WO2024252098A1 - Composition de polyamide et graphène polaire - Google Patents
Composition de polyamide et graphène polaire Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024252098A1 WO2024252098A1 PCT/FR2024/050726 FR2024050726W WO2024252098A1 WO 2024252098 A1 WO2024252098 A1 WO 2024252098A1 FR 2024050726 W FR2024050726 W FR 2024050726W WO 2024252098 A1 WO2024252098 A1 WO 2024252098A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0001—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
- B29C48/0017—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with blow-moulding or thermoforming
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
- B32B1/08—Tubular products
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/34—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyamides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G69/46—Post-polymerisation treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
- C08K3/042—Graphene or derivatives, e.g. graphene oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L77/02—Polyamides derived from omega-amino carboxylic acids or from lactams thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C41/00—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor
- B29C41/003—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C41/00—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor
- B29C41/02—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C41/04—Rotational or centrifugal casting, i.e. coating the inside of a mould by rotating the mould
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
- B29C48/10—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels flexible, e.g. blown foils
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K15/03177—Fuel tanks made of non-metallic material, e.g. plastics, or of a combination of non-metallic and metallic material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K2015/03032—Manufacturing of fuel tanks
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K2015/03309—Tanks specially adapted for particular fuels
- B60K2015/03315—Tanks specially adapted for particular fuels for hydrogen
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K15/00—Arrangement in connection with fuel supply of combustion engines or other fuel consuming energy converters, e.g. fuel cells; Mounting or construction of fuel tanks
- B60K15/03—Fuel tanks
- B60K2015/03486—Fuel tanks characterised by the materials the tank or parts thereof are essentially made from
- B60K2015/03493—Fuel tanks characterised by the materials the tank or parts thereof are essentially made from made of plastics
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/18—Applications used for pipes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L9/00—Rigid pipes
- F16L9/12—Rigid pipes of plastics with or without reinforcement
Definitions
- the present invention relates to polyamide and graphene compositions for the manufacture of single-layer or multi-layer structures, in particular for fluid transport, distribution or storage applications.
- the fluid supply of transport vehicles for example motor vehicles, trains, trucks, etc., in particular the fuel supply for thermal vehicles, the supply of coolant, the hydrogen supply of fuel cells, etc., requires the presence of storage, distribution and transport structures such as tanks, pipes, etc.
- the fluid does not carry, or carries very little, contaminants that would come from the storage, distribution or transport structures.
- the compositions forming said storage, distribution or transport structures have the lowest possible extractable rate.
- compositions for preparing fluid storage, distribution and/or transport structures further comprising:
- the structure is fire resistant with a VO, V1 or V2 result on the UL94 test (IEC 60695-11-10); and/or Good thermal and/or electrical conductivity; and/or A good compromise between low density and good mechanical resistance.
- the invention relates firstly to a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition:
- the present invention relates to a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition:
- the polar graphene is a graphene oxide or a graphene functionalized with at least one function reactive with the polyamide, preferably a function selected from maleic anhydrides, carboxylic acids, primary amines, isocyanates, preferably maleic anhydrides and amines.
- the polyamide of the composition according to the invention is:
- (Cd diacid) with c representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine and d representing the number of carbon atoms of the diacid, c and d each being between 4 and 36, advantageously between 9 and 18, the unit (Ce diamine) being selected from linear or branched aliphatic diamines, as defined above, cycloaliphatic diamines and alkylaromatic diamines and the unit (Cd diacid) being selected from linear or branched aliphatic diacids, cycloaliphatic diacids and aromatic diacids;
- X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine and terephthalic acid, with x representing the number of carbon atoms of the Cx diamine
- the polyamide is:
- An aliphatic polyamide selected from PA6, PA66, PA11, PA12, PA610, PA612, PA1010, PA1012 and PA1212;
- the composition preferably comprises, relative to the total weight of polyamide, more than 50% by weight, preferably more than 70% by weight, more preferably more than 85% by weight, of aliphatic polyamide.
- the composition according to the invention comprises, by weight relative to the total weight of polyamide, 100% by weight of aliphatic polyamide.
- the impact modifier is chosen from olefin copolymers and in particular copolymers comprising ethylene or propylene units.
- the present invention also relates to single-layer or multi-layer structures in which the layer in the case of the single-layer structure or at least one of the layers in the case of the multi-layer structure is formed in whole or in part from the composition according to the invention.
- these structures are tubular structures.
- these structures are reservoirs.
- the present invention also relates to the use of said structures for the transport, distribution and storage of a fluid.
- the fluid is hydrogen
- the fluid is a fuel.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a single-layer or multi-layer structure by injection, extrusion, extrusion-blow molding or rotational molding, preferably by extrusion.
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 75 nm in a composition comprising at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 1% by weight of at least one plasticizer, the percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition, to obtain an extractable rate of less than or equal to 4g/m 2 , preferably less than or equal to 3g/m 2 .
- the present invention also relates to the use of from 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 75 nm in a composition comprising at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 1% by weight of at least one plasticizer, the percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition, to obtain an extractable rate lower than that obtained for the same composition free of graphene in which the graphene has been replaced by the same quantity of the polyamide.
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 75 nm in a composition comprising at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 1% by weight of at least one plasticizer, the percentages being given relative to the total weight of the composition, to obtain a permeability lower than that obtained for the same composition free of graphene in which the graphene has been replaced by the same quantity of the polyamide.
- the present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a single-layer or multi-layer structure, characterized in that it comprises a step of manufacturing a sealing layer by injection, extrusion, extrusion-blow molding or rotational molding.
- the inventors have shown that the combination of polyamide with graphene makes it possible to improve in particular the mechanical resistance while limiting the density of the storage, distribution and/or fluid transport structures prepared from these compositions.
- the composition according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a hydrogen permeability measured according to the ISO 15105-2 standard at atmospheric pressure and at 60°C, of less than 10.00 x 10 -16 mol.m/m 2 .s.Pa, preferably less than 9.50 x 10 -16 mol.m/m 2 .s.Pa.
- composition according to the invention preferably makes it possible to obtain at least one of the following properties:
- An extractable rate measured according to standard TL52712, less than or equal to 4g/ m2 , preferably less than 3g/ m2 ;
- a thermal conductivity measured according to ASTMD5930-17, greater than 0.5 W/m.K, preferably greater than 0.6 W/m.K;
- a surface resistivity measured according to standard IEC62631-3-2 (2015) less than 10 A 6 Qm, preferably less than 10 A 4 Qm;
- Impact resilience at 23°C measured according to ISO1791eA, greater than 5 kJ/ m2 , preferably greater than 8 kJ/ m2 .
- the present invention relates to a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition:
- the present invention relates to a composition
- a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition:
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene in a composition
- a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition, at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 14% by weight of at least one plasticizer; to obtain an extractable rate of less than or equal to 4 g/m 2 , preferably less than 3 g/m 2 according to standard TL52712.
