ATE231875T1 - Isolierung von nukleinsäure - Google Patents
Isolierung von nukleinsäureInfo
- Publication number
- ATE231875T1 ATE231875T1 AT97915528T AT97915528T ATE231875T1 AT E231875 T1 ATE231875 T1 AT E231875T1 AT 97915528 T AT97915528 T AT 97915528T AT 97915528 T AT97915528 T AT 97915528T AT E231875 T1 ATE231875 T1 AT E231875T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- nucleic acid
- adsorption
- phase
- ionic strength
- polymer
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 5
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 title abstract 5
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000003926 acrylamides Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/1003—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor
- C12N15/1006—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers
- C12N15/101—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers by chromatography, e.g. electrophoresis, ion-exchange, reverse phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/1003—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor
- C12N15/1006—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor by means of a solid support carrier, e.g. particles, polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6806—Preparing nucleic acids for analysis, e.g. for polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9603753 | 1996-03-20 | ||
| FR9604691 | 1996-04-09 | ||
| PCT/FR1997/000496 WO1997034909A1 (fr) | 1996-03-20 | 1997-03-20 | Isolement de l'acide nucleique |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ATE231875T1 true ATE231875T1 (de) | 2003-02-15 |
Family
ID=26232612
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT97915528T ATE231875T1 (de) | 1996-03-20 | 1997-03-20 | Isolierung von nukleinsäure |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6737235B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0842184B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP4693944B2 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE231875T1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2222192A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE69718752T2 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2188926T3 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1997034909A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (59)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2965131B2 (ja) | 1995-07-07 | 1999-10-18 | 東洋紡績株式会社 | 核酸結合用磁性担体およびそれを用いる核酸単離方法 |
| CA2214495C (en) * | 1996-09-25 | 2002-02-05 | Daniel L. Woodard | Hydrated zirconium silicate composition for purification of nucleic acids |
| US7569342B2 (en) | 1997-12-10 | 2009-08-04 | Sierra Molecular Corp. | Removal of molecular assay interferences |
| JP3551293B2 (ja) | 1998-02-02 | 2004-08-04 | 東洋紡績株式会社 | 核酸抽出装置 |
| DE19907023A1 (de) * | 1999-02-19 | 2000-08-24 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Isolierung von Nucleinsäuren |
| FR2800635B1 (fr) | 1999-11-05 | 2002-07-26 | Bio Merieux | Nanospheres composites, conjugues derives, procede de preparation et leurs utilisations |
| WO2004060278A2 (en) | 2002-12-06 | 2004-07-22 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods for rapid identification of pathogens in humans and animals |
| US20040121335A1 (en) | 2002-12-06 | 2004-06-24 | Ecker David J. | Methods for rapid detection and identification of bioagents associated with host versus graft and graft versus host rejections |
| US7666588B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2010-02-23 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for rapid forensic analysis of mitochondrial DNA and characterization of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy |
| US20030027135A1 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2003-02-06 | Ecker David J. | Method for rapid detection and identification of bioagents |
| US7226739B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2007-06-05 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc | Methods for rapid detection and identification of bioagents in epidemiological and forensic investigations |
| US7217510B2 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2007-05-15 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Methods for providing bacterial bioagent characterizing information |
| US8073627B2 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2011-12-06 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | System for indentification of pathogens |
| FR2829580B1 (fr) | 2001-09-07 | 2004-02-13 | Bio Merieux | Procede de lecture, de detection ou de quantification, hybrides ou complexes utilises dans ce procede et biopuce mettant en oeuvre ledit procede |
| JP3890556B2 (ja) * | 2001-11-28 | 2007-03-07 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 核酸の分離精製方法及び核酸分離精製ユニット |
| FR2837401B1 (fr) * | 2002-03-25 | 2004-12-03 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de concentration de macromolecules ou agglomerats de molecules ou particules |
