ATE121301T1 - Mikrokristalle, die eine aktive substanz mit phospholipidischer affinität enthalten und mindestens ein phospholipid, verfahren zur herstellung. - Google Patents

Mikrokristalle, die eine aktive substanz mit phospholipidischer affinität enthalten und mindestens ein phospholipid, verfahren zur herstellung.

Info

Publication number
ATE121301T1
ATE121301T1 AT87402747T AT87402747T ATE121301T1 AT E121301 T1 ATE121301 T1 AT E121301T1 AT 87402747 T AT87402747 T AT 87402747T AT 87402747 T AT87402747 T AT 87402747T AT E121301 T1 ATE121301 T1 AT E121301T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
phospholipid
affinity
phospholipidic
producing
active substance
Prior art date
Application number
AT87402747T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Roger Baurain
Andre Trouet
Original Assignee
Liposome Co Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR8617116A external-priority patent/FR2607719B1/fr
Priority claimed from FR8702137A external-priority patent/FR2611138B2/fr
Priority claimed from FR8712424A external-priority patent/FR2620028B2/fr
Application filed by Liposome Co Inc filed Critical Liposome Co Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE121301T1 publication Critical patent/ATE121301T1/de

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/51Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A61K9/5107Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/5123Organic compounds, e.g. fats, sugars
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/127Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
    • A61K9/1277Preparation processes; Proliposomes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1617Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/08Bronchodilators
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Diabetes (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
  • Furan Compounds (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
AT87402747T 1986-12-05 1987-12-03 Mikrokristalle, die eine aktive substanz mit phospholipidischer affinität enthalten und mindestens ein phospholipid, verfahren zur herstellung. ATE121301T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8617116A FR2607719B1 (fr) 1986-12-05 1986-12-05 Microcristaux comportant a titre de substance active des ginkgolides et compositions pharmaceutiques les contenant
FR8702137A FR2611138B2 (fr) 1986-12-05 1987-02-19 Microcristaux comportant une substance active presentant une affinite pour les phospholipides
FR8712424A FR2620028B2 (fr) 1986-12-05 1987-09-08 Procede de preparation de microcristaux comportant a titre de substance active, notamment de l'amphotericine b, microcristaux obtenus et composition pharmaceutique en comprenant

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE121301T1 true ATE121301T1 (de) 1995-05-15

Family

ID=27251413

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT87402747T ATE121301T1 (de) 1986-12-05 1987-12-03 Mikrokristalle, die eine aktive substanz mit phospholipidischer affinität enthalten und mindestens ein phospholipid, verfahren zur herstellung.

