WO2024251498A1 - Capteur tactile en forme d'anneau et interface homme-machine associee - Google Patents
Capteur tactile en forme d'anneau et interface homme-machine associee Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024251498A1 WO2024251498A1 PCT/EP2024/063675 EP2024063675W WO2024251498A1 WO 2024251498 A1 WO2024251498 A1 WO 2024251498A1 EP 2024063675 W EP2024063675 W EP 2024063675W WO 2024251498 A1 WO2024251498 A1 WO 2024251498A1
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- ring
- annular element
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- ann
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/011—Arrangements for interaction with the human body, e.g. for user immersion in virtual reality
- G06F3/014—Hand-worn input/output arrangements, e.g. data gloves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/16—Measuring force or stress, in general using properties of piezoelectric devices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/017—Gesture based interaction, e.g. based on a set of recognized hand gestures
Definitions
- the invention relates to a ring-shaped sensor, and extends to human-machine interfaces, systems allowing a user to control interactive systems, and is therefore in the field of human-machine interactions sometimes designated by the acronym HMI.
- Human-machine interfaces come in many forms that allow a user to interact with an electronic system, whether it is in the form of a computer, a robot, a television, a sound reproduction system, or a game console. These interfaces are designed to i) generate control signals from a user action, and then ii) transmit these signals to the electronic system.
- a user for the purpose of controlling the electronic system has been used to design various types of interfaces: it can be a keyboard, a mouse, a touch screen, an optical detection system, a microphone or even a controller, all equipped with sensors (contact, infrared, magnetometer, optical, camera, accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.) whose function is to detect a specific action by the user (movement, gesture, speech, actuation, etc.).
- patent application US 2020/0150715 A1 describes ring-shaped systems intended to be worn on a finger. Each of these systems is equipped with one or more sensors that may be intended to detect an action of the wearer of the ring performed by the hand wearing it or to detect an action that would be applied to it by the wearer's other hand.
- a ring intended to be grasped with two hands by the user at two diametrically opposed areas is described in patent application US 2022/0212112 A1. It comprises a flexible ring mounted on a base provided with a deformation sensor, the assembly being configured to generate a signal representative of the amplitude of deformation of the flexible ring when the user deforms the ring by bringing his hands closer together.
- the applicant's objective is to propose, on the one hand, a ring-shaped deformation sensor and, on the other hand, an application of this deformation sensor to a human-machine interaction device taking the form of a ring sensitive to the deformation of an annular element of the ring caused by a user.
- a first aspect of the invention is a sensor assembly in the form of a ring, comprising an annular element of substantially cylindrical shape, at least two deformation sensors mounted on the annular element at levels of at least two radii thereof, respectively, the two radii being angularly distinct from each other, such that the at least two sensors are sensitive to an overall deformation of the annular element, and an electronic module configured so as to generate a detection signal representative of the overall deformation of the annular element, in response to processing of at least two signals respectively emitted by the at least two deformation sensors.
- this sensor assembly allows the detection and characterization of a large number of actions, in a manner not limited to a binary detection logic of an action or to a measurement of a one-dimensional deformation amplitude.
- This sensor indeed makes possible the spatio-temporal monitoring of a deformation imposed on the annular element, as will be developed in more detail in the rest of the description.
- the actions do not have to be applied directly to the sensors, but can be applied at any point of the annular element, possibly at a plurality of points of this element, regardless of the presence or absence of sensors at this or these points.
- the point or points of application of the action on the annular element do not have to be fixed, but can be movable on the surface of this annular element.
- the structure of the sensor assembly itself, with essentially sensors permanently fixed on an annular element, remains simple and does not include any moving parts, guaranteeing the reliability and robustness of the assembly.
- the annular element can have a monolithic structure
- the annular element may be formed of metal
- the at least two distinct rays may be angularly spaced apart from each other by an angle of between 20° and 160°;
- the at least two deformation sensors may be piezoelectric type sensors
- the at least two strain sensors may comprise at least one thin monocrystalline piezoelectric element in the form of a plate extending in an extension plane defined by a first direction and a second direction normal to the first direction, with dimensions in the first direction and the second direction each greater than 100 ⁇ m and with a thickness of less than 50 ⁇ m, a ratio of the thickness to the dimension in the first direction or the dimension in the second direction being less than 0.1.
- a second object of the invention is a human-machine interface comprising the sensor assembly according to the invention, the electronic module being further configured so as to generate a control signal from a device external to the human-machine interface in response to the detection signal.
- Such an interface makes it possible to characterize in a simple, precise and time-monitored manner, a global or localized deformation of the annular element on the basis of local deformations measured by the sensors.
- Various control signals from an external device can be associated with the occurrences and variations in time of the deformation, which allows great flexibility of use compared to the simplicity of the device.
- the deformations of the annular element are not evaluated using a single sensor, or using a single sensor independently of any other sensors, but using at least two sensors, a minimum number sufficient to detect and characterize a wide variety of deformations of the annular element.
- the deformations can in particular be deformations considered as global, that is to say that they can be detected by all the sensors.
- the deformation amplitudes detected by each of the sensors, of relative values and respective temporal evolutions specific to each of the sensors, depend on the deformation actually applied to the annular element and allow a very fine characterization of the deformation and to associate it with an action applied on the annular element by the user.
- very diverse mechanical actions of the user on the annular element can be associated with as many control signals from the external device. This gives a very versatile control interface, capable of generating a very large number of control signals despite a very simple hardware architecture: a ring, two sensors and measurement and control electronics.
- This interface is also an interface that does not infringe on the user's privacy since it does not rely on the acquisition and processing of video or sound signals, which may contain personal information.
- This interface is very suitable for integration into classic-looking jewelry, including small ones.
- the interface can be configured to keep awake only a first part of the acquisition module associated with the detection and to activate second parts of the acquisition module only when it is determined that respective activations of these second parts are necessary for an analysis of the signals emitted by the at least two deformation sensors;
- the calculator can be configured to (i) classify events represented by the signals emitted by the at least two deformation sensors and (ii) generate the control signal of a device external to the human-machine interface in response to this classification;
- control signal may be representative of at least one action chosen from a tightening, a short tightening or a long tightening of the annular element between two fingers or between three fingers, repeated or not, in a centripetal direction to the annular element; a tightening of the annular element, repeated or not, parallel to an axis of revolution of the annular element; a closing of a hand with one finger carrying the annular element or the closing of a finger carrying the annular element; and a rotation of the annular element between two fingers of a first amplitude belonging to an angular interval or of a second amplitude greater than an upper limit of the angular interval;
- the acquisition module can be configured to detect a rotation of the annular element on the basis of the signals emitted by the at least two deformation sensors; and in response to the detection step, generate a signal representative of the occurrence of a rotation of the annular element;
- the signal is representative of a rotation having exceeded an incremental angular value
- the interface may further comprise a wireless transmission module configured to transmit signals generated by the acquisition module to the external device and a source of electrical energy supply to the wireless transmission module and the acquisition module;
- the interface may further comprise a feedback device configured to signal to a user a generation of a detection signal by the acquisition module;
- the interface may be configured to be threaded onto a part of a user or a rod of a control device of the external appliance.
- the interface according to the invention can be compact, passive when piezoelectric type deformation sensors are used, and the processing of the signals generated by these sensors can be simple and light from the point of view of computational intensity, resulting in a high autonomy of the device.
- the detection of deformation of the ring, or, more specifically, of the annular element can be of high sensitivity and can therefore operate without difficulty even with very rigid rings such as thick metal rings, such as commonly worn jewelry.
- Figures 1 to 19 An embodiment of the present invention is described by means of Figures 1 to 19 and the associated passages below.
- Figures 1 to 4 and 19 provide information on the structure, usage and operating principle of the human-machine interaction ring.
- Figures 5 to 18 detail a first option for exploiting the signals generated by the deformation sensors following manipulation of the ring by a user.
- Figures 20 to 27 detail a second option for exploiting the signals generated by the deformation sensors following manipulation of the ring by the user.
- Figures 28 and 29 illustrate a piezoelectric element that can be used to form a deformation sensor integrated into the human-machine interface according to the invention.
- the intensity of the squeeze or taps, or the speed of rotation can also be associated with particular commands to control the external device.
- Other actions can be considered, such as those listed in the table Tab. 1 below.
- a direction of rotation may be that of the trigonometric direction around this axis of revolution, or a direction opposite to the trigonometric direction.
- An axis of revolution is here considered as an axis of revolution making it possible to describe the general shape of the annular element, which extends parallel to the axis of revolution and has an overall shape having a symmetry of revolution around this axis, which includes the examples of figures 1, 3 and 19.
- the ring taken as an example in this embodiment is equipped with three sensors, but a ring equipped with two sensors, the minimum number to spatially characterize the deformation of the ring, would also work.
- Using three sensors brings redundancy and an additional measurement allowing discrimination in the event of an ambiguous situation. It is also possible to use a greater number of sensors, with the disadvantages of an increase in the integration and cost of the ring, as well as a complexity of the electronic processing system to be integrated on the annular element, with an increase in the electrical contact tracks and signal processing paths, and as an advantage a better robustness of the event detections.