| JP2003339379A (ja) * | 2002-05-24 | 2003-12-02 | Tosoh Corp | 核酸分離方法 |
| US8057993B2 (en) | 2003-04-26 | 2011-11-15 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for identification of coronaviruses |
| US8158354B2 (en) | 2003-05-13 | 2012-04-17 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for rapid purification of nucleic acids for subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry by solution capture |
| US7964343B2 (en) | 2003-05-13 | 2011-06-21 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Method for rapid purification of nucleic acids for subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry by solution capture |
| US20050112625A1 (en) * | 2003-08-22 | 2005-05-26 | Konica Minolta Medical & Graphic, Inc. | DNA amplification method |
| US20120122096A1 (en) | 2003-09-11 | 2012-05-17 | Rangarajan Sampath | Compositions for use in identification of bacteria |
| US8097416B2 (en) | 2003-09-11 | 2012-01-17 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for identification of sepsis-causing bacteria |
| US8546082B2 (en) | 2003-09-11 | 2013-10-01 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for identification of sepsis-causing bacteria |
| US8163895B2 (en) | 2003-12-05 | 2012-04-24 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Compositions for use in identification of orthopoxviruses |
| US7666592B2 (en) | 2004-02-18 | 2010-02-23 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for concurrent identification and quantification of an unknown bioagent |
| WO2005117270A2 (en) | 2004-05-24 | 2005-12-08 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Mass spectrometry with selective ion filtration by digital thresholding |
| US20050266411A1 (en) | 2004-05-25 | 2005-12-01 | Hofstadler Steven A | Methods for rapid forensic analysis of mitochondrial DNA |
| US7811753B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2010-10-12 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for repairing degraded DNA |
| EP1869180B1 (de) | 2005-03-03 | 2013-02-20 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Zusammensetzung zur Verwendung bei der Identifikation von Polyomaviren |
| US8084207B2 (en) | 2005-03-03 | 2011-12-27 | Ibis Bioscience, Inc. | Compositions for use in identification of papillomavirus |
| KR100657957B1 (ko) * | 2005-04-12 | 2006-12-14 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 아미노기와 카르복실기를 포함하고 제1 pH에서 양전하를띠는 물질을 이용하여 핵산을 분리하는 방법 및 상기방법에 사용될 수 있는 핵산 분리용 고상 물질 |
| US20060234251A1 (en) * | 2005-04-19 | 2006-10-19 | Lumigen, Inc. | Methods of enhancing isolation of RNA from biological samples |
| DE102006020463B4 (de) * | 2005-05-24 | 2013-05-23 | Sartorius Stedim Biotech Gmbh | Verfahren zum Entfernen von Nukleinsäuren aus einer Flüssigkeit, Verfahren zur Herstellung von Adsorberelementen und Verwendung von Membranadsorbermaterial-Verschnitt |
| EP1904655A2 (de) | 2005-07-21 | 2008-04-02 | Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Verfahren zur raschen identifizierung und quantifizierung von nukleinsäurevarianten |
| US20070185322A1 (en) * | 2006-02-08 | 2007-08-09 | Nexgen Diagnostics Llc | Methods of extracting RNA |
| US20070190526A1 (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2007-08-16 | Nexgen Diagnostics Llc | Methods of extracting nucleic acids |
| FR2902799B1 (fr) * | 2006-06-27 | 2012-10-26 | Millipore Corp | Procede et unite de preparation d'un echantillon pour l'analyse microbiologique d'un liquide |
| WO2008143627A2 (en) | 2006-09-14 | 2008-11-27 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Targeted whole genome amplification method for identification of pathogens |
| CA2614069C (en) | 2006-12-11 | 2016-05-03 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ag | Nucleic acid isolation using polidocanol and derivatives |
| US8569464B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2013-10-29 | Emd Millipore Corporation | Purification of proteins |
| US8163886B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2012-04-24 | Emd Millipore Corporation | Purification of proteins |
| US8362217B2 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2013-01-29 | Emd Millipore Corporation | Purification of proteins |
| JP5680304B2 (ja) | 2007-02-23 | 2015-03-04 | アイビス バイオサイエンシズ インコーポレイティッド | 迅速な法医学的dna分析法 |
| WO2008151023A2 (en) | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-11 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Methods and compositions for multiple displacement amplification of nucleic acids |
| WO2009151514A1 (en) | 2008-06-11 | 2009-12-17 | Millipore Corporation | Stirred tank bioreactor |
| EP2347254A2 (de) | 2008-09-16 | 2011-07-27 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Probenverarbeitungseinheiten, -systeme und damit verbundene verfahren |
| US8550694B2 (en) | 2008-09-16 | 2013-10-08 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Mixing cartridges, mixing stations, and related kits, systems, and methods |
| EP2344893B1 (de) | 2008-09-16 | 2014-10-15 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Mikroplatten-handhabungssysteme und verfahren |
| WO2010074953A1 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2010-07-01 | Millipore Corporation | Stirred tank reactor and method |
| WO2010093943A1 (en) | 2009-02-12 | 2010-08-19 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Ionization probe assemblies |
| US8950604B2 (en) | 2009-07-17 | 2015-02-10 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Lift and mount apparatus |
| WO2011008972A1 (en) | 2009-07-17 | 2011-01-20 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Systems for bioagent identification |
| EP3225695A1 (de) | 2009-10-15 | 2017-10-04 | Ibis Biosciences, Inc. | Multiple-displacement-amplifikation |
| DK2571903T3 (da) | 2010-05-17 | 2019-11-04 | Emd Millipore Corp | Polymerer, der reagerer på stimuli, til oprensning af biomolekyler |
| AU2014373622B2 (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2021-05-27 | The University Of Queensland | Nucleic acid detection method and kit |
| EP3505934A1 (de) * | 2017-12-29 | 2019-07-03 | Blink AG | Sensorkörper zur bindung und/oder anreicherung und/oder detektion eines analyten in einer probe |
| JP7031900B2 (ja) * | 2020-11-09 | 2022-03-08 | 国立大学法人信州大学 | 階層構造粒子および階層構造粒子の製造方法 |
| CN119350534A (zh) * | 2024-10-21 | 2025-01-24 | 大连理工大学 | 一种水凝胶核酸分离器件的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1279307C (en) | 1984-05-07 | 1991-01-22 | Hiroshi Itoh | High molecular composite material |
| US4767700A (en) * | 1985-02-15 | 1988-08-30 | Beckman Research Institute Of The City Of Hope | Detection of particular nucleotide sequences |
| US4912032A (en) * | 1986-04-17 | 1990-03-27 | Genetec Systems Corporation | Methods for selectively reacting ligands immobilized within a temperature-sensitive polymer gel |
| US5206136A (en) * | 1986-11-19 | 1993-04-27 | Genetic Systems Corporation | Rapid membrane affinity concentration assays |
| DE3717209A1 (de) | 1987-05-22 | 1988-12-01 | Diagen Inst Molekularbio | Mittel zur selektiven adsorption von biopolymeren |
| JP2739068B2 (ja) * | 1988-09-24 | 1998-04-08 | 春馬 川口 | Dna固定ミクロスフェア及びそれを用いるdna転写制御因子精製法 |
| EP0366241A3 (de) | 1988-10-04 | 1990-05-23 | Fisher Scientific Company | Vorrichtung mit adsorbierender Oberfläche und Herstellungsverfahren |
| US4997932A (en) * | 1989-11-13 | 1991-03-05 | Boehringer Mannheim Corporation | Method and kit for purifying nucleic acids |
| TW226382B (de) * | 1990-09-21 | 1994-07-11 | Takeda Pharm Industry Co Ltd | |
| WO1992008133A1 (en) * | 1990-10-29 | 1992-05-14 | Dekalb Plant Genetics | Isolation of biological materials using magnetic particles |
| US5225062A (en) * | 1991-02-27 | 1993-07-06 | W. R. Grace & Co. -Conn. | Electrophoretic gel for separation and recovery of substances and its use |
| US5569364A (en) * | 1992-11-05 | 1996-10-29 | Soane Biosciences, Inc. | Separation media for electrophoresis |
| WO1995004140A1 (en) | 1993-07-28 | 1995-02-09 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Process for isolating nucleic acid from gram positive microorganisms |
| US5434270A (en) * | 1994-09-15 | 1995-07-18 | Eastman Kodak Company | Weakly basic polymerizable monomers and polymers prepared therefrom |
-
1997
- 1997-03-20 AT AT97915528T patent/ATE231875T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-03-20 DE DE69718752T patent/DE69718752T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-20 CA CA002222192A patent/CA2222192A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1997-03-20 EP EP97915528A patent/EP0842184B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-20 ES ES97915528T patent/ES2188926T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-20 WO PCT/FR1997/000496 patent/WO1997034909A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-03-20 US US08/945,731 patent/US6737235B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-20 JP JP53321197A patent/JP4693944B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69718752T2 (de) | 2003-12-24 |
| EP0842184B1 (de) | 2003-01-29 |
| WO1997034909A1 (fr) | 1997-09-25 |
| JP4693944B2 (ja) | 2011-06-01 |
| JPH11505426A (ja) | 1999-05-21 |
| EP0842184A1 (de) | 1998-05-20 |
| US6737235B1 (en) | 2004-05-18 |
| DE69718752D1 (de) | 2003-03-06 |
| ES2188926T3 (es) | 2003-07-01 |
| CA2222192A1 (fr) | 1997-09-25 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| DE69718752D1 (de) | Isolierung von nukleinsäure | |
| JP4001633B2 (ja) | プレフォームドポリマーのコーティング方法及び製品 | |
| Chiou et al. | Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of adsorption of reactive dye on cross-linked chitosan beads | |
| Tarley et al. | Molecularly-imprinted solid phase extraction of catechol from aqueous effluents for its selective determination by differential pulse voltammetry | |
| Hsien et al. | Heterogeneous cