WO2024251886A1 - Procédé et installation de traitement de l'eau par flottation avec recirculation de la phase flottante - Google Patents
Procédé et installation de traitement de l'eau par flottation avec recirculation de la phase flottante Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024251886A1 WO2024251886A1 PCT/EP2024/065624 EP2024065624W WO2024251886A1 WO 2024251886 A1 WO2024251886 A1 WO 2024251886A1 EP 2024065624 W EP2024065624 W EP 2024065624W WO 2024251886 A1 WO2024251886 A1 WO 2024251886A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- contaminants
- enclosure
- flotation
- aqueous effluent
- bubbles
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/24—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flotation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/02—Froth-flotation processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/02—Froth-flotation processes
- B03D1/028—Control and monitoring of flotation processes; computer models therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/08—Subsequent treatment of concentrated product
- B03D1/082—Subsequent treatment of concentrated product of the froth product, e.g. washing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/14—Flotation machines
- B03D1/1431—Dissolved air flotation machines
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/14—Flotation machines
- B03D1/24—Pneumatic
- B03D1/247—Mixing gas and slurry in a device separate from the flotation tank, i.e. reactor-separator type
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D2203/00—Specified materials treated by the flotation agents; Specified applications
- B03D2203/008—Water purification, e.g. for process water recycling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/20—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by degassing, i.e. liberation of dissolved gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
- C02F2101/301—Detergents, surfactants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/04—Flow arrangements
- C02F2301/046—Recirculation with an external loop
Definitions
- the invention relates to methods for treating water by flotation incorporating recirculation of the floating phase.
- the method and the treatment installation according to the invention are particularly suitable for removing contaminants capable of forming aggregates from water to be treated.
- the method and the treatment installation of the present invention are thus particularly suitable for removing photosynthetic microorganisms, hydrophilic molecules and/or amphiphilic molecules of the detergent, lipid and surfactant type from water, and in particular fluorinated molecules such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
- PFAS perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances
- This functional group may in particular be a carboxyl group (-COOH), a carboxylate group (-COO-), a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) or a sulfonate group (-SO3-).
- Flotation processes are commonly used in the field of water treatment.
- Flotation is a solid-liquid or liquid-liquid separation process which is applied to aggregates and/or particles whose density is lower than that of the liquid which contains them, these aggregates and/or particles being collected, ultimately, in the form of scum (floated sludge) on the upper surface of the flotation enclosure.
- Flotation is said to be “natural” when the difference in density between the aggregates and/or particles and the liquid which contains them is naturally sufficient to allow their separation.
- the present invention relates to a method for treating a liquid aqueous effluent by flotation in a flotation chamber equipped with at least one bubble generation device capable of generating a bed of bubbles inside the liquid present in the chamber, the aqueous effluent containing contaminants capable of forming aggregates, the method comprising: - a flotation step during which the aqueous effluent is introduced and circulated inside the flotation chamber, and brought into contact with the bed of bubbles generated by the at least one bubble generation device, at least part of the contaminants forming aggregates and/or at least part of the contaminants being transported by the bubbles, - a step of separating a floating phase located inside the enclosure on the surface of the aqueous effluent, the floating phase containing the aggregates and/or the bubbles carrying the contaminants raised to the surface of the aqueous effluent, said method being characterized in that at least part of the separated floating phase is returned to the inside of the enclosure.
- the circulation of the floating phase namely the return of all or part of the floating phase within the flotation chamber, makes it possible to increase the efficiency of elimination of contaminants capable of forming aggregates by increasing their concentration in the aqueous effluent. This increase in concentration will promote the formation of aggregates within the effluent and thus promote their separation.
- the circulation of the floating phase also makes it possible to reduce the energy requirement necessary to generate bubbles and to reduce the quantity of chemical reagents likely to be added, these chemical reagents being for example a surfactant, a coagulant, a flocculant, an acid or base for adjusting pH, promoting the flotation of dissolved molecules, and in particular amphiphilic and/or hydrophilic molecules, and/or promoting the formation of contaminant aggregates.
- these chemical reagents being for example a surfactant, a coagulant, a flocculant, an acid or base for adjusting pH, promoting the flotation of dissolved molecules, and in particular amphiphilic and/or hydrophilic molecules, and/or promoting the formation of contaminant aggregates.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to improve the separation of some of the contaminants capable of forming aggregates present in the liquid aqueous effluent.
- contaminants capable of forming aggregates depending on their concentration in the system, will naturally form aggregates which will rise in the floating phase to then be separated.
- certain contaminants will not naturally form aggregates, making their separation by flotation difficult. This is the case, for example, of amphiphilic contaminants comprising short carbon chains.
- Their adhesion to the surface of the gas bubbles formed then allows their transport to the surface of the aqueous effluent.
- the bubbles can serve as a vector, i.e. a transport agent, for these contaminants.
- biological contaminants can also be transported by the bubbles to the surface of the aqueous effluent.
- the majority, if not all, of the contaminants present will be moved either in the form of aggregates, and in particular micelles and/or hemi-micelles depending on their nature, by adhering to the gas bubbles, or simply transported by the aqueous effluent, or transported by the aqueous effluent and/or by the bubbles, in the form of aggregates or not, allowing their separation at the level of the floating phase.
- the method may further comprise a step of recovering the purified aqueous effluent (i.e. the treated water) during which the purified aqueous effluent is discharged from the flotation chamber via at least one discharge pipe opening into the chamber outside the bubble bed, generally under the latter.
- the purified aqueous effluent i.e. the treated water
- At least part of the separated floating phase can be degassed in at least one storage tank before being returned to the interior of the enclosure.
- sludge deposited at the bottom of the at least one storage tank can be evacuated. Extraction of the sludge at the bottom of the storage tank can improve flotation. The extracted sludge can be sent to a sludge treatment line.
- the method can comprise at least one of the following characteristics: - at least one chemical compound selected from a flotation aid compound, a coagulation aid compound, a flocculation aid compound, and a pH modification compound is added to the aqueous effluent before it enters the enclosure, - at least one chemical compound selected from a flotation aid compound, a flocculation aid compound and a coagulation aid compound is introduced inside the enclosure by the at least one bubble generation device.
- the discontinuous generation of bubbles over time can also help prevent an accumulation of bubbles in the installation.
- the contaminants may include biological contaminants, optionally photosynthetic microorganisms.
- the contaminants may comprise chemical contaminants, in particular dissolved in the aqueous effluent, optionally amphiphilic molecules and/or hydrophilic molecules.
- the chemical contaminants may comprise amphiphilic molecules chosen from perfluoroalkyl substances and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
- the separated floating phase can be returned, in part or in full, inside the enclosure, continuously or not over time, until at least one target concentration of at least one contaminant is obtained inside the enclosure.
- This target concentration can correspond to a concentration beyond which a given contaminant naturally forms aggregates.
- the method may further comprise, in combination or not with the different embodiments of the invention, a control of a quantity of floating phase, optionally degassed, returned, inside the enclosure, and/or of a duration of injection of the floating phase inside the enclosure, in particular as a function of at least one target concentration of at least one contaminant inside the enclosure.
- the aqueous effluent and the bubbles carrying the contaminants entrained by the aqueous effluent can pass through a physicochemical retention system located inside the enclosure, at least in part, preferably completely, inside the bed of bubbles, and held integral with said enclosure, the physicochemical retention system comprising at least one physicochemical retention material capable of retaining at least part of the contaminants present in the aqueous effluent, at least part of the contaminants carried by said bubbles being retained on a surface of the chemical retention material and/or inside pores of said chemical retention material.
- This embodiment is particularly advantageous when the contaminants include chemical contaminants, in particular dissolved in the aqueous effluent to be treated.
- the at least one physicochemical retention material is capable of retaining at least a portion of the dissolved molecules present in the aqueous effluent, in particular at least a portion of the amphiphilic molecules and/or hydrophilic molecules present.
- the contact time between the physicochemical retention material and the liquid aqueous effluent can be modified, which can promote the retention of contaminants, and in particular chemical contaminants, by the physicochemical retention material.