- An event is understood here as a deliberate action of the user on the ring in order to produce a control signal of an external device, the sensors generating signals in response to this action.
- the respective positions of the sensors on the ring are identified by means of rays, the center of one of the sensors defining a reference radius, the positions of the other sensors being identified by the angles made by the rays passing through their respective centers (in a sectional view along the axis of revolution Ax of the ring) with the initial radius.
- the three sensors are arranged substantially homogeneously around the ring, at angular intervals of approximately 120°.
- the radius r1 associated with the SENS 1 sensor can be considered as the reference ray
- the radii r2 and r3 associated respectively with the SENS 2 and SENS 3 sensors being located respectively at approximately 120° and 240° from the radius r1.
- the rays defining the positions of the sensors are angularly spaced at angles between 20° and 160°, more preferably between 40° and 140°.
- the angles chosen may depend on the number of sensors integrated on the ring.
- the ring may also be provided with a feedback device FB, or feedback in English terminology, informing the user that his manipulation of the ring by tightening, tapping or rotating has been taken into account.
- the FB device may be of any type conventionally used for this purpose, such as a light, sound or haptic device.
- the ring can be manipulated while it is threaded onto a part of a user, and in particular onto a finger F6 of a hand H as illustrated in (A) of the , or threaded onto a rod or RD wand of an external device control system as in (B) of the . It is of course possible to construct the ring so that it can be worn, for example, on the user's wrist, arm or leg. Alternatively, the ring can be used "free" without being threaded onto any element, as illustrated by the .
- the ring preferably has dimensions making it suitable for being put on a finger as would be a piece of jewelry such as a ring, with for example for the annular element ANN an internal diameter f in , illustrated in (A) of the , between 1 and 3 cm and a length L, illustrated in (B) of the , along its axis of revolution Ax between 2 mm and 2 cm.
- the radial thickness Thck of the annular element defined for example by (f in - f ext )/2 for a perfectly cylindrical annular element of external diameter f ext , as illustrated in (A) and (B) of the , may be greater than 0.1 mm, preferably 0.4 mm, and less than 3 mm, preferably 1 mm.
- the ring is not necessarily a closed ring, but can also be an open ring with a cut C, as shown in (C) of the .
- the ring has an axis Ax oriented by revolution, illustrated in (B) of the and perpendicular to the plane of the page in (B) and (C) of the , located at the center of the ring and along which the ring extends.
- the orientation of the axis Ax is indicated by the arrowhead in the figure.
- the ring element is considered to be substantially cylindrical in shape in the sense that it is capable of being slipped onto a finger.
- the substantially cylindrical shape of the ring element may encompass a variety of shapes, the important thing being that it can be comfortably worn on a finger by a user and that sensors can be integrated therein.
- the electronic module EL comprises an acquisition module ACQ in which an analog-to-digital converter CONV receives the analog signals from the sensors SENS 1 and SENS 2 and converts them into digital signals processed by a digital computer CALC.
- the digital computer processes the digital signals, generates detection signals in response to the digital signals, generates control signals S Con of an external device APP on the basis of the detection signals, and sends these control signals to a communication module COM.
- the communication module COM has the function of transmitting according to conventional methods, preferably wirelessly, the generated control signals to the external device APP, remote from the ring R.
- the CALC calculator is also configured to, if necessary, control the FB feedback device and trigger an action indicating to the user of the ring that his action on the ring has been taken into account to send a control signal to the external device APP.
- the invention is not limited to the examples mentioned above and the annular element and the sensors can be implemented in different ways, illustrated by FIGS. 1, 3 and 19 as described below.
- the sensors may also be mounted on other parts of the annular element than its outer or inner surfaces. thus illustrates in E) a configuration where the sensors are mounted on a surface S t of the edge of the ring, so as to be positioned according to a plane intersecting the longitudinal axis of the ring.
- each type of action being associated with a given command of the external device allowing it to be controlled.
- Each action results in a deformation event of the ring, which results in the generation of signals by the sensors.
- Each episode of signal generation corresponds to an event that we seek to characterize and which makes it possible to go back to the type of action exerted on the ring: tightening, rotation, tapping, or other.
- references S1, S2 and S3 are associated respectively with the signals generated by the three sensors Sens 1 , Sens 2 and Sens 3 in response to an action S00 applied to the annular element by a user.
- the reference “S” represents the signals S2 and S3, the reference T represents the time.
- the references S, S1 and T are expressed respectively mV, mV and s.
- a clamping action can be detected by exceeding a detection threshold THR 0 by the amplitudes of the signals generated by the sensors.
- tightening location we mean the determination of an angle between 0° and 180° defining the position of one of the two fingers applying the tightening pressures relative to a reference angle, for example defined by the radius r1 of the SENS 1 sensor. It is assumed that the second applies a pressure at a location diametrically opposite that of the first finger.
- Figures 5, 6 and 7 illustrate the results of three experimental situations in which the ring is tightened so that one of the two fingers exerting the tightening is located at, respectively, the sensors SENS 1 , SENS 2 and SENS 3 , the other finger being located diametrically opposite the first finger.
- (A) are represented graphs of the amplitudes of the signals S2 and S3 generated respectively by the sensors SENS 2 and SENS 3 as a function of the amplitude of the signal S1 generated by the sensor SENS 1 .
- In (B) are represented graphs of the amplitudes of the signals generated by the sensors SENS 1 , SENS 2 and SENS 3 from the same data as the corresponding graphs in (A), but this time expressed as a function of time T.
- the curve corresponding to the SENS 2 sensor When, as in , one of the fingers exerting the tightening is located on the SENS 2 sensor, the curve corresponding to the SENS 2 sensor approximately forms a straight line with a negative slope while the curve corresponding to the SENS 3 sensor approximately forms a straight line with a positive slope.
- the curve corresponding to the SENS 2 sensor When, as in , one of the fingers exerting the tightening is located on the SENS 3 sensor, the curve corresponding to the SENS 2 sensor approximately forms a straight line with a positive slope while the curve corresponding to the SENS 3 sensor approximately forms a straight line with a negative slope.
- the fact that the amplitudes of the signals generated by the SENS 2 and SENS 3 sensors expressed as a function of the amplitude of the signal generated by the SENS 1 sensor substantially form straight lines is representative of the fact that the ratios of the amplitudes of the signals generated by the SENS 2 and SENS 3 sensors to the amplitude of the signal generated by the SENS 1 sensor are substantially constant. This characteristic is due to the fact that the pressure application zones on the ring remain stationary during the application of the pressure.
- the maximum amplitude among the signals generated by the three sensors is found in the signal generated by the sensor at which one of the user's fingers is located when tightening, indicating that this location of the ring has a greater deformation than the locations of the other two sensors.
- a tightening action produces two peaks in absolute value in the signals generated by the sensors: a first peak caused by the application of tightening pressure to the ring, and a second peak due to the release of this pressure, identified respectively by Max1 and Max2 in (B) of the for signal S1.
- the first peak and the second peak have opposite signs.
- a tightening action without significant displacement of the pressure application zones can be considered to have been applied to the ring if a criterion is met, according to which a ratio between the amplitudes of two of the signals is constant to within 20% of the average value of the ratio during the duration of the action.
- the percentage can be adjusted by the user.
- the detection of an action of this type makes it possible to rule out the possibility that an action involving a significant displacement of the pressure zones on the ring, such as rotation or sliding, has been applied.
- compliance with this criterion implies that a pressure action of substantially constant localization has been applied to the ring by a user.
- it can be applied only to signal amplitude values exceeding a certain level, in order to avoid the effect of relative noise which becomes very significant for small amplitude values and/or adjust the percentage.
- Double-clamping is a variation of the clamping action described above, in which the clamping action is repeated within a predefined time interval, like double-clicking a computer mouse.
- a long tightening is distinguished from a tightening that can be described as short, such as those illustrated in Figures 5 to 7, in that the tightening is maintained for a certain duration exceeding a predetermined duration threshold value THR 4 .
- the signals generated by the sensors each comprise a first maximum Max1 in the form of a peak at the start of tightening and a second maximum Max2 of opposite sign to Max1 in the form of a peak of opposite orientation when tightening is released.
- An event corresponds to a long tightening action when two maximums are detected, each exceeding a predetermined threshold level, which are spaced apart by a duration exceeding the predetermined threshold value THR 4 , as illustrated in B) of the .
- the profile of the curves in B) is explained by the fact that the voltage generated by a piezoelectric sensor will gradually return to zero after application of the deformation, even without the sensor returning to its initial physical state, according to a characteristic time depending on the sensor itself and the acquisition system, i.e. approximately 0.2 s for the system having generated the signals represented here.
- the sensor signals oscillate in an approximately sinusoidal pattern.
- the oscillation maxima which correspond to deformation maxima at the three sensors, appear in an order imposed by the direction of rotation.
- the latter can therefore be deduced from the analysis of the signals generated by the sensors, by finding the maxima and determining their order of appearance.
- it is possible to characterize the rotation in direction, angular amplitude and speed.
- the first method of characterizing a ring rotation is based on the order of appearance of the maxima in the deformation amplitude.