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 75 nm, in a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition, at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 14% by weight of at least one plasticizer; to obtain an extractable rate of less than or equal to 4 g/m 2 , preferably less than 3 g/m 2 according to standard TL52712.
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene in a composition
- a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition, at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 14% by weight of at least one plasticizer; to obtain an extractable rate lower than that obtained for the same composition free of graphene, in the graphene has been replaced by the same quantity of the polyamide of the composition.
- the present invention relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 75 nm, in a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition, at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 14% by weight of at least one plasticizer; to obtain an extractable rate lower than that obtained for the same composition free of graphene, in the graphene has been replaced by the same amount of the polyamide of the composition.
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene in a composition
- a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 14% by weight of at least one plasticizer, to obtain a fluid permeability lower than that obtained for the same composition free of graphene, in which the graphene has been replaced by the same amount of the polyamide of the composition.
- the present invention preferably relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 75 nm, in a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 14% by weight of at least one plasticizer, to obtain a fluid permeability lower than that obtained for the same composition free of graphene, in which the graphene has been replaced by the same amount of the polyamide of the composition.
- composition according to the invention comprises at least 50% by weight, preferably from 70 to 99.5% by weight, more preferably from 90 to 99% by weight, of at least one polyamide.
- the polyamide has an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, preferably greater than 1.3, more preferably greater than 1.4, even more preferably greater than 1.6.
- the measurement of the inherent (or intrinsic) viscosity is carried out in m-cresol.
- the method is well known to those skilled in the art.
- the ISO 307:2007 standard is followed but the solvent is changed (using m-cresol instead of sulfuric acid), the temperature (being 20°C), and the concentration (0.5% by mass).
- the polyamide of the invention is advantageously a polyamide compatible with use in injection or extrusion, preferably in extrusion.
- the polyamide may be a homopolyamide or a copolyamide or a mixture thereof.
- Polyamide is a semi-crystalline polyamide, i.e. a material which is generally solid at room temperature, and which softens when the temperature increases, in particular after passing its glass transition temperature (Tg), and which can exhibit a clear melting when passing its so-called melting temperature (Tf), and which becomes solid again when the temperature decreases below its crystallization temperature.
- Tg glass transition temperature
- Tf melting temperature
- Tg, Te (crystallization temperature) and Tf are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to standard 11357-2:2013 and 11357-3:2013 respectively.
- the number average molecular weight Mn of said semi-crystalline polyamide is preferably in a range from 10000 to 85000 g/mol, in particular from 10000 to 60000. g/mol, preferably from 10000 to 50000 g/mol, even more preferably from 12000 to 50000 g/mol.
- the number-average molecular mass Mn can be measured by any method known to those skilled in the art and in particular The molar mass by number (Mn) and by weight (Mw) is determined by size exclusion chromatography according to ISO standards 16014-1:2012, 16014-2:2012 and 16014-3:2012 using the following conditions:
- Sample concentration 1 g/L (dissolution at room temperature for 24 h) Filtration of samples using a syringe equipped with an ACRODISC PTFE filter, diameter 25 mm, porosity 0.2 pm
- the polyamide is selected from an aliphatic polyamide, a semi-aromatic polyamide and a mixture of the two, advantageously an aliphatic polyamide.
- Said aliphatic polyamide may be derived from the polycondensation: of at least one C6 to C18 amino acid, preferably C9 to C18, more preferably C10 to C18, even more preferably C10 to C12, in particular C11; or of at least one C6 to C18 lactam, preferably C9 to C18, more preferably C10 to C18, even more preferably C10 to C12, in particular C12; or at least one aliphatic diamine Ca in C4-C36, in particular in C6-C36, preferentially C6-C18, preferentially C6-C12, more preferentially C10-C12 with at least one aliphatic diacid Cb in C4-C36, in particular in C6-C36, preferentially C6-C18, preferentially C10-C18, more preferentially C10-C12.
- a C6 to C12 amino acid includes, in particular, 6-aminohexanoic acid, 9-aminononanoic acid, 10-aminodecanoic acid, 10-aminoundecanoic acid, 12-aminododecanoic acid and 11-aminoundecanoic acid as well as its derivatives, in particular N-heptyl-11-aminoundecanoic acid.
- said at least one aliphatic semi-crystalline polyamide is obtained from the polycondensation of at least one amino acid, it can therefore comprise a single amino acid or several amino acids.
- said aliphatic semi-crystalline polyamide is obtained from the polycondensation of a single amino acid and said amino acid is chosen from 11-aminoundecanoic acid and 12-aminododecanoic acid, advantageously 11-aminoundecanoic acid.
- C6 to C12 lactams include caprolactam, decanolactam, undecanolactam, and lauryllactam.
- said at least one aliphatic semi-crystalline polyamide is obtained from the polycondensation of at least one lactam, it can therefore comprise a single lactam or several lactams.
- said at least one aliphatic semi-crystalline polyamide is obtained from the polycondensation of a single lactam and said lactam is chosen from lauryllactam and undecanolactam, advantageously lauryllactam.
- the Ca diamine can be linear or branched. Advantageously, it is linear.
- Said at least one C4-C36 diamine Ca may in particular be chosen from butanemethylenediamine, 1,5-pentamethylenediamine, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, 1,7-heptamethylenediamine, 1,8-octamethylenediamine, 1,9-nonamethylenediamine, 1,10-decamethylenediamine, 1,11-undecamethylenediamine, 1,12-dodecamethylenediamine, 1,13-tridecamethylenediamine, 1,14-tetradecamethylenediamine, 1,16-hexadecamethylenediamine and 1,18-octadecamethylenediamine, octadecenediamine, eicosanediamine, docosanediamine and diamines obtained from fatty acids.
- said at least one diamine Ca is C6-C36 and selected from 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, 1,7-heptamethylenediamine, 1,8-octamethylenediamine, 1,9-nonamethylenediamine, 1,10-decamethylenediamine, 2,2,4-trimethylhexanediamine (TMD), 1,11-undecamethylenediamine, 1,12-dodecamethylenediamine, 1,13-tridecamethylenediamine, 1,14-tetradecamethylenediamine, 1,16-hexadecamethylenediamine and 1,18-octadecamethylenediamine, octadecenediamine, eicosanediamine, docosanediamine and diamines obtained from fatty acids.
- TMD 2,2,4-trimethylhexanediamine
- Said at least one Cb dicarboxylic acid in C4 to C36 may be chosen from butanedioic acid, pentanedioic acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, brassylic acid, tetradecanedioic acid, pentadecanedioic acid, hexadecanedioic acid, octadecanedioic acid, and diacids obtained from fatty acids.