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4973465A (de)
EP (1) EP0270460B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2852421B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE121301T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1338736C (de)
DE (1) DE3751258T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2070827T3 (de)
HK (1) HK1007502A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (78)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5616334A (en) * 1987-03-05 1997-04-01 The Liposome Company, Inc. Low toxicity drug-lipid systems
US6406713B1 (en) 1987-03-05 2002-06-18 The Liposome Company, Inc. Methods of preparing low-toxicity drug-lipid complexes
DE3735525C2 (de) * 1987-10-20 1997-02-20 Korth Ruth Maria Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Wirksamkeit von paf-Acether-Rezeptor-Antagonisten
US5174988A (en) * 1989-07-27 1992-12-29 Scientific Development & Research, Inc. Phospholipid delivery system
FR2651680B1 (fr) * 1989-09-14 1991-12-27 Medgenix Group Sa Nouveau procede de preparation de microparticules lipidiques.
US5227165A (en) * 1989-11-13 1993-07-13 Nova Pharmaceutical Corporation Liposphere delivery systems for local anesthetics
US5188837A (en) * 1989-11-13 1993-02-23 Nova Pharmaceutical Corporation Lipsopheres for controlled delivery of substances
IE904098A1 (en) * 1989-11-13 1991-05-22 Nova Pharm Corp Lipospheres for controlled delivery of substances
JP3233402B2 (ja) * 1989-11-13 2001-11-26 サイオス ノバ インコーポレイテッド 物質の制御送達用のリポスフェア
US5221535A (en) * 1989-11-13 1993-06-22 Nova Pharmaceutical Corporation Sustained release formulations of insect repellent
ATE140622T1 (de) * 1989-11-27 1996-08-15 Nippon Shinyaku Co Ltd Fettemulsion
US5091188A (en) * 1990-04-26 1992-02-25 Haynes Duncan H Phospholipid-coated microcrystals: injectable formulations of water-insoluble drugs
US5091187A (en) * 1990-04-26 1992-02-25 Haynes Duncan H Phospholipid-coated microcrystals: injectable formulations of water-insoluble drugs
US5336507A (en) * 1992-12-11 1994-08-09 Sterling Winthrop Inc. Use of charged phospholipids to reduce nanoparticle aggregation
US5885486A (en) * 1993-03-05 1999-03-23 Pharmaciaand Upjohn Ab Solid lipid particles, particles of bioactive agents and methods for the manufacture and use thereof
US5785976A (en) * 1993-03-05 1998-07-28 Pharmacia & Upjohn Ab Solid lipid particles, particles of bioactive agents and methods for the manufacture and use thereof
CA2163860A1 (en) * 1993-06-30 1995-01-12 Chung C. Hsu Method for preparing liposomes
ES2070778B1 (es) * 1993-10-07 1995-12-16 Vinas Lab Composicion de liposomas y su procedimiento de obtencion.
US5716526A (en) * 1994-01-14 1998-02-10 The Liposome Company, Inc. Method of separating materials from liposomes or lipid complexes
US5605785A (en) * 1995-03-28 1997-02-25 Eastman Kodak Company Annealing processes for nanocrystallization of amorphous dispersions
US5834025A (en) 1995-09-29 1998-11-10 Nanosystems L.L.C. Reduction of intravenously administered nanoparticulate-formulation-induced adverse physiological reactions
ATE386506T1 (de) 1995-10-17 2008-03-15 Jagotec Ag Verabreichung unlöslicher arzneistoffe
US7255877B2 (en) 1996-08-22 2007-08-14 Jagotec Ag Fenofibrate microparticles
US6465016B2 (en) 1996-08-22 2002-10-15 Research Triangle Pharmaceuticals Cyclosporiine particles
PT1023050E (pt) * 1997-06-27 2013-12-04 Abraxis Bioscience Llc Novas formulações de agentes farmacológicos, métodos para a sua preparação e métodos para a sua utilização
DE69908304T2 (de) * 1998-02-11 2004-02-19 Rtp Pharma Corp. Ungesättigte fettsäure und steroide enthaltende kombinationspräparate zur behandlung von entzündungen
US6979456B1 (en) 1998-04-01 2005-12-27 Jagotec Ag Anticancer compositions
AU3969099A (en) * 1998-05-13 1999-11-29 Light Sciences Limited Partnership Controlled activation of targeted radionuclides
KR100635456B1 (ko) 1998-05-29 2006-10-18 스키에파마 캐나다 인코포레이티드 열보호화 마이크로입자 조성물 및 그의 말단의 스팀멸균방법
DE69912441T2 (de) 1998-08-19 2004-08-19 Skyepharma Canada Inc., Verdun Injizierbare wässerige propofoldispersionen
US6180136B1 (en) 1998-11-10 2001-01-30 Idexx Laboratories, Inc. Phospholipid-coated microcrystals for the sustained release of pharmacologically active compounds and methods of their manufacture and use
IL143197A0 (en) 1998-11-20 2002-04-21 Rtp Pharma Inc Dispersible phospholipid stabilized microparticles
US6551842B1 (en) 1999-03-26 2003-04-22 Idexx Laboratories, Inc. Method and device for detecting analytes in fluids
US6511814B1 (en) 1999-03-26 2003-01-28 Idexx Laboratories, Inc. Method and device for detecting analytes in fluids
US6602719B1 (en) 1999-03-26 2003-08-05 Idexx Laboratories, Inc. Method and device for detecting analytes in fluids
US6613352B2 (en) 1999-04-13 2003-09-02 Universite De Montreal Low-rigidity liposomal formulation
US6676930B2 (en) 1999-11-28 2004-01-13 Scientific Development And Research, Inc. Composition and method for treatment of otitis media
US6156294A (en) * 1999-11-28 2000-12-05 Scientific Development And Research, Inc. Composition and method for treatment of otitis media