- a second method based on the same signals generated by the sensors, can be considered.
- the distance of each curve from the origin of the graph is defined by the root of the quadratic sum of the amplitudes of the signals concerned: either a first pair of signals consisting of the signals from the SENS 1 and SENS 2 sensors, or a second pair of signals consisting of signals from the SENS 1 and SENS 3 sensors.
- the distance of each point of these curves from the origin point (0,0) of the graph represents the root of the quadratic sum of the coordinates of the curve at this point.
- a second step the ring is rolled between the two fingers, the amplitudes of the signal pairs remaining such that the roots of their quadratic sums remain greater than the threshold value, if not constant.
- This behavior is representative of a tightening exerted on the ring by a human being: it is difficult to maintain a constant tightening on the ring while rolling it between two fingers, but it is possible to maintain a certain level of tightening.
- the rolling results in displacements over time in opposite directions of rotation along the two curves, clockwise for the SENS sensor 2 , counterclockwise for the SENS sensor 3 , these two directions depending on the direction of rotation imposed on the ring.
- the ratios between the amplitudes of the signals generated by the SENS sensors 2 and MEANING 3 and the amplitude of the signal generated by the SENS sensor 1 change continuously due to the continuous displacement of the pressure zones applied to the ring.
- the detection of these changes is indicative of the occurrence of a rotation action.
- the amplitude of these changes is representative of the angle of rotation.
- the curve can be followed and an angular amplitude of rotation W between two given instants can be matched to it, by calibration or ab initio calculations.
- the finger grip is released, the signal amplitudes return to zero, which results in the curves simultaneously returning to the perimeter defined by the threshold level Thr then falling back to the point of origin of the graph, at the levels of the ZSq-End 2 and Zsq-End 3 zones of release of the grip, for the curves resulting from the signals generated by the Sens 2 and Sens 3 sensors, respectively.
- the rotation is stopped, the pressure application points are fixed, the curves form straight lines, as for the case of a grip described above using figures 5 to 7.
- Thr threshold level it may be advantageous to initiate an analysis of the curve as soon as the Thr threshold level is reached, analyze the curve continuously, generate a rotation detection signal each time the rotation angle exceeds one of a series of thresholds (e.g. spaced at intervals of 10° or any other predetermined value), and stop the analysis when the curves fall back below the Thr threshold.
- a series of thresholds e.g. spaced at intervals of 10° or any other predetermined value
- Tapping the finger wearing the ring preferably on a hard surface such as a table, generates a signal of higher frequency content than the actions of squeezing or rotating the ring.
- the frequency components of the signals generated during a tap of the finger therefore make it possible to distinguish this action from a tightening or rotation action.
- a method for detecting a tap of the finger wearing the ring may comprise as a first step a sum of the signals generated by the sensors during an event to obtain a sum signal.
- a high-pass filter is applied to the sum signal, then a first RMS effective value H of this filtered sum signal is calculated.
- a low-pass filter is applied to the same sum signal, then a second RMS effective value L of this filtered sum signal is calculated.
- the ratio of these two effective values is then compared to a predetermined threshold value THR 1 .
- the cut-off frequencies of the filters applied may be for example 10 Hz. If the RMS H /RMS L ratio is greater than or equal to the threshold value THR 1 , then the ring deformation event is considered to have been generated by a tap of the finger.
- the sum of the signals may be a weighted sum, each signal being associated with a given weighting coefficient. It is thus possible to choose the coefficients in order to choose the sensor(s) used for detection.
- An effective value can be defined as the square root of the mean of the square of the signal value over a period of time.
- the approach taken for the finger tap can be applied to the ring when it is tapped directly on a surface, preferably hard, such as a table.
- the signals generated by the sensors have a higher frequency component content than when only the finger wearing the ring is tapped on the hard surface.
- this time we can compare the RMS H /RMS L ratio to a threshold value THR 2 preferably greater than THR 1 . If the RMS H /RMS L ratio is greater than or equal to the threshold value THR 2 , then the event is considered to have been generated by a tap of the ring.
- Tapping a sensor is an action that involves directly tapping the ring at the location of one of the sensors with a finger. The difference with tightening is that the force is applied to only one side of the ring, not both sides.
- the sensors are tapped directly and the measured amplitudes of the S signals (in mV) generated in response by the sensors are illustrated by means of the graphs of the , with in (A), (B) and (C) the measurement results for taps on the SENS1, SENS2 and SENS3 sensors, respectively.
- the maximum amplitude among all the signals generated by the sensors is that corresponding to the sensor at which the tap is made, and that it corresponds to the maximum amplitude of a peak.
- a tap event on a given sensor can be identified by identifying the sensor whose generated signal has a peak with the highest amplitude, calculating the ratio of this amplitude to the maximum amplitudes of each of the other sensors, and, if these ratios are all greater than a threshold value THR 3 , considering the event as having been generated by a tap at the sensor having generated the signal having the peak with the highest amplitude, therefore the maximum amplitude.
- Figures 15 to 18 illustrate a method of using a ring R equipped with at least two sensors SENS 1 and SENS 2 , according to an algorithm allowing the detection of several types of events each characterized by the signals generated by the sensors following an action by the user on the ring.
- two digital signals S1 and S2 are generated by the two sensors SENS 1 and SENS 2 , respectively, and the analog-to-digital converter CONV, according to the algorithm illustrated by the .
- a first calculation block Bl 1 has the function of discriminating background noise or accidental or purposeless manipulations from a voluntary action by the user.
- the CALC calculator performs the quadratic sum of the amplitudes of the signals S1 and S2 during a summation operation Bl 1-10 .
- the calculator determines whether the quadratic sum Q of the amplitudes of the signals exceeds a predetermined threshold value Thr, indicating that an action has been deliberately performed on the ring.
- This test operation has a function of detecting an event measured by the sensors of the ring.
- an action detection signal S Act is generated and, in response to this signal, a second calculation block Bl 2 is implemented and the signals S1 and S2 are recorded in a computer memory MEM in functional communication with the computer CALC during an operation Bl 1-20 .
- the recorded signals will be used in the following operations. The recording is stopped when the quadratic sum falls below the threshold value THR again.
- the amplitude of a signal representative of a sum of unaveraged signals generated by the sensors or the amplitude of a single signal, averaged or not, representative of a signal generated by a single sensor could be used as the amplitude of the signal Q and compared to the threshold value to determine the occurrence of a voluntary action.
- Averaging over a combination (a sum in particular) of several signals representative of signals generated by the sensors allows for better reliability in this determination.
- the test operation Bl 1-10 could relate to a variance of the amplitudes of the signals emitted by the sensors.
- This variance can for example be calculated over a sliding period of a signal or of the sum, weighted or not, of several signals generated by the sensors, and can be considered as an event detection signal when it exceeds a predetermined threshold, set for example by a user: the variance of the signals indeed becomes greater when the user initiates an action on the ring.
- the test step Bl 1-15 thus has the function of detecting an exceedance of a threshold by a quantity representative of an amplitude of a signal or of a combination of signals each representative of a deformation of the annular element and generated by one or more of the deformation sensors mounted on the annular element in response to an action of the user, whether the quantity in question is derived directly from the amplitudes of the signal(s) considered, from a variance of this or these signals, or is representative of any other information derived from the signal(s) considered.
- Block Bl 1 is advantageous from the point of view of the autonomy of the human-machine interface: except for the detection of an event exceeding a certain threshold level, only part of the ACQ acquisition module associated with block Bl 1 needs to be supplied with voltage, which greatly limits the electrical consumption of the entire device. Indeed, a comparator, an electronic device consuming very little energy, may be sufficient to implement block Bl 1 , in particular when piezoelectric sensors are used, the voltages they generate being sufficient to operate the comparator without requiring amplification.
- the second calculation block Bl 2 has the function of performing a first analysis of the signals S1 and S2, intended to detect whether or not a rotation is exerted by the user on the ring and to characterize this rotation, if applicable.
- the CALC calculator performs the operations described below.
- a test operation Bl 2-20 ensures that as long as the quadratic sum of the signals remains greater than the threshold Thr, as indicated by the filled test condition indicator Y, the following calculation loop is continuously implemented by the calculator.
- a current rotation angle W is calculated on the basis of the signals S1 and S2 according to method 2 during an operation Bl 2-25 .
- a difference WW 0 is calculated at an operation Bl 2-30 , and the result of this difference is compared during two test operations Bl 2-35 and Bl 2-45 to a positive angular threshold value Thr Ang and its opposite -Thr Ang , respectively.
- an event determination signal ROT- is generated, representative of the fact that i) there has been rotation of the ring by an angle defined by the value of Thr Ang , and ii) this rotation is in a direction defined as negative.
- an event determination signal ROT+ is generated, representative of the fact that i) there has been rotation of the ring by an angle defined by the value of Thr Ang , and ii) this rotation is in a direction defined as positive.
- the signals ROT- and ROT+ can be generated in succession when the user continues a rotation. Each of these signals is generated in response to an incremental increase in this rotation imposed on the ring by the user, each of which can be associated with a control signal from the external device APP.
