proposals of the present invention.
- Figure 23 illustrates a wireless device that can be applied to the present invention.
- the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals through various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, NR).
- ⁇ the first wireless device (100), the second wireless device (200) ⁇ can correspond to ⁇ the wireless device (100x), the base station (200) ⁇ and/or ⁇ the wireless device (100x), the wireless device (100x) ⁇ of FIG. 22.
- a first wireless device (100) includes one or more processors (102) and one or more memories (104), and may additionally include one or more transceivers (106) and/or one or more antennas (108).
- the processor (102) controls the memory (104) and/or the transceiver (106), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.
- the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information/signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information/signal via the transceiver (106).
- the processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information/signal via the transceiver (106), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information/signal in the memory (104).
- the memory (104) may be connected to the processor (102) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (102). For example, the memory (104) may perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (102), or may store software codes including instructions for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.
- the processor (102) and the memory (104) may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chipset designed to implement wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE, NR).
- the transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108).
- the transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and/or a receiver.
- the transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (Radio Frequency) unit.
- a wireless device may also mean a communication modem/circuit/chipset.
- the first wireless device or apparatus (100) may include a processor (102) and a memory (104) connected to a transceiver (106).
- the memory (104) may include at least one program capable of performing operations related to the embodiments described in FIGS. 16 to 21.
- the processor (102) controls the transceiver (106) to obtain object recognition information from an artificial neural network-based object recognition model that recognizes an object from an image of an image acquisition device, transmits an object message to a peripheral device based on object information recognized from the image included in the object recognition information, and determines whether to transmit the control message for controlling the image acquisition device based on an object recognition rate for the image included in the object recognition information.
- a processing device may be configured including a processor (102) and a memory (104) for controlling a device transmitting a control message.
- at least one processor and at least one memory connected to the at least one processor and storing instructions, wherein the instructions, based on being executed by the at least one processor, cause the device to: acquire object recognition information from an artificial neural network-based object recognition model that recognizes an object from an image of an image acquisition device, transmit an object message to a peripheral device based on object information recognized from the image included in the object recognition information, and determine whether to transmit the control message for controlling the image acquisition device based on an object recognition rate for the image included in the object recognition information.
- the second wireless device (200) includes one or more processors (202), one or more memories (204), and may additionally include one or more transceivers (206) and/or one or more antennas (208).
- the processor (202) may be configured to control the memories (204) and/or the transceivers (206), and implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information/signals, and then transmit a wireless signal including the third information/signals via the transceivers (206). Additionally, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information/signals via the transceivers (206), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the fourth information/signals in the memory (204).
- the memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, the memory (204) may perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202), or may store software codes including commands for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.
- the processor (202) and the memory (204) may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement wireless communication technology (e.g., LTE, NR).
- the transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208).
- the transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and/or a receiver.
- the transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with an RF unit.
- a wireless device may also mean a communication modem/circuit/chip.
- the second wireless device or image acquisition device (200) may include a transceiver or RF transceiver (206), an image sensor (not shown), a processor (202), and a memory (204).
- the memory (204) may include at least one program capable of performing operations related to the embodiments described in FIGS. 16 to 21.
- the processor (202) controls the image sensor to acquire an image for a specific geographical area, controls the transceiver (206) to transfer the image to an artificial neural network-based object recognition model trained to recognize an object from the image, and can receive a control message including at least one control parameter instructing a change of a parameter related to acquisition of the image from the first device.
- the control message can be received from the first device based on an object recognition rate included in object recognition information of the object recognition model being less than a preset threshold.
- one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202).
- processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, SDAP).
- processors (102, 202) may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.
- PDUs Protocol Data Units
- SDUs Service Data Units
- One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.
- One or more processors (102, 202) can generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, suggestions and/or methodologies disclosed herein and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206).
- One or more processors (102, 202) can receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein.
- signals e.g., baseband signals
- the one or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a microcomputer.
- the one or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof.
- ASICs Application Specific Integrated Circuits
- DSPs Digital Signal Processors
- DSPDs Digital Signal Processing Devices
- PLDs Programmable Logic Devices
- FPGAs Field Programmable Gate Arrays
- the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc.
- the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software configured to perform one or more of the following: included in one or more processors (102, 202), or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and driven by one or more of the processors (102, 202).
- the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of codes, instructions and/or sets of instructions.
- One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions and/or commands.
