WO2025242568A1 - Appareils et procédés de production de couches à effet optique - Google Patents

Appareils et procédés de production de couches à effet optique

Info

Publication number
WO2025242568A1
WO2025242568A1 PCT/EP2025/063557 EP2025063557W WO2025242568A1 WO 2025242568 A1 WO2025242568 A1 WO 2025242568A1 EP 2025063557 W EP2025063557 W EP 2025063557W WO 2025242568 A1 WO2025242568 A1 WO 2025242568A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
magnetic
pigment particles
oel
substrate
xoo
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/EP2025/063557
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Neda Nikseresht Ghanepour
Andrea Callegari
Thibault ZURLINDEN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SICPA Holding SA
Original Assignee
SICPA Holding SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SICPA Holding SA filed Critical SICPA Holding SA
Publication of WO2025242568A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025242568A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/20—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by magnetic fields
    • B05D3/207—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by magnetic fields post-treatment by magnetic fields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/06—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation
    • B05D3/061—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to radiation using U.V.
    • B05D3/065—After-treatment
    • B05D3/067—Curing or cross-linking the coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
    • B05D5/065—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects having colour interferences or colour shifts or opalescent looking, flip-flop, two tones

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of apparatuses and processes for producing optical effect layers (OELs) and the use of said OELs as anti-counterfeit means on security documents or security articles as well as decorative purposes.
  • OELs optical effect layers
  • inks, compositions, coatings or layers containing oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, particularly also optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles for the production of security elements, e.g. in the field of security documents.
  • Coatings or layers comprising oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are disclosed for example in US 2,570,856; US 3,676,273; US 3,791 ,864; US 5,630,877; and US 5,364,689.
  • Coatings or layers comprising oriented magnetic color-shifting pigment particles, resulting in particularly appealing optical effects, useful for the protection of security documents, have been disclosed in WO 2002/090002 A2 and WO 2005/002866 A1 .
  • Security features e.g. for security documents
  • the protection provided by covert security features relies on the principle that such features are difficult to detect, typically requiring specialized equipment and knowledge for detection, whereas “overt” security features rely on the concept of being easily detectable with the unaided human senses, e.g. such features may be visible and/or detectable via the tactile sense while still being difficult to produce and/or to copy.
  • covert security features rely on the concept of being easily detectable with the unaided human senses, e.g. such features may be visible and/or detectable via the tactile sense while still being difficult to produce and/or to copy.
  • the effectiveness of overt security features depends to a great extent on their easy recognition as a security feature.
  • Magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in printing inks or coatings allow for the production of magnetically induced images, designs and/or patterns through the application of a correspondingly structured magnetic field, inducing a local orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the not yet hardened (i.e. wet) coating, followed by the hardening of the coating.
  • the result is a fixed and stable magnetically induced image, design or pattern (also known in the art as optical effect layer (OEL)).
  • OEL optical effect layer
  • Methods and devices have been developed to produce dynamic magnetically induced images on substrates, said images exhibiting a dynamic appearance upon tilting said substrates.
  • Typical examples of said images include for example one or more moving bright reflective bars, or one or more moving loop-shaped bodies and one or more varying shape loop-shaped bodies such as described in US 2005/0106367 A1 ; WO 2020/193009 A1 ; WO 2020/160993 A1 ; WO 2013/167425 A1 ; WO 2021/083809 A1 ; WO 2021/083808 A1 ; WO 2014/108404 A2; WO 2014/108303 A2; WO 2018/054819 A1 ; WO 2019/215148 A1 ; WO 2020/025218 A1 ; WO W02020/025482 A1 ; WO 2017/064052 A1 ; WO 2017/080698A1 ; WO 2017/148789 A1 ; and WO 2020/193009 A1 ,
  • the methods and devices described hereabove use magnetic assemblies to mono-axially orient magnetic pigment particles.
  • Mono-axial orientation of magnetic pigment particles result in neighboring particles having their main (second longest) axis parallel to each other and to the magnetic field, while their minor axis in the plane of the pigment particles is not, or much less constrained by the applied magnetic field. Accordingly, a sole mono-axial orientation of magnetic pigment particles results in optical effect layers that may suffer from a low reflectivity and brightness as light is reflected in a wide range of directions, especially in directions that are substantially perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.
  • WO 2015/086257 A1 discloses an improved method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate, said process comprising two magnetic orientation steps, said steps consisting of i) exposing a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetisable pigment particles to a dynamic, i.e.
  • EP 1 641 624 B1 ; EP 1 937 415 B1 ; and EP 2 155 498 B1 disclose devices and method for magnetically transferring indicia into a not yet hardened (i.e. wet) coating composition comprising magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles so as to form optical effect layers (OELs).
  • OELs optical effect layers
  • OELs optical effect layers
  • the methods of the prior art fail to provide eye-catching magnetically induced images combining a dynamic appearance and indicia in easy way to be implemented and to work at a high production speed.
  • magnetically induced images simultaneously exhibiting more than one optical effects according to the prior art require not only at least two sequential magnetic orientation steps but also the use of special curing apparatus such as photomask, laser or addressable LED and as disclosed in EP 3 170 566 B1 ; EP 3 459 758 A1 ; EP 2 542 421 B1 ; and WO 2020/148076 A1 .
  • a coating composition comprising i) platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and ii) a binder material so as to form a coating layer (x20) on said substrate (x10), said coating composition
  • OELs optical effect layers
  • Also described herein are methods of manufacturing a security document or a decorative element or object comprising a) providing a security document or a decorative element or object, and b) providing an optical effect layer such as those described herein, in particular such as those obtained by the process described herein, so that it is comprised by the security document or decorative element or object.
  • the present invention provides apparatuses advantageously allowing the manufacture of bright and eye-catching optical effect layers (OELs), said OELs comprising at least a first area exhibiting the one or more indicia and at least a second area exhibiting a dynamic movement upon tilting, wherein at least one of said first area and at least one of said second area are adjacent as described herein.
  • OELs optical effect layers
  • the present invention also provides a reliable and easy to implement process to magnetically orient platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment in a coating layer made of a coating composition in a first state, i.e. not yet hardened (i.e.
  • the magnetic orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is carried out by exposing the radiation curable coating composition comprising said pigments to a magnetic field of the apparatus (xOO) described herein so as to orient at least a part of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.
  • the process described herein advantageously allow the production of optical effect layers comprising at least a first area exhibiting a the one or more indicia and at least a second area exhibiting a dynamic movement upon tilting, wherein at least one of said first area and at least one of said second area are adjacent as described herein, using a single composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, in a single magnetic orientation step without requiring a selective hardening step. Accordingly, the process provided by the present invention is mechanically robust, easy to implement with an industrial high-speed printing equipment, without resorting to cumbersome, tedious and expensive modifications of said equipment.
  • Figs 1-5 provided therein schematically illustrates the present invention and are not on scale.
  • the optical effect layers (OEL) described herein and their production are now described in more detail with reference to the drawings and to particular embodiments, wherein
  • Figs 1A schematically illustrates examples of apparatus for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (110) according to the present invention, wherein the apparatus comprises a hard magnetic plate (130) comprising one or more indicia in the form one or more indentations and/or one or more voids (not shown) and a magnetic-field-generating device (140), and optionally a non-magnetic holder case (150).
  • the apparatus (100) is configured to receive a substrate (110) carrying a coating layer (120) comprising magnetic of magnetizable pigment particles.
  • Fig. 1 B-1 top view
  • Fig. 1 B-2 cross-section
  • a non-magnetic holder case comprising a recess for receiving the hard magnetic plate and an area for receiving the magnetic-field- generating device.
  • Figs 2A to 2C schematically illustrate top views of suitable hard magnetic plates (230) comprising indentations (231) (see Fig. 2-A), voids (232) (see Fig. 2B) and indentations (231) and voids (232) (see Fig. 2C).
  • Figs 3A-1 and 3A-2 (comparative) schematically illustrate cross-sections of hard magnetic plates (330) comprising an indentation (331) in Fig. 3A-1 or a void (332) in Fig. 3A-2, said indentations/voids having a having a U-shaped cross-section.
  • Figs 3B-1 and 3B-2 (comparative) schematically illustrate cross-sections of hard magnetic plates (330) comprising an indentation (331) in Fig. 3B-1 or a void (332) in Fig. 3B-2, said indentations/voids having a having a V-shaped cross-section.
  • Figs 3C-1 and 3C-2 schematically illustrate cross-sections of hard magnetic plates (330) comprising an indentation (331) in Fig. 3C-1 or a void (332) in Fig. 3C-2, said indentations/voids having a having a stepped-shaped cross-section and four steps.
  • Figs 4A-1 to 4A-11 schematically illustrate top views of suitable hard magnetic plates (430) placed above a non-magnetic holder case (450) of apparatuses (not shown) according to the present invention, wherein said hard magnetic plates (430) comprise one or more indentations (431) and/or one or more voids (432), wherein said plates (430) have various shapes, various sizes and various locations.
  • Fig. 5 schematically illustrates a process to produce the OEL described herein.
  • Fig 6 illustrates a suitable magnetic-field-generating device (660) used in Fig. 5 and in the Examples provided therein.
  • Figs 7A-C illustrate a suitable apparatus (700) used in Fig. 5 and in the Examples provided therein, said apparatus (700) comprising a hard magnetic plate (730) carrying one or more indicia and a nonmagnetic holder case (750) (Fig. 7B) and magnetic-field-generating device (740) (Figs 7C).