- the rotation increment count variable n is incremented by 1 during a Bl 2-55 operation and the current rotation angle W is assigned to the rotation angle variable W 0 .
- the count value n therefore indicates the number of times the ring has been rotated by a value Thr Ang during the rotation being analyzed and is therefore representative of a total rotation amplitude, corresponding to the sum of the n rotation increments.
- test operation Bl 2-70 could be implemented independently of the counting value n, by implementing the test principle described in the "Clamping" section.
- the test operation Bl 2-70 could consist in testing whether a ratio between the signals S1 and S2 is substantially constant over the duration of the analyzed event, i.e. within an interval defined by XX% around the mean value of the ratio over the duration of the recorded event, XX% representing a percentage of the mean value defined by the user, 20% for example, which constitutes a value allowing a relevant discrimination of the constancy of the ratio.
- the third calculation block Bl 3 illustrated by the , has the function of analyzing the signals generated by the sensors when it has been determined that this event is not generated by a rotation. More specifically, the Bl 3 block has the function of discriminating the type of action among the ring tightening, finger tapping and ring tapping actions, and of characterizing the tightening actions. For these purposes, the computer implements the operations of the Bl 3 block, the principles of which are explained in the Tightening, Finger Tapping and Ring Tapping sections described above.
- the digitized signal S1 is filtered in parallel according to two filtering operations Bl 3-10 and Bl 3 -15 employing a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter, respectively, so as to obtain two filtered signals.
- Each of the two signals filtered by the filtering operations Bl 3-10 and Bl 2-15 are averaged during averaging operations Bl 3-15 and Bl 3-25 to obtain the RMS H and RMS H averages of the two averaged filtered signals, respectively.
- the averaging period can be selected by the user according to his preference.
- a first test operation Bl 3-35 checks whether the value of the RMS H /RMS L ratio is greater than a high threshold value ThrH. If a positive response, indicated by Y in the figure, is returned, then a detection signal Hit(R) is generated, representative of the fact that the event was caused by a tapping action of the ring on a rigid surface.
- test operation Bl 3-40 is implemented, checking whether the value of the RMS H /RMS L ratio is greater than a low threshold value ThrL, with ThrL ⁇ ThrH.
- a Hit(F) detection signal is generated, representative of the fact that the event was caused by a tapping action of the finger (F6) bringing the ring to a rigid surface.
- test operation Bl 3-40 If a negative response to test operation Bl 3-40 , indicated by N in the figure, is returned, then it is determined that the event was caused by a clamping action, and a fourth calculation block Bl 4 is implemented during operation Bl 3-45 .
- this involves carrying out an analysis of the energy distribution of the detected signals according to the frequencies. For example, it would be possible to carry out a Fourier transformation of the signals and analyse the energy distribution in the frequency domain, for example by comparing the energy contained in the signals for frequencies above 10Hz and the energy contained in these same signals for frequencies below 10Hz.
- the fourth calculation block Bl 4 has the function of analyzing the signals generated by the sensors when it has been determined that the event detected by block Bl 1 is not caused by a rotation, nor by either a tap of the ring or a tap of the finger, as determined at the levels of blocks Bl 2 and Bl 3 . More specifically, block Bl 4 has the function of characterizing the type of tightening applied to the ring by the user: short tightening, long tightening, double tightening, and the location of the tightening. For these purposes, the calculator performs the operations of block Bl 4 described in the sections Tightening, Finger Tap and Ring Tap described above.
- Bl 4-10 , Bl 4-15 and Bl 4-20 operations of block Bl 4 are used to spatially characterize the event being analyzed.
- Operation Bl 4-10 consists of calculating the ratio of signals S1 and S2, then averaging this ratio during an averaging operation Bl 4-20 over the entire duration of the detected event. This average is compared to a calibration table prepared in advance and establishing a correspondence between averaged ratio values and a location of a tightening applied to the ring.
- the calibration table can be stored in the MEM memory. On the basis of this comparison, a signal Loc representative of the location of the event being analyzed is generated.
- a table prepared in advance by calibrating the ring can indicate a correspondence between the ratio of the amplitudes of the signals generated respectively by the sensors SENS 1 and SENS 2 and a Local localization identified by a radius r Loc angularly offset from a reference radius r ref .
- the same table, or a similar table taking into account the two diametrically opposed support zones existing during a tightening between two fingers, can be used to locate the start and end of the tightening illustrated by the and therefore evaluate the angular amplitude of the rotation applied to the ring during a rotation action of the latter.
- any action can be associated with a localization signal Loc representative of a Local localization of the action considered, on the basis of a ratio of the amplitudes of two signals generated simultaneously by two sensors located on two distinct radii of the ring.
- Operations Bl 4-30 to Bl 4-50 of block Bl 4 are used to determine the type of tightening applied to the ring and having caused the generation of signals S1 and S2.
- Operation Bl 4-30 consists of detecting the number of peaks, i.e. the number of amplitude maxima, in absolute value, for each of the signals S1 and S2 and averaging the number of peaks detected. Alternatively, one can simply count the number of peaks detected for a signal. However, averaging over multiple signals makes the detection more robust.
- the Bl 4-35 test operation returns a positive response when the number of detected peaks is close to 4, for example in an interval from 3.5 to 4.5 encompassing four to account for the averaging effect, as indicated by Y in the figure.
- a detection signal D.Sq is generated, representative of a double clamping action (2 peaks per clamping action, therefore 4 peaks for a double clamping action, as explained in the “Double Clamping” section above).
- the Bl 4-40 test operation returns a positive response when the number of detected peaks is 2, as indicated by Y in the figure.
- the time interval ⁇ T separating the two detected peaks is determined during the Bl 4-45 operation.
- the time interval ⁇ T is compared to the predetermined duration threshold value THR 4 as explained in the “Long Clamp” section above.
- ⁇ T is not greater than THR 4 , as indicated by N in the figure. If it is determined that ⁇ T is not greater than THR 4 , as indicated by N in the figure, then a signal S.Sq representative of a short clamping action, or clamp, is generated.
- An advantage of this algorithm is that it consumes only minimal energy, with the parts of the ACQ acquisition module associated with blocks Bl 2 and Bl 3 of the algorithm only being activated when it has been determined that it is necessary to use their respective functionalities.
- this is averaging over time, over a duration that can be chosen by the user or the manufacturer of the human-machine interface according to the behavior desired for this interface. However, these may be durations of the order of a few tenths of a second.
- the calculator can be configured to transmit these signals to the external device via the communication module COM in the form of a control signal S Con .
- the control signal S Con can be a signal of a command associated with the type of action applied to the ring.
- each action applied to the ring causes a deformation of the latter, deformation resulting in the generation of signals by the sensors, which can be analyzed in order to determine the action exerted and therefore the control signal to be generated.
- a second option for determining the type of action exerted on the ring is based on the classification of the event generated by this action by a computer system that has benefited from automatic learning, often referred to as “machine learning”, or “deep learning” in the case of a neural network, in English terminology.
- Figures 20, 21 and 22 illustrate the implementation of such an approach based on the use of a neural network, for the particular case where three sensors SENS1, SENS2 and SENS3 are used and deliver signals S1, S2 and S3, respectively.
- the approach consists in (i) detecting the occurrence of an event and (ii) classifying this event among a list of event classes prepared in advance.
- the classification is supported by the CALC calculator of the , which includes a neural network that has been previously trained to classify events based on the profile of the signals delivered by the sensors.
- the abscissa axis represents time and the ordinate axis the amplitude of the sum of the variances.
- the signals and the sum of their variances are representative of a deformation of the ring in response to a double tightening action, i.e. two brief tightening actions of the ring close together in time, carried out for example by the right hand of a user wearing the ring on his left hand.
- Each peak P1 and P2 of the curve is representative of an individual tightening action.
- V S is greater than V E , but V S could be less than V E .
- the first variance threshold V S is used to determine the start of the event: when the Var curve reaches and then exceeds the threshold value V S , an event is considered to have already started.
- Time T 0 indicates the moment when the curve reaches the threshold V S .
- the second variance threshold V E is used to determine the end of the event: when the Var curve falls below the threshold value V E , the event is considered to end.
- Time T 2 indicates the moment when the curve reaches the threshold V E .
- V S > V E An advantage of choosing V S > V E is to combine a good level of selectivity regarding the detection of an event, selectivity conditioned by a relatively high V S value, with consideration of the entire event, consideration favored by a relatively low V E value.
- this principle applies to any event including brief phases of ring release, during which no mechanical force is applied to the ring, or a mechanical force too weak for the curve of the sum of the variances of the signals to exceed the threshold V E .
- the sensor signals can be kept in a buffer memory, possibly a part of the MEM memory, for a duration at least equal to dT S , then, in case of detection of the occurrence of an event, the signals generated by the sensors from the beginning to the end of the event can be stored in the MEM memory for processing.
- the width of the variance calculation window, dT S and dT E can take identical or distinct values adjustable by the practitioner, 50 ms for example.
- the start and end times of an event are determined from the signals generated by the sensors.
- the diagram represents a step S00 of applying an action by the user to a ring R, causing an event at the level of the detection signals S1, S2 and S3 generated by the sensors integrated into the ring.