- the diacid can be linear or branched.
- it is linear.
- the polyamide according to the invention has a C/N ratio greater than 6.5, preferably greater than 8, advantageously greater than 9.
- the aliphatic polyamide is chosen from PA6, PA66, PA11, PA12, PA610, PA612, PA1010, PA1012 and PA1212, preferably PA11, PA12, PA610, PA612, PA1010, PA1012 and PA1212, preferably PA11, PA610, PA1010, PA1012 and PA1212, preferably PA11 and PA12, preferably PA11.
- Said semi-aromatic polyamide may be, in particular, a semi-aromatic polyamide of formula X/YAr, as described in EP1505099, in particular a semi-aromatic polyamide of formula A/XT in which A is chosen from a unit obtained from an amino acid as defined above, a unit obtained from a lactam as defined above and a unit corresponding to the formula (Ce diamine).
- (Cd diacid) with c representing the number of carbon atoms of the diamine and d representing the number of carbon atoms of the diacid, c and d each being between 4 and 36, advantageously between 9 and 18, the unit (Ce diamine) being chosen from linear or branched aliphatic diamines, as defined above, cycloaliphatic diamines and alkylaromatic diamines and the unit (Cd diacid) being chosen from linear or branched aliphatic diacids, as defined above, cycloaliphatic diacids and aromatic diacids;
- X.T denotes a unit obtained from the polycondensation of a Cx diamine and terephthalic acid, with x representing the number of carbon atoms of the Cx diamine, x being between 5 and 36, advantageously between 9 and 18, in particular a polyamide of formula A/5T, A/6T, A/9T, A/10T or A/11T, A being as defined above, in particular a polyamide chosen from a PA MPMDT/6T, a PA11/10T, a PA 5T/10T, a PA 11/BACT, a PA 11/6T/10T, a PA MXDT/10T, a PA MPMDT/10T, a PA BACT/10T, a PA BACT/6T, PA BACT/10T/6T, a PA 11/BACT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/6T, PA 11/MPMDT/10T, PA 11/BACT/10T, one PA 11/MXDT/10T, one 11/5T/10T.
- T stands for terephthalic acid
- MXD stands for m-xylylenediamine
- MPMD stands for methylpentamethylenediamine
- BAC stands for bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane.
- Said semi-aromatic polyamide may also be a polyamide of formula ZAr in which Z is a unit resulting from the polycondensation of at least one aliphatic diamine in Ca as defined above and Ar is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, in particular terepthalic acid, isophthalic acid and naphthalenic acid.
- the polyamide is aliphatic and selected from PA6, PA66, PA11, PA12, PA610, PA612, PA1010, PA1012 and PA1212.
- the polyamide is semi-aromatic and selected from polyamide 11/5T, 11/6T, 11/10T, MXDT/10T, MPMDT/10T and BACT/10T.
- the content of semi-aromatic polyamide is less than 30% by weight relative to the total weight of polyamide in the composition according to the invention.
- said polyamide of said composition is previously washed at least once with a system chosen from a polar solvent, in particular methanol, water or water vapor, or a mixture thereof.
- a polar solvent in particular methanol, water or water vapor, or a mixture thereof.
- the composition comprises, relative to the total weight of polyamide, more than 50% by weight, preferably more than 70% by weight, more preferably more than 85% by weight, of aliphatic polyamide.
- the composition according to the invention comprises, by weight relative to the total weight of polyamide, 100% by weight of aliphatic polyamide.
- the composition of the invention comprises from 0.05 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 15% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 5% by weight, even more preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1.75% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 1% by weight, and even more preferably between 0.1 and 0.75% by weight of at least one polar graphene.
- the physicochemical characterization of the graphene is carried out after calcination of the graphene for 12 minutes at 600 ° C in a closed crucible placed in a muffle furnace or after dissolution of the matrix and filtration of the graphenes.
- the dissolution is preferably carried out in meta-cresol or hexafluoroispropanol at 25 ° C.
- the specific surface area is measured according to the BET method as described in ISO 9277:2010.
- Poly graphene means graphene comprising not only carbon atoms, i.e. graphene comprising carbon atoms and other atoms such as, for example, heteroatoms, for example O, N, F, etc.
- the polar graphene comprises oxygen atoms.
- the polar graphene according to the invention has a content in number of carbon atoms, relative to the total number of atoms of the graphene (with the exception of any hydrogen atoms present in the graphene) of less than or equal to 99.9%, preferably between 55 and 99.5%, advantageously between 65 and 98%, more preferably between 75 and 95%, even more preferably between 90 and 99.5%.
- the polar graphene according to the invention has a heteroatom content (for example O, N, F, etc.) of between 0.1 and 45%.
- a heteroatom content for example O, N, F, etc.
- the polar graphene according to the invention has a content in number of oxygen atoms relative to the total number of atoms of the graphene (with the exception of any hydrogen atoms present in the graphene) of between 0.1 and 45%, preferably between 5 and 35%, preferably between 0.5 and 10%.
- the polar graphene according to the invention has a content in number of nitrogen atoms relative to the total number of atoms of the graphene (with the exception of any hydrogen atoms present in the graphene) of between 0.1 and 5%, preferably between 0.1 and 2%, preferably between 0.5 and 2%.
- the specific surface area according to the BET method is between 20 and 1000 m2 /g, preferably between 50 and 750 m2 /g.
- Polar graphene may in particular be oxidized graphene (graphene oxide in English) or graphene comprising at least one function reacting with the polyamide, in particular at least one function chosen from maleic anhydrides, carboxylic acids, primary amines, isocyanates, preferably maleic anhydrides and amines.
- Polar graphene can also be reduced oxidized graphene, possibly called reduced graphene oxide.
- This type of graphene is obtained by reduction of oxidized graphene, resulting in a decrease in the oxygen level in the graphene.
- This reduction step can for example be carried out thermally (exposure to heat), chemically (in the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride NaBH 4 , hydroiodic acid HI, hydrazine N 2 H 4 ) and/or photochemically (exposure to radiation in the presence of a photocatalyst).
- the polar graphene comprises one or more of the functions selected from alcohol functions, ketone functions, carboxylic acid functions, epoxide functions.
- the polar graphene comprises at least 2, advantageously at least 3 different functions selected from alcohol functions, ketone functions, carboxylic acid functions, epoxide functions.
- the polar graphene preferably has an average thickness of between 0.5 and 100 nm, preferably between 1 and 100 nm, preferably between 0.5 and 75 nm, preferably between 1 and 50 nm, preferably between 1.5 and 50 nm, more preferably between 2 and 25 nm.
- Polar graphene has lateral dimensions of between 0.1 and 100 pm, in particular between 0.25 and 75 pm, advantageously between 0.4 and 50 pm, preferably between 0.5 and 40 pm, more preferably between 0.5 and 10 pm.