- the method may further comprise a step c) of recovering the purified aqueous effluent (i.e. the treated water) during which the purified aqueous effluent is discharged from the flotation chamber via a discharge pipe opening into the chamber, outside the bubble bed, in particular below the physicochemical retention system when it is present.
- the purified aqueous effluent i.e. the treated water
- the at least one chemical retention material may be in particulate form, in foam form, in gel form or in fiber form.
- the at least one physicochemical retention material may comprise a plurality of pores, for example pores of specific dimensions.
- bubbles may be generated whose dimensions are smaller than the dimension of at least one pore of the at least one physicochemical retention material.
- the bubbles formed can circulate inside the pores of the latter and transport contaminants, in particular those adhering to their surface, inside the pores for the purpose of their retention.
- the method may comprise, at determined time intervals, a step of replacing at least part of the at least one chemical retention material. This step makes it possible to renew all or part of the physicochemical retention material and thus maintain the overall retention capacity of the physicochemical retention system.
- the invention also relates to a flotation treatment plant for a liquid aqueous effluent containing contaminants, the plant comprising a flotation chamber, at least one device for circulating the liquid within the flotation chamber, at least one bubble generation device capable of generating a bed of bubbles inside the liquid present in the flotation chamber, at least one device for separating a floating phase on the surface of the liquid present in the flotation chamber, characterized in that it further comprises at least one recirculation pipe fluidly connecting the at least one device for separating the floating phase to the flotation chamber, optionally at least one storage tank fluidly connected to said at least one recirculation pipe between the at least one separation device and the flotation chamber.
- the method according to the invention can in particular be implemented by the installation according to the invention.
- the installation may comprise, inside the enclosure and held integral with said enclosure, a physicochemical retention system comprising at least one physicochemical retention material capable of retaining at least part of the contaminants present in said liquid aqueous effluent, said physicochemical retention system being located at least in part, preferably totally, inside a bed of bubbles generated within the liquid present in the flotation enclosure by the at least one bubble generation device.
- a physicochemical retention system comprising at least one physicochemical retention material capable of retaining at least part of the contaminants present in said liquid aqueous effluent, said physicochemical retention system being located at least in part, preferably totally, inside a bed of bubbles generated within the liquid present in the flotation enclosure by the at least one bubble generation device.
- the physicochemical retention system may comprise at least one physicochemical retention material in particulate, foam or gel form and at least one holding device secured to the enclosure extending transversely to a direction of circulation of the liquid flow inside the enclosure, the holding device having a plurality of through passages whose dimensions are smaller than the dimensions of the at least one physicochemical retention material.
- the physicochemical retention system may comprise at least one physicochemical retention material in the form of fibers and at least one holding device secured to the enclosure and forming a support to which the fibers are fixed.
- the installation may include at least one of the following characteristics: - at least one discharge pipe for the purified aqueous effluent opening into the flotation chamber, below and outside the bubble bed generated by the at least one bubble generation device, optionally below the physicochemical retention system, - at least one storage capacity for a chemical compound fluidly connected to the flotation chamber, - at least one storage capacity of a chemical compound fluidly connected to the at least one bubble generation device, - a system for controlling a quantity of floating phase, optionally degassed, returned, inside the enclosure, and/or a duration of injection of the floating phase, optionally degassed, inside the enclosure, optionally as a function of at least one target concentration of at least one contaminant inside the enclosure.
- Photosynthetic microorganisms refer to microorganisms that are capable of using the photon energy of light to synthesize organic molecules through the mechanism of photosynthesis.
- Photosynthetic microorganisms include microalgae and bacteria.
- Hydrophilic molecules have an affinity for water.
- a hydrophilic molecule (or part of a hydrophilic molecule) is typically electrically polarized. It dissolves easily in polar liquids, such as water, and less well in nonpolar liquids, such as oil.
- Amphiphilic molecules are molecules that have a water-soluble (hydrophilic) part and a fat-soluble (lipophilic) part.
- the hydrophilic part can be polar or ionic, the lipophilic part is non-polar.
- PFAS are amphiphilic molecules.
- PFAS refers to the group of perfluoroalkyl substances and polyfluoroalkyl substances.
- Perfluoroalkyl substances are molecules containing a fully fluorinated (perfluorinated) alkyl group. Their basic chemical structure is a carbon chain (or tail) of two or more carbon atoms associated with a polar functional group (or head): acid (carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfinic, phosphonic, phosphinic, ...), sulfonamide, iodide, aldehyde, etc.
- the most common functional groups are carboxylates or sulfonates, but other forms are also detected in the environment.
- the fluorine atoms are attached to all possible bonding sites along the carbon chain of the tail, except for a bonding site on the last carbon where the head of the functional group is attached.
- the chemical formula of these substances can be written as C n F 2n+1 -R, where "C n F 2n+1 " defines the length of the tail of the perfluoroalkyl chain, "n” is >2, and “R” represents the head of the attached functional group.
- the functional group can contain one or more carbon atoms, which are included in the total number of carbons when naming the compound.
- Perfluoroalkane sulfonamides of formula C n F 2n+1 -R, with R -SO 2 -NH 2 , designated by the acronym "FASA", such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA, C 8 F 17 SO 2 NH 2 ), are used as raw materials to manufacture perfluoroalkane sulfonamide substances that are used for surfactants and surface treatments.
- FOSA can degrade to form PFAAs such as PFOS.
- Polyfluoroalkyl substances are distinguished from perfluoroalkyl substances by the fact that they are not fully fluorinated. Instead, they have an atom other than fluorine (usually hydrogen or oxygen) attached to at least one carbon atom, but not all carbon atoms, while at least two or more of the remaining carbon atoms in the tail of the carbon chain are fully fluorinated.
- the carbon-hydrogen bond (or other non-fluorinated bond) in polyfluoroalkyl molecules creates a "weak" point in the carbon chain that is susceptible to biotic or abiotic degradation. Therefore, many polyfluoroalkyl substances that contain a perfluoroalkyl group C n F 2n+1 are potential precursor compounds that could be converted to PFAAs.
- the effluent treated by the present invention may comprise, or consist of, one or more liquid aqueous effluents.
- the liquid aqueous effluent to be treated contains contaminants capable of forming aggregates which may be biological contaminants, optionally photosynthetic microorganisms, and/or chemical contaminants, in particular dissolved in the aqueous effluent, optionally hydrophilic molecules and/or amphiphilic molecules, in particular amphiphilic molecules chosen from perfluoroalkylated substances and polyfluoroalkylated substances, or any amphiphilic molecule capable of forming aggregates, in particular micelles and/or hemi-micelles, such as surfactants, soaps, detergents and emulsifiers.
- Photosynthetic microorganisms may in particular be microalgae and/or bacteria.
- Examples of photosynthetic microorganisms, living in fresh water or salt water, likely to be present in the aqueous effluent include, but are not limited to, cyanophyceae, chlorophyceae, charophyceae, diatoms, euglenophyceae, dinophyceae, cryptophyceae, xanthophyceae, chrysophyceae, phaeophyceae, rhodophyceae, pyrrhophyceae, alone or in a mixture.
- Hydrophilic molecules may in particular be molecules generated by photosynthetic microorganisms, and in particular by microalgae, and/or be micropollutants of industrial or agricultural origin (pesticides, pharmacological products, etc.).
- molecules generated by photosynthetic microorganisms include, but are not limited to, Geosmin, 2-methyl iso-borneol (MIB), toxins.
- the best-known toxins are microcystins (MC), cylindrospermopsins (CYN), nodularins (NOD), anatoxins (ATX), saxitoxins (STX), lyngbyatoxins, aplysiatoxins, and their derivatives.
- Aqueous liquid effluents within the meaning of said invention include raw water, urban effluents, industrial effluents and discharges from drinking water treatment plants.
- Raw water for the purposes of said invention includes any water intended for the production of drinking water, such as groundwater, surface water or salt water.
- Wastewater includes urban wastewater, namely domestic wastewater from households, municipal wastewater from public, commercial and institutional facilities, and possibly industrial wastewater (by-product of industrial or commercial activities).