  • the term “at least one” is meant to define one or more than one, for example one or two or three.
  • n is a integer
  • n+1 or n+2 i.e. in case of “at least one”, it is meant one, two .three, etc.; in case of “at least two”, it is meant two, three, four, etc.
  • the term “about” means that the amount or value in question may be the specific value designated or some other value in its neighborhood. Generally, the term “about” denoting a certain value is intended to denote a range within ⁇ 5% of the value. As one example, the phrase “about 100” denotes a range of 100 ⁇ 5, i.e. the range from 95 to 105. Generally, when the term “about” is used, it can be expected that similar results or effects according to the invention can be obtained within a range of ⁇ 5% of the indicated value.
  • the term “and/or” means that either all or only one of the elements of said group may be present.
  • a and/or B shall mean “only A, or only B, or both A and B”. In the case of “only A”, the term also covers the possibility that B is absent, i.e. “only A, but not B”.
  • a coating composition comprising a compound A may include other compounds besides A.
  • the term “comprising” also covers, as a particular embodiment thereof, the more restrictive meanings of “consisting essentially of’ and “consisting of’, so that for instance “a fountain solution comprising A, B and optionally C” may also (essentially) consist of A and B, or (essentially) consist of A, B and C.
  • optical effect layer denotes a coating or layer that comprises oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and a binder, wherein said plateletshaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented by a magnetic field and wherein the oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed/frozen in their orientation and position (i.e. after hardening/curing) so as to form a magnetically induced image.
  • coating composition refers to any composition which is capable of forming an optical effect layer (EOL) on a solid substrate and which can be applied preferably but not exclusively by a printing method.
  • the coating composition comprises the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein and the binder described herein.
  • wet refers to a coating layer which is not yet cured, for example a coating in which the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are still able to change their positions and orientations under the influence of external forces acting upon them.
  • the term “indicia” shall mean discontinuous layers such as patterns, including without limitation symbols, alphanumeric symbols, motifs, letters, words, numbers, logos and drawings.
  • the term “hardening” is used to denote a process wherein the viscosity of a coating composition in a first physical state which is not yet hardened (i.e. wet) is increased so as to convert it into a second physical state, i.e. a hardened or solid state, where the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed/frozen in their current positions and orientations and can no longer move nor rotate.
  • security document refers to a document which is usually protected against counterfeit or fraud by at least one security feature.
  • security documents include without limitation value documents and value commercial goods.
  • security feature is used to denote an image, pattern or graphic element that can be used for authentication purposes.
  • the present invention provides apparatuses (xOO) and processes for making optical effect layers (OELs) being suitable as security features against counterfeit or fraud and comprising magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles on substrates (x10), wherein said optical effect layers (OELs) exhibit one or more indicia and a dynamic movement upon tilting and provides processes for producing said OELs through the magnetic orientation of said pigment particles.
  • the optical effect layers (OELs) described herein consists of at least a motif comprising at least a first area exhibiting the one or more indicia and at least a second area exhibiting a dynamic movement upon tilting, wherein at least one of said first area and at least one of said second area are adjacent.
  • first and second areas are contiguous (i.e. they share at least one region together and have a common border).
  • the first and second areas of the motif are adjacent, preferably juxtaposed or interlaced.
  • the first and second areas may be continuous or discontinuous.
  • OELs optical effect layers
  • said OELs comprise a motif made of at least two areas made of a single applied and cured layer and comprising magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles
  • the process according to the present invention comprises the steps of: a) applying on the substrate surface (x10) the coating composition comprising i) the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein and ii) the binder material described herein so as to form the coating layer (x20) on said substrate, said coating composition being in a first state, b) exposing the radiation curable coating composition to the magnetic field of the apparatus (xOO) described herein so as to orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, and c) hardening the coating composition to a second state so as to fix the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations.
  • the apparatus (xOO) described herein can be placed in any orientation.
  • the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is preferably arranged above the apparatus (xOO) in or along a vertical axis and the hard magnetic plate (x30) is disposed between the magnetic field generating device (x40), in particular between the at least one dipole magnet (x40-a) and the substrate (x10) in or along a a vertical axis.
  • the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is arranged above the apparatus (xOO)
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) is arranged vertically above the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) i.e. the direction of their arrangement relative to each other being in essence vertical.
  • the process described herein comprises a step a) of applying onto the substrate (x10) surface described herein the coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein so as to form a coating layer (x40), said coating composition being in a first physical state which allows its application as a layer and which is in a not yet hardened (i.e. wet) state wherein the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can move and rotate within the binder material. Since the coating composition described herein is to be provided on the substrate (x10), it is necessary that the coating composition comprising at least the binder material described herein and the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is in a form that allows its processing on the desired printing or coating equipment.
  • said step a) is carried out by a printing process, preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure printing, flexography printing, pad printing and intaglio printing (also referred in the art as engraved copper plate printing and engraved steel die printing), more preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure printing and flexography printing.
  • a printing process preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure printing, flexography printing, pad printing and intaglio printing (also referred in the art as engraved copper plate printing and engraved steel die printing), more preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure printing and flexography printing.
  • the coating composition described herein as well as the coating layer (x20) described herein comprise platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.
  • the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein are present in an amount from about 5 wt-% to about 40 wt-%, more preferably about 10 wt-% to about 30 wt-%, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the coating composition.
  • platelet-shaped pigment particles are quasi two-dimensional particles due to the large aspect ratio of their dimensions.
  • Platelet-shaped pigment particle can be considered as a two- dimensional structure wherein the dimensions X and Y are substantially larger than the dimension Z.
  • Platelet-shaped pigment particles are also referred in the art as oblate particles or flakes.
  • Such pigment particles may be described with a main axis X corresponding to their longest dimension crossing the pigment particle and a second axis Y perpendicular to X and corresponding to the second longest dimension crossing the pigment particle.
  • the XY plane roughly defines the plane formed by the first and second longest dimensions of the pigment particle, the Z dimension being ignored.
  • the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein have, due to their platelet-shaped shape, non-isotropic reflectivity with respect to incident electromagnetic radiation for which the hardened/cured binder material is at least partially transparent.
  • non-isotropic reflectivity denotes that the proportion of incident radiation from a first angle that is reflected by a particle into a certain (viewing) direction (a second angle) is a function of the orientation of the particles, i.e. that a change of the orientation of the particle with respect to the first angle can lead to a different magnitude of the reflection to the viewing direction.
  • the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein are dispersed in the coating composition comprising a hardened binder material that fixes the orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.
  • the binder material is at least in its hardened or solid state (also referred to as second state herein), at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation of a range of wavelengths comprised between 200 nm and 2500 nm, i.e. within the wavelength range which is typically referred to as the “optical spectrum” and which comprises infrared, visible and UV portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
  • the particles contained in the binder material in its hardened or solid state and their orientation-dependent reflectivity can be perceived through the binder material at some wavelengths within this range.
  • the hardened binder material is at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation of a range of wavelengths comprised between 200 nm and 800 nm, more preferably comprised between 400 nm and 700 nm.
  • the term “transparent” denotes that the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a layer of 20 pm of the hardened binder material as present in the OEL (not including the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, but all other optional components of the OEL in case such components are present) is at least 50%, more preferably at least 60 %, even more preferably at least 70%, at the wavelength(s) concerned. This can be determined for example by measuring the transmittance of a test piece of the hardened binder material (not including the plateletshaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles) in accordance with well-established test methods, e.g. DIN 5036-3 (1979-11).
  • the OEL serves as a covert security feature, then typically technical means will be necessary to detect the (complete) optical effect generated by the OEL under respective illuminating conditions comprising the selected non-visible wavelength; said detection requiring that the wavelength of incident radiation is selected outside the visible range, e.g. in the near UV-range.
  • the OEL comprises luminescent pigment particles that show luminescence in response to the selected wavelength outside the visible spectrum contained in the incident radiation.
  • the infrared, visible and UV portions of the electromagnetic spectrum approximately correspond to the wavelength ranges between 700-2500 nm, 400-700 nm, and 200-400 nm respectively.
  • Suitable examples of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include without limitation pigment particles comprising a magnetic metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and nickel (Ni); a magnetic alloy of iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel or a mixture of two or more thereof; a magnetic oxide of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel or a mixture of two or more thereof; or a mixture of two or more thereof.
  • the term “magnetic” in reference to the metals, alloys and oxides is directed to ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic metals, alloys and oxides.
  • Magnetic oxides of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel or a mixture of two or more thereof may be pure or mixed oxides.
  • magnetic oxides include without limitation iron oxides such as hematite (Fe2C>3), magnetite (FesC ), chromium dioxide (CrC>2), magnetic ferrites (MFe2C>4), magnetic spinels (MR2O4), magnetic hexaferrites (MFei2Oi9), magnetic orthoferrites (RFeCh), magnetic garnets MSR2(AO4)3, wherein M stands for two-valent metal, R stands for three-valent metal, and A stands for four-valent metal.
  • Examples of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include without limitation pigment particles comprising a magnetic layer M made from one or more of a magnetic metal such as cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), or nickel (Ni); and a magnetic alloy of iron, cobalt or nickel, wherein said magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles may be multilayered structures comprising one or more additional layers.
  • a magnetic metal such as cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), or nickel (Ni)
  • a magnetic alloy of iron, cobalt or nickel wherein said magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles may be multilayered structures comprising one or more additional layers.