- the step S00 of generating the signals is followed by a step S10 of determining the start times Start and end times End of the event, this step comprising steps S12, S14, 16 and S18.
- the variances Var1, Var2 and Var3 of the three signals S1, S2 and S3 generated respectively by the three sensors Sens1, Sens2 and Sens3 are calculated on a sliding window.
- step S14 the variances are summed to give the summed variance Var illustrated by the .
- the computer determines that the summed variance Var exceeds a given threshold and generates a Trig command to trigger the recording in memory MEM of the sensor signals.
- the recording of data predating the generation of the Trig command can be obtained by using a buffer memory recording the data according to a sliding window.
- Step 16 can also be used to exit a standby phase of the parts of the acquisition module, in a manner similar to the test step Bl 1-15 written above in relation to the algorithm of the .
- the calculator determines that the event has ended, and returns the start times Start and the end times End of this event.
- Preparing a training program for a neural network involves first listing the classes into which this network will be tasked with classifying the data submitted to it.
- Table Tab. 1 lists action types that may be interesting to identify from the recorded data of ring deformation events.
- Action Description Direction Variants Squeeze Squeeze the ring between two fingers Single, Double, Triple Short, Long 3 Fingers squeeze Squeeze the ring between three fingers Single, Double, Triple Short, Long Lat Squeeze Squeeze the ring taken between two fingers along its axis of revolution Single, Double, Triple Short, Long Rot Spin the ring Positive, Negative Short, Long, Small, Large Fast, Slow Touch Touching the ring worn with a finger Single, Double, Triple Short, Long Knock Tap a surface with a finger wearing the ring Single, Double, Triple Ring Toc Tap a surface directly with the ring Single, Double, Triple Slide Apply pressure to a point moving on the ring around the finger Positive, Negative Fast, Slow Surf Slide Slide Slide the ring placed on a surface Right, Left Fast, Slow Up, Down Short, Long Swipe Slide a finger across the ring in a direction parallel to the finger wearing the ring Right, left Hand Closure Close the hand
- the SQ “Squeeze” action corresponds to a radial tightening of the ring between two fingers, as illustrated in (B) of the .
- the 3FS “3 Fingers Squeeze” action corresponds to a radial tightening of the ring between three fingers, as illustrated in (B) of the .
- the “Lat Squeeze” action LS corresponds to a tightening of the ring R between two fingers F1 and F2 which apply forces F in a direction parallel to its axis of revolution, as illustrated in (C) of the .
- the “Rot” action ROT corresponds to a rotation of the ring around the finger wearing it, as illustrated in (C) of the .
- the trigonometric direction that is to say the counterclockwise direction of rotation, is the positive direction of rotation.
- the “Touch” action TCH corresponds to the support of a finger F1 of one hand of the user exerting a force F on the ring R worn around a finger of the other hand of the user, as illustrated in (A) of the .
- the “Knock” action corresponds to striking a rigid surface with a finger wearing the ring.
- the “Ring Toc” action corresponds to tapping a rigid surface directly with the ring worn around a finger.
- the “Slide” action SL corresponds to a radial centripetal force F applied at least partially towards the inside of the ring R at a point P moving on the periphery of the ring along a trajectory Traj so as to rotate around the finger F6 carrying the ring, as illustrated in (D) of the .
- the action "Surf Slide” SS corresponds to the sliding of the ring R placed on a rigid surface Surf, such as the top of a table, for example in four directions Left, Right, Up and Down parallel to the rigid surface, opposed two by two, the directions Left and Right being normal to the directions Up and Down, as illustrated in (E) of the .
- the action "Swipe" SW corresponds to a friction of the ring in a direction parallel to the finger wearing the ring.
- This situation can be described as the displacement of a point of application of a centripetal force F to the ring and/or to the finger wearing it along a trajectory Traj substantially parallel to the axis Ax of revolution of the ring, as illustrated in (F) of the .
- the action "Hand closure” corresponds to the formation of a fist with a hand with one finger wearing the ring.
- only the finger wearing the ring can be bent.
- the ring is deformed by the expansion of the finger wearing it due to the muscular contraction of the latter, which results in a centrifugal force applied from the inside of the ring to the outside.
- the “finger snap” action corresponds to a snap of the finger wearing the ring.
- the “Trash” action corresponds to user actions not related to the intention of the external device to execute a command: for example, it could be a gesture such as grabbing a pen or a cup. These actions can be considered as parasitic actions that should not be taken into account for the control of the external device, and the events that they generate involuntarily can be classified as such so as not to cause the generation of control signals by the CALC calculator.
- the Rot action can have two variants: Small and Large, which are characterized by the angular amplitude ⁇ of the rotation imposed on the ring, illustrated by the .
- Small and Large which are characterized by the angular amplitude ⁇ of the rotation imposed on the ring, illustrated by the .
- a rotation of an angle ⁇ included in an angular interval between 20° and 40° is a rotation of small amplitude, therefore corresponding to the Small variant.
- a rotation of an angle ⁇ greater than the upper limit (40°) of the angular interval for example greater than 90°, is a rotation of large amplitude, therefore corresponding to the Large variant.
- the Swipe and Surf Slide actions can be performed by moving (either a finger applying pressure for slide or the ring itself for Surf Slide) from left to right (right direction) or from right to left (left direction), from the user's point of view.
- the Surf Slide action can be performed in any direction, but the right and left directions described above and the forward (Up) and backward (Down) directions can be considered first.
- the Slide, Surf Slide and Rot actions can respectively have more or less high speeds of movement of a finger on the ring, of the ring on a surface, or of rotation, corresponding to relatively slow or relatively fast movements corresponding respectively to Slow and Fast variants.
- each of the actions in the table can have a relatively short duration or a relatively long duration. These durations can be illustrated for example by means of the variances of the corresponding events, as illustrated by the graphs in (A) and (C) of the (we can refer to the explanations concerning the graph of the ).
- a short action corresponds to an applied force amplitude exhibiting a peak and will therefore generate only a peak in the variance Var as in (A) whereas a long action will generate a variance remaining of relatively large amplitude over a certain duration before falling back close to zero at the end of the event, illustrated in (C) by a plateau.
- the actions Touch, Toc, Ring Toc, Squeeze, 3 Fingers Squeeze, Lat Squeeze, Click and Hand Closure can be repeated during the same event (see the example of the which represents a double action), thus creating variations of the basic event, as illustrated in (A), (B) and (D) of the (we can refer to the explanations concerning the graph of the ).
- One, two and three occurrences of a basic action correspond respectively to the Single, Double and Triple variants of this action, for example repeating three times in rapid succession the action Toc corresponds to the Triple variant of this action Toc.
- each action, direction of action and variant of action can be associated with a respective control signal to an external device to be controlled by means of the human-machine interface constituted by the ring R.
- a high speed or a high amplitude of an action can be used to perform to generate a command of a control signal of the same type as the same action having a lower amplitude or speed, or a command of another type.
- a first application example is the navigation within a drop-down menu of a computer interface by means of rotation actions.
- a low amplitude Rot rotation can allow you to move to an element of the menu immediately adjacent before or after the current element, depending on the direction of rotation, while a high amplitude rotation will move to a more distant element of the menu.
- a second application example, still concerning rotations, is that of listening to a piece of music in a list.
- a low amplitude rotation can be associated with volume control while a high amplitude rotation can be associated with the choice of the piece of the list to play: piece of the list following or preceding the piece currently playing, depending on the direction of the rotation.
- Training the neural network involves providing it, during a learning phase, with a set of training data corresponding to events of identified classes, the classes being transmitted to the neural network associated with the corresponding data. Based on the data and associations provided, the neural network then “learns” to recognize the events and to associate each of them with a given class, which correspond to an action of the user on the ring. Ideally, each action of the user on the ring corresponds uniquely to a particular class of events which can be determined from the signals generated by the sensors and recorded in the memory.
- the actions generating the events that the neural network must be able to process and classify have been defined, it is necessary to produce the corresponding training data.
- the actions can be chosen from the table Tab. 1 presented above.
- One solution to produce the training data for the chosen actions is to use the ring by applying these actions to it and recording the events generated in response.
- Training data can thus be obtained by recording the signals generated by the sensors for, for example, 100 repetitions of a ring deformation event caused by a given user action, and performing this operation for each type of action to be identified.
- Steps S00, S10, S20 and S30 of the diagram of the can be used to illustrate this process of producing training data.
- step S10 the calculator CALC determines the start and end of an event defined by the signals S1, S2 and S3 generated in response to an action by the user of the ring in step S00.
- a step S20 the signals generated during the duration of the event are sampled and recorded in the memory MEM during a recording operation Rec. It is preferable that the same number of measurements be associated with each detected event. If, for example, the sampling of the measurement signals is done at a frequency of 100 Hz and the number of samples of each of the signals S1, S2 and S3 is set to 100 for a given event, the signals are recorded for a duration of one second. If the event lasts less than one second, the data is completed with zeros to maintain the number of 100 samples.