- the one or more memories (104, 204) may be comprised of ROM, RAM, EPROM, flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer readable storage media and/or combinations thereof.
- the one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and/or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.
- One or more transceivers (106, 206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., as described in the methods and/or flowcharts of this document, to one or more other devices.
- One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or flowcharts of this document, from one or more other devices.
- one or more transceivers (106, 206) can be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals.
- one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be coupled to one or more antennas (108, 208), and one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, and the like, as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein, via one or more antennas (108, 208).
- one or more antennas may be multiple physical antennas, or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).
- One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202).
- One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202).
- one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and/or filter.
- Fig. 24 shows another example of a wireless device applied to the present invention.
- the wireless device can be implemented in various forms depending on the use-example/service (see Fig. 22).
- the wireless device (100, 200) corresponds to the wireless device (100, 200) of FIG. 23 and may be composed of various elements, components, units/units, and/or modules.
- the wireless device (100, 200) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), and an additional element (140).
- the communication unit may include a communication circuit (112) and a transceiver(s) (114).
- the communication circuit (112) may include one or more processors (102, 202) and/or one or more memories (104, 204) of FIG. 24.
- the transceiver(s) (114) may include one or more transceivers (106, 206) and/or one or more antennas (108, 208) of FIG. 23.
- the control unit (120) is electrically connected to the communication unit (110), the memory unit (130), and the additional elements (140) and controls overall operations of the wireless device.
- the control unit (120) may control electrical/mechanical operations of the wireless device based on programs/codes/commands/information stored in the memory unit (130).
- control unit (120) may transmit information stored in the memory unit (130) to an external device (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless/wired interface through the communication unit (110), or store information received from an external device (e.g., another communication device) via a wireless/wired interface in the memory unit (130).
- the additional element (140) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of the wireless device.
- the additional element (140) may include at least one of a power unit/battery, an input/output unit (I/O unit), a driving unit, and a computing unit.
- the wireless device may be implemented in the form of a robot (FIG. 22, 100a), a vehicle (FIG. 22, 100b-1, 100b-2), an XR device (FIG. 22, 100c), a portable device (FIG. 22, 100d), a home appliance (FIG. 22, 100e), an IoT device (FIG.
- Wireless devices may be mobile or stationary, depending on the use/service.
- various elements, components, units/parts, and/or modules within the wireless device (100, 200) may be entirely interconnected via a wired interface, or at least some may be wirelessly connected via a communication unit (110).
- the control unit (120) and the communication unit (110) may be wired, and the control unit (120) and the first unit (e.g., 130, 140) may be wirelessly connected via the communication unit (110).
- each element, component, unit/part, and/or module within the wireless device (100, 200) may further include one or more elements.
- the control unit (120) may be composed of one or more processor sets.
- control unit (120) may be composed of a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphic processing processor, a memory control processor, etc.
- memory unit (130) may be composed of RAM (Random Access Memory), DRAM (Dynamic RAM), ROM (Read Only Memory), flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof.
- Fig. 25 illustrates a vehicle or autonomous vehicle applied to the present invention.
- the vehicle or autonomous vehicle may be implemented as a mobile robot, a car, a train, a manned/unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, etc.
- AV manned/unmanned aerial vehicle
- a vehicle or autonomous vehicle may include an antenna unit (108), a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a driving unit (140a), a power supply unit (140b), a sensor unit (140c), and an autonomous driving unit (140d).
- the antenna unit (108) may be configured as a part of the communication unit (110).
- Blocks 110/130/140a to 140d correspond to blocks 110/130/140 of FIG. 24, respectively.
- the communication unit (110) can transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other vehicles, base stations (e.g., base stations, road side units, etc.), servers, etc.
- the control unit (120) can control elements of the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) to perform various operations.
- the control unit (120) can include an ECU (Electronic Control Unit).
- the drive unit (140a) can drive the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) on the ground.
- the drive unit (140a) can include an engine, a motor, a power train, wheels, brakes, a steering device, etc.
- the power supply unit (140b) supplies power to the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) and can include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc.
- the sensor unit (140c) can obtain vehicle status, surrounding environment information, user information, etc.
- the sensor unit (140c) may include an IMU (inertial measurement unit) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, an incline sensor, a weight detection sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a pedal position sensor, etc.