  • the one or more additional layers are layers A independently made from one or more selected from the group consisting of metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiC>2), titanium oxide (TiC>2), and aluminum oxide (AI2O3), more preferably silicon dioxide (SiC>2); or layers B independently made from one or more selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, and more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), and still more preferably aluminum (Al); or a combination of one or more layers A such as those described hereabove and one or more layers B such as those described hereabove.
  • metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiC>2), titanium oxide (TiC>2), and aluminum oxide (AI2O3), more preferably silicon dioxide (
  • Typical examples of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles being multilayered structures described hereabove include without limitation A/M multilayer structures, A/M/A multilayer structures, A/M/B multilayer structures, A/B/M/A multilayer structures, A/B/M/B multilayer structures, A/B/M/B/A/multilayer structures, B/M multilayer structures, B/M/B multilayer structures, B/A/M/A multilayer structures, B/A/M/B multilayer structures, B/A/M/B/A/multilayer structures, wherein the layers A, the magnetic layers M and the layers B are chosen from those described hereabove.
  • the coating composition described herein may comprise platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, and/or platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles having no optically variable properties.
  • the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein is constituted by platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.
  • the optical properties of the optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles may also be used as a machine readable tool for the recognition of the OEL.
  • the optical properties of the optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles may simultaneously be used as a covert or semi-covert security feature in an authentication process wherein the optical (e.g. spectral) properties of the pigment particles are analyzed.
  • platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in coating layers for producing an OEL enhances the significance of the OEL as a security feature in security document applications, because such materials are reserved to the security document printing industry and are not commercially available to the public.
  • the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is constituted by platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.
  • platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are more preferably selected from the group consisting of magnetic thin-film interference pigment particles, magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles, interference coated pigment particles comprising a magnetic material and mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • Magnetic thin film interference pigment particles are known to those skilled in the art and are disclosed e.g. in US 4,838,648; WO 2002/073250 A2; EP 0 686 675 B1 ; WO 2003/000801 A2; US 6,838,166; WO 2007/131833 A1 ; EP 2 402 401 B1 ; WO 2019/103937 A1 ; WO 2020/006286 A1 and in the documents cited therein.
  • the magnetic thin film interference pigment particles comprise pigment particles having a five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure and/or pigment particles having a six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure and/or pigment particles having a seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure and/or pigment particles having a multilayer structure combining one or more multilayer Fabry-Perot structures.
  • Preferred five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures consist of absorber/dielectric/reflector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structures wherein the reflector and/or the absorber is also a magnetic layer, preferably the reflector and/or the absorber is a magnetic layer comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt, and/or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel, iron and/or cobalt and/or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co).
  • Preferred six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures consist of absorber/dielectric/reflector/magnetic/dielectric/absorber multilayer structures.
  • Preferred seven-layer Fabry Perot multilayer structures consist of absorber/dielectric/reflector/magnetic/reflector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structures such as disclosed in US 4,838,648.
  • Preferred pigment particles having a multilayer structure combining one or more Fabry-Perot structures are those described in WO 2019/103937 A1 and consist of combinations of at least two Fabry- Perot structures, said two Fabry-Perot structures independently comprising a reflector layer, a dielectric layer and an absorber layer, wherein the reflector and/or the absorber layer can each independently comprise one or more magnetic materials and/or wherein a magnetic layer is sandwich between the two structures.
  • WO 2020/006/286 A1 and EP 3 587 500 A1 disclose further preferred pigment particles having a multilayer structure.
  • the reflector layers described herein are independently made from one or more selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and alloys thereof, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and alloys thereof, and still more preferably aluminum (Al).
  • metals and metal alloys preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), palladium
  • the dielectric layers are independently made from one or more selected from the group consisting of metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), aluminum fluoride (AIF3), cerium fluoride (CeFs), lanthanum fluoride (LaFs), sodium aluminum fluorides (e.g.
  • metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), aluminum fluoride (AIF3), cerium fluoride (CeFs), lanthanum fluoride (LaFs), sodium aluminum fluorides (e.g.
  • NasAIFe neodymium fluoride (NdFs), samarium fluoride (SmFs), barium fluoride (BaF2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), lithium fluoride (LiF), and metal oxides such as silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiC>2), titanium oxide (TiC>2), aluminum oxide (AI2O3), more preferably selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) and silicon dioxide (SiC>2) and still more preferably magnesium fluoride (MgF2).
  • the absorber layers are independently made from one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), iron (Fe) tin (Sn), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), Niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), metal oxides thereof, metal sulfides thereof, metal carbides thereof, and metal alloys thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), metal oxides thereof, and metal alloys thereof, and still more preferably selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and metal alloys thereof.
  • the magnetic layer comprises nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co); and/or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co); and/or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and/or cobalt (Co).
  • magnetic thin film interference pigment particles comprising a seven-layer Fabry-Perot structure are preferred, it is particularly preferred that the magnetic thin film interference pigment particles comprise a seven-layer Fabry-Perot absorber/dielectric/reflector/magnetic/reflector/dielectric/absorber multilayer structure consisting of a Cr/MgF2/AI/Ni/AI/MgF2/Cr multilayer structure.
  • the magnetic thin film interference pigment particles described herein may be multilayer pigment particles being considered as safe for human health and the environment and being based for example on five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures, six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures, seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures and pigment particles having a multilayer structure combining one or more multilayer Fabry-Perot structures, wherein said pigment particles include one or more magnetic layers comprising a magnetic alloy having a substantially nickel-free composition including about 40 wt-% to about 90 wt-% iron, about 10 wt-% to about 50 wt-% chromium and about 0 wt-% to about 30 wt-% aluminum.
  • Suitable magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles exhibiting optically variable characteristics include without limitation magnetic monolayered cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles and magnetic multilayered cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles.
  • Such pigment particles are disclosed for example in WO 2006/063926 A1 , US 6,582,781 and US 6,531 ,221 .
  • WO 2006/063926 A1 discloses monolayers and pigment particles obtained therefrom with high brilliance and color-shifting properties with additional particular properties such as magnetizability.
  • the disclosed monolayers and pigment particles which are obtained therefrom by comminuting said monolayers, include a three- dimensionally crosslinked cholesteric liquid crystal mixture and magnetic nanoparticles.
  • US 6,582,781 and US 6,410,130 disclose platelet-shaped cholesteric multilayer pigment particles which comprise the sequence A 1 /B/A 2 , wherein A 1 and A 2 may be identical or different and each comprises at least one cholesteric layer, and B is an interlayer absorbing all or some of the light transmitted by the layers A 1 and A 2 and imparting magnetic properties to said interlayer.
  • US 6,531 ,221 discloses platelet-shaped cholesteric multilayer pigment particles which comprise the sequence A/B and optionally C, wherein A and C are absorbing layers comprising pigment particles imparting magnetic properties, and B is a cholesteric layer.
  • Suitable interference coated pigment particles comprising one or more magnetic materials include without limitation structures consisting of a substrate selected from the group consisting of a core coated with one or more layers, wherein at least one of the core or the one or more layers have magnetic properties.
  • suitable interference coated pigment particles comprise a core made of a magnetic material such as those described hereabove, said core being coated with one or more layers made of one or more metal oxides, or they have a structure consisting of a core made of synthetic or natural micas, layered silicates (e.g. talc, kaolin and sericite), glasses (e.g. borosilicates), silicon dioxides (SiC>2), aluminum oxides (AI2O3), titanium oxides (TiC>2), graphites and mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • one or more additional layers such as coloring layers may be present.
  • the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein may be surface treated so as to protect them against any deterioration that may occur in the coating composition and coating layer and/or to facilitate their incorporation in said coating composition and coating layer; typically corrosion inhibitor materials and/or wetting agents may be used.
  • the radiation curable coating composition is exposed to the magnetic field of the apparatus (xOO) described herein so as to orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, wherein the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is arranged above the apparatus (xOO), preferably wherein the apparatus (xOO) faces the substrate (x10), the one or more indentations (x31)/voids (x32) independently face the substrate (x10) and preferably represents the topmost element of the apparatus (xOO) and is exposed to the environment.
  • the orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is fixed or frozen (step c)).
  • the coating composition must thus noteworthy have a first state, i.e. a liquid or pasty state, wherein the coating composition is not yet hardened and wet or soft enough, so that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles dispersed in the coating composition are freely movable, rotatable and orientable upon exposure to a magnetic field, and a second hardened (e.g. solid or solidlike) state, wherein the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed or frozen in their respective positions and orientations.
  • Such a first and second stats are preferably provided by using a certain type of coating compositions.
  • the components of the coating composition other than the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles may take the form of an ink or coating composition such as those which are used in security applications, e.g. for banknote printing.
  • the aforementioned first and second states can be provided by using a material that shows an increase in viscosity in reaction to a stimulus such as for example a temperature change or an exposure to an electromagnetic radiation. That is, when the fluid binder material is hardened or solidified, said binder material converts into the second state, i.e.
  • the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed in their current positions and orientations and can no longer move nor rotate within the binder material.
  • ingredients comprised in an ink or coating composition to be applied onto a surface such as a substrate and the physical properties of said ink or coating composition must fulfil the requirements of the process used to transfer the ink or coating composition to the substrate (x10) surface. Consequently, the binder material comprised in the coating composition described herein is typically chosen among those known in the art and depends on the coating or printing process used to apply the ink or coating composition and the chosen hardening process.