- Industrial effluents include liquid waste and/or wastewater discharged from industrial activities, including leachate and pre-treated or untreated incinerator flue gas wash water.
- Leachate is the result of water percolation through domestic, agricultural or industrial waste stored in a landfill.
- Urban or industrial effluents include in particular liquid discharges from water treatment systems, and in particular drinking water. These liquid discharges include in particular concentrates from reverse osmosis units, concentrates from nanofiltration units, eluates from the regeneration of ion exchange resins, eluates from chemical regeneration units of adsorbent materials such as activated carbon.
- - a concentration of chemical contaminants, and in particular hydrophilic molecules and/or amphiphilic molecules, and in particular PFAS, of 0.02 ⁇ g/L or more, preferably from 0.02 ⁇ g/L to 200 ⁇ g/L.
- the effluent may also have a turbidity of at most 5 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit).
- the turbidity is measured with a turbidimeter, for example of the Hach brand.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to eliminate contaminants capable of forming aggregates, and in particular chemical contaminants, in particular dissolved in the aqueous effluent, and/or biological contaminants such as photosynthetic microorganisms, from a liquid aqueous effluent, in particular as previously defined, this elimination combining the flotation purification technique, the generation of bubbles serving as vectors for the contaminants, and more particularly for the chemical contaminants, and the recirculation of the floating phase in the flotation chamber.
- a flotation step implemented in a flotation chamber comprising at least one recirculation pipe fluidly connecting at least one device for separating the floating phase to the flotation chamber, followed by a step of separating the floating phase located inside the chamber at the surface of the aqueous effluent, at least part of the floating phase separated via the at least one separation device being returned to the inside of the chamber via the at least one recirculation pipe.
- the combination of flotation and recirculation of the floating phase inside the flotation chamber improves the elimination of contaminants likely to aggregate.
- the method further comprises a step of discharging the purified aqueous effluent (depleted in contaminants) from the flotation chamber.
- This discharge of the treated water is generally carried out continuously, typically at a zone located downstream of the bubble bed generated inside the chamber relative to a direction of circulation of the aqueous effluent flow inside the flotation chamber. When a physicochemical retention system is present, this discharge is typically carried out downstream thereof.
- this evacuation can be carried out by means of at least one evacuation pipe opening inside the flotation enclosure, below and outside the bed of bubbles generated by the at least one bubble generation device when the latter is operating, in particular below the physicochemical retention system (and consequently outside it) when it is present.
- the flotation step is carried out in a flotation chamber equipped with at least one bubble generation device for generating a bed of bubbles within the aqueous effluent inside the chamber.
- the bed of bubbles is generally located at a distance from the bottom of the flotation chamber and from the level of the liquid inside the chamber. In other words, the bed of bubbles does not extend over the entire height of the liquid contained inside the flotation chamber.
- bubble bed is meant an area of the flotation chamber in which bubbles are predominantly present. This area forming a bubble bed extends over a height less than the total height of the chamber, at a distance from the surface of the liquid and the bottom of the chamber, in particular at a distance from the floor generally present in flotation chambers. This area generally extends over the entire surface of the chamber transversely to a direction of circulation of the flow of the aqueous effluent inside the chamber.
- the floor is typically a horizontal wall provided with a plurality of orifices allowing the liquid aqueous effluent to pass through it.
- the treated water is generally evacuated from the chamber via one or more pipes opening inside the chamber, under the floor.
- the aqueous effluent is introduced into the flotation chamber and circulated within it by at least one circulation device.
- a pump or any other device normally used in a flotation chamber may be used.
- the aqueous effluent will thus pass through the bed of bubbles and be brought into contact with them.
- the contact of the liquid effluent with the bubbles will allow at least some of the contaminants, and in particular the chemical contaminants, in particular those which form aggregates the least easily (due to their intrinsic properties and/or the properties of the aqueous effluent), to adhere to the surface of the bubbles.
- at least some of the contaminants, and in particular the biological contaminants can be carried by the bubbles.
- These gas bubbles associated with, and/or transporting, contaminants which tend to rise to the surface of the liquid effluent they will end up, at least in part, in a floating phase on the surface of the liquid effluent. It is thus understood that the gas bubbles serve as vectors for some of the contaminants.
- the contaminants and in particular the chemical contaminants but also the biological contaminants, in particular those which easily form aggregates (due to their intrinsic properties and/or the properties of the aqueous effluent), will also form aggregates which will aggregate and form foams which will tend to rise to the surface of the liquid, and to end up, at least in part, in the floating phase.
- the aqueous effluent and the bubbles carrying the contaminants entrained by the aqueous effluent will pass through a physicochemical retention system located inside the enclosure and held integral with it, and comprising at least one physicochemical retention material capable of retaining at least a portion of the contaminants present in the aqueous effluent.
- the physicochemical retention system is located at least in part, and preferably completely, inside the bubble bed in the flotation enclosure.
- the physicochemical retention system also does not extend over the entire height of the liquid present inside the flotation enclosure. In particular, it is located above and at a distance from the bottom of the flotation enclosure in order to allow evacuation of the treated water outside the chemical retention system.
- the bubbles pass through the physicochemical retention material, at least some of the contaminants, and in particular at least some of the chemical contaminants, and in particular those adhering to the surface of the bubbles, will thus be retained on the surface of the physicochemical retention material and/or inside pores of the physicochemical retention material.
- the bubbles thus serve as a vector for the contaminants.
- this physicochemical retention may result from the adhesion of the contaminants associated with the bubbles to the internal and/or external surface of the physicochemical retention material, in particular by an adsorption, absorption or ion exchange mechanism.
- the aqueous effluent passing through the physicochemical retention system also containing contaminants, whether or not in the form of aggregates, these contaminants may also be retained on the surface of the physicochemical retention material and/or inside pores of the physicochemical retention material. Furthermore, contaminants in aggregate form that have not been retained by the physicochemical retention system are found in the floating phase and are then separated in the usual manner, and partly returned to the flotation stage.
- contaminants particularly chemical contaminants, and in particular hydrophilic and/or amphiphilic molecules, which easily form aggregates (due to their intrinsic properties and/or the properties of the aqueous effluent), such as long-chain PFAS, will primarily form aggregates that can be partly retained by the physicochemical retention system and partly accumulate on the surface of the aqueous effluent in the floating phase.
- This predominantly aggregate configuration does not exclude the possibility that some of these contaminants adhere to the surface of the bubbles without being formed into aggregates.
- Contaminants including chemical contaminants, and in particular hydrophilic and/or amphiphilic molecules, which do not easily form aggregates (due to their intrinsic properties and/or the properties of the aqueous effluent), such as short-chain PFAS, will primarily adhere to gas bubbles which can bring them to the physicochemical retention material and can thus be partly retained by the physicochemical retention system and partly accumulate on the surface of the aqueous effluent in the floating phase. However, some of these contaminants may also form aggregates.
- Contaminants such as biological contaminants may form aggregates and/or be carried by bubbles and thus accumulate on the surface of the aqueous effluent in the floating phase.
- Physicochemical retention is meant the capacity to retain a molecule by adsorption, absorption, ion exchange and/or by steric retention, preferably at least by adsorption, absorption and/or ion exchange, and optionally by steric retention. Physicochemical retention within the meaning of the present invention thus allows the retention of molecules present in the dissolved state in the liquid aqueous effluent to be treated.
- the invention can in particular be implemented with any type of physicochemical retention material, including non-floating materials, maintained in the reactor at the level of the bubble bed by a holding device, serving as a separator/fixer depending on the nature of the material, flotation being obtained by the generation of gas bubbles, which makes it possible to choose a physicochemical retention material specifically adapted to the amphiphilic and/or hydrophilic contaminant to be eliminated.