EP1276465B1 (de) 2000-04-20 2014-03-12 Jagotec AG Verbessertes verfahren zur herstellung wasserunlöslicher arzneistoffpartikel
US8404217B2 (en) 2000-05-10 2013-03-26 Novartis Ag Formulation for pulmonary administration of antifungal agents, and associated methods of manufacture and use
JP4969761B2 (ja) 2000-08-31 2012-07-04 オバン・エナジー・リミテッド 所望粒度を持つ固体基材の小粒子および第一材料の小粒状物を含む相乗作用性混合物を製造する方法
US8586094B2 (en) 2000-09-20 2013-11-19 Jagotec Ag Coated tablets
US20030022121A1 (en) * 2000-11-02 2003-01-30 Charles Biggs Vegetable-based compositions and articles, and methods of making same
KR100743404B1 (ko) 2000-12-21 2007-07-30 넥타르 테라퓨틱스 폴리엔 항균제의 폐 전달
US7037528B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2006-05-02 Baxter International Inc. Microprecipitation method for preparing submicron suspensions
US20040022862A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2004-02-05 Kipp James E. Method for preparing small particles
US20050048126A1 (en) 2000-12-22 2005-03-03 Barrett Rabinow Formulation to render an antimicrobial drug potent against organisms normally considered to be resistant to the drug
US6977085B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2005-12-20 Baxter International Inc. Method for preparing submicron suspensions with polymorph control
US6951656B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2005-10-04 Baxter International Inc. Microprecipitation method for preparing submicron suspensions
US20030072807A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2003-04-17 Wong Joseph Chung-Tak Solid particulate antifungal compositions for pharmaceutical use
US8067032B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2011-11-29 Baxter International Inc. Method for preparing submicron particles of antineoplastic agents
US7193084B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2007-03-20 Baxter International Inc. Polymorphic form of itraconazole
US9700866B2 (en) 2000-12-22 2017-07-11 Baxter International Inc. Surfactant systems for delivery of organic compounds
US6884436B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2005-04-26 Baxter International Inc. Method for preparing submicron particle suspensions
IN188924B (de) * 2001-03-01 2002-11-23 Bharat Serums & Vaccines Ltd
BR0212833A (pt) 2001-09-26 2004-10-13 Baxter Int Preparação de nanopartìculas de tamanho submìcron através de dispersão e de remoção de solvente ou de fase lìquida
US20060003012A9 (en) * 2001-09-26 2006-01-05 Sean Brynjelsen Preparation of submicron solid particle suspensions by sonication of multiphase systems
US7112340B2 (en) * 2001-10-19 2006-09-26 Baxter International Inc. Compositions of and method for preparing stable particles in a frozen aqueous matrix
CA2524538A1 (en) * 2003-05-19 2004-12-02 Baxter International Inc. Solid particles comprising an anticonvulsant or an immunosuppressive coated with one or more surface modifiers
AU2004249172A1 (en) * 2003-06-24 2004-12-29 Baxter International Inc. Specific delivery of drugs to the brain
US8986736B2 (en) * 2003-06-24 2015-03-24 Baxter International Inc. Method for delivering particulate drugs to tissues
US20070293441A1 (en) * 2003-09-22 2007-12-20 Baxter International Inc. High-pressure sterilization to terminally sterilize pharmaceutical preparations and medical products
US20050169978A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2005-08-04 Shu-Wen Fu Wet-micro grinding
US20050202094A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2005-09-15 Werling Jane O. Nanosuspensions of anti-retroviral agents for increased central nervous system delivery
JP2007520555A (ja) * 2004-02-05 2007-07-26 バクスター・インターナショナル・インコーポレイテッド 自己安定化剤の使用により調製された分散剤
RU2006144851A (ru) * 2004-06-15 2008-06-20 Бакстер Интернэшнл Инк. (Us) Применение терапевтических средств ex-vivo в виде твердых микрочастиц
EP1799266A2 (de) * 2004-09-13 2007-06-27 Bharat Serums & Vaccines Ltd. Stabile emulsionszusammensetzungen für die intravenöse verabreichung mit antimikrobiell erhaltender wirksamkeit
EP2152274A4 (de) * 2007-05-07 2010-07-21 Questor Pharmaceuticals Inc Nasale verabreichung von benzodiazepinen
US8530463B2 (en) * 2007-05-07 2013-09-10 Hale Biopharma Ventures Llc Multimodal particulate formulations
US8426467B2 (en) 2007-05-22 2013-04-23 Baxter International Inc. Colored esmolol concentrate
US8722736B2 (en) 2007-05-22 2014-05-13 Baxter International Inc. Multi-dose concentrate esmolol with benzyl alcohol
GB0803969D0 (en) * 2008-03-04 2008-04-09 Britannia Pharmaceuticals Ltd Improved phospholipid and method for its production
RU2496482C2 (ru) 2008-03-05 2013-10-27 Бакстер Интернэшнл Инк. Композиции и способы для доставки лекарственных средств
US20090258865A1 (en) 2008-03-28 2009-10-15 Hale Biopharma Ventures, Llc Administration of benzodiazepine compositions
US10952965B2 (en) * 2009-05-15 2021-03-23 Baxter International Inc. Compositions and methods for drug delivery
ES2683902T3 (es) 2011-06-14 2018-09-28 Hale Biopharma Ventures, Llc Administración de benzodiacepina
JP2024521399A (ja) 2021-06-10 2024-05-31 ニューレリス、インク. 小児患者における発作性障害を治療するための組成物および方法
CN116687847B (zh) * 2023-06-26 2024-03-29 石家庄四药有限公司 一种药物微晶注射液及其制备方法