  • step c) can be of purely physical nature, e.g. in cases where the coating composition comprises a polymeric binder material and a solvent and is applied at high temperatures. Then, the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented at high temperature by the application of a magnetic field, and the solvent is evaporated, followed by cooling of the coating composition. Thereby the coating composition is hardened, and the orientation of the particles is fixed.
  • the hardening of the coating composition involves a chemical reaction, for instance by curing, which is not reversed by a simple temperature increase (e.g. up to 80°C) that may occur during a typical use of a security document.
  • a chemical reaction for instance by curing, which is not reversed by a simple temperature increase (e.g. up to 80°C) that may occur during a typical use of a security document.
  • the term “curing” or “curable” refers to processes including the chemical reaction, crosslinking or polymerization of at least one component in the applied coating composition in such a manner that it turns into a polymeric material having a greater molecular weight than the starting substances.
  • the curing causes the formation of a stable three-dimensional polymeric network.
  • Such a curing is generally induced by applying an external stimulus to the coating composition after its application on a substrate (step a)) and subsequently to, or partially simultaneously orientation of at least part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles (step b)).
  • the hardening (step c)) of the coating composition described herein is carried out partially simultaneously with the orientation of at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles (step b)).
  • the coating composition is selected from the group consisting of radiation curable compositions, thermally drying compositions, oxidatively drying compositions, and combinations thereof. Particularly preferred are coating compositions selected from the group consisting of radiation curable compositions.
  • the hardening step (step d)) is carried out by irradiation with UV-visible light (i.e. UV-Vis light radiation curing) or by E-beam (i.e. E-beam radiation curing), more preferably by irradiation with UV-Vis light.
  • UV-visible light i.e. UV-Vis light radiation curing
  • E-beam i.e. E-beam radiation curing
  • suitable coating compositions for the present invention include radiation curable compositions that may be cured by UV-visible light radiation (hereafter referred as UV-Vis-curable) or by E-beam radiation (hereafter referred as EB).
  • UV-Vis-curable UV-visible light radiation
  • EB E-beam radiation
  • the coating composition described herein is a UV-Vis-curable coating composition. UV-Vis curing advantageously allows very fast curing processes and hence drastically decreases the preparation time of the OEL described herein, documents and articles and documents comprising said OEL.
  • the UV-Vis-curable coating composition comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of radically curable compounds and cationically curable compounds.
  • the UV-Vis-curable coating composition described herein may be a hybrid system and comprise a mixture of one or more cationically curable compounds and one or more radically curable compounds.
  • Cationically curable compounds are cured by cationic mechanisms typically including the activation by radiation of one or more photoinitiators which liberate cationic species, such as acids, which in turn initiate the curing so as to react and/or cross-link the monomers and/or oligomers to thereby harden the coating composition.
  • Radically curable compounds are cured by free radical mechanisms typically including the activation by radiation of one or more photoinitiators, thereby generating radicals which in turn initiate the polymerization so as to harden the coating composition.
  • free radical mechanisms typically including the activation by radiation of one or more photoinitiators, thereby generating radicals which in turn initiate the polymerization so as to harden the coating composition.
  • photoinitiators might be used depending on the monomers.
  • Suitable examples of free radical photoinitiators are known to those skilled in the art and include without limitation acetophenones, benzophenones, benzyldimethyl ketals, alpha-aminoketones, alpha-hydroxyketones, phosphine oxides and phosphine oxide derivatives, as well as mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • Suitable examples of cationic photoinitiators are known to those skilled in the art and include without limitation onium salts such as organic iodonium salts (e.g. diaryl iodoinium salts), oxonium (e.g. triaryloxonium salts) and sulfonium salts (e.g.
  • triarylsulphonium salts as well as mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • Other examples of useful photoinitiators can be found in standard textbooks. It may also be advantageous to include a sensitizer in conjunction with the one or more photoinitiators in order to achieve efficient curing.
  • suitable photosensitizers include without limitation isopropyl-thioxanthone (ITX), 1-chloro- 2-propoxy-thioxanthone (CPTX), 2-chloro-thioxanthone (CTX) and 2,4-diethyl-thioxanthone (DETX) and mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • the one or more photoinitiators comprised in the UV-Vis-curable coating compositions are preferably present in a total amount from about 0.1 wt-% to about 20 wt-%, more preferably about 1 wt-% to about 15 wt-%, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-Vis-curable coating compositions.
  • a polymeric thermoplastic binder material or a thermoset may be employed.
  • thermoplastic resin or polymer examples include without limitation polyamides, polyesters, polyacetals, polyolefins, styrenic polymers, polycarbonates, polyarylates, polyimides, polyether ether ketones (PEEK), polyetherketeoneketones (PEKK), polyphenylene based resins (e.g. polyphenylenethers, polyphenylene oxides, polyphenylene sulfides), polysulphones and mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • PEEK polyether ether ketones
  • PEKK polyetherketeoneketones
  • polyphenylene based resins e.g. polyphenylenethers, polyphenylene oxides, polyphenylene sulfides
  • polysulphones and mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • the coating composition described herein may further comprise one or more additives including without limitation compounds and materials which are used for adjusting physical, rheological and chemical parameters of the composition such as the viscosity (e.g. solvents and surfactants), the consistency (e.g. anti-settling agents, fillers and plasticizers), the foaming properties (e.g. antifoaming agents), the lubricating properties (waxes), UV reactivity and stability (photosensitizers and photostabilizers) and adhesion properties, etc.
  • Additives described herein may be present in the coating compositions described herein in amounts and in forms known in the art, including in the form of so- called nano-materials where at least one of the dimensions of the particles is in the range of 1 to 1000 nm.
  • the coating composition described herein may further comprise one or more marker substances or taggants and/or one or more machine readable materials selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials (different from the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein), luminescent materials, electrically conductive materials and infrared-absorbing materials.
  • machine readable material refers to a material which exhibits at least one distinctive property which is detectable by a device or a machine, and which can be comprised in a coating so as to confer a way to authenticate said coating or article comprising said coating by the use of a particular equipment for its detection and/or authentication.
  • the coating compositions described herein may be prepared by dispersing or mixing the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein and the one or more additives when present in the presence of the binder material described herein, thus forming liquid compositions.
  • the one or more photoinitiators may be added to the composition either during the dispersing or mixing step of all other ingredients or may be added at a later stage, i.e. after the formation of the liquid coating composition.
  • the apparatus (xOO) described herein is configured for receiving the substrate (x10) in an orientation substantially parallel to a first plane and above the first plane allowing at least a part of the particles to be to oriented, wherein said apparatus (xOO) comprises a) the hard magnetic plate (x30) carrying one or more indicia in the form of one or more indentations (x31) and/or one or more voids (x32), and b) the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) comprising the at least one dipole magnet (x40- a), wherein the hard magnetic plate (x30) is placed on top of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40).
  • the apparatus (xOO) comprises a) the hard magnetic plate (x30) carrying one or more indicia in the form of one or more indentations (x31) and/or one or more voids (x32), and b) the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) comprising the at least one dipole magnet (x40- a), wherein the hard magnetic
  • the substrate (110) carrying the coating layer (120) is preferably arranged above the apparatus (100) and the hard magnetic plate (130) is arranged vertically above the magnetic-field-generating device (x40), in particular above the at least one dipole magnet (x40-a), in or along a vertical axis i.e. the direction of their arrangement relative to each other being in essence vertical.
  • the distance d-a (shown in Figs 1A) between the bottom surface of the hard magnetic plate (x30) and the top surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) and the distance d-b (between the top surface of the hard magnetic plate (x30) and the bottom surface of the substrate (x10) during the orientation step (step b)) is adjusted and selected to obtain the desired optical effect layers (OELs). It is particularly preferred to use a distance d-a between about 0 mm and 3 mm and a distance d-b between about 0 mm and 1 mm, preferably about 0 mm.
  • the distance d-a consists of the distance between the bottom surface of the hard magnetic plate (x30) and the top surface of the single dipole magnet (x40- a).
  • the distance d-a consists of the distance between the bottom surface of the hard magnetic plate (x30) and the topmost surface of the magnetic-field- generating device (x40).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) described herein carries one or more indicia in the form of one or more indentations (x31) and/or one or more voids (x32).
  • indentation refers to a negative recess having a depth (D) in a surface.
  • the indentations (x31) described herein may be produced by adding material to the surface or by taking off material from the surface of the hard magnetic plate (x30).
  • the expression “void” refers to a hole or channel which goes through the hard magnetic plate (x30) and connects both sides thereof.
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) described herein comprises one or more indentations (x31) having a depth (D).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) described herein comprises one or more voids (x32).
  • Figs 3C schematically depict cross sections of a hard magnetic plate (330) comprising one or more indicia in the form of one or more indentations (331) in Fig. 3C-1 or one or more voids (332) in Fig. 3C-2, wherein said magnetic plate (330) has a thickness (T) and said one or more indentations (331) have a depth (D).
  • T thickness
  • D depth
  • the thickness (T) of the hard magnetic plate (330) comprising one or more indentations (331) refers to the thickness of the regions of the hard magnetic plate (330) lacking the one or more indentations (331) (i.e. the thickness of the non-indented regions of the hard magnetic plate (330)).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) is placed above the magnetic-field-generating device (x40), wherein said hard magnetic plate (x30) is placed at the distance d-a from the topmost surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) is arranged vertically above the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) i.e. the direction of their arrangement relative to each other being in essence vertical.