- IMU intial measurement unit
- the autonomous driving unit (140d) may implement a technology for maintaining a driving lane, a technology for automatically controlling speed such as adaptive cruise control, a technology for automatically driving along a set path, a technology for automatically setting a path and driving when a destination is set, etc.
- the communication unit (110) can receive map data, traffic information data, etc. from an external server.
- the autonomous driving unit (140d) can generate an autonomous driving route and a driving plan based on the acquired data.
- the control unit (120) can control the driving unit (140a) so that the vehicle or autonomous vehicle (100) moves along the autonomous driving route according to the driving plan (e.g., speed/direction control).
- the communication unit (110) can irregularly/periodically acquire the latest traffic information data from an external server and can acquire surrounding traffic information data from surrounding vehicles.
- the sensor unit (140c) can acquire vehicle status and surrounding environment information during autonomous driving.
- the autonomous driving unit (140d) can update the autonomous driving route and driving plan based on the newly acquired data/information.
- the communication unit (110) can transmit information on the vehicle location, autonomous driving route, driving plan, etc. to an external server.
- An external server can predict traffic information data in advance using AI technology, etc. based on information collected from vehicles or autonomous vehicles, and provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicles or autonomous vehicles.
- Figure 26 illustrates an AI device applied to the present invention.
- AI devices can be implemented as fixed or mobile devices, such as TVs, projectors, smartphones, PCs, laptops, digital broadcasting terminals, tablet PCs, wearable devices, set-top boxes (STBs), radios, washing machines, refrigerators, digital signage, robots, and vehicles.
- fixed or mobile devices such as TVs, projectors, smartphones, PCs, laptops, digital broadcasting terminals, tablet PCs, wearable devices, set-top boxes (STBs), radios, washing machines, refrigerators, digital signage, robots, and vehicles.
- the AI device (100) may include a communication unit (110), a control unit (120), a memory unit (130), an input/output unit (140a/140b), a learning processor unit (140c), and a sensor unit (140d).
- Blocks 110 to 130/140a to 140d correspond to blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 23, respectively.
- the control unit (120) may determine at least one executable operation of the AI device (100) based on information determined or generated using a data analysis algorithm or a machine learning algorithm. Then, the control unit (120) may control components of the AI device (100) to perform the determined operation. For example, the control unit (120) may request, search, receive, or utilize data of the learning processor unit (140c) or the memory unit (130), and control components of the AI device (100) to perform at least one predicted operation or an operation determined to be desirable among the executable operations.
- control unit (120) may collect history information including operation contents of the AI device (100) or user feedback on the operation, and store the information in the memory unit (130) or the learning processor unit (140c), or transmit the information to an external device such as an AI server (FIG. 18, 400).
- the collected history information may be used to update the learning model.
- the memory unit (130) can store data that supports various functions of the AI device (100).
- the memory unit (130) can store data obtained from the input unit (140a), data obtained from the communication unit (110), output data of the learning processor unit (140c), and data obtained from the sensing unit (140).
- the memory unit (130) can store control information and/or software codes necessary for the operation/execution of the control unit (120).
- the input unit (140a) can obtain various types of data from the outside of the AI device (100).
- the input unit (120) can obtain learning data for model learning, and input data to which the learning model is to be applied.
- the input unit (140a) may include a camera, a microphone, and/or a user input unit.
- the output unit (140b) may generate output related to vision, hearing, or touch.
- the output unit (140b) may include a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module.
- the sensing unit (140) may obtain at least one of internal information of the AI device (100), surrounding environment information of the AI device (100), and user information using various sensors.
- the sensing unit (140) may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a microphone, and/or a radar.
- the learning processor unit (140c) can train a model composed of an artificial neural network using learning data.
- the learning processor unit (140c) can perform AI processing together with the learning processor unit of the AI server (Fig. 18, 400).
- the learning processor unit (140c) can process information received from an external device through the communication unit (110) and/or information stored in the memory unit (130).
- the output value of the learning processor unit (140c) can be transmitted to an external device through the communication unit (110) and/or stored in the memory unit (130).
- the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device (XXX, YYY) of the present specification may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as Narrowband Internet of Things for low-power communication.
- NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology, and may be implemented with standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and/or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names.
- the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device (XXX, YYY) of the present specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology.
- LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology, and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication).
- the LTE-M technology can be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and/or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names.
- the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device (XXX, YYY) of the present specification can include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) considering low-power communication, and is not limited to the above-described names.