- the recorded data are preferably normalized by a conditioning Cond implemented by the calculation unit: the amplitude of this signal averaged over the duration of the event can be subtracted from each sample of a signal, then the result can be divided by the variance of the signal during the event.
- This data conditioning allows to have data sets in the same format, facilitating their processing and classification by means of the neural network.
- each event is associated with a matrix of 3x100 samples.
- Data conditioning can be adapted to the number of sensors, to the use of the ring which can influence the length of the events to be recorded, to the desired sampling rate, or even to the processing capacity by the computer integrated into the ring.
- Steps S00 to S30 are repeated until event recordings are obtained in a number and diversity considered sufficient by the practitioner.
- the recorded data here is the training data of the neural network: each data recording is associated with the corresponding action.
- Training a neural network conventionally involves providing the training data and expected results, the class of each event in the training data, as input to the neural network. At the end of the training phase, the processing of data by the neural network is assumed to be sufficiently reliable for it to be used in real conditions. The level of reliability is estimated using validation data, which allows testing the network's performance.
- the tables in Figures 23 and 24 illustrate the results of training a neural network.
- a neural network was trained to classify events into a number of classes corresponding to given user actions.
- a test was performed, the table allowing a comparison between the classifications made by the neural network and the known classes of the validation data.
- the training and validation data consisted of a few dozen recordings of each action that were collected from about ten different users.
- the table of the shows the classification test results for the following actions: Touch, Toc, Squeeze, Slide_pos and Slide_neg (Slide actions in a positive and opposite negative direction, respectively), Rot_pos and Rot_neg (Rot actions in the counterclockwise and opposite direction, respectively), Surf_slide_rl and Surf_slide_lr (Surf Slide actions to the left and to the right, respectively), and Swipe_rl and Swipe_lr (Swipe action to the left and to the right, respectively).
- the table of the shows the classification test results for the following actions: Single_squeeze and Double_squeeze (occurrence and two occurrences of the Squeeze action during one event, respectively), Rot_neg_small and Rot_neg_large (rot actions in the opposite direction to the counterclockwise direction for small and large amplitude rotations, respectively), Rot_pos_small and Rot_pos_large (rot actions in the counterclockwise direction for small and large amplitude rotations, respectively), and Trash.
- the rows of the tables correspond to the true (known) classes of the validation data and the columns to the classifications of these data by the neural network.
- the main diagonal of the tables would only include “1”s and the other boxes would only include “0”.
- Preliminary results show a classification reliability of 86% and 91% respectively for the tables in Figures 23 and 24. These scores largely validate the relevance of this approach to determine user actions on the ring from sensor measurement signals.
- the neural network can be used for practical use of the human-machine interface in the form of a ring illustrated for example by the .
- Steps S00 to S30 are performed in the same way as for the production of training data in the previous section.
- the conditioned data associated with an event are provided as input to the neural network of the CALC calculator, which performs a Class classification of the event in a step S40, which makes it possible to determine the type of action that generated this event and generate a signal S Class representative of the class of the event and the type of action that generated it.
- Each signal S Class can be considered as a signal for detecting an action applied to the annular element, more specifically a mechanical action leading to an overall deformation of the annular element.
- the neural network determines during this step to which class the event belongs.
- Step S40 can be considered as a step for detecting a particular event, and the signal S Class is also a signal for detecting a given event and therefore the action that generated it.
- the CALC calculator of the ACQ acquisition module generates a control signal S Con in response to the signal S Class and therefore to the classification of the data by the neural network. This operation can be carried out for example by searching in a table for a command associated with the class of the event, contained in the control signal.
- the signal S Class can be used as the signal S Con .
- the signal S Con can be sent to the external device APP via the communication module Com.
- An advantage of using a neural network is that the user, provided that the network is trained, will be able to adapt the response of the interface to his own gestures, and will even be able to add new detection classes to the “vocabulary” understood by the interface.
- any type of action applied to the ring and leading to reproducible events in the deformation measurement signals of the annular element can be used to control the external device. A user could thus “educate” the ring R to recognize a given manipulation of the ring, regardless of whether or not this manipulation was envisaged by its designer.
- Strain sensors are used to estimate the surface deformation undergone by an element of any mechanical system when it is subjected to external forces (force and moments of force applied to it by external elements).
- a sensor particularly suited to the ring-shaped human-machine interface described above is a thin monocrystalline piezoelectric element in the form of a plate extending in an extension plane defined by a first direction and a second direction normal to the first direction, with dimensions in the first direction and the second direction each greater than 100 ⁇ m and a thickness of less than 50 ⁇ m, a ratio of the thickness to the dimension in the first direction or the dimension in the second direction being less than 0.1.
- the piezoelectric element may have a first sensitivity S x to deformation in the first direction and a second sensitivity S y to deformation in the second direction, a crystalline orientation of the element may be such that abs(S y /S x ) ⁇ 0.1, corresponding to a so-called “unidirectional” sensitivity, abs((S y +S x )/S x ) ⁇ 0.1, corresponding to a so-called “bidirectional” sensitivity, or for at least two first directions of the extension plane making an angle between them of between 30° and 60°, abs((S x -S y )/S x ) ⁇ 0.1, corresponding to a so-called “omnidirectional” sensitivity.
- Such a thin piezoelectric element is suitable for forming the basis of a passive strain sensor, which can combine precision, sensitivity, conformability, flexibility, lightness, stability, linearity, directivity and applicability to wide strain ranges, as described in detail in French patent application FR2303635.
- this piezoelectric element can measure deformations greater than 5000 micrometers per meter with a resolution of the order of 1 nanometer of deformation per meter.
- These figures compare with those of conventional resistive gauges which can measure deformations of up to 12000 micrometers per meter but with a much lower resolution, of the order of 1 micrometer of deformation per meter, or with those of piezoelectric gauges in a box which are only capable of measuring deformations limited to approximately 300 micrometers per meter with a resolution of 1 nanometer per meter.
- This thin piezoelectric element may be provided with a pair of electrically conductive layers located respectively on two opposite faces of the thin piezoelectric element.
- a strain sensor may include at least one thin piezoelectric element as described above, located on a flexible sheet.
- the at least one thin piezoelectric element may be encapsulated between the flexible sheet and another flexible sheet;
- the sensor may comprise at least one charge amplifier connected to the at least one thin piezoelectric element;
- the sensor may comprise a plurality of thin piezoelectric elements as described above, oriented in different directions having at least a 30° separation between them;
- the sensor may comprise a first, a second and a third piezoelectric thin elements, each having the characteristic abs(S y /S x ) ⁇ 0.1, the first direction of the second piezoelectric thin element being able to make an angle of 90° with the first direction of the first piezoelectric thin element, the first direction of the third piezoelectric thin element being able to make an angle of 45° with the first direction of the first piezoelectric thin element;
- the sensor may comprise a first, a second and a third piezoelectric thin elements, each of which may have the characteristic abs(S y /S x ) ⁇ 0.1, the first direction of the second piezoelectric thin element being able to make an angle of 120° with the first direction of the first piezoelectric thin element, the first direction of the third piezoelectric thin element being able to make an angle of 240° with the first direction of the first piezoelectric thin element;
- the sensor may comprise a plurality of charge amplifiers each connected to a respective one of the thin piezoelectric elements;
- - a sensor can combine at least two sensors according to the invention electrically connected in parallel.
- Each of the sensors integrated into the R ring can consist of a sensor combining one or more of the characteristics listed above.
- the human-machine interface in the form of a ring equipped with sensors sensitive to the deformation of the annular element as a whole, can advantageously use deformation sensors having as a sensitive element the thin monocrystalline piezoelectric element described above. Its advantages are multiple, we can in particular cite the sensitivity and, possibly if it is sought, the directivity of a sensor based on such an element, but also the precision, conformability, flexibility, lightness, integrability and reduced dimensions, stability, linearity, directivity and applicability to wide ranges of deformations.
- the R ring will benefit in particular from the integrability and sensitivity of the thin piezoelectric element.
- the sensitivity allows for example to form the ANN annular element in conventional materials and dimensions for manufacturing rings: lower sensitivities would require the use of more deformable and/or thinner materials, reducing their robustness and wearing comfort.
- a classic ring made of metal, is rigid and deforms little under the action of forces applied by fingers, (usually of amplitudes less than 10 N. Such forces generate deformations of the order of 5 ⁇ def, which are difficult to measure using conventional strain gauges.
- Resistive gauges for example, have insufficient sensitivity for the application targeted here. Even if they were mounted on a sufficiently flexible annular element so that they could measure the deformations caused by the user, their power consumption would disqualify them for the intended application. In addition, reducing the noise of the gauges by filtering to keep only the low frequencies of the measurement signals would induce a prohibitive delay for a control interface.
- Piezoelectric sensors meet this criterion.
- a first type of piezoelectric deformation sensors is based on the use of a crystal of piezoelectric material with relatively good sensitivity to deformation and stable over time, but thick and rigid, often housed in a metal case to which it is mechanically attached, these latter characteristics making it difficult to integrate into a structure having the dimensions of the ring R and poorly suited to installation on a curved surface such as that of the annular element ANN.