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) is above the magnetic-field-generating device (x40), in particular above the at least one dipole magnet (x40-a), in or along a vertical axis and i) partially overlaps (see Figs 1A-1 and 1A-2) ii) fully overlap said device (x40) (see Fig. 1A-4) or iii) does not overlap (see Fig. 3A-3), preferably partially overlaps or fully overlap said device (x40) and faces said device (x40).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) is above the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) and partially overlaps (Fig.
  • the overlapping distance d-c is preferably between about 0 mm and about 5 mm.
  • the term “above” defines the relative position of the hard magnetic plate (x30) and do not limit and define its absolute position.
  • the apparatus (xOO) described herein can be placed in any orientation, preferably an orientation wherein the substrate (x10) faces the hard magnetic plates (x30) and the coating layer (x20) faces the environment, i.e. the opposite side of the plate (x30), as shown in Figs. 1A- 1 to 1A-4.
  • the top surface of the hard magnetic plate (x30) is smaller than the total top surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40).
  • the top surface of the hard magnetic plate (x30) is about the same size (width) as the total top surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40), said hard magnetic plate (x30) being partially overlapping said magnetic-field-generating device (x40) (Fig. 1A-2) or not overlapping said magnetic-field-generating device (x40) (Fig. 1A-3).
  • the top surface of the hard magnetic plate (x30) is similar or the same as the total top surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) is a plate (x30) made from a permanent magnetic powder material and a polymer.
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) described herein may typically be produced by an injection molding process or by mechanical or metal or laser engraving.
  • Preferred permanent magnetic powder materials include cobalt, iron and their alloys, chromium dioxide, generic magnetic oxide spinels, generic magnetic garnets, generic magnetic ferrites including the hexaferrites such as calcium-, strontium-, and barium- hexaferrite (CaFe12019, SrFe12019, BaFe12019, respectively), generic alnico alloys, generic samarium-cobalt (SmCo) alloys, and generic rare-earth-iron-boron alloys (such as NdFeB), as well as the permanent-magnetic chemical derivatives thereof (such as indicated by the term generic) and mixtures thereof.
  • SmCo generic samarium-cobalt
  • NdFeB generic rare-e
  • Plates made of a composite material comprising a polymer and a permanent magnetic powder are obtainable from many different sources, such as from Bomatec, Hbri, CH, ARNOLD® Magnetic Technologies (Plastiform®) or from Materiali Magnetici, Albairate, Milano, IT (Plastoferrite).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) comprise the one or more indentations (x31), wherein said one or more indentations (x31) preferably independently have a depth (D) between about 10% and about 99% in comparison with the thickness (T) of the hard magnetic plate (x30), more preferably between about 20% and about 99% in comparison with the thickness (T) of the hard magnetic plate (x30), and still more preferably between about 30% and about 99% in comparison with the thickness (T) of the hard magnetic plate (x30).
  • D depth
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) comprising the one or more indentations (x31) described herein has preferably a thickness (T) between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm, more preferably between about 0.7 and about 4 mm, still more preferably between about 0.7 mm and about 3 mm.
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) described herein preferably has a top surface being smaller than the total top surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) of the apparatus (xOO).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) comprise the one or more voids (x32), wherein the hard magnetic plate (x30) comprising the one or more voids (x32) described herein has preferably a thickness (T) between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm, more preferably between about 0.7 and about 4 mm, still more preferably between about 0.7 mm and about 3 mm.
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) described herein preferably has a top surface being smaller than the total top surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) of the apparatus (xOO).
  • the one or more indentations (x31) described herein independently have a stepped-shaped cross-section.
  • the one or more voids (x32) described herein independently have a stepped-shaped cross-section.
  • the stepped-shaped cross-section comprise at least two steps, wherein said at least two steps either have a same thickness and/or a same width or have a different thickness and/or different width.
  • the Examples provided therein discloses a hard magnetic plate (x30) with an indentation (x31) having a stepped-shaped cross-section and four steps, wherein the four steps have the same width and the same thickness.
  • the stepped-shaped cross-section of the one or more indentations (x31) and/or the one or more voids (x32) of the hard magnetic plate (x30) comprise between 2 and 20 steps, or in other words, the number of steps of the hard magnetic plate (x30) is between 2 and 20.
  • the shape of the hard magnetic plate (x30) is not limited.
  • said hard magnetic plate (x30) may have the shape of a regular polygon (with or without rounded corners), an irregular polygon (with or without rounded corners), a disc, an oval, etc.
  • the shape of the non-magnetic holder case (x50), when present, is not limited.
  • the non-magnetic holder case (x50) has a cross-section having a H-shape, which may be symmetric or asymmetric, preferably an asymmetric H-shape, and comprise a recess for receiving a hard magnetic plate and an area (for receiving the magnetic-field-generating device).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) is placed on top of the crossbar of the H- shaped non-magnetic holder case (x50) and the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) is placed below the crossbar of the H-shaped non-magnetic holder case (x50).
  • the top surface of the non-magnetic holder case (x50) may by curved in at least one direction so as to be adaptable in or on a rotating cylinder of printing assemblies.
  • the combined top surface of said hard magnetic plates (x30-1 and x30-2) is similar or the same as the total top surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) or is smaller than the total top surface of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) of the apparatus (xOO) to allow the observations of any structure(s) below said more than one magnetic plates (x30-1 , x30-2, x30-3, etc.).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) described herein comprises one or more voids (x32), i.e. said plate (x30) comprises one or more regions lacking any materials (see for examples Figs 4A-5 to 4A-11), any structure(s) below the hard magnetic plate (x30) (such as the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) comprising the at least one dipole magnet (x40-a) and/or the non-magnetic holder case (x50) described herein) may be observed, said observation being carried out from the side of the hard magnetic plate (x30) of the apparatus (xOO) or from the side of the coating layer (x20) during the process described herein.
  • any structure(s) below the hard magnetic plate (x30) such as the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) comprising the at least one dipole magnet (x40-a) and/or the non-magnetic holder case (x50) described herein
  • the apparatus (xOO) comprises the non-magnetic holder case (x50) described herein and as exemplified in Figs 4A-5 to 4A-11 , provided that the voids (x32) are not filled up with a non-magnetic non-transparent material, the fact that the top plate surface is smaller than the top device surface allows the observations of the non-magnetic holder case (x50) (as depicted in white in Figs. 4A-5 to 4A-8).
  • the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) may be observed (not shown in 4A-5 to 4A-8).
  • the hard magnetic plate (x30) described herein is flat or planar. According to another embodiment, the magnetic plate described herein (x10) is curved so as to be adaptable in or on a rotating cylinder of printing assemblies.
  • the apparatus (xOO) described herein comprises the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) comprising the at least one dipole magnet (x40-a).
  • the apparatus (xOO) described herein comprises the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) comprising a combination of two or more bar dipole magnets (x40-a, x40-b, x40-c, etc.).
  • different magnetic-field-generating devices (x40) comprising same or different bar dipole magnets may be used.
  • the OEL described herein comprise magnetically oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles on the substrate (x10), said optical effect layer (OEL) comprising at least a first area exhibiting the one or more indicia and at least a second area exhibiting the dynamic movement upon tilting, wherein the dynamic effect is obtained by using the apparatuses (xOO) comprising the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) described herein, wherein said magnetic-field- generating devices (x40) are not limited and the following examples are provided for illustrative purposes.
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a bright reflective horizontal bar moving in a vertical direction (up/down) when the OEL is tilted around a horizontal axis; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) being a bar dipole magnet having a magnetic axis oriented to be substantially parallel to the substrate and substantially parallel to the machine feed direction.
  • the magnetic-field-generating device x40
  • a “rolling bar” effect is based on pigment particles orientation imitating a curved surface across the coating. The observer sees a specular reflection zone which moves away or towards the observer as the OEL is tilted.
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement of the OEL being a bright reflective vertical bar moving in a horizontal direction (left/right) when the OEL is tilted around a vertical axis; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to magnetic-field-generating device (x40) being a bar dipole magnet having a magnetic axis oriented to be substantially parallel to the substrate and substantially perpendicular to the machine feed direction.
  • magnetic-field-generating device x40
  • This effect is the so-called “rolling bar” effect, as disclosed in US 2005/0106367.
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement of the OEL being a bright reflective vertical bar moving in a horizontal (left/right) direction when the OEL is tilted around a horizontal axis; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2020/160993 A1.
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement of the OEL being a bright reflective horizontal bar moving in a vertical direction (up/down) when the OEL is tilted around a horizontal axis; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2014/198905 A2.
  • a magnetic-field-generating device x40
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a pattern of bright areas and dark areas moving when the OEL is tilted; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic- field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2013/167425 A1 and WO 2021/083809 A1.
  • a magnetic- field-generating device x40
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a pattern of bright areas and dark areas moving when the OEL is tilted; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to magnetic- field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2021/083808 A1 .
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a loop-shaped body moving when the OEL is tilted; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2014/108404 A2.
  • a magnetic-field-generating device x40
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a nested multi-loop-shaped body moving when the OEL is tilted
  • the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2014/108303 A2.
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a loop-shaped body having a size that varies when the OEL is tilted; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic- field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2017/064052 A1 , WO 2017/080698 A1 and WO 2017/148789 A1.
  • a magnetic- field-generating device x40
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being one or more loop-shaped bodies having a shape that varies when the OEL is tilted; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2018/054819 A1 .