- ZigBee technology can create PAN (personal area networks) related to small/low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called by various names.
- the embodiments of the present invention have been mainly described with a focus on the signal transmission/reception relationship between a terminal and a base station.
- This transmission/reception relationship is equally/similarly extended to signal transmission/reception between a terminal and a relay or a base station and a relay.
- a specific operation described as being performed by a base station in this document may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. That is, it is obvious that various operations performed for communication with a terminal in a network composed of a plurality of network nodes including a base station may be performed by the base station or other network nodes other than the base station.
- the base station may be replaced with terms such as a fixed station, a Node B, an eNode B (eNB), an access point, etc.
- the terminal may be replaced with terms such as a UE (User Equipment), an MS (Mobile Station), an MSS (Mobile Subscriber Station), etc.
- Embodiments according to the present invention can be implemented by various means, for example, hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof.
- an embodiment of the present invention can be implemented by one or more ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), DSPs (digital signal processors), DSPDs (digital signal processing devices), PLDs (programmable logic devices), FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, etc.
- ASICs application specific integrated circuits
- DSPs digital signal processors
- DSPDs digital signal processing devices
- PLDs programmable logic devices
- FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
- processors controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, etc.
- one embodiment of the present invention may be implemented in the form of a module, procedure, function, etc. that performs the functions or operations described above.
- the software code may be stored in a memory unit and may be driven by a processor.
- the memory unit may be located inside or outside the processor and may exchange data with the processor by various means already known.
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Abstract
Description
| SCS (15*2u) | Nslot symb | Nframe,u slot | Nsubframe,u slot |
| 15KHz (u=0) | 14 | 10 | 1 |
| 30KHz (u=1) | 14 | 20 | 2 |
| 60KHz (u=2) | 14 | 40 | 4 |
| 120KHz (u=3) | 14 | 80 | 8 |
| 240KHz (u=4) | 14 | 160 | 16 |
| SCS (15*2u) | Nslot symb | Nframe,u slot | Nsubframe,u slot |
| 60KHz (u=2) | 12 | 40 | 4 |
| Frequency Range designation | Corresponding frequency range | Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) |
| FR1 | 450MHz - 6000MHz | 15, 30, 60kHz |
| FR2 | 24250MHz - 52600MHz | 60, 120, 240kHz |
| Frequency Range designation | Corresponding frequency range | Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) |
| FR1 | 410MHz - 7125MHz | 15, 30, 60kHz |
| FR2 | 24250MHz - 52600MHz | 60, 120, 240kHz |
| Element | Type | remark | |
| @messageID | int | SAE /ETSI 에서 정의하는 new message ID | |
| ...<sequence> | |||
| @minimumWidth | Unsigned int | 최소 해상도 width | |
| @minimumHeight | Unsigned int | 최소 해상도 Height | |
| @toneMapping | Unsigned int | 기 정의한 tone mapping function type | |
| @transferCharacteristic | Unsigned int | OETF function 종류 | |
| @minimumFrameRate | Unsigned int | Recommended 최소 frame rate | |
| @contrast | float or int | Contrast 조정 비율 (0~100%) | |
| @brightness | float or int | Contrast 조정 비율 (0~100%) | |
| @divisionROI | Unsigned int | 분할 개수 | |
| <sequence> | @id | Unsigned int | 왼쪽 상단부터 우측으로 id mapping divisionROI 개수에 따라 <sequence> 결정 |
| @startWidth | Unsigned int | ||
| @startHeight | Unsigned int | ||
| @endWidth | Unsigned int | ||
| @endHeight | Unsigned int | ||
| @toneMapping | Unsigned int | ||
| @contrast | float or int | ||
| @brightness | float or int | ||
| @toneMapping | Value | |
| Linear (Regular) function | 0x01 | Linear function |
| Low tone based function | 0x02 | 어두운 영역에 전체 비트를 더 할당하여 적용 하는 tone mapping 함수 |
| Middle tone based function | 0x03 | 중간 밝기 영역에 전체 비트를 더 할당하여 적용 하는 tone mapping 함수 |
| High tone based function | 0x04 | 높은 밝기 영역에 전체 비트를 더 할당하여 적용 하는 tone mapping 함수 |
| Customized | 0x05 | 관리자 임의의 customized 된 함수 |
| Reversed |
| @transferCharacteristic | Value | |
| Gamma function | 0x01 | Linear function |
| PQ function | 0x02 | 어두운 영역에 전체 비트를 더 할당하여 적용 하는 tone mapping 함수 |
| Customized | 0x03 | 관리자 임의의 customized 된 함수 |
| Reversed |
Claims (15)
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 장치가 제어 메시지를 전송하는 방법에 있어서,이미지 획득 장치의 이미지로부터 객체를 인식 및 분류하는 인공 신경망 기반 객체 인식 모델로부터 객체 인식 정보를 획득하는 단계;상기 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 상기 이미지로부터 인식된 객체 정보에 기반하여 객체 메시지를 주변 장치에게 전송하는 단계; 및상기 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 상기 이미지에 대한 객체 인식률에 기초하여 상기 이미지 획득 장치를 제어하기 위한 상기 제어 메시지의 전송 여부를 결정하는 단계를 포함하는, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제어 메시지는 상기 객체 인식률이 미리 설정된 임계 미만인 것에 기초하여 전송되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 객체 인식 정보는 상기 객체 인식 모델이 상기 이미지로부터 적어도 하나의 객체에 대한 분류를 실패한 원인에 대한 요인 정보를 더 포함하고,상기 적어도 하나의 제어 파라미터는 상기 요인 정보에 기초하여 결정되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 방법.