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2664380A (en) * 1949-11-02 1953-12-29 Atomic Basic Chemicals Corp Water-dispersible phenothiazine preparation
DE1792410B2 (de) * 1967-09-01 1980-03-13 Apoteksvarucentralen Vitrum Apotekareaktiebolaget, Stockholm Arzneimittelzubereitung zur intravenösen Injektion
HU184141B (en) * 1979-12-27 1984-07-30 Human Oltoanyagtermelo Adjuvant particles compositions containing said particles and biologically active substances adsorbed thereon and a process for the preparation thereof
JPS59163315A (ja) * 1983-03-09 1984-09-14 Mitsui Pharmaceut Inc カルモフ−ル含有リポソ−ム
JPS60208910A (ja) * 1984-03-31 1985-10-21 Green Cross Corp:The 水難溶性薬物・リン脂質複合体の製造方法
US4663167A (en) * 1984-04-16 1987-05-05 The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Texas System Composition and method for treatment of disseminated fungal infections in mammals
JPH0647533B2 (ja) * 1984-08-10 1994-06-22 裕 水島 4−ビフエニリル酢酸系化合物含有脂肪乳剤
US4727077A (en) * 1985-02-20 1988-02-23 Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd. Benzoyl urea compounds, process for their production, and antitumorous compositions containing them
US4766046A (en) * 1985-09-27 1988-08-23 Liposome Technology, Inc. Stabilized liposome/amphotericin composition and method
SE462894B (sv) * 1985-10-28 1990-09-17 Biogram Ab Mikrokapslar, foerfarande foer framstaellning daerav samt anvaendning
IE60901B1 (en) * 1986-08-21 1994-08-24 Vestar Inc Improved treatment of systemic fungal infections with phospholipid particles encapsulating polyene antifungal antibiotics
US4950432A (en) * 1987-10-16 1990-08-21 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Polyene microlide pre-liposomal powders