- a holding device serving as a separator/fixer depending on the nature of the material, flotation being obtained by the generation of gas bubbles, which makes it possible to choose a physicochemical retention material specifically adapted to the amphiphilic and/or hydrophilic contaminant to be eliminated.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to optimize the removal of contaminants, and in particular amphiphilic and/or hydrophilic chemical contaminants, such as PFAS, regardless of the propensity of these chemical contaminants to form aggregates, and in particular micelles and/or hemi-micelles. It is in particular possible to select the at least one physicochemical retention material of the physicochemical retention system according to the nature of the chemical contaminants present in order to optimize their retention. In particular, two or more different physicochemical retention materials may be provided for this purpose in the physicochemical retention system.
- the physicochemical retention system may be configured so as not to retain these biological contaminants.
- one or more retention materials in the form of fibers may be favored for this purpose.
- the bubbles are generated by the at least one bubble-generating device.
- the bubbles are generated by means of at least one bubble-generating device which will inject, into the liquid aqueous effluent inside the flotation chamber, a liquid supersaturated with gas.
- gas bubbles form by rising to the surface of the flotation chamber, carrying with them some of the contaminants, in particular chemical contaminants, and forming a bed of bubbles.
- the liquid used is generally water (in which case it is referred to as “white water”) or an aqueous effluent, for example the treated aqueous effluent leaving the flotation chamber.
- the gas used to saturate the injected liquid may be selected from air, ozone, nitrogen, dioxygen, dichlorine and chlorine dioxide. Preferably, air is used.
- Bubble generation can be achieved by the usual techniques used in flotation, for example by dissolution under pressure (dissolution of the gas in a liquid medium at higher pressure then expansion of the mixture), by rotational flow (introduction of the liquid from above into a cylindrical tank, the liquid flowing in a spiral downwards, with gas suction in the lower part of the tank), by means of a turbulent static mixer, by means of an ejection nozzle or by means of a hammer mill.
- the generation of bubbles may be discontinuous in time. The generation of bubbles is then intermittent. This may allow the transport of contaminants, in particular chemical contaminants, to be controlled.
- the bubbles (i.e. gas-filled cavities) generated may be fine bubbles with a diameter of less than 100 ⁇ m, microbubbles with a diameter of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, or ultrafine bubbles with a diameter of at most 1 ⁇ m. Fine bubbles, microbubbles and ultrafine bubbles are as defined in ISO 20480-1:2017.
- the diameter of a bubble corresponds in particular to the diameter of a sphere of the same volume as the bubble.
- the bubbles generated during the flotation step of the present invention are of smaller dimensions than the bubbles used in conventional flotation processes.
- ultrafine bubbles will preferably be used, having a diameter of at most 200 nm, preferably at most 100 nm, more preferably at most 50 nm, much smaller than the diameter of the bubbles used in conventional flotation processes (of the order of 50 ⁇ m).
- the size of the bubbles can be measured by laser scattered light measurement.
- the contact time between the aqueous effluent to be treated and the bubbles depends on the speed of circulation of the aqueous effluent inside the enclosure, this speed being for example 10 to 30 m/h.
- an aqueous effluent/retention material contact time of at least 5 minutes, preferably at least 10 minutes, advantageously at least 30 minutes, typically at most 60 minutes.
- the bubble size and contact time can be adjusted according to the effluent to be treated, and in particular the quantity and/or type of contaminants to be separated to promote the migration of contaminants to the floating phase, and/or the retention of contaminants in the physicochemical retention system when present.
- the physicochemical retention system When the physicochemical retention system is present and the physicochemical retention material is porous, it will be possible to advantageously generate bubbles having a diameter smaller than the dimension of at least one pore of the porous material.
- the bubbles generated may have a diameter smaller than 50 nm, while the porous retention material(s) has pores of at least 50 nm in dimension.
- aqueous effluent namely its pH and/or its content of chemical compounds that aid flocculation (polymers) and/or its content of chemical compounds that aid coagulation and/or its content of chemical compounds that aid flotation (surfactants).
- At least one chemical compound selected from a coagulation aid compound, a flocculation aid compound, a flotation aid compound (i.e. a surfactant) and a pH modification compound may be added to the aqueous effluent before it enters the enclosure and/or at least one chemical compound selected from a flotation aid compound, a flocculation aid compound and a coagulation aid compound may be introduced into the enclosure by the bubble generation device.
- These compounds may enhance foam formation by promoting the formation of aggregates, and promote the association of chemical contaminants with the bubbles.
- pH can be adjusted and controlled depending on the type of chemical contaminants to be treated.
- the coagulation aid compound may be a conventionally used coagulant (iron salts, aluminum salts).
- a salt of a cation may also be used, for example chosen from the following cations: Fe 3+ , La 3+ , Al 3+ , Ca 2+ , Fe 2+ , K + .
- the surfactant may advantageously be an anionic or cationic surfactant, with a charge opposite to a charge of a hydrophilic and/or amphiphilic molecule to be removed.
- cationic surfactants may be used to remove PFOA, for example chosen from cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, C 19 H 42 BrN), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB, C 16 H 36 BrN), decyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB, C 13 H 30 BrN), n-octyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTAB, C 11 H 26 BrN).
- the pH-modifying compound may be an acid, for example an inorganic acid such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 or the like, or an organic acid (citric, acetic acids) or a base, for example LiOH, NaOH, CsOH, Ba(OH) 2 , Na 2 O, KOH, K 2 O, CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , MgO, Mg(OH) 2 , preferably NaOH.
- an inorganic acid such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 or the like
- organic acid citric, acetic acids
- a base for example LiOH, NaOH, CsOH, Ba(OH) 2 , Na 2 O, KOH, K 2 O, CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , MgO, Mg(OH) 2 , preferably NaOH.
- the chemical compound When the chemical compound is introduced into the enclosure by means of the at least one bubble generating device, it can for example be mixed with the gas-supersaturated liquid.
- the physicochemical retention system used in an embodiment of the present invention allows the retention of at least part of the contaminants, and in particular of the chemical contaminants, present in the aqueous effluent.
- This system is installed inside the flotation enclosure, at least in part, and preferably totally, within the bed of bubbles generated during the flotation step.
- the physicochemical retention system may extend over the entire surface of the enclosure transversely to a direction of circulation of the flow of the aqueous effluent inside the enclosure.
- the retention system may for example be arranged horizontally, typically over the entire surface of the enclosure so that the entire aqueous effluent can pass through it.
- the physicochemical retention system is arranged within the enclosure, at a distance from a bottom wall of the enclosure and at a distance from the liquid level inside the enclosure. In other words, the physicochemical retention system does not rest on the bottom of the enclosure.
- the physicochemical retention system may extend over a height of 100 cm or less.
- this direction of circulation of the aqueous effluent flow is typically from left to right as well as from top to bottom.
- the physicochemical retention system is held securely within the enclosure and comprises at least one physicochemical retention material.
- physicochemical retention material is meant a material capable of retaining a molecule of interest, here an amphiphilic molecule and/or a hydrophilic molecule, by adsorption, absorption, ion exchange and/or steric retention. Molecules can in particular be trapped (steric retention) in pores of the physicochemical retention material when it presents them.
- the physicochemical retention material has the function of retaining chemical contaminants on its external surface and/or on its internal surface inside pores if it has any. Free chemical contaminants can be retained directly by the physicochemical retention material as the aqueous effluent circulates through the retention material, as can chemical contaminants in aggregate form, in particular micelles and/or hemi-micelles. Chemical contaminants can also be transported on the surface of the physicochemical retention material and/or inside pores of the physicochemical retention material by bubbles.
- the physicochemical retention material may be porous and have a plurality of pores. In this case, it is most often in particulate form, for example in the form of powder or grains.
- the porosity of the retention material may be chosen according to the chemical contaminants to be eliminated, the size of the aggregates likely to form and/or the size of the bubbles.
- the physicochemical retention material may have nanopores (dimension less than 2 nm), mesopores (from 2 to 50 nm) or macropores (dimension greater than 50 nm). In one embodiment, the pore size may be greater than 50 nm.
- the physicochemical retention material can be in particulate form, in foam form, in gel form or in fiber form.
- the material can be held by at least one holding device secured to the enclosure and forming a support to which the fibers are fixed.