- a second type of piezoelectric strain sensors is based on the use of composite structures comprising PZT (or lead zirconate titanate) bars located between sheets of polymer materials, or on polymer piezoelectric films called "PVDF" for poly(vinylidene fluoride) in English terminology.
- PZT lead zirconate titanate
- the thin monocrystalline piezoelectric element described above meets all the criteria necessary for good integration into the ring and good functionalities for it: dimensions, flexibility and sensitivity.
- the integrability of the piezoelectric element (ease of placing it in intimate contact with a rounded structure such as the annular element) is essential here, and its sensitivity makes it possible to detect deformations even simply applied to the finger to an annular element of comparable rigidity to a traditional metal ring.
- the piezoelectric element can be formed from lithium tantalate LiTaO3 in monocrystalline form, which belongs to the 3m space group, but also from lithium niobate LiNbO3 (group 3m), lead magnesium niobate MgNb2(PbO3)3 (group P1), aluminum nitride AlN (group P6 3mc ), barium titanate BaTiO3, potassium niobate KNbO3 or lead titanate TiPbO3 (all three from the P4mm group).
- lithium niobate LiNbO3 group 3m
- lead magnesium niobate MgNb2(PbO3)3 group P1
- aluminum nitride AlN group P6 3mc
- barium titanate BaTiO3, potassium niobate KNbO3 or lead titanate TiPbO3 all three from the P4mm group.
- FIG. 1 a cross-sectional view of a SENS piezoelectric sensor based on a thin piezoelectric element PIEZO of extension plane chosen to exhibit a particular behavior, unidirectional, omnidirectional or bidirectional to a unidirectional deformation applied to it in its extension plane.
- the sensitivity behavior of the thin piezoelectric element is transferred to the sensor integrating this thin piezoelectric element.
- Such sensors can be particularly adapted to specific situations as illustrated by figures 10 to 12 commented below, but they can also be used in the context of more general applications, as will become apparent later.
- the SENS sensor comprises a flexible SH1 sheet on which the thin PIEZO element is fixed.
- the sheets are preferably made of flexible materials chosen according to the intended application, and may be, for example, made of metal, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyimide (PI), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar®) or a composite material of epoxy resin and glass fibers.
- the thin PIEZO element may be fixed to the SH1 sheet by means of a flexible adhesive such as an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) which also allows electrical contact as described in patent document FR 3 122 985.
- ACF anisotropic conductive film
- the SENS sensor may be fixed to a surface to be characterized by means of an adhesive, for example a cyanoacrylate glue or an epoxy resin.
- a charge amplifier C.AMP is also fixed on the sheet SH1 and functionally connected to two conductive layers EL1 and EL2 acting as electrodes, respectively formed on two opposite faces of the thin PIEZO element.
- the function of the charge amplifier is to produce a voltage corresponding to the charge applied at the input and which corresponds to the charge generated by the PIEZO element during its deformation, for the purposes of electronic processing of the generated electrical potential and to carry out an effective measurement of the deformation of the PIEZO element.
- a wire connection element such as a ribbon cord, is connected to the charge amplifier to connect the sensor to an external measuring device.
- the thin piezoelectric element PIEZO preferably has a thickness of less than 50 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 25 ⁇ m, even more preferably less than 10 ⁇ m.
- a ratio of the thickness of the PIEZO element to its dimension L X in a first direction of its extension plane, and/or of a dimension Ly in a second dimension of its extension plane normal to the Lx direction is less than 0.1, preferably less than 0.05, more preferably less than 0.01.
- the SH1 sheet and, where applicable, the SH2 sheet may have a thickness between 5 and 300 ⁇ m.
- the SENS piezoelectric sensor considered as a whole is sufficiently flexible to fit the surface of the annular element to which it is to be fixed and capable of following its deformations.
- the practitioner will be able to decide for each application the characteristics of the thin piezoelectric element PIEZO, its support, and other elements such as the electrode layers or the means of making electrical contacts.
- the SH1 sheet may be made of or replaced by a flexible support such as a flexible printed circuit called "flex PCB", composed of layers of electrically insulating polymer and layers of copper, making it possible to route signals between the different components of an electronic circuit.
- a flexible support such as a flexible printed circuit called "flex PCB"
- Each sensor assembly may comprise a plurality of piezoelectric PIEZO elements, each having its own support, as may the electronic module controlling them.
- a single flex PCB support may accommodate all of the PIEZO elements and the electronic module controlling these elements.
- a first flex PCB support may be common to all of the PIEZO elements and a second flex PCB support may be dedicated to the electronic control module.
- the exact type of sensor(s) to be integrated into the ANN annular element will depend on the type of action to be detected and the constraints imposed (autonomy, sensitivity, etc.), according to the designers' intentions.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Position Input By Displaying (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
Description
| Action | Description | Direction | Variantes |
| Squeeze | Serrer l'anneau entre deux doigts | Simple, Double, Triple | |
| Court, Long | |||
| 3 Fingers squeeze | Serrer l'anneau entre trois doigts | Simple, Double, Triple | |
| Court, Long | |||
| Lat Squeeze | Serre l'anneau pris entre deux doigts selon son axe de révolution | Simple, Double, Triple | |
| Court, Long | |||
| Rot | Faire tourner l'anneau | Positive, Négative | Courte, Longue, |
| Petite, Grande | |||
| Rapide, Lent | |||
| Touch | Toucher de l'anneau porté avec un doigt | Simple, Double, Triple | |
| Court, Long | |||
| Toc | Taper une surface avec un doigt portant l'anneau | Simple, Double, Triple | |
| Ring Toc | Taper une surface directement avec l'anneau | Simple, Double, Triple | |
| Slide | Appliquer une pression sur un point se déplaçant sur l’anneau autour du doigt | Positive, Négative | Rapide, Lent |
| Surf Slide | Faire glisser l'anneau posé sur une surface | Droite, Gauche | Rapide, Lent |
| Haut, Bas | Court, Long | ||
| Swipe | Faire glisser un doigt sur l'anneau selon une direction parallèle au doigt portant l’anneau | Droite, gauche | |
| Hand Closure | Fermer la main avec l'anneau sur un doigt | Simple, Double, Triple | |
| Doigt seulement | |||
| Finger Snap | Claquement de doigt | ||
| Trash |
Claims (17)
- Ensemble (R) de capteur se présentant sous forme d’un anneau, comprenant :
- un élément annulaire (ANN) de forme sensiblement cylindrique ;
- au moins deux capteurs (SENS1, SENS2, SENS3) de déformation montés sur l’élément annulaire à des niveaux d’au moins deux rayons (r1, r2, r3) de celui-ci, respectivement, les deux rayons étant distincts angulairement l’un de l’autre, de manière à ce que les au moins deux capteurs soient sensibles à une déformation globale de l’élément annulaire ; et
un module électronique (EL) configuré de manière à générer un signal de détection (ROT-, ROT+, Loc, S.Sq, L.Sq, D.Sq, Hit(F), Hit(R), SClass) représentatif de la déformation globale de l’élément annulaire, en réponse à un traitement d’au moins deux signaux (S1, S2, S3) respectivement émis par les au moins deux capteurs (SENS1, SENS2, SENS3) de déformation. - Ensemble (R) de capteur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l’élément annulaire (ANN) a une structure monolithique.
- Ensemble (R) de capteur selon la revendication 2, dans lequel l’élément annulaire (ANN) est formé de métal.
- Ensemble (R) de capteur selon l’une quelconque des revendication 1 à 3, dans lequel les au moins deux rayons (r1, r2, r3) distincts sont espacés angulairement entre eux d’un angle compris entre 20° et 160°.
- Ensemble (R) de capteur selon l’une quelconque des revendication 1 à 4, dans lequel les au moins deux capteurs (SENS1, SENS2, SENS3) de déformation sont des capteurs de type piézoélectrique.
- L’ensemble (R) de capteur selon la revendication 5, dans lequel les au moins deux capteurs (SENS1, SENS2, SENS3) de déformation comprennent au moins un élément mince piézoélectrique (PIEZO) monocristallin se présentant sous forme d’une plaque s’étendant dans un plan d’extension (xy) défini par une première direction (x) et une seconde direction (y) normale à la première direction, de dimensions (LX, LY) dans la première direction et la seconde direction chacune supérieures à 100 µm et d’épaisseur (LZ) inférieure à 50 µm, un rapport de l’épaisseur sur la dimension (LX) dans la première direction ou la dimension (Ly) dans la seconde direction étant inférieur à 0,1.
- Interface homme-machine (R) comprenant l’ensemble de capteur selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, le module électronique (EL) étant en outre configuré de manière à générer un signal de contrôle (SCon) d’un appareil (APP) extérieur à l’interface homme-machine (R) en réponse au signal de détection (ROT-, ROT+, Loc, S.Sq, L.Sq, D.Sq, Hit(F), Hit(R), SClass).
- Interface homme-machine (R) selon la revendication 7, configurée pour ne maintenir éveillée qu’une première partie du module d’acquisition (ACQ) associée à la détection (Bl1-15) et ne mettre en fonction des secondes parties du module d’acquisition que lorsqu’il est déterminé que des mises en fonction respectives de ces secondes parties sont nécessaires à une analyse des signaux (S1, S2) émis par les au moins deux capteurs (SENS1, SENS2, SENS3) de déformation.