  • a magnetic-field-generating device x40
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a moon crescent moving and rotating when the OEL is tilted; wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field- generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2019/215148 A1.
  • a magnetic-field- generating device x40
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a loop-shaped body surrounded by one or more loop-shaped bodies having their shape and/or their brightness varying when the OEL is tilted;
  • the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2020/193009 A1 .
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being a change from dark to light of two areas when the OEL is tilted (effect so-called flip-flop); wherein the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in Fig. 1 , 3 and 6 of US 2005/0106367.
  • a magnetic-field-generating device x40
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein at least a second area exhibits the dynamic movement upon tilting said OEL upon tilting said OEL, said dynamic movement being at least one comet-shaped spot rotating around said center of rotation upon tilting said OEL, wherein said the step b) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic-field-generating device (x40) such as those disclosed in WO 2019/038371 A1 , WO 2019/ 038370 A1 and WO 2019/038369 A1 .
  • a magnetic-field-generating device x40
  • the step b) of the process described herein consists of a two- steps orientation step consisting of the two following ones: b1) a first orienting step to bi-axially orient the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles such as described herein followed by a second orienting step b2) to re-orient the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles such as described herein to produce the dynamic effect.
  • a two-steps orientation step include the exposure to the magnetic field of a first magnetic field of a magnetic assembly (x60) and then subsequently exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic field of the apparatus (xOO).
  • platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are orientated in such a way that only their main axis is constrained by the magnetic field
  • a bi-axial orientation means that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are made to orientate in such a way that their two main axes are constrained.
  • needle-shaped pigment particles which can be considered as one-dimensional particles
  • platelet-shaped pigment particles have an X-axis and a Y-axis defining a plane of predominant extension of the particles.
  • platelet-shaped pigment particles may be considered to be two-dimensional particles due to the large aspect ratio of their dimensions.
  • a platelet-shaped pigment particle can be considered as a two-dimensional structure wherein the dimensions X and Y are substantially larger than dimension Z.
  • Platelet-shaped pigment particles are also referred in the art as oblate particles or flakes. Such pigment particles may be described with a main axis X corresponding to the longest dimension crossing the pigment particle and a second axis Y perpendicular to X which also lies within said pigment particles. Carrying out a bi-axial orientation leads to platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles having two main axes constrained; i.e. bi-axially oriented neighboring platelet-shaped magnetic pigment particles are close to each other in space and are essentially parallel to each other.
  • bi-axial orientation aligns the planes of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles so that the planes of said pigment particles are oriented to be essentially parallel relative to the planes of neighboring (in all directions) platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.
  • the carrying the coating layer (x20) is moved through the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (x60) as described herein so that the plateletshaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are exposed to a magnetic field which is at least time-varying in direction thus bi-axially orienting at least part of said platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles while the coating composition is still in a wet (i.e. not yet hardened) state.
  • the magnetic assembly (x60) described hereafter allow to bi- axially orient the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein such that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles form a sheet-like structure with their X and Y axes preferably substantially parallel to the substrate (x10) surface and are planarized in said two dimensions.
  • the magnetic assembly (x60) described hereafter allows to bi-axially orient the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein such that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles have a first axis within the X-Y plane substantially parallel to the substrate (x10) surface and a second axis being substantially perpendicular to said first axis at a substantially non-zero elevation angle to the substrate surface.
  • the magnetic assembly (x60) described hereafter allows to bi-axially orient the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein such that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles have their X-Y plane substantially parallel to an imaginary spheroid surface.
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein the step b1) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic assembly (x60) such as those disclosed in WO 2021/239607 A1 .
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein the step b1) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic assembly (x60) such as those described in EP 2 157 141 A1 .
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein the step b1) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a magnetic assembly (x60) consisting of a linear permanent magnet Halbach array, i.e. assemblies comprising a plurality of magnets with different magnetization directions and cylinder devices.
  • a magnetic assembly consisting of a linear permanent magnet Halbach array, i.e. assemblies comprising a plurality of magnets with different magnetization directions and cylinder devices.
  • the process described herein allows the preparation of OELs wherein the step b1) consists of exposing the radiation curable coating composition to a spinning magnetic assembly (x60) at an appropriate speed.
  • spinning magnetic assemblies include those disclosed in US 2007/0172261 A1 , CN 102529326 B, WO 2015/082344 A1 , WO 2016/026896 A1 and WO2018/141547 A1.
  • step b1 The distance between the coating layer (x20) and the magnetic assembly (x60) during step b1) is adjusted and selected to obtain the desired optical effect layers.
  • the process for producing the OEL described herein comprises partially simultaneously with step b) or subsequently to step b), preferably partially simultaneously, a step of hardening (step c)) the coating composition.
  • the step of hardening the coating composition allows the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to be fixed in their adopted positions and orientations in a desired pattern to form the OEL, thereby transforming the coating composition to a second state.
  • the time from the end of step b) to the beginning of step c) is preferably relatively short in order to avoid any de-orientation and loss of information.
  • the time between the end of step b) and the beginning of step c) is less than 1 minute, preferably less than 20 seconds, further preferably less than 5 seconds.
  • step c) follows immediately after step b) or already starts while step b) is still in progress (partially simultaneously).
  • step c it is meant that both steps are partly performed simultaneously, i.e. the times of performing each of the steps partially overlap.
  • the hardening step (step c)) may be performed by using different means or processes depending on the binder material comprised in the coating composition that also comprises the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.
  • the hardening step generally may be any step that increases the viscosity of the coating composition such that a substantially solid material adhering to the substrate is formed.
  • the hardening step may involve a physical process based on the evaporation of a volatile component, such as a solvent, and/or water evaporation (i.e. physical drying).
  • a volatile component such as a solvent, and/or water evaporation (i.e. physical drying).
  • hot air, infrared or a combination of hot air and infrared may be used.
  • the hardening process may include a chemical reaction, such as a curing, polymerizing or cross-linking of the binder and optional initiator compounds and/or optional cross-linking compounds comprised in the coating composition.
  • Such a chemical reaction may be initiated by heat or IR irradiation as outlined above for the physical hardening processes, but may preferably include the initiation of a chemical reaction by a radiation mechanism including without limitation Ultraviolet-Visible light radiation curing (hereafter referred as UV-Vis curing) and electronic beam radiation curing (E-beam curing); oxypolymerization (oxidative reticulation, typically induced by a joint action of oxygen and one or more catalysts preferably selected from the group consisting of cobalt- containing catalysts, vanadium-containing catalysts, zirconium-containing catalysts, bismuth-containing catalysts and manganese-containing catalysts); cross-linking reactions or any combination thereof.
  • a radiation mechanism including without limitation Ultraviolet-Visible light radiation curing (hereafter referred as UV-Vis curing) and electronic beam radiation curing (E-beam curing); oxypolymerization (oxidative reticulation, typically induced by a joint action of
  • Radiation curing is particularly preferred, and UV-Vis light radiation curing is even more preferred, since these technologies advantageously lead to very fast curing processes and hence drastically decrease the preparation time of any article comprising the OEL described herein.
  • radiation curing has the advantage of producing an almost instantaneous increase in viscosity of the coating composition after exposure to the curing radiation, thus minimizing any further movement of the particles. In consequence, any loss of orientation after the magnetic orientation step can essentially be avoided.
  • Particularly preferred is radiation-curing by photo-polymerization, under the influence of actinic light having a wavelength component in the UV or blue part of the electromagnetic spectrum (typically 200 nm to 650 nm; more preferably 200 nm to 420 nm).
  • Equipment for UV-visible-curing may comprise a high-power light-emitting-diode (LED) lamp, or an arc discharge lamp, such as a medium-pressure mercury arc (MPMA) or a metal-vapor arc lamp, as the source of the actinic radiation.
  • LED light-emitting-diode
  • MPMA medium-pressure mercury arc
  • metal-vapor arc lamp as the source of the actinic radiation.
  • the present invention provides the processes to produce the OELs described herein on the substrate (x10) described herein.
  • the substrate described herein is preferably selected from the group consisting of papers or other fibrous materials (including woven and non-woven fibrous materials), such as cellulose, paper-containing materials, glasses, metals, ceramics, plastics and polymers, metalized plastics or polymers, at least partially opacified plastics or polymers, composite materials and mixtures or combinations of two or more thereof.
  • Typical paper, paper-like or other fibrous materials are made from a variety of fibers including without limitation abaca, cotton, linen, wood pulp, and blends thereof.
  • plastics and polymers include polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) including biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), polyamides, polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(1 ,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthoate) (PEN) and polyvinylchlorides (PVC).
  • Spunbond olefin fibers such as those sold under the trademark Tyvek® may also be used as substrate.
  • Typical examples of metalized plastics or polymers include the plastic or polymer materials described hereabove having a metal disposed continuously or discontinuously on their surface.
  • Typical examples of metals include without limitation aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), alloys thereof and combinations of two or more of the aforementioned metals.
  • the metallization of the plastic or polymer materials described hereabove may be done by an electrodeposition process, a high-vacuum coating process or by a sputtering process.
  • Opacified polymers have been developed with the aim of mimicking the appearance and some properties of conventional paper-based substrates for security document and consist of polymeric transparent substrates which are surface treated typically on one or on both of their sides with opacifying layers so as to form opacified polymer based substrates.