- the number of graphene layers can be determined using X-ray diffraction or atomic force microscopy. Raman spectroscopy is preferred for graphene materials with few layers.
- the thickness and dimensions of graphene can also be determined using optical, scanning electron or transmission electron microscopy. Methods for measuring the average thickness and lateral dimensions of graphene are described in ISO/TS 21356-1:2021
- the graphene and the polyamide are covalently linked by an amide, ester, urea or urethane function, preferably amide.
- the composition according to the invention comprises less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 1% by weight, and preferentially less than 0.1% by weight of carbon nanotubes, relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the composition according to the invention is free of carbon nanotubes.
- the impact modifier may be present up to 40% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the impact modifier is present up to 35% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, in particular up to 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, preferably up to 15% by weight, preferably up to 12% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the impact modifier is present from 3 to 40% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, in particular from 3 to 35%, in particular from 3 to 30% by weight. weight, preferably from 3 to 15% by weight, for example from 3 to 12% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the impact modifier is advantageously made up of a polymer having a flexural modulus of less than 100 MPa measured according to standard ISO 178: 2010, determined at 23°C with a relative humidity: RH50%, and a Tg of less than 0°C (measured according to standard 11357-2: 2013 at the inflection point of the DSC thermogram, at a heating rate of 20K/min), in particular a polyolefin.
- polyether block amides are excluded from the definition of impact modifiers.
- the polyolefin of the impact modifier may be functionalized or non-functionalized or be a mixture of at least one functionalized and/or at least one non-functionalized.
- the polyolefin has been designated (B) and functionalized polyolefins (B1) and non-functionalized polyolefins (B2) have been described below.
- a non-functionalized polyolefin (B2) is typically a homopolymer or copolymer of alpha olefins or diolefins, such as, for example, ethylene, propylene, butene-1, octene-1, butadiene. Examples include:
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- LLDPE linear low density polyethylene
- VLDPE very low density polyethylene
- metallocene polyethylene metallocene polyethylene
- ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers such as ethylene/propylene, EPR (abbreviation of ethylene-propylene-rubber) and ethylene/propylene/diene (EPDM).
- EPR abbreviation of ethylene-propylene-rubber
- EPDM ethylene/propylene/diene
- SEBS styrene/ethylene-butene/styrene
- SBS styrene/butadiene/styrene
- SIS styrene/isoprene/styrene
- SEPS styrene/ethylene-propylene/styrene
- the functionalized polyolefin (B1) may be a polymer of alpha olefins having reactive units (the functionalities); such reactive units are acid, anhydride, or epoxy functions.
- the functionalities are acid, anhydride, or epoxy functions.
- a polyolefin functionalized is for example a PE/EPR mixture, the weight ratio of which can vary widely, for example between 40/60 and 90/10, said mixture being co-grafted with an anhydride, in particular maleic anhydride, according to a grafting rate for example of 0.01 to 5% by weight.
- the functionalized polyolefin (B1) can be chosen from the following (co)polymers, grafted with maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate, in which the grafting rate is for example from 0.01 to 5% by weight:
- ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers such as ethylene/propylene, EPR (short for ethylene-propylene-rubber) and ethylene/propylene/diene (EPDM).
- EPR short for ethylene-propylene-rubber
- EPDM ethylene/propylene/diene
- SEBS styrene/ethylene-butene/styrene
- SBS styrene/butadiene/styrene
- SIS styrene/isoprene/styrene
- SEPS styrene/ethylene-propylene/styrene
- EVA vinyl acetate copolymers
- alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers containing up to 40% by weight of alkyl (meth)acrylate;
- EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
- alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers containing up to 40% by weight of comonomers.
- the functionalized polyolefin (B1) can also be chosen from ethylene/propylene copolymers with a majority of propylene grafted with maleic anhydride then condensed with mono-amine polyamide (or a polyamide oligomer) (products described in EP-A-0342066).
- the functionalized polyolefin (B1) may also be a co- or ter-polymer of at least the following units: (1) ethylene, (2) alkyl (meth)acrylate or saturated carboxylic acid vinyl ester and (3) anhydride such as maleic anhydride or (meth)acrylic acid or epoxy such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate.
- (meth)acrylic acid can be salified with Zn or Li.
- alkyl (meth)acrylate in (B1) or (B2) denotes C1-C8 alkyl methacrylates and acrylates, and may be selected from methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate.
- the abovementioned polyolefins (B1) can also be crosslinked by any suitable process or agent (diepoxy, diacid, peroxide, etc.); the term functionalized polyolefin also includes mixtures of the abovementioned polyolefins with a difunctional reagent such as diacid, dianhydride, diepoxy, etc. capable of reacting with them or mixtures of at least two functionalized polyolefins capable of reacting with each other.
- a difunctional reagent such as diacid, dianhydride, diepoxy, etc. capable of reacting with them or mixtures of at least two functionalized polyolefins capable of reacting with each other.
- the above-mentioned copolymers, (B1) and (B2), can be copolymerized in a random or block manner and have a linear or branched structure.
- MFI molecular weight
- the non-functionalized polyolefins (B2) are chosen from homopolymers or copolymers of polypropylene and any homopolymer of ethylene or copolymer of ethylene and a comonomer of higher alpha olefinic type such as butene, hexene, octene or 4-methyl 1-pentene.
- Examples that may be mentioned include PP, high density PE, medium density PE, linear low density PE, low density PE, very low density PE.
- These polyethylenes are known to those skilled in the art as being produced according to a “radical” process, according to a “Ziegler” type catalysis or, more recently, according to a so-called “metallocene” catalysis.
- the functionalized polyolefins (B1) are chosen from all polymers comprising alpha olefinic units and units carrying polar reactive functions such as epoxy, carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid anhydride functions.
- polymers mention may be made of terpolymers of ethylene, alkyl acrylate and maleic anhydride or glycidyl methacrylate such as Lotader® (SK Functional polymer) or polyolefins grafted with maleic anhydride such as Orevac® (SK Functional polymer) as well as terpolymers of ethylene, alkyl acrylate and (meth)acrylic acid.
- the impact modifier of the invention which is preferably a polyolefin as described above, has an atomic carbon content greater than 70%, preferably greater than 80%, more preferably greater than 90%, relative to the number of atoms of the polyolefin except the hydrogen atoms. This carbon content makes it possible to determine a certain polarity of the impact modifier.
- the carbon content of the impact modifier can be measured by any technique known to those skilled in the art and in particular by elemental analysis.
- the impact modifier is chosen from olefin copolymers and in particular copolymers comprising ethylene or propylene units.
- composition according to the invention may further comprise at least one additive.
- the additive may be present up to 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the composition according to the invention comprises from 0 to 5% by weight of additive relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the additive is present from 0.1 to 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition of the layer (I).