- This holding device can extend parallel to the direction of circulation of the liquid effluent flow inside the enclosure or transversely to this direction of circulation.
- the holding device has a plurality of through passages for the passage of the fluid.
- the holding device can for example be a plate, a grid or a net to which the fibers are fixed.
- This embodiment is particularly advantageous when the effluent to be treated contains photosynthetic microorganisms, and in particular microalgae and/or bacteria, the latter being little or not retained by the retention system, which makes it possible to limit or eliminate clogging and/or a rise in pressure of the retention system due to the retention of these microorganisms and thus to reduce the maintenance operations of the retention system.
- photosynthetic microorganisms and in particular microalgae and/or bacteria
- the physicochemical retention material in particulate form, in the form of foam or gel, it can be held by at least one holding device integral with the enclosure extending transversely to a direction of circulation of the flow of the aqueous effluent inside the enclosure, each holding device having a plurality of through passages whose dimensions are smaller than the dimensions of the at least one retention material.
- This holding device can be a membrane, a net, a fabric or even a sieve or a grid.
- the holding device may then form a pocket containing the material in particulate, foam or gel form.
- two holding devices extending transversely to the direction of circulation of the effluent flow and spaced apart from each other in this direction may be provided, the material in particulate form extending between the two.
- a single transverse holding device may be provided, either to prevent the material from settling at the bottom of the enclosure or to prevent the material from rising to the surface of the liquid.
- the physicochemical retention material can have a particle size of 0.1 mm to 1 cm.
- the holding system may comprise one, two or more physicochemical retention materials, and one or more holding devices selected according to the nature of the retention materials. For example, provision may be made to mix different materials in particulate, foam or gel form and/or to arrange layers of these materials in particulate, foam or gel form (each layer being, for example, separated by a holding device). Provision may also be made for at least one material in particulate form and at least one material in the form of fibres, foam or gel, for example arranged in layers.
- the physicochemical retention system comprising at least one physicochemical retention material is installed partly, and preferably entirely, within a bed formed by the bubbles to promote the contact time between the two.
- the method may comprise, at determined time intervals, a step of replacing at least part of the at least one physicochemical retention material.
- part or all of the physicochemical retention material may be replaced.
- a physicochemical retention material is in particulate form, it is possible to extract it via a pipe, with another pipe allowing the introduction of fresh material.
- the physicochemical retention material may be chosen from (i) a cyclodextrin polymer, in particular a porous cyclodextrin polymer, supported or not on a solid substrate, (ii) activated carbon, in particular granulated or powdered activated carbon, (iii) organic clays, in particular those positively charged, (iv) inorganic-organic clays, in particular positively charged, (v) polymers of porous structure, capable or not of ion exchange, (vi) biochar or activated biochar, (vii) carbon fibers, (viii) polyacrylonitrile fibers, (ix) zeolites, (x) silica, in particular macroporous silica, (xi) a combination of two or more of the aforementioned materials.
- the physicochemical retention material is typically chosen based on the type of chemical contaminant (in particular hydrophilic molecules and/or amphiphilic molecules) to be treated and it may also be selected based on the composition of the aqueous effluent. The choice may be made based on existing literature or based on laboratory tests.
- the quantity of retention material to be used may be chosen based on the flow rate of liquid effluent to be treated and the quantity of chemical contaminants to be removed.
- Chemical retention materials that can be used in the present invention are for example described in document WO2022/018613 incorporated by reference. The main characteristics of the families of materials that can be used are recalled below.
- Cyclodextrins are a group of structurally related natural products formed during bacterial digestion of cellulose.
- the cyclodextrins used in the present invention may include cyclodextrin derivatives.
- the cyclodextrin polymers consist of two or more cyclodextrin macromolecules covalently linked together using a crosslinking agent. These cyclodextrin macromolecules may be natural or synthesized CDs, and optionally their derivatives.
- Activated carbon is a material consisting essentially of carbonaceous material with a porous structure. It can be produced in a known manner by pyrolysis of precursors of natural origin (wood, bark, coconut shells, coal, peat, cotton, organic materials of various origins, etc.) or of synthetic origin (polyacrylonitrile (PAN), aramid fibers, etc.), this pyrolysis step being followed by a chemical or physical activation step.
- Activated carbon is generally effective in removing long-chain PFAS by hydrophobic interaction such as PFOS.
- Powdered activated carbon (PAC), superfine powder (SAC) or granular activated carbon (GAC) can be used for the removal of PFAS and other amphiphilic molecules and/or hydrophilic molecules.
- Clay minerals are phyllosilicates with a natural layered structure in which negatively charged structures or sheets are held together by monovalent (sodium, potassium, lithium, ...) or divalent (calcium, magnesium, barium ...) cations or other inorganic cations located in anionic galleries between the sheets. These cations can be exchanged by other organic/inorganic cations.
- modified clays including organic clays (phyllosilicates to which at least one organic modifier has been added) and inorganic-organic clays, can be used for the removal of hydrophilic molecules and/or amphiphilic molecules such as PFAS, for example PFOS or PFOA.
- PFAS hydrophilic molecules and/or amphiphilic molecules
- the organic clays can be modified with at least one cationic modifier, in particular an organic cation.
- Polymers with a porous structure, capable or not of ion exchange include for example the Mycelx® polymer and anion exchange resins, in particular strongly basic anion exchange resins.
- the anion exchange resins have a polymer matrix that can be selected from polyacrylic polymers, polystyrene polymers, polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) copolymers.
- PS-DVB polystyrene-divinylbenzene
- strongly basic anionic resins can be selected for the removal of PFAS, particularly short-chain PFAS.
- the functional group can preferably be hydrophobic for the efficiency of PFAS removal.
- Biochar may also be used for the removal of hydrophilic and/or amphiphilic molecules, including PFAS.
- the biochar may be a pyrolyzed biomass biochar, a biomass biochar produced by hydrothermal carbonization, or a combination thereof.
- the biomass may be selected from agricultural crop waste, forestry waste, algae, animal or human waste, industrial waste, municipal waste, anaerobic digester waste, plant material grown for biomass production, or a combination thereof.
- the biochar may include a powder or granule of metal salt.
- the metal salt may include iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, or a combination thereof, and in some examples, the metal salt includes ferrous or ferric cations, ferrate anions, or a combination thereof. In particular embodiments, the metal salt includes ferric chloride.
- Carbon fibers can also be used for the removal of hydrophilic molecules and/or amphiphilic molecules and in particular PFAS.
- Carbon fibers are fibers with a diameter generally between about 5 and 10 micrometers composed mainly of carbon. Their length is typically less than 150 ⁇ m.
- Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers are fibers of a polymer that is part of the acrylic family. This polymer is used in particular for its adsorption properties of different compounds contained in aqueous effluents.
- PAN fibers can optionally be functionalized, for example to make their surface cationic.
- PAN fibers can be used whose surface is functionalized by an amidoxime group (-CNH 2 NOH).
- the average diameter of PAN fibers, functionalized or not, is typically 500 to 600nm.
- Zeolites are aluminosilicates with a porous structure. Zeolites of natural or synthetic origin, generally of synthetic origin, with specific pore sizes, can be used. Silica can also be used, and in particular macroporous silica typically comprising pores with a diameter greater than 50 nm, functionalized or not.
- the method finally comprises a step of separating the floating phase present on the surface of the aqueous effluent located inside the enclosure, namely at the interface between the aqueous effluent and the air.
- the floating phase contains the bubbles associated with the contaminants, in particular the chemical contaminants, the contaminants transported by the bubbles, as well as the contaminants, in particular the biological contaminants and/or the chemical contaminants, arranged in aggregates which are raised to the surface of the aqueous effluent.
- the separation step is usually implemented by at least one separation device which may, for example, comprise at least one discharge pipe towards which the floating phase can be pushed, generally by means of one or more overflow or scraping devices provided for this purpose.
- the floating phase Before being returned to the interior of the flotation enclosure, the floating phase may preferably be previously degassed in at least one storage tank.