  • Typical examples of composite materials include without limitation multilayer structures or laminates of paper and at least one plastic or polymer material such as those described hereabove as well as plastic and/or polymer fibers incorporated in a paper-like or fibrous material such as those described hereabove.
  • the substrate can comprise further additives that are known to the skilled person, such as fillers, sizing agents, Whiteners, processing aids, reinforcing or wet strengthening agents, etc.
  • said OEL may be produced on other type of substrates including nails, artificial nails or other parts of an animal or human being.
  • the substrate (x10) described herein is a transparent substrate preferably selected from the group consisting of transparent polyolefins (such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) including biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP)), transparent polyamides, transparent polyesters (such as polyethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(1 ,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT), polyethylene 2,6-naphthoate) (PEN) and transparent polyvinylchlorides (PVC), more preferably biaxially oriented polypropylene; or a partially opacified substrate, in particular an at least partially opacified transparent polymer, preferably selected from the group consisting of transparent polyolefins (such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) including biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP)), transparent polyamides, transparent polyesters (such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(1 ,4 oriented polypropylene (BO
  • the OELs described herein are present on a banknote and are present on a transparent substrate such as those described herein and preferably in the form of a window or a foil or on an at least partially opacified substrate such as those described herein, preferably in the non-opacified areas, preferably in the form of a non-opacified area in the form of a window or a foil.
  • the substrates (x10) described herein may be in the form of webs, sheets, thread reels, film reels, labels of the roll or label stocks, preferably sheets.
  • the substrate may comprise printed, coated, or laser-marked or laser-perforated indicia, watermarks, security threads, fibers, planchettes, luminescent compounds, windows, foils, decals and combinations of two or more thereof.
  • the substrate may comprise one or more marker substances or taggants and/or machine readable substances.
  • the substrate (x10) comprises a printed pattern, preferably an offset printed pattern, wherein the radiation curable coating composition of step a).
  • a primer layer may be applied to the substrate (x10) prior to the step a). This may enhance the quality of the OEL described herein or promote adhesion. Examples of such primer layers may be found in WO 2010/058026 A2.
  • one or more protective layers may be applied on top of the OEL. When present, the one or more protective layers are typically made of protective varnishes. These may be transparent or slightly colored or tinted and may be more or less glossy.
  • Protective varnishes may be radiation curable compositions, thermal drying compositions or any combination thereof.
  • the one or more protective layers are radiation curable compositions, more preferable UV- Vis curable compositions.
  • the protective layers are typically applied after the formation of the OEL.
  • the process described herein may further comprise a step of embossing the OEL described herein using for example an embossing dye or an intaglio printing plate as disclosed in WO 2012/025206 A2 and WO 2019/233624 A1 .
  • the OEL described herein may be used in combination with holograms, microlenses and/or micromirrors as described in WO 2020/244805 A1 , EP 3 254 863 A1 , US 2008/0160226, US 2005/0180020 and EP 2 284 017 A1 , said holograms, microlenses and/or micromirrors being applied at a position spaced apart from the OEL or least partially on top or below the OEL.
  • the present invention further provides optical effect layers (OELs) produced by the process according to the present invention.
  • OELs optical effect layers
  • the OEL described herein may be provided directly on a substrate (x10) on which it shall remain permanently (such as for banknote applications).
  • an OEL comprising the first and second motifs described herein on the same side of the substrate (x10) may also be provided on a temporary substrate for production purposes, from which the OEL is subsequently removed. This may for example facilitate the production of the OEL, particularly while the binder material is still in its fluid state. Thereafter, after curing the radiation curable compositions for the production of the OEL, the temporary substrate may be removed from said OEL.
  • an adhesive layer may be present. Therefore, an adhesive layer may be applied after the curing step of the last set of steps described herein has been completed. Such an article may be attached to all kinds of documents or other articles or items without printing or other processes involving machinery and rather high effort.
  • the substrate described herein comprising the OEL described herein may be in the form of a transfer foil, which can be applied to a document or to an article in a separate transfer step.
  • the substrate is provided with a release coating, on which the OEL is produced as described herein.
  • substrates (x10) comprising more than one, i.e. two, three, four, etc. OELs obtained by the process described herein.
  • articles, in particular security documents, decorative elements or objects comprising the OEL produced according to the present invention.
  • the articles, in particular security documents, decorative elements or objects may comprise more than one (for example two, three, etc.) OELs produced according to the present invention.
  • the OEL produced according to the present invention may be used for decorative purposes as well as for protecting and authenticating a security document.
  • Typical examples of decorative elements or objects include without limitation luxury goods, cosmetic packaging, automotive parts, electronic/electrical appliances, furniture and fingernail articles.
  • Security documents include without limitation value documents and value commercial goods.
  • value documents include without limitation banknotes, deeds, tickets, checks, vouchers, fiscal stamps and tax labels, agreements and the like, identity documents such as passports, identity cards, visas, driving licenses, bank cards, credit cards, transactions cards, access documents or cards, entrance tickets, public transportation tickets or titles and the like, preferably banknotes, identity documents, right-conferring documents, driving licenses and credit cards.
  • value commercial good refers to packaging materials, in particular for cosmetic articles, nutraceutical articles, pharmaceutical articles, alcohols, tobacco articles, beverages or foodstuffs, electrical/electronic articles, fabrics or jewelry, i.e. articles that shall be protected against counterfeiting and/or illegal reproduction in order to warrant the content of the packaging like for instance genuine drugs.
  • packaging materials include without limitation labels, such as authentication brand labels, tamper evidence labels and seals. It is pointed out that the disclosed substrates, value documents and value commercial goods are given exclusively for exemplifying purposes, without restricting the scope of the invention.
  • the OEL may be produced onto an auxiliary substrate such as for example a security thread, security stripe, a foil, a decal, a window or a label and consequently transferred to a security document in a separate step.
  • an auxiliary substrate such as for example a security thread, security stripe, a foil, a decal, a window or a label
  • a UV-curable screen printing composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles has been prepared and is described in Table 1.
  • the UV-curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 was independently applied onto a substrate (x10) (fiduciary standard paper BNP 100 g/m 2 , from Textilfabrik Louisenthal, dimensions: 80 mm x 80 mm) described hereabove (step a) of the process described herein), said application being carried out by hand screen printing using a 90T screen so as to form a coating layer (x20) (dimensions: 25 mm x 25 mm) having a thickness of about 20
  • the magnetic assembly (660) used to bi-axially pre-orient the pigment particles is disclosed in Fig. 3A of WO 2021/239607 A1.
  • the magnetic assembly (660) comprised a) a first set (S1) comprising a first bar dipole magnet (661-a) and two second bar dipole magnets (662-a and 662-d), a second set (S2) comprising a first bar dipole magnet (661 -b) and two second bar dipole magnets (662-b and 662-e), a third set (S3) comprising a first bar dipole magnet (661 -c) and two second bar dipole magnets (662-c and 662-f),and b) a first pair (P1) of third bar dipole magnets (663-a and 663-b) and a second pair (P2) of third bar dipole magnets (663-c and 663-f).
  • the uppermost surface of the first bar dipole magnet (661-a, 661 -b and 661 -c) of the first, second and third sets (S1 , S2, S3), of the second bar dipole magnets (662-a to 662-f) of the first, second and third sets (S1 , S2, S3) and of the third bar dipole magnets (663-a to 663-d) of the first and second pairs (P1 and P2) were flush with each other.
  • the third bar dipole magnet (663-a) of the first pair (P1) was aligned with the second bar dipole magnet (662-a) of the first set (S1), with the second bar dipole magnet (662-b) of the second set (S2), with the third bar dipole magnet (663-c) of the second pair (P2) and with the second bar dipole magnet (662-c) of the third set (S3) so as to form a line.
  • the third bar dipole magnet (663-b) was aligned with the second bar dipole magnet (662-d) of the first set (S1), with the second bar dipole magnet (662-e) of the second set (S2), with the third bar dipole magnet (663-d) of the second pair (P2) and with the second bar dipole magnet (662-f) of the third set (S3) so as form a line.
  • the third bar dipole magnets (663-a, 663-b, 663-c and 663-d) and the second bar dipole magnets (662-a to 662- f) were spaced apart by a third distance (d2) of 2 mm.
  • the first bar dipole magnet (661 -a) of the first set (S1) and the first bar dipole magnet (661 -b) of the second set (S2), and the first bar dipole magnet (661- c) of the third set (S3) were spaced apart by a distance (d3) of 24 mm.
  • the first bar dipole magnets (661-a, 661-b and 661-c) of the first, second and third sets (S1 , S2, S3) had the following dimensions: first length (L1) of 60 mm, first width (L2) of 40 mm and first thickness (L3) of 5 mm.
  • Each of the second bar dipole magnets (662-a to 662-f) of the first, second and third set (S1 , S2, S3) had the following dimensions: second length (L4) of 40 mm, second width (L5) of 10 mm and second thickness (L6) of 10 mm.
  • Each of the third bar dipole magnets (663-a to 663-d) of the first and second pairs (P1 , P2) had the following dimensions: third length (L7) of 20 mm, third width (L8) of 10 mm and third thickness (L9) of 10 mm.
  • the first bar dipole magnet (661-a) ofthe first set (S1) and the second bar dipole magnets (662- a and 662-d) of the first set (S1) were aligned to form a column; and the first bar dipole magnet (661-b) of the second set (S2) and the second bar dipole magnets (662-b and 662-e) of the second set (S2) were aligned to form a column; and the first bar dipole magnet (661-c) of the third set (S3) and the second bar dipole magnets (662-c and 662-f) of the third set (S3) were aligned to form a column.