- the additives may be selected from an antioxidant, a polycondensation catalyst, a heat stabilizer, a UV absorber, a light stabilizer, a lubricant, an inorganic filler, a flame retardant, a nucleating agent, a plasticizer, a colorant, carbon black and carbon nanofillers.
- polycondensation catalyst means the catalysts used for the preparation of the polyamide.
- the composition of the invention comprises as additive at least one organic or inorganic stabilizer such as phenolic, phosphite or copper-containing antioxidants.
- organic or inorganic stabilizer such as phenolic, phosphite or copper-containing antioxidants.
- the composition of the invention may further comprise from 5 to 49% by weight, preferably from 5 to 30% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition, of short reinforcing fibers.
- the so-called short fibers are between 100 and 400 pm in length, preferably between 200 and 400 pm.
- These short reinforcing fibers can be chosen from: natural fibers mineral fibers, these having high melting temperatures Tf and higher than the melting temperature Tf of said semi-crystalline polyamide of the invention and higher than the polymerization and/or processing temperature.
- polymeric or polymer fibers having a melting temperature Tf or, failing Tf, a glass transition temperature Tg', higher than the polymerization temperature or higher than the melting temperature Tf of said semi-crystalline polyamide constituting said matrix of the thermoplastic material and higher than the processing temperature. or mixtures of the fibers mentioned above.
- carbon fibers which includes nanotube fibers or carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers or graphenes; silica fibers such as glass fibers, in particular of type E, R or S2; boron fibers; ceramic fibers, in particular silicon carbide fibers, boron carbide fibers, boron carbonitride fibers, silicon nitride fibers, boron nitride fibers, basalt fibers; fibers or filaments based on metals and/or their alloys; fibers of metal oxides, in particular alumina (Al2O3); metallized fibers such as metallized glass fibers and metallized carbon fibers or mixtures of the aforementioned fibers.
- CNTs carbon nanofibers or graphenes
- silica fibers such as glass fibers, in particular of type E, R or S2
- boron fibers ceramic fibers, in particular silicon carbide fibers, boron carbide fibers, boron carbonitride fibers, silicon
- the mineral fibers may be chosen from: carbon fibers, carbon nanotube fibers, glass fibers, in particular of type E, R or S2, boron fibers, ceramic fibers, in particular silicon carbide fibers, boron carbide fibers, boron carbonitride fibers, silicon nitride fibers, boron nitride fibers, basalt fibers, fibers or filaments based on metals and/or their alloys, fibers based on metal oxides such as AI2O3, metallized fibers such as metallized glass fibers and metallized carbon fibers or mixtures of the aforementioned fibers, and polymer or polymeric fibers, under the condition mentioned above, are chosen from: thermosetting polymer fibers and more particularly chosen from: unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, vinyl esters, phenolic resins, polyurethanes, cyanoacrylates and polyimides, such as bis-maleimide resins, aminoplasts resulting from the reaction of an
- the preferred short reinforcing fibers are short fibers selected from: carbon fibers, including metallized, glass fibers, including metallized of type E, R, S2, aramid fibers (such as Kevlar®) or aromatic polyamides, polyarylether ketone fibers (PAEK), such as polyetherether ketone (PEEK), polyetherketone ketone fibers (PEKK), polyetherketoneetherketone ketone fibers (PEKEKK) or their mixtures.
- carbon fibers including metallized, glass fibers, including metallized of type E, R, S2, aramid fibers (such as Kevlar®) or aromatic polyamides, polyarylether ketone fibers (PAEK), such as polyetherether ketone (PEEK), polyetherketone ketone fibers (PEKK), polyetherketoneetherketone ketone fibers (PEKEKK) or their mixtures.
- PEEK polyetherether ketone
- PEKK polyetherketone ketone fiber
- Natural fibers can be chosen from flax, castor, wood, sisal, kenaf, coconut, hemp and jute fibers.
- the reinforcing fibers present in the composition according to the invention are chosen from glass fibers, carbon fibers, flax fibers and their mixtures, and more preferably glass fibers and carbon fibers, and even more preferably glass fibers.
- the composition of the invention does not comprise continuous fibers.
- the composition of the invention does not comprise long reinforcing fibers, i.e. reinforcing fibers of length greater than 400 ⁇ m.
- composition according to the invention may further comprise at least one plasticizer.
- the plasticizer content in the composition according to the invention is from 0 to 14% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
- Plasticizers are, for example, selected from benzene sulfonamide derivatives, such as n-butyl benzene sulfonamide (BBSA); ethyl toluene sulfonamide or N-cyclohexyl toluene sulfonamide; hydroxybenzoic acid esters, such as ethyl-2-hexyl parahydroxybenzoate and decyl-2-hexyl parahydroxybenzoate; esters or ethers of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, such as oligoethyleneoxytetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol; and esters of citric acid or hydroxymalonic acid, such as oligoethyleneoxy malonate.
- BBSA n-butyl benzene sulfonamide
- ethyl toluene sulfonamide or N-cyclohexyl toluene sulfonamide hydroxybenzoic acid est
- the plasticizer is present in the composition from 1 to 14% by weight, in particular from 1 to 12% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the plasticizer is present from 5 to 14%, in particular from 5 to 12% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the composition comprises, relative to the total weight of the composition, less than 1% by weight of plasticizer, preferably less than 0.5% by weight of plasticizer.
- the composition of the invention does not comprise a plasticizer.
- the present invention relates to a composition comprising, relative to the total weight of the composition:
- the present invention also relates to a process for preparing a composition as described above.
- the method for preparing the composition according to the invention comprises the steps of:
- the graphene content is 10 to 50% by weight relative to the weight of the masterbatch.
- the polyamide of the masterbatch is identical to the polyamide of the composition according to the invention.
- the masterbatch content is between 1 and 20% relative to the total weight of the mixture obtained in step (ii).
- the masterbatch and the polyamide are mixed in the molten state.
- the mixing may take place in any mixing, kneading or extrusion device.
- plastics in the molten state known to those skilled in the art, such as an internal mixer, a cylinder mixer, an extruder, such as a single-screw extruder or a contra- or co-rotating twin-screw extruder, a co-kneader, such as a continuous co-kneader, or a stirred reactor.
- the mixing takes place in an extruder or a co-kneader, more preferably in an extruder, even more preferably in a twin-screw extruder.
- the mixing in step (ii) is carried out at a temperature at least 10°C higher than the melting point of the polyamide, preferably at a temperature at least 20°C higher than the melting point of the polyamide, preferably at a temperature at least 30°C higher than the melting point of the polyamide.
- the mixing is carried out for a period of 30 seconds to 15 minutes, preferably 40 seconds to 10 minutes.
- the mixing is carried out with stirring.
- the masterbatch and the polyamide may independently be in powder or granule form.