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0270460B1 (de) 1995-04-19
EP0270460A2 (de) 1988-06-08
ES2070827T3 (es) 1995-06-16
JP2852421B2 (ja) 1999-02-03
CA1338736C (fr) 1996-11-26
EP0270460A3 (en) 1990-09-05
DE3751258D1 (de) 1995-05-24
HK1007502A1 (en) 1999-04-16
DE3751258T2 (de) 1995-09-07
JPS63208515A (ja) 1988-08-30
US4973465A (en) 1990-11-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ATE121301T1 (de) Mikrokristalle, die eine aktive substanz mit phospholipidischer affinität enthalten und mindestens ein phospholipid, verfahren zur herstellung.
DE3779183D1 (de) Feste pharmaceutische zubereitung mit verlaengerter wirkstofffreigabe und verfahren zur herstellung.
ATE93385T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von lipidischen mikropartikeln.
ATE16598T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von sulfonierten arylphosphinen.
ATE87469T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung einer formulierung mit verzoegerter freisetzung.
ATE55542T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von liposomen.
ATE147976T1 (de) Protein nanomatrizen und verfahren zur herstellung
ATE11057T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von d-glucoson und dfructose.
ES8600931A1 (es) Un procedimiento para preparar una solucion acuosa que contiene una sustancia farmaceutica soluble en lipidos
EP0297207A3 (de) Öl-in-Wasser-Emulsionen, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und deren Verwendung
DE3762615D1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von (2,2)-paracyclophan und dessen derivaten.
ES8302452A1 (es) "un procedimiento para preparar una capsula farmaceutica que tiene propiedades entericas".
AT350552B (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von neuen propargyl- 2-phenylamino-imidazolinen-(2) und deren saeureadditionssalzen
ATE116636T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von 2,6- dichlordiphenylaminessigsäurederivaten.
DE59408450D1 (de) Wässriges Liposomensystem sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines derartigen Liposomensystems
AT372965B (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von neuen 1-oxo-1hpyrimido(6,1-b)benzthiazol-derivaten und von deren salzen
ATA487379A (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von neuen 2,4,6- trijodbenzonitrilen sowie deren estern, saeure- amiden und salzen
AT346825B (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von neuen 3- aminomethyl-2-phenylbicyclo(2,2,2)octanen und -octenen und deren saeureadditionssalzen
DE3677749D1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung einer waessrigen natriumchloridloesung und verfahren zur erzeugung von natriumbikarbonat.
ATA464478A (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von neuen substi- tuierten hexahydro-benzopyrano(3,2-c)pyridinen, von deren saeureadditonssalzen und von deren stereoisomeren
ATE42087T1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von dichtem wasserfreiem natriumcarbonat und nach diesem verfahren hergestelltes dichtes wasserfreies natriumcarbonat.
DE59409498D1 (de) Verfahren zur herstellung kolloidaler wässriger lösungen schwerlöslicher wirkstoffe und ein lipid dafür
AT373245B (de) Verbessertes verfahren zur herstellung von hydroxymethyl-4(5)-niedrigem-alkyl-5(4)-imidazo en und deren sauren additionssalzen
AT372081B (de) Verfahren zur herstellung von neuen substituierten n-iminomethylpiperidinen und von deren saeureadditionssalzen
AT87806B (de) Verfahren zur Reinigung und zur Anreicherung der wirksamen Substanz von Heilseren und ähnlich zusammengesetzten Gemischen.

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
UEP Publication of translation of european patent specification
EELA Cancelled due to lapse of time