- Recirculation of the floating phase limits discharges in liquid form and also promotes the formation of aggregates since the concentration of contaminants capable of forming aggregates increases by adding the floating phase and the aqueous effluent.
- the foams from the floating phase can be recirculated in the form of foams or in the form of liquid (after degassing).
- sludge may settle at the bottom of the storage tank(s). This sludge can then be evacuated, which prevents suspended matter that has accumulated in the flotation chamber from being reintroduced inside the chamber and disrupting flotation.
- the quantity of floating phase, optionally degassed, injected inside the enclosure and/or the duration of this injection (injection continuously or not over time) can be regulated.
- This can be implemented in particular by means of a control system, at least one valve controlling the injection of the floating phase (degassed or not) inside the enclosure, and optionally at least one sensor for measuring contaminant concentrations.
- the target concentration typically corresponds to a critical micellar concentration beyond which a chemical contaminant tends to flocculate naturally.
- this target concentration corresponds to a concentration beyond which microorganisms tend to form aggregates naturally.
- the control system then only regulating the injection duration (which can be continuous over time or not),
- control system may be programmed to increase the quantity injected and/or the injection duration when the concentration of at least one contaminant is lower than the target concentration, or conversely, reduce the quantity injected and/or the injection duration when the concentration of at least one contaminant is higher than the target concentration for this contaminant.
- control system can thus be configured, in particular programmed, for the implementation of the control of the quantity of floating phase injected and/or the injection duration, for example according to models or simulations.
- This is for example an automated data integration and conversion system.
- the control system typically comprises one or more processors, for example a microprocessor, a microcontroller or other. It also comprises output or input/output interfaces. These may be wireless communication interfaces (Bluetooth, WIFI or other) or connectors (network port, USB port, serial port, Firewire® port, SCSI port or other). These input and/or output interfaces may form means of communication, optionally bidirectional, between the control system, the valve(s) controlling the injection of the floating phase (degassed or not) inside the enclosure, and possibly one or more sensors.
- processors for example a microprocessor, a microcontroller or other. It also comprises output or input/output interfaces. These may be wireless communication interfaces (Bluetooth, WIFI or other) or connectors (network port, USB port, serial port, Firewire® port, SCSI port or other). These input and/or output interfaces may form means of communication, optionally bidirectional, between the control system, the valve(s) controlling the injection of the floating phase (degassed or not) inside the
- the control system may also include storage means which may be random access memory (RAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, external memory or the like. These storage means may, among other things, store received data, measured values, calculated values, a database, models, and one or more computer programs.
- RAM random access memory
- EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
- flash memory external memory or the like.
- the treated (purified) aqueous effluent is discharged during a recovery step c) in an area close to the bottom of the enclosure via at least one discharge pipe. It can be reused to generate the bubbles, which reduces the energy consumption for forming the bubbles.
- Steps a) and b) (and c)) of the process according to the invention are typically carried out continuously. Steps a) and c) are typically carried out simultaneously. Separation step b) can begin as soon as a floating phase is formed, during flotation step a).
- aqueous effluent can be submitted again to flotation steps a) and separation b). This can be carried out in another flotation chamber or in the same chamber.
- the purified aqueous effluent can be used as drinking water, possibly after having been subjected to additional purification treatments, or discharged into the environment.
- the arrows represent the direction of circulation of the aqueous effluent flow inside the flotation chamber.
- the treatment plant 1 comprises a flotation chamber 30 connected to a supply pipe 20 for an aqueous effluent.
- the supply pipe 20 is equipped with a device 21 for circulating the liquid within the flotation chamber, such as a pump.
- a device 21 for circulating the liquid within the flotation chamber such as a pump.
- one or more supply pipes and/or circulation devices are conceivable.
- the installation comprises a storage capacity 40 for a chemical compound such as a flocculation aid compound, a coagulation aid compound, a surfactant or a pH modification compound.
- the storage capacity 40 is fluidically connected to the flotation chamber 30 and in particular to the feed pipe 20 by a pipe 41.
- the pipe 41 may be equipped with a valve or similar for regulating the quantity of chemical compound added.
- the flotation chamber 30 is generally separated into several parts, as shown .
- the invention is however not limited to a specific type of flotation chamber having a particular number of parts, any type of flotation chamber being usable.
- the flotation chamber can comprise an optional coagulation and/or flocculation zone comprising at least one inlet through which the effluent to be treated enters and at least one outlet, a zone in which the bubbles are generated by the bubble generation device(s) comprising at least one inlet receiving the effluent to be treated, optionally leaving the coagulation/flocculation zone, and an outlet, and a flotation zone comprising at least one inlet connected to the outlet of the bubble generation zone and at least one outlet for discharging the treated water and an outlet for discharging the floating phase.
- the coagulation and/or flocculation zone can be omitted.
- the feed line 20 feeds a first part 31 of the flotation chamber.
- the first part 31 comprises an optional mixer 32 for improving the homogeneity of the mixture of the aqueous effluent with the recirculated floating phase, and optionally the added chemical compound(s).
- This first part forms a coagulation and/or flocculation zone which can be omitted depending on the nature of the effluent.
- the aqueous effluent then flows into a second part 33 of the flotation chamber, typically separated from the first part 31 by a wall 34a extending from the bottom of the chamber, here substantially vertically.
- the second part 33 comprises a delimiting wall 34b, here substantially vertical, providing a passage with the bottom of the chamber for the fluid: the fluid thus flows downward (towards the bottom of the chamber) when it enters the second part, then upward (towards the surface of the aqueous effluent) until it leaves the second part 33.
- the second part 33 also has a bubble generation device 50 capable of generating a bed of bubbles inside the liquid present in the chamber.
- the bubble generation device 50 is installed in the lower part of the enclosure, in an area in which the aqueous effluent flows towards the surface of the liquid present in the enclosure.
- one or more bubble generation devices 50 may be present in this second part which forms a bubble generation zone.
- the bubble generation device 50 here comprises a supply line 51 within the flotation chamber of a liquid supersaturated with gas using a device 52 capable of supersaturating a liquid with gas, which may be located outside or inside the flotation chamber 30.
- the device 52 is supplied with gas by a line 53 and receives via a line 54 a portion of the treated (purified) aqueous effluent recovered at the outlet of the flotation chamber 30.
- the device 52 is adjusted and controlled according to the liquid effluent flow rate, the type of gas injected and the desired size of the generated bubbles.
- at least one storage capacity 60 of a chemical compound such as a flocculation and/or coagulation and/or flotation aid compound, fluidically connected to the line 54 may be present.
- the flotation chamber 30 finally comprises a third part 35 forming a flotation zone in which the aqueous effluent flows towards the bottom of the chamber.
- This third part is separated from the second part by a delimiting wall 34c extending from the bottom of the chamber.
- a floating phase 36a is formed comprising the bubbles as well as aggregates of contaminants brought to the surface.
- the liquid present comprises a zone 36b (represented by hatching in the figure) in which the bubbles are located, this zone 36b thus forming the bed of bubbles generated by the bubble generation device 50.
- a discharge pipe 38 for the treated (purified) aqueous effluent is installed at the bottom of the third part 35 of the flotation chamber 30 .
- This discharge pipe 38 can be arranged between the bottom of the chamber and a floor (not shown) having passages allowing the effluent to pass. It is thus located outside the bubble bed of the zone 36b, under the latter.
- one or more discharge pipes 38 can be provided.
- the treated aqueous effluent is then released into the environment, further treated, and/or partly reused by the bubble generation device 50.
- the installation 1 comprises a device 80 for separating a floating phase on the surface of the liquid present in the flotation chamber 30.
- the separation device 80 here comprises a pipe 81 for discharging part of the floating phase.
- one or more separation devices 80 may be present.
- the invention is furthermore not limited by a specific separation device, and any device capable of separating a floating phase in a flotation enclosure may be used (scraping device, overflow device, etc.).
- This floating phase is at least partly recycled in the process as described below.
- the installation 1 thus comprises a recirculation pipe 82 fluidly connecting the separation device 80 of the floating phase to the first part 31 of the flotation enclosure 30.