  • the first bar dipole magnets (661-a, 661-b and 661-c) and the two second bar dipole magnets (662-a and 662-d; 662-b and 662-e; and 662-c and 662- f, respectively) were spaced apart by a second distance (d1) of 2 mm.
  • the first bar dipole magnets (661-a, 661-b and 661-c) of the first, second and third sets (S1 , S2, S3) had their magnetic axis oriented to be substantially parallel to the substrate (610) and substantially parallel to the substrate (610), wherein the first bar dipole magnet (661-a) of the first set (S1) had its magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction ofthe first bar dipole magnet (661-b) of the second set (S2), and the first bar dipole magnet (661-b) of the second set (S2) had its magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first bar dipole magnet (661-c) of the third set (S3).
  • the two second bar dipole magnets (662-a to 662-f) of the first, second and third set (S1 , S2, S3) had their magnetic axis oriented to be substantially perpendicular to the substrate (610) surface.
  • the South pole of the second bar dipole magnet (662-a) of the first set (S1), the South pole of the second bar dipole magnet (662-e) of the second set (S2) and the South pole of the second bar dipole magnet (662-c) of the third set (S3) pointed towards the substrate (610).
  • the first bar dipole magnets (661-a, 661-b and 661-c) of the first, second and third sets (S1 , S2, S3) and the second bar dipole magnets (662-a to 662-f) of the first, second and third sets (S1 , S2, S3) were made of NdFeB N42;
  • the third bar dipole magnets (663-a, 663-b, 663-c and 663-d) of the first and second pairs (P1 , P2) were made of NdFeB N48.
  • All the magnets (661-a to 661-c, 662-a to 662-f and 663-a to 663-d) were embedded in a non-magnetic supporting matrix (not shown) made of POM having the following dimensions: 200 mm x 120 mm x 12 mm.
  • the apparatuses (xOO) used to prepare the optical effect layers (OELs) on the substrate (x10) described herein comprised a non-magnetic holder case (150) schematically illustrated in Fig. 1A1 and Figs 1 B and having a H-shape cross-section (dimensions: 40 mm x 40 mm and the height and cross back being adjusted to have a distance d-a being 1 .4 mm, having a curved surface in one direction), a hard magnetic plate (730) shown in Fig. 7B and a magnetic-field-generating device (740) shown in Figs 7, wherein said apparatuses (xOO) were configured for receiving the substrate in an orientation parallel being substantially parallel to the substrate surface during the preparation process.
  • Hard magnetic plates (x30) (see Fig. 1-A and 7B)
  • Example E1 the engraving in the form of an indentation (731) had a depth (D) of 0.8 mm and a crosssection shape in the form of a stepped-shaped indentation (see Fig. 3-C1), wherein the indentation comprised three steps, each one having a width of 0.5 mm and a thickness of 0.2 mm;
  • Comparative example C1 the engraving in the form of a void (732) had a cross-section shape in the form of a “U” with an engraving angle being 90°(see Fig. 3A-2); and Comparative example C2: the engraving in the form of a void a cross-section shape in the form of a “V” with an engraving angle being 20°(see Fig. 3B-2).
  • the engravings in the form of the void (x32) and indentation (x31) was carried out by mechanical CNC engraving machine (Gravotech, model:IS400).
  • the drilling bit was cylindrical with a diameter of 0.4 mm.
  • the magnetic-field-generating device (740) was similar to the first magnetic-field-generating device disclosed in Fig. 6A of WO 2021/ 083809 A1 .
  • the magnetic-field-generating device (740) in Figs 7C comprised a bar dipole magnet (740-a) (see Fig. 7C-2) and 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) (Fig. 7C-2) embedded in a square-shaped non-magnetic supporting matrix (740-d).
  • the bar dipole magnet (740-a) had the following dimensions: a length (L1) of about 29.9 mm, a width (L2) of about 29.9 mm, a thickness (L3) of about 6.9 mm.
  • the bar dipole magnet (640-a) had a magnetic axis substantially parallel to its length and substantially parallel to the substrate (x10) surface.
  • the bar dipole magnet (740-a) was made of compressed plasto-NdFeB GMP13 L grade BMN pi-80/48 (from Bomatec, Hbri, CH).
  • Each of the 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) was a cylinder having a diameter (L4) of about 2 mm and a thickness (L5) of about 2 mm and having a magnetic axis parallel to the thickness (L5) and perpendicular to the substrate (x50) surface.
  • the 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) were made of NdFeB N48.
  • the square-shaped supporting matrix (740-d) had a length of about 29.9 mm, a width of about 29.9 mm and a thickness of about 3 mm.
  • the square-shaped supporting matrix (740-d) was made of POM.
  • the square-shaped supporting matrix (740-d) comprised 61 indentations for receiving the 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c).
  • the 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) were embedded in the 61 indentations of the supporting matrix (740-d), wherein six sets comprising each six of said 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) and five sets comprising each five of said 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) were arranged on eleven substantially parallel straight lines ai-n, wherein of each of said dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) arranged on an uneven-numbered straight lines a; (that is the dipole magnets arranged on the lines (ai, a.3, as, a? , ag and an; each of said uneven straight lines ai, as, as, a?
  • ag and an comprised six dipole magnets 740-b and 740-c) were arranged at the intersections of a grid comprising the eleven substantially parallel straight lines ai-n and six parallel straight lines Pi-e, as illustrated in Fig 7B-1.
  • the straight lines ann were parallel with respect to each other, the straight lines ft were parallel with respect to each other and the straight lines ai were perpendicular to the straight lines pi-6.
  • the eleven lines a 11 and the six lines pi-s were equally spaced apart and neighboring lines were separated by a distance of about 2.5 mm.
  • each of said 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) arranged on an even-numbered straight lines ai i.e. the dipole magnets arranged on the lines a2, a ⁇ ae, as and aio; each of said even straight lines a2, a4, as, as and aio comprising five dipole magnets 740-b and 740-c
  • ai i.e. the dipole magnets arranged on the lines a2, a ⁇ ae, as and aio; each of said even straight lines a2, a4, as, as and aio comprising five dipole magnets 740-b and 740-c
  • the dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) were spaced apart and separated by a distance of 0.5 mm.
  • the dipole magnets (740-b) and the magnets (740-c) were disposed alternatively, i.e. they were disposed with alternating North or South poles facing the substrate (710).
  • Each straight line ai-n was substantially perpendicular with respect to the vector H of the first magnetic-field generating device (740-a) (not shown in Figs 5B).
  • the bar dipole magnet (740-a) and the square-shaped supporting matrix (740-d) carrying the 61 dipole magnets (740-b and 740-c) were spaced apart by a distance of about 0.2 mm.
  • the hard magnetic plates (x30) were independently placed above the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) and faced the topmost surface of said device (x40) (i.e. faced the topmost surface of the square-shaped supporting matrix) and the right edge of the plate (x30) being aligned with the right edge of the magnetic-field-generating device (x40).
  • the substrate (510) carrying the coating layer (520) was moved (see grey arrow in Fig. 5) at a speed of about 1 m/sec in the vicinity and below the static first magnetic- field-generating device (560 in Fig. 5) described hereabove and in Fig. 6 and was subsequently placed on the apparatus (500 in Fig. 5) comprising the hard magnetic plate (x30) shown in Fig. 7B and the magnetic-field-generating device (x40) shown in Figs 7C.
  • the so-obtained magnetic orientation pattern of the platelet-shaped magnetic pigment particles was then, partially simultaneously with the orientation step (i.e. while the substrate (510) carrying the coating layer (520) was still in the magnetic field of the assembly (500), fixed by exposing for about 2 seconds to UV-curing the layer comprising the pigment particles using a first UV- LED-lamp (570) from Phoseon (Type FireFlex 50 x 75 mm, 395 nm, 8 W/cm 2 ).
  • the distance d-a i.e. the distance between the bottom surface of the hard magnetic plate (730) and the topmost surface of magnetic-field-generating device (740) was about 1 .7 mm.
  • the distance d- b (distance between the top surface of the hard magnetic plate (730) and the bottom surface of the substrate (710) was 0 mm.
  • the distance between the coating layer (720) and the first magnetic-field- generating device (740-a) was about 5 mm.
  • the example E1 prepared with the apparatus disclosed hereabove, comprising a hard magnetic plate comprising an indentation with a stepped-shaped cross-section displayed an indicia with sharp well-resolved edges (right side of the OEL) and a pattern of bright areas and dark areas (left side of the OEL) moving when the OELs is tilted.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne le domaine de la protection de documents de sécurité tels que des billets de banque et des documents d'identité contre la contrefaçon et la reproduction illégale. En particulier, la présente invention concerne des appareils et des procédés de production de couches à effet optique (OEL) présentant une orientation magnétique, lesdites couches à effet optique (OEL) présentant non seulement un mouvement dynamique mais également un relief captant le regard et/ou un effet 3D lors de l'inclinaison, l'invention pouvant être utilisée en tant que moyens anti-contrefaçon sur des documents de sécurité ou des articles de sécurité ou à des fins décoratives.
PCT/EP2025/063557 2024-05-22 2025-05-16 Appareils et procédés de production de couches à effet optique Pending WO2025242568A1 (fr)

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EP3587500A1 (fr) 2018-06-29 2020-01-01 Viavi Solution Inc Dispositifs optiques comportant une structure de couche asymétrique
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