- 제3항에 있어서,상기 요인 정보는 조명 상태에 따른 객체 분류 실패, 객체 밀집도에 따른 객체 분류 실패, 객체 크기에 따른 객체 분류 실패 및 객체의 이동 속도에 따른 객체 분류 실패 중 적어도 하나의 정보를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 방법.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 객체 인식 정보에 특정 임계 미만의 이동성을 갖는 객체에 대한 미분류 객체 정보가 더 포함된 것에 기초하여, 상기 제어 메시지는 상기 객체 인식률이 상기 미리 설정된 임계 이상이더라도 전송되는 것을 특징으로 하는, 방법.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 제어 메시지는 상기 이미지 상에서 상기 미분류 객체 정보에 대응하는 객체가 속하는 일부 영역을 특정하는 제어 파라미터를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 이미지 획득 장치는 획득된 이미지들 간의 픽셀 값의 차이에 기반하여 상기 이미지들 중에서 적어도 하나의 이미지를 상기 객체 인식 모델에 전달하지 않는 것을 특징으로 하는, 방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 객체 인식률은 상기 객체 인식 모듈이 상기 이미지로부터 인식한 객체들 중에서 객체 종류가 분류된 객체의 수를 상기 객체들의 수로 나눈 값에 기초하여 산출된 것을 특징으로 하는, 방법.
- 제1항에 기재된 방법을 수행하기 위한 프로그램을 기록한 컴퓨터로 읽을 수 있는 기록 매체.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 제어 메시지를 전송하는 장치에 있어서,RF(Radio Frequency) 송수신기; 및상기 RF 송수신기와 연결되는 프로세서를 포함하고,상기 프로세서는 상기 RF 송수신기를 제어하여 이미지 획득 장치의 이미지로부터 객체를 인식 및 분류하는 인공 신경망 기반 객체 인식 모델로부터 객체 인식 정보를 획득하고, 상기 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 상기 이미지로부터 인식된 객체 정보에 기반하여 객체 메시지를 주변 장치에게 전송하며, 상기 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 상기 이미지에 대한 객체 인식률에 기초하여 상기 이미지 획득 장치를 제어하기 위한 상기 제어 메시지의 전송 여부를 결정하는, 장치.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 제어 메시지를 전송하는 장치를 제어하는 프로세싱 장치에 있어서,적어도 하나의 프로세서; 및상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서에 연결되고 명령어들을 저장하는 적어도 하나의 메모리를 포함하되, 상기 명령어들은 상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서에 의해 실행되는 것을 기반으로 상기 장치로 하여금:이미지 획득 장치의 이미지로부터 객체를 인식 및 분류하는 인공 신경망 기반 객체 인식 모델로부터 객체 인식 정보를 획득하고, 상기 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 상기 이미지로부터 인식된 객체 정보에 기반하여 객체 메시지를 주변 장치에게 전송하며, 상기 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 상기 이미지에 대한 객체 인식률에 기초하여 상기 이미지 획득 장치를 제어하기 위한 상기 제어 메시지의 전송 여부를 결정하게 하는, 프로세싱 장치.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 이미지 획득 장치가 제어 메시지를 수신하는 방법에 있어서,특정 지리적 영역에 대한 이미지를 획득하는 단계;상기 이미지로부터 객체를 인식 및 분류하도록 학습된 인공 신경망 기반 객체 인식 모델에 상기 이미지를 전달하는 단계; 및상기 이미지의 획득과 관련된 파라미터의 변경을 지시하는 적어도 하나의 제어 파라미터를 포함하는 제어 메시지를 제1 장치로부터 수신하는 단계를 포함하고,상기 제어 메시지는 상기 객체 인식 모델의 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 객체 인식률이 미리 설정된 임계 미만인 것에 기초하여 상기 제1 장치로부터 수신되는, 방법.