- the recirculation pipe 82 can open into the second part 33.
- a storage tank 83 fluidly connected to the recirculation pipe 82 is installed between the separation device 80 and the flotation enclosure 30.
- the foam of the floating phase can reliquefy naturally or forcibly using a centrifugation or ultrasound process.
- the sedimented sludge is also advantageously extracted periodically at the bottom of this tank by a pipe 84.
- one or more discharge pipes 81 and/or recirculation pipes 82 and/or storage tank 83 can be provided.
- a control system 90 connected to a valve 91 mounted on the recirculation pipe 282 makes it possible to control the quantity of floating phase returned to the inside of the enclosure, and/or the duration of its injection. In the absence of a degassing tank, this valve 91 can be mounted on the pipe 81. This control makes it possible to improve the efficiency of the process and of the treatment installation insofar as it can make it possible to reach more quickly, or more reliably, concentrations of chemical contaminants higher than critical micellar concentrations and/or concentrations of biological contaminants higher than concentrations at which these contaminants naturally flocculate.
- the treatment plant 1 shown in the does not differ from that shown than by the presence of a physico-chemical retention system 37.
- the same elements are thus designated by the same references.
- the third part 35 comprises a physicochemical retention system 37 comprising at least one physicochemical retention material.
- This system 37 is held securely inside the enclosure.
- the retention system 37 is installed within the zone 36b in which the bubbles are located, and advantageously entirely in the bed of bubbles, as shown in the .
- a physicochemical retention material extraction device 70 is installed to extract the used physicochemical retention material at determined time intervals. The used physicochemical retention material can then be regenerated thermally or using other processes such as cavitation, oxidation, centrifugation by desorbing the amphiphilic molecules, or destroyed.
- the physicochemical retention system 37 comprises one or more physicochemical retention materials in particulate form arranged in a bed 37a between two holding devices 37b, 37c, for example perforated plates or grids having through passages of smaller dimensions than the particles of the retention material(s).
- the invention is however not limited to this embodiment.
- a single holding device can be provided: when the particulate physicochemical retention material is denser than the liquid to be treated and naturally tends to sediment, the holding device 37c can be used. Conversely, if the particulate physicochemical retention material is less dense and the effluent flow does not carry it towards the bottom of the enclosure, the holding device 37b can be used.
- particulate material with a material in the form of foam and/or gel, and/or in the form of fibers fixed to a holding device similar to the holding devices 37b, 37c, arranged transversely to the direction of flow, or else arranged parallel to the direction of flow.
- aqueous effluent to be treated includes microorganisms
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Abstract
Description
- une étape de flottation au cours de laquelle l’effluent aqueux est introduit et mis en circulation à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de flottation, et mis en contact avec le lit de bulles générées par l’au moins un dispositif de génération de bulles, au moins une partie des contaminants formant des agrégats et/ou au moins une partie des contaminants étant transportés par les bulles,
- une étape de séparation d’une phase flottante située à l’intérieur de l’enceinte à la surface de l’effluent aqueux, la phase flottante contenant les agrégats et/ou les bulles transportant les contaminants remontées à la surface de l’effluent aqueux,
ledit procédé étant caractérisé en ce qu’une partie au moins de la phase flottante séparée est renvoyée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte.
- au moins un composé chimique choisi parmi un composé d’aide à la flottation, un composé d’aide à la coagulation, un composé d’aide à la floculation, et un composé de modification du pH est ajouté à l’effluent aqueux avant son entrée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte,
- au moins un composé chimique choisi parmi un composé d’aide à la flottation, un composé d’aide à la floculation et un composé d’aide à la coagulation est introduit à l’intérieur de l’enceinte par l’au moins un dispositif de génération de bulles.
- au moins une conduite d’évacuation de l’effluent aqueux purifié débouchant dans l’enceinte de flottation, en dessous et en dehors du lit de bulles généré par l’au moins un dispositif de génération de bulles, optionnellement en dessous du système de rétention physico-chimique,
- au moins une capacité de stockage d’un composé chimique reliée fluidiquement à l’enceinte de flottation,
- au moins une capacité de stockage d’un composé chimique reliée fluidiquement à l’au moins un dispositif de génération de bulles,
- un système de contrôle d’une quantité de phase flottante, optionnellement dégazée, renvoyée, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, et/ou d’une durée d’injection de la phase flottante, optionnellement dégazée, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, optionnellement en fonction d’au moins une concentration cible en au moins un contaminant à l’intérieur de l’enceinte.
- Les acides perfluoroalkylcarboxyliques de formule CnF2n+1-R, avec R=-COOH, ou les perfluoroalkylcarboxylates de formule CnF2n+1-R, avec R=-COO-, désignés par le même acronyme « PFCA », sont des produits de dégradation de substances polyfluoroalkyliques, telles que les alcools de fluorotélomères (désignés par l’acronyme « FTOH »). Le PFCA le plus fréquemment détecté est l'acide perfluorooctanoïque, C7F15 COOH (désigné par l’acronyme « PFOA »).
- Les acides perfluoroalcane sulfoniques de formule CnF2n+1-R, avec R=-SO3H, ou les sulfonates de perfluoroalkyle de formule CnF2n+1-R, avec R=-SO3 -, désignés par le même acronyme PFSA, sont également des produits de dégradation terminale de certaines substances polyfluoroalkylées, telles que les perfluoroalkyle sulfonamidoéthanols (désignés par l’acronyme « FASE »). Le FASE le plus fréquemment détecté est le sulfonate de perfluorooctane, C8F17 SO3 - (désigné par l’acronyme « PFOS »).
- aux acides perfluoroalkylcarboxyliques, PFCA, comportant huit atomes de carbone ou plus (sept atomes de carbone ou plus sont perfluorés),
- aux sulfonates de perfluoroalcane, PFSA, avec six atomes de carbone ou plus (six atomes de carbone ou plus sont perfluorés),
- et pour tous les autres perfluoroalkyles et substances polyfluoroalkyles, aux PFAS ayant une chaîne de carbone de six atomes de carbone ou plus.
- aux acides perfluoroalkylcarboxyliques comportant sept atomes de carbone ou moins (six atomes de carbone ou moins sont perfluorés),
- aux sulfonates de perfluoroalcane à cinq atomes de carbone ou moins (les cinq atomes de carbone ou moins sont perfluorés),
- et pour tous les autres perfluoroalkyles et substances polyfluoroalkyles aux PFAS ayant une chaîne de carbone de cinq atomes de carbone ou moins.
Claims (12)
- Procédé de traitement d’un effluent aqueux liquide par flottation dans une enceinte de flottation équipée d’au moins un dispositif de génération de bulles (50) apte à générer un lit de bulles à l’intérieur du liquide présent dans l’enceinte (30), l’effluent aqueux contenant des contaminants aptes à former des agrégats, le procédé comprenant :
- une étape de flottation au cours de laquelle l’effluent aqueux est introduit et mis en circulation à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de flottation (30), et mis en contact avec un lit de bulles générées par l’au moins un dispositif de génération de bulles (50), au moins une partie des contaminants formant des agrégats et/ou au moins une partie des contaminants étant transportés par les bulles,
- une étape de séparation d’une phase flottante (36a) située à l’intérieur de l’enceinte à la surface de l’effluent aqueux, la phase flottante (36a) contenant les agrégats et/ou les bulles transportant les contaminants remontées à la surface de l’effluent aqueux,
ledit procédé étant caractérisé en ce qu’une partie au moins de la phase flottante (36a) séparée est renvoyée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte. - Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l’au moins une partie de la phase flottante séparée est dégazée dans au moins un bac de stockage (83) avant d’être renvoyée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, et optionnellement des boues déposées au fond de l’au moins un bac de stockage sont évacuées.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu’il comprend au moins une des caractéristiques suivantes :
- au moins un composé chimique choisi parmi un composé d’aide à la flottation, un composé d’aide à la coagulation, un composé d’aide à la floculation, et un composé de modification du pH est ajouté à l’effluent aqueux avant son entrée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte,
- au moins un composé chimique choisi parmi un composé d’aide à la flottation, un composé d’aide à la floculation et un composé d’aide à la coagulation est introduit à l’intérieur de l’enceinte par l’au moins un dispositif de génération de bulles. - Procédé selon l’une quelconque des revendication 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu’il comprend au moins une des caractéristiques suivantes : (i) les contaminants comprennent des contaminants biologiques, optionnellement des microorganismes photosynthétiques, (ii) les contaminants comprennent des contaminants chimiques, optionnellement des molécules amphiphiles et/ou hydrophiles.
- Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que les contaminants chimiques comprennent des molécules amphiphiles choisies parmi les substances perfluoroalkylées et les substances polyfluoroalkylées.
- Procédé selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu’il comprend au moins une des caractéristiques suivantes :
- la phase flottante séparée, optionnellement dégazée, est renvoyée, en partie ou en totalité, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, de manière continue ou non dans le temps, jusqu’à l’obtention d’au moins une concentration cible en au moins un contaminant à l’intérieur de l’enceinte,
- un contrôle d’une quantité de phase flottante, optionnellement dégazée, renvoyée, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, et/ou d’une durée d’injection de la phase flottante, optionnellement dégazée, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, optionnellement en fonction d’au moins une concentration cible en au moins un contaminant à l’intérieur de l’enceinte. - Procédé selon l’une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que, lors de l’étape de flottation, l’effluent aqueux et les bulles transportant les contaminants entrainées par l’effluent aqueux traversent un système de rétention physico-chimique (37) situé à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, au moins en partie, de préférence totalement, à l’intérieur du lit de bulles, et maintenu solidaire de ladite enceinte, le système de rétention physico-chimique comprenant au moins un matériau de rétention physico-chimique apte à retenir au moins une partie des contaminants présents dans l’effluent aqueux, au moins une partie des contaminants transportées par lesdites bulles étant retenus sur une surface du matériau de rétention physico-chimique et/ou à l’intérieur de pores dudit matériau de rétention physico-chimique.
- Procédé de traitement selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que l’au moins un matériau de rétention physico-chimique est sous forme particulaire, sous forme de mousse, sous forme de gel ou sous forme de fibres.
- Procédé selon l’une quelconque des revendications 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce qu’il comprend, à des intervalles de temps déterminés, une étape de remplacement d’au moins une partie de l’au moins un matériau de rétention physico-chimique.
- Installation (1) de traitement par flottation d’un effluent aqueux liquide contenant des contaminants, l’installation comprenant une enceinte de flottation (30), au moins un dispositif (21) de mise en circulation du liquide au sein de l’enceinte de flottation, au moins un dispositif (50) de génération de bulles apte à générer un lit de bulles à l’intérieur du liquide présent dans l’enceinte de flottation, au moins un dispositif de séparation (80) d’une phase flottante à la surface du liquide présent dans l’enceinte de flottation, caractérisée en ce qu’elle comprend, en outre, au moins une conduite de recirculation (82) reliant fluidiquement l’au moins un dispositif (80) de séparation de la phase flottante à l’enceinte de flottation (30), optionnellement au moins un bac de stockage (83) relié fluidiquement à ladite au moins une conduite de recirculation (82) entre l’au moins un dispositif (80) de séparation et l’enceinte de flottation (30).
- Installation (1) selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce qu’elle comprend, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte et maintenu solidaire de ladite enceinte, un système de rétention physico-chimique (37) comprenant au moins un matériau de rétention physico-chimique apte à retenir au moins une partie des contaminants présents dans ledit effluent aqueux liquide, ledit système de rétention physico-chimique étant situé au moins en partie, de préférence totalement, à l’intérieur d’un lit de bulles généré au sein du liquide présent dans l’enceinte de flottation par l’au moins un dispositif (50) de génération de bulles.
- Installation (1) selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisée en ce qu’elle comprend au moins une des caractéristiques suivantes :
- au moins une conduite d’évacuation de l’effluent aqueux purifié débouchant dans l’enceinte de flottation en dessous et en dehors du lit de bulles généré par l’au moins dispositif de génération de bulles, optionnellement en dessous du système de rétention chimique,
- au moins une capacité de stockage (40) d’un composé chimique relié fluidiquement à l’enceinte de flottation (30),
- au moins une capacité de stockage (60) d’un composé chimique relié fluidiquement à l’au moins un dispositif (50) de génération de bulles,
- un système de contrôle (90) d’une quantité de phase flottante, optionnellement dégazée, renvoyée, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, et/ou d’une durée d’injection de la phase flottante, optionnellement dégazée, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte, optionnellement en fonction d’au moins une concentration cible en au moins un contaminant à l’intérieur de l’enceinte.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2305698A FR3149606A1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 | 2023-06-07 | Procédé et installation de traitement de l’eau par flottation avec recirculation de la phase flottante |
| FRFR2305698 | 2023-06-07 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024251886A1 true WO2024251886A1 (fr) | 2024-12-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2024/065624 Ceased WO2024251886A1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 | 2024-06-06 | Procédé et installation de traitement de l'eau par flottation avec recirculation de la phase flottante |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
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| FR (1) | FR3149606A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024251886A1 (fr) |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2442848B1 (de) * | 1974-09-06 | 1976-01-02 | Adka-Matic Wasser-Aufbereitung Gmbh, 6300 Giessen | Verfahren zur Aufbereitung von Abwässern oder ähnlichen Flüssigkeiten mit Hilfe einer Flotationsanlage |
| JPH047028A (ja) * | 1990-04-26 | 1992-01-10 | Ichikawa Woolen Textile Co Ltd | 微細気泡発生機及びその発生機を使用した浮上分離装置 |
| US6890431B1 (en) | 2000-02-18 | 2005-05-10 | The F. B. Leopold Co., Inc. | Buoyant media flotation |
| FR2934582A1 (fr) | 2008-07-29 | 2010-02-05 | Otv Sa | Procede de traitement d'un liquide par flottation induite par des particules flottantes. |
| CN107935236A (zh) * | 2017-11-21 | 2018-04-20 | 四川理工学院 | 一种含表面活性剂废水处理的方法 |
| WO2022018613A1 (fr) | 2020-07-21 | 2022-01-27 | Suez Groupe | Procédé de traitement de pfas pour effluent liquide |
| CN114014459A (zh) * | 2021-11-01 | 2022-02-08 | 杭州回水科技股份有限公司 | 气浮沉淀一体机内浮渣的循环利用系统及方法 |
-
2023
- 2023-06-07 FR FR2305698A patent/FR3149606A1/fr active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-06-06 WO PCT/EP2024/065624 patent/WO2024251886A1/fr not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2442848B1 (de) * | 1974-09-06 | 1976-01-02 | Adka-Matic Wasser-Aufbereitung Gmbh, 6300 Giessen | Verfahren zur Aufbereitung von Abwässern oder ähnlichen Flüssigkeiten mit Hilfe einer Flotationsanlage |
| JPH047028A (ja) * | 1990-04-26 | 1992-01-10 | Ichikawa Woolen Textile Co Ltd | 微細気泡発生機及びその発生機を使用した浮上分離装置 |
| US6890431B1 (en) | 2000-02-18 | 2005-05-10 | The F. B. Leopold Co., Inc. | Buoyant media flotation |
| FR2934582A1 (fr) | 2008-07-29 | 2010-02-05 | Otv Sa | Procede de traitement d'un liquide par flottation induite par des particules flottantes. |
| CN107935236A (zh) * | 2017-11-21 | 2018-04-20 | 四川理工学院 | 一种含表面活性剂废水处理的方法 |
| WO2022018613A1 (fr) | 2020-07-21 | 2022-01-27 | Suez Groupe | Procédé de traitement de pfas pour effluent liquide |
| CN114014459A (zh) * | 2021-11-01 | 2022-02-08 | 杭州回水科技股份有限公司 | 气浮沉淀一体机内浮渣的循环利用系统及方法 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3149606A1 (fr) | 2024-12-13 |
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