- Interface homme-machine (R) selon la revendication 7 ou 8, dans laquelle le module électronique (EL) comprend un calculateur (CALC) configuré pour (i) classifier (S40) des événements représentés par les signaux (S1, S2, S3) émis par les au moins deux capteurs (SENS1, SENS2, SENS3) de déformation et (ii) générer (S50) le signal de contrôle (SCon) d’un appareil (APP) extérieur à l’interface homme-machine (R) en réponse à cette classification.
- Interface homme-machine (R) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 7 à 9, dans laquelle le signal de contrôle est représentatif d’au moins une action (S00) choisie parmi un serrage (SQ, 3SQ), un serrage court ou un serrage long de l’élément annulaire (ANN) entre deux doigts (F1, F2) ou entre trois doigts (F1, F2, F3), répété ou non, selon une direction centripète à l’élément annulaire (ANN) ; un serrage (LS) de l’élément annulaire (ANN), répété ou non, parallèlement à un axe (Ax) de révolution de l’élément annulaire (ANN); une fermeture d’une main dont un doigt porte l’élément annulaire (ANN) ou la fermeture d’un doigt portant l’élément annulaire (ANN) ; et une rotation (ROT) de l’élément annulaire (ANN) entre deux doigts (F1, F2) d’une première amplitude (α) appartenant à un intervalle angulaire ou d’une seconde amplitude supérieure à une borne supérieure de l’intervalle angulaire.
- Interface homme-machine (R) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 7 à 9, dans laquelle le signal de contrôle (SCon) est représentatif d’au moins une action (S00) choisie parmi un toucher (TCH) de l’élément annulaire (ANN) par un doigt (F1) ; une tape d’une surface par un doigt portant l’élément annulaire (ANN) ; une tape d’une surface directement avec l’élément annulaire (ANN) ; l’application (SL) d’une pression sur l’élément annulaire (ANN) en un point se déplaçant sur l’élément annulaire (ANN) autour d’un doigt (F6) portant l’élément annulaire (ANN) ; un glissement (SS) de l’élément annulaire (ANN) sur une surface (Surf), un glissement d’un doigt d’une première main sur l’élément annulaire (ANN) selon une direction parallèle à un doigt d’une seconde main portant l’élément annulaire (ANN) ; une localisation de l’une quelconque des actions précédentes ; et un claquement d’une doigt portant l’élément annulaire (ANN).
- Interface homme-machine (R) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 7 à 11, dans laquelle le module d’acquisition est configuré pour :
- détecter (Bl2-35, Bl2-45, S40) une rotation (Rot, Rot_pos, Rot_neg, Rot_pos_small, Rot_pos_large, Rot_neg_small, Rot_neg_large) de l’élément annulaire sur la base des signaux (S1, S2) émis par les au moins deux capteurs (SENS1, SENS2, SENS3) de déformation ; et
- en réponse à l’étape de détection, générer un signal (ROT-, ROT+, SClass) représentatif de l’occurrence d’une rotation de l’élément annulaire (ANN). - Interface homme-machine (R) selon la revendication 12, dans laquelle le signal (ROT-, ROT+) est représentatif d’une rotation ayant dépassé une valeur angulaire incrémentale (-ThrAng, ThrAng).
- Interface homme-machine (R) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 7 à 13, comprenant en outre un module (COM) de transmission sans fil configuré pour transmettre des signaux générés par le module (ACQ) d’acquisition à l’appareil (APP) extérieur et une source d’alimentation (BAT) en énergie électrique du module (COM) de transmission sans fil et du module (ACQ) d’acquisition.
- Interface homme-machine (R) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 7 à 14, comprenant en outre un dispositif (FB) de retour d’information configuré pour signaler à un utilisateur une génération d’un signal de détection (ROT-, ROT+, Hit(R), Hit(R), Loc, S.Sq, L.Sq, D.Sq, SClass) par le module d’acquisition (ACQ).
- Interface homme-machine (R) selon l’une quelconque des revendications 7 à 15, configurée pour être enfilée sur une partie (F6) d’un utilisateur ou une tige (RD) d’un dispositif de contrôle de l’appareil (APP) extérieur.
- Kit comprenant une interface homme-machine (R) selon l’une quelconques des revendications 7 à 16 ainsi qu’un appareil (APP) extérieur configuré pour être contrôlé au moyen de l’interface homme-machine (R).
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020257043720A KR20260017438A (ko) | 2023-06-06 | 2024-05-17 | 링 형태의 터치 센서 및 연관된 인간-기계 인터페이스 |
| EP24726276.9A EP4724879A1 (fr) | 2023-06-06 | 2024-05-17 | Capteur tactile en forme d'anneau et interface homme-machine associee |
| CN202480049350.9A CN121569267A (zh) | 2023-06-06 | 2024-05-17 | 呈环形式的触摸传感器和相关联的人机接口 |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2305671A FR3149703A1 (fr) | 2023-06-06 | 2023-06-06 | Capteur tactile en forme d’anneau et interface homme-machine associee |
| FRFR2305671 | 2023-06-06 | ||
| FR2315303A FR3149704B1 (fr) | 2023-06-06 | 2023-12-26 | CAPTEUR TACTILE EN FORME D’ANNEAU et INTERFACE homme-machine ASSOCIEE |
| FRFR2315303 | 2023-12-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024251498A1 true WO2024251498A1 (fr) | 2024-12-12 |
Family
ID=91128278
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2024/063675 Ceased WO2024251498A1 (fr) | 2023-06-06 | 2024-05-17 | Capteur tactile en forme d'anneau et interface homme-machine associee |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4724879A1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20260017438A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN121569267A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024251498A1 (fr) |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2303635A1 (fr) | 1975-03-14 | 1976-10-08 | Oceanic Contractors | Procede et appareil pour couper et preparer des tubes en vue de leur assemblage |
| US20150046886A1 (en) * | 2013-08-07 | 2015-02-12 | Nike, Inc. | Gesture recognition |
| US9582076B2 (en) | 2014-09-17 | 2017-02-28 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Smart ring |
| US20170242496A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 | 2017-08-24 | Jun Ho Park | Wearble device |
| US20200150715A1 (en) | 2018-04-30 | 2020-05-14 | Apple Inc. | Expandable Ring Device |
| US20220212112A1 (en) | 2019-07-05 | 2022-07-07 | Nintendo Co., Ltd. | Storage medium having information processing program stored therein, information processing system, information processing apparatus, and information processing method |
| FR3122985A1 (fr) | 2021-05-18 | 2022-11-25 | Wormsensing | Capteur de vibration et dispositif pour la mesure de signaux vitaux periodiques emis par le corps humain ou animal |
-
2024
- 2024-05-17 WO PCT/EP2024/063675 patent/WO2024251498A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-05-17 KR KR1020257043720A patent/KR20260017438A/ko active Pending
- 2024-05-17 CN CN202480049350.9A patent/CN121569267A/zh active Pending
- 2024-05-17 EP EP24726276.9A patent/EP4724879A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2303635A1 (fr) | 1975-03-14 | 1976-10-08 | Oceanic Contractors | Procede et appareil pour couper et preparer des tubes en vue de leur assemblage |
| US20150046886A1 (en) * | 2013-08-07 | 2015-02-12 | Nike, Inc. | Gesture recognition |
| US20170242496A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 | 2017-08-24 | Jun Ho Park | Wearble device |
| US9582076B2 (en) | 2014-09-17 | 2017-02-28 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Smart ring |
| US20200150715A1 (en) | 2018-04-30 | 2020-05-14 | Apple Inc. | Expandable Ring Device |
| US20220212112A1 (en) | 2019-07-05 | 2022-07-07 | Nintendo Co., Ltd. | Storage medium having information processing program stored therein, information processing system, information processing apparatus, and information processing method |
| FR3122985A1 (fr) | 2021-05-18 | 2022-11-25 | Wormsensing | Capteur de vibration et dispositif pour la mesure de signaux vitaux periodiques emis par le corps humain ou animal |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| CHUANG, W.-C., HWANG, W.-J., TAI, T.-M., HUANG, D.-R., & JHANG, Y.-J.: "Continuous Finger Gesture Recognition Based on Flex Sensors.", SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND, vol. 19, no. 18, 2019, pages 3986 |
| KIM, M.CHO, J.LEE, S.JUNG, Y.: "IMU Sensor-Based Hand Gesture Recognition for Human-Machine Interfaces.", SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND, vol. 19, no. 18, 2019, pages 3827 |
| NGUYEN-TRONG, K., VU, H. N., TRUNG, N. N., & PHAM, C.: "Gesture Recognition Using Wearable Sensors With Bi-Long Short-Term Memory Convolutional Neural Networks", IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, vol. 21, no. 13, 2021, pages 15065 - 15079, XP011863135, DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3074642 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN121569267A (zh) | 2026-02-24 |
| KR20260017438A (ko) | 2026-02-05 |
| EP4724879A1 (fr) | 2026-04-15 |
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