- the preparation method comprises a step of shaping the mixture obtained in step (ii) in the form of granules or powder.
- the mixture is put into powder form, it is preferably first put into the form of granules or flakes and then the granules or flakes are ground into powder.
- Any type of grinder can be used, such as a hammer mill, a pin mill, an attrition disc mill or an impact classifier mill.
- composition according to the invention can be prepared, preferably in one step, by dispersing the graphene in the polyamide according to the invention in the molten state, optionally in the presence of additives, impact modifier and/or plasticizer.
- the preparation method comprises a step of shaping the mixture obtained in the form of granules or powder.
- the mixture is shaped into powder, it is preferably first shaped into granules or flakes and then the granules or flakes are ground into powder.
- Any type of grinder may be used, such as a hammer mill, a pin mill, an attrition disc mill or an impact classifier mill.
- This second embodiment concerning the process is not preferred given that it poses health risks (inhalation in particular) due to the small size of the graphene particles.
- the composition according to the invention is not obtained by polymerization of the polyamide in the presence of graphene.
- such a process requires significant quantities solvent and is therefore not preferred for environmental and economic reasons.
- the use of graphene in the polymerization reactor pollutes the said reactor.
- the present invention also relates to single-layer or multi-layer structures in which the layer in the case of the single-layer structure or at least one of the layers in the case of the multi-layer structure is formed in whole or in part from the composition according to the invention, preferably consists of the composition according to the invention.
- the structures according to the present invention are preferably intended for the transport, storage and/or distribution of fluid, in particular fluid for transport vehicles, in particular motor vehicles and other transport vehicles such as trains, trucks, metros, etc.
- motor vehicle means any vehicle with a thermal, electric or hybrid engine equipped with wheels or tracks, excluding a flying vehicle.
- the motor vehicle may be two-wheeled, three-wheeled, four-wheeled or tracked.
- it is chosen from an electric bicycle, a moped, a motorcycle, a sidecar, a car, a van, a tractor, a truck, a bus, a coach, a snowmobile, a half-track, a bulldozer, a snow groomer and a tank.
- it is chosen from a car, a van, a truck, a bus and a coach.
- the single-layer or multi-layer structures of the present invention may be tanks, pipe (or tube), liner. Throughout the description, the term “tube” or “pipe” may be used and designates the same thing.
- the present invention relates to single-layer or multi-layer reservoir-type structures for fluid storage, comprising at least one layer obtained with the composition of the invention, preferably at least one layer of which is made up of the composition according to the invention.
- the present invention relates to single-layer or multi-layer tubular (MLT) structures for the transport and distribution of fluid, comprising at least one layer obtained with the composition of the invention, preferably comprising at least one layer made of the composition of the invention.
- MLT multi-layer tubular
- the multilayer structures comprise at least one further layer, preferably comprising a polyamide.
- the multilayer structures according to the present invention comprise at least one layer obtained with the composition of the invention, preferably a layer consisting of the composition according to the invention, preferably this layer is the innermost layer (in contact with the fluid), and one or more other layers for example chosen from the group consisting of reinforcing layers (in particular composite layer), sealing layers (barrier layer), chemical resistance layers, burst resistance layers, etc.
- these multilayer structures are well known to those skilled in the art.
- fluid designates a gas, in particular used in automobiles, or a liquid, in particular used in the automotive field.
- liquids include an oil, a brake fluid, a urea solution, a glycol-based coolant, fuels, in particular fuels, in particular gasoline, diesel, LPG, bio-gasoline or bio-diesel, in particular gasoline and more particularly alcoholic gasoline.
- the fluid according to the invention may also be hydrogen.
- air, nitrogen and oxygen are excluded from the definition of said fluid.
- said fluid designates fuels, in particular gasoline, in particular alcoholic gasoline.
- said fluid designates hydrogen
- gasoline refers to a mixture of hydrocarbons from the distillation of petroleum to which additives or alcohols such as methanol and ethanol may be added, with alcohols being the major components in some cases.
- alcoholized gasoline refers to gasoline to which methanol or ethanol has been added. It also refers to E95 gasoline that does not contain any petroleum distillation product.
- the tank may be a tank for mobile storage of hydrogen, i.e. on a truck for transporting hydrogen, on a car for transporting hydrogen and supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell for example, on a train for supplying hydrogen or on a drone for supplying hydrogen, but it may also be a stationary hydrogen storage tank at a station for distributing hydrogen to vehicles.
- the tank may also be a tank for storing fuel or coolant.
- the multilayer structure according to the present invention may for example be a hydrogen tank and comprises or is made up of several layers, in particular two layers, excluding a film or a granule.
- hydrogen tanks comprise at least one barrier layer (or sealing layer) and a reinforcing layer.
- the hydrogen tanks may comprise or be made up of for example several sealing layers and several reinforcing layers, or a sealing layer and several reinforcing layers, or several sealing layers and a reinforcing layer or a sealing layer and a reinforcing layer.
- barrier layer or sealing layer
- the hydrogen tanks may comprise or be made up of for example several sealing layers and several reinforcing layers, or a sealing layer and several reinforcing layers, or several sealing layers and a reinforcing layer or a sealing layer and a reinforcing layer.
- barrier layer or “sealing layer” refers to a layer having characteristics of low permeability and good resistance to the various constituents of fluids, in particular fuels and hydrogen.
- the barrier layer slows down the passage of the fluid, in particular fuel (both for its polar components (such as ethanol) and for its non-polar components (hydrocarbons)) or hydrogen, into the other layers of the structure or even outside the structure.
- the barrier layer is therefore a layer that above all prevents too much gasoline from being lost into the atmosphere by diffusion, thus preventing atmospheric pollution.
- the present invention preferably relates to: a single-layer or multi-layer tubular structure, for transporting, distributing or storing fluid, comprising at least one layer, preferably an inner layer, formed in whole or in part from the composition according to the invention, preferably comprising at least one layer, preferably an inner layer, consisting of the composition according to the invention; a single-layer tubular structure, for transporting, distributing or storing fluid, formed in whole or in part from the composition according to the invention, preferably the single-layer tubular structure is made of the composition according to the invention; a multi-layer tubular structure, for transporting, distributing or storing fluid, comprising at least one layer, preferably an inner layer, formed in whole or in part from the composition according to the invention, preferably comprising at least one layer, preferably an inner layer, consisting of the composition according to the invention and at least one other layer, preferably the other layer comprises a polyamide; a single-layer or multi-layer tank for transporting or storing fluid, comprising at least one layer, preferably
- the structures of the present invention can be used for the transportation, distribution and storage of hydrogen (H 2 ).
- the structures of the present invention may be used for the transportation, distribution and storage of coolant.
- the structures of the present invention may be used for the transportation, distribution and storage of fuel.