- 제12항에 기재된 방법을 수행하기 위한 프로그램을 기록한 컴퓨터로 읽을 수 있는 기록 매체.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 제어 메시지를 수신하는 이미지 획득 장치에 있어서,이미지를 획득하는 이미지 센서;RF(Radio Frequency) 송수신기; 및상기 RF 송수신기 및 상기 이미지 센서와 연결되는 프로세서를 포함하고,상기 프로세서는 상기 이미지 센서를 제어하여 특정 지리적 영역에 대한 이미지를 획득하고, 상기 RF 송수신기를 제어하여 상기 이미지로부터 객체를 인식 및 분류하도록 학습된 인공 신경망 기반 객체 인식 모델에 상기 이미지를 전달하며, 상기 이미지의 획득과 관련된 파라미터의 변경을 지시하는 적어도 하나의 제어 파라미터를 포함하는 제어 메시지를 제1 장치로부터 수신하고,상기 제어 메시지는 상기 객체 인식 모델의 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 객체 인식률이 미리 설정된 임계 미만인 것에 기초하여 상기 제1 장치로부터 수신되는, 이미지 획득 장치.
- 무선 통신 시스템에서 제어 메시지를 수신하는 이미지 획득 장치를 제어하는 프로세싱 장치에 있어서,적어도 하나의 프로세서; 및상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서에 연결되고 명령어들을 저장하는 적어도 하나의 메모리를 포함하되, 상기 명령어들은 상기 적어도 하나의 프로세서에 의해 실행되는 것을 기반으로 상기 이미지 획득 장치로 하여금:특정 지리적 영역에 대한 이미지를 획득하고, 상기 이미지로부터 객체를 인식 및 분류하도록 학습된 인공 신경망 기반 객체 인식 모델에 상기 이미지를 전달하며, 상기 이미지의 획득과 관련된 파라미터의 변경을 지시하는 적어도 하나의 제어 파라미터를 포함하는 제어 메시지를 제1 장치로부터 수신하게 하고,상기 제어 메시지는 상기 객체 인식 모델의 객체 인식 정보에 포함된 객체 인식률이 미리 설정된 임계 미만인 것에 기초하여 상기 제1 장치로부터 수신되는, 프로세싱 장치.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| KR1020257041965A KR20260018056A (ko) | 2023-06-01 | 2024-06-03 | 무선 통신 시스템에서 장치가 메시지를 전송하는 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 |
| EP24815938.6A EP4723058A1 (en) | 2023-06-01 | 2024-06-03 | Method for device to transmit message and device therefor in wireless communication system |
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| KR20230071041 | 2023-06-01 | ||
| KR10-2023-0071041 | 2023-06-01 |
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| EP (1) | EP4723058A1 (ko) |
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2024
- 2024-06-03 WO PCT/KR2024/007559 patent/WO2024248564A1/ko not_active Ceased
- 2024-06-03 KR KR1020257041965A patent/KR20260018056A/ko active Pending
- 2024-06-03 EP EP24815938.6A patent/EP4723058A1/en active Pending
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| KR20190098091A (ko) * | 2019-07-23 | 2019-08-21 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이미지 데이터에서 사용자를 인식하는 인공 지능 장치 및 그 방법 |
| KR20210070700A (ko) * | 2019-12-05 | 2021-06-15 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 자율주행시스템에서 인공지능 학습 데이터를 계승하는 방법 |
| KR102511315B1 (ko) * | 2022-09-07 | 2023-03-17 | 주식회사 스마트인사이드에이아이 | 환경 변수 데이터 학습에 기초한 영상 기반 객체 인식 방법 및 시스템 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20260018056A (ko) | 2026-02-06 |
| EP4723058A1 (en) | 2026-04-08 |
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