- the present invention also relates to a process for preparing single-layer or multi-layer structures as described above, comprising a step of manufacturing a sealing layer by injection, extrusion, extrusion-blow molding or rotational molding using the composition according to the invention.
- the structure is a multilayer structure and further comprises a step of filament winding the reinforcing layer as defined above around the sealing layer as defined above.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the composition according to the invention for the manufacture of a single-layer or multi-layer structure, as described above.
- the single-layer or multi-layer structure is preferably obtained by a step of preparing at least one layer comprising the composition according to the invention by injection, extrusion, extrusion-blow molding or rotational molding using the composition of the invention.
- Other layers may also be present and in particular implemented simultaneously.
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 15% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, even more preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 1.75% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1% by weight, and even more preferably between 0.1 and 0.75% by weight, of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 100 nm, preferably between 1 and 100 nm, preferably between 0.5 and 75 nm, preferably between 1 and 50 nm, preferably between 1.5 and 50 nm, more preferably between 2 and 25 nm, in a composition comprising at least 50% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 1.75% by weight, more preferably between 0.1 and 1.5% by weight, more preferably between 0.1 and 1.75% by weight, and even more preferably between 0.1 and 0.75% by weight, of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and
- the composition comprises, relative to the total weight of polyamide, more than 50% by weight, preferably more than 70% by weight, more preferably more than 85% by weight, of aliphatic polyamide.
- the composition according to the invention comprises, by weight relative to the total weight of polyamide, 100% by weight of aliphatic polyamide.
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 15% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 5% by weight, even more preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1.75% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 1% by weight and even more preferably between 0.1 and 0.75% by weight, of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 100 nm, preferably between 1 and 100 nm, preferably between 0.5 and 75 nm, preferably between 1 and 50 nm, preferably between 1.5 and 50 nm, more preferably between 2 and 25 nm, in a composition comprising at least 50% by weight of at least one polyamide having an inherent viscosity greater than 1.2, optionally up to 5% by weight of at least one additive, optionally up to 40% by weight of at least one impact modifier and/or optionally up to 14% by weight of at least one plasticizer, preferably less
- the term “same composition free of graphene” means a comparative composition in which the graphene has been replaced by the same quantity of the polyamide, all other things being equal. It should be understood that when the composition according to the invention comprises a polyamide blend then the polyamide which replaces the graphene in the comparative composition is the same polyamide blend as that of the composition according to the invention in the same relative proportions.
- the composition preferably comprises, relative to the total weight of polyamide, more than 50% by weight, preferably more than 70% by weight, more preferably more than 85% by weight, of aliphatic polyamide.
- the composition according to the invention comprises, by weight relative to the total weight of polyamide, 100% by weight of aliphatic polyamide.
- the extractable rate is determined by a test consisting of filling a tubular structure with FAM-B type alcoholic essence and heating the assembly to 60°C for 96 hours, then emptying the tube by filtering it into a beaker. The filtrate from the beaker is then allowed to evaporate at room temperature and the residue is weighed, thus giving the extractable rate per unit of internal tube surface area. This measurement method is described in particular in standard TL52712.
- FAM B alcoholic gasoline is described in DIN 51604-1:1982, DIN 51604-2:1984 and DIN 51604-3:1984. Briefly, FAM A alcoholic gasoline is first prepared with a mixture of 50% toluene, 30% isooctane, 15% di-isobutylene and 5% ethanol and then FAM B is prepared by mixing 84.5% FAM A with 15% methanol and 0.5% water. In total, FAM B consists of 42.3% toluene, 25.4% isooctane, 12.7% di-isobutylene, 4.2% ethanol, 15% methanol and 0.5% water.
- extractable is understood to mean all compounds originating from the composition forming the layers of the monolayer or multilayer structure and which can be carried away by the fluid; examples of extractables are plasticizers, monomers, oligomers, additives, etc.
- the extractable rate is measured according to the TL52712 standard.
- the use of the composition according to the invention makes it possible to achieve an extractable rate less than or equal to 4 g.nr 2 , preferably 3 g.nr 2 .
- the present invention also relates to the use of 0.05 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 15% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight, even more preferably 0.1 to 2% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 1.75% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1% by weight, and even more preferably between 0.1 and 0.75% by weight, of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and 100 nm, preferably between 1 and 100 nm, preferably between 0.5 and 75 nm, preferably between 1 and 50 nm, preferably between 1.5 and 50 nm, more preferably between 2 and 25 nm, in a composition comprising at least 50% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 1.75% by weight, more preferably between 0.1 and 1.5% by weight, more preferably between 0.1 and 1.75% by weight, and even more preferably between 0.1 and 0.75% by weight, of at least one polar graphene having an average thickness of between 0.5 and
- the term "same composition free of graphene” means a comparative composition in which the graphene has been replaced by the same quantity of polyamide, all things being equal. It should be understood that when the composition according to the invention comprises a polyamide blend then the polyamide which replaces the graphene in the comparative composition is the same polyamide blend as that of the composition according to the invention in the same relative proportions.
- the composition preferably comprises, relative to the total weight of polyamide, more than 50% by weight, preferably more than 70% by weight, more preferably more than 85% by weight, of aliphatic polyamide.
- the composition according to the invention comprises, by weight relative to the total weight of polyamide, 100% by weight of aliphatic polyamide.
- the permeability according to the invention is the permeability of the single-layer or multi-layer structure to the fluid.
- the measured permeability is hydrogen permeability and is measured according to ISO 15105-2 at atmospheric pressure and 60°C.
- the hydrogen permeability measured according to ISO 15105-2 at atmospheric pressure and 60°C is less than 10.00 x 10 -16 mol.m/m 2 .s.Pa, preferably less than 9.50 x 10 -16 mol.m/m 2 .s.Pa.
- the single-layer or multi-layer structures of the invention therefore have good permeability, in particular permeability to hydrogen, and a low extractable rate.
- the structures obtained with the composition of the invention are recyclable.
- the term "recyclable” means that said single or multi-layer structure after use and therefore after transport, distribution or storage of fluids, can be reused, in particular after grinding, i.e. implemented in a process for manufacturing a part, in particular a new single or multi-layer structure, in particular by extrusion while obtaining good mechanical properties, in particular cold impact, a high bursting stress, a high elongation at break, unlike the recycling of a structure not comprising graphene.
- the same graphene-free composition is understood to mean a comparative composition in which the graphene has been replaced by the same amount of polyamide, all things being equal. It should be understood that when the composition according to the invention comprises a polyamide blend then the polyamide which replaces the graphene in the comparative composition is the same polyamide blend as that of the composition according to the invention in the same relative proportions.
- the grinding is carried out according to the classic techniques of those skilled in the art to a size of 1 mm to 2 cm.
- Said reuse of said used tubular structure can be carried out in a mixture or not with virgin material.
- compositions described in Table 1 were prepared by compounding under the following conditions: The compositions were manufactured using a ZSK 40 mm twin-screw extruder (Coperion). The barrel temperature was set at 280 °C and the screw speed was 300 rpm with a flow rate of 60 kg/h. All the materials were added to the main hopper at the start of the screw.
- the PA11 used is a polyamide 11 catalyzed with phosphoric acid having an acid chain end concentration of 30 peq/g and an amine chain end concentration of 33 peq/g.
- the PPA used is an MXD10 PPA with an acid chain end concentration of 72 peq/g and an amine chain end concentration of 17 peq/g.
- the shock modifier is Tafmer MH5020C marketed by Mitsui Chemicals.
- Graphene 1 is a nonpolar graphene with an average thickness of 2 nm and average lateral dimensions of 980 nm. Graphene 1 is not a graphene oxide.
- Graphene 2 is a polar graphene consisting of 99 mol% carbon atoms and having an average thickness of 102 nm and average lateral dimensions of 1050 nm.
- Graphene 3 is a reduced oxidized graphene comprising 6 mol% oxygen atoms relative to carbon atoms, having an average thickness of 1.6 nm and average lateral dimensions of 2300 nm.
- Graphene 4 is a graphene comprising 1 mol% nitrogen atoms relative to carbon atoms, having an average thickness of 1 nm and average lateral dimensions of 4300 nm.
- the graphenes were added as a master batch comprising 10% by weight of graphene and 90% of polyamide (PA 11 or PPA).
- the organic stabilizer used is a mixture of 80% Irganox® 1010 and 20% Irgafos® 168 from BASF.
- Liners with a thickness of 2 mm of the comparative and inventive compositions were prepared by blow molding and the hydrogen permeability measured according to ISO 15105-2 at atmospheric pressure and at 60°C was tested on plates of dimension 100*100*2 mm cut from the prepared liners.
- This test consists of sweeping the upper face of the film with the test gas (Hydrogen) and measuring by gas chromatography the flow that diffuses through the film in the lower part, swept by the carrier gas: nitrogen.
- the measurement is carried out according to the ISO 15105-2 standard.
- the elongation at break is measured at 23 °C on 1A specimens according to the ISO527 standard.
- the impact toughness at 23 °C was measured according to the ISO 179 1 eA standard.
- the elongation at break and the impact toughness were measured after conditioning for 15 days at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity.
- compositions of the invention make it possible to obtain better compromises between hydrogen barrier properties and mechanical properties (elongation at break and impact).
- the example according to the invention 1 makes it possible to obtain a permeability close to the comparative example 1 while significantly improving the impact resilience.
- the example according to the invention 2 makes it possible to obtain an improved permeability while maintaining the level of mechanical properties.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24737497.8A EP4724245A1 (fr) | 2023-06-06 | 2024-06-06 | Composition de polyamide et graphène polaire |
| CN202480037544.7A CN121263289A (zh) | 2023-06-06 | 2024-06-06 | 聚酰胺和极性石墨烯的组合物 |
| KR1020257043576A KR20260019540A (ko) | 2023-06-06 | 2024-06-06 | 폴리아미드 조성물 및 극성 그래핀 |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FRFR2305679 | 2023-06-06 | ||
| FR2305679A FR3149615A1 (fr) | 2023-06-06 | 2023-06-06 | Composition de polyamide et graphène polaire |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| WO2024252098A1 true WO2024252098A1 (fr) | 2024-12-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/FR2024/050726 Ceased WO2024252098A1 (fr) | 2023-06-06 | 2024-06-06 | Composition de polyamide et graphène polaire |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4724245A1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20260019540A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN121263289A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3149615A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024252098A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2025114589A1 (fr) * | 2023-11-29 | 2025-06-05 | Graphmatech Ab | Matériau composite polyamide 11-graphène et ensemble pour le stockage et/ou le transport d'hydrogène |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0342066A1 (fr) | 1988-03-24 | 1989-11-15 | Elf Atochem S.A. | Copolymère greffé à base d'alpha-mono-oléfine, son procédé de fabrication, son application à la fabrication d'alliages thermoplastiques, alliages thermoplastiques obtenus |
| EP1505099A2 (fr) | 2003-08-05 | 2005-02-09 | Arkema | Polymides semi aromatiques souples à faible reprise en humidité |
| FR2959231A1 (fr) * | 2010-04-22 | 2011-10-28 | Arkema France | Materiau composite thermoplastique et/ou elastomerique a base de nanotubes de carbone et de graphenes |
| US20110281051A1 (en) * | 2008-11-27 | 2011-11-17 | Arkema France | Use of an expanded graphite in a polymer material |
| EP2550332B1 (fr) * | 2010-03-23 | 2018-05-16 | Solvay SA | Compositions polymères comprenant des polyamides semi-aromatiques et des matières du type graphène |
-
2023
- 2023-06-06 FR FR2305679A patent/FR3149615A1/fr active Pending
-
2024
- 2024-06-06 CN CN202480037544.7A patent/CN121263289A/zh active Pending
- 2024-06-06 WO PCT/FR2024/050726 patent/WO2024252098A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2024-06-06 KR KR1020257043576A patent/KR20260019540A/ko active Pending
- 2024-06-06 EP EP24737497.8A patent/EP4724245A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0342066A1 (fr) | 1988-03-24 | 1989-11-15 | Elf Atochem S.A. | Copolymère greffé à base d'alpha-mono-oléfine, son procédé de fabrication, son application à la fabrication d'alliages thermoplastiques, alliages thermoplastiques obtenus |
| EP1505099A2 (fr) | 2003-08-05 | 2005-02-09 | Arkema | Polymides semi aromatiques souples à faible reprise en humidité |
| US20110281051A1 (en) * | 2008-11-27 | 2011-11-17 | Arkema France | Use of an expanded graphite in a polymer material |
| EP2550332B1 (fr) * | 2010-03-23 | 2018-05-16 | Solvay SA | Compositions polymères comprenant des polyamides semi-aromatiques et des matières du type graphène |
| FR2959231A1 (fr) * | 2010-04-22 | 2011-10-28 | Arkema France | Materiau composite thermoplastique et/ou elastomerique a base de nanotubes de carbone et de graphenes |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| JIANGUO SONGXINZHI WANGCHANG-TANG CHANG: "Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide", JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS, vol. 2014, 2014, pages 6 |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2025114589A1 (fr) * | 2023-11-29 | 2025-06-05 | Graphmatech Ab | Matériau composite polyamide 11-graphène et ensemble pour le stockage et/ou le transport d'hydrogène |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20260019540A (ko) | 2026-02-10 |
| FR3149615A1 (fr) | 2024-12-13 |
| CN121263289A (zh) | 2026-01-02 |
| EP4724245A1 (fr) | 2026-04-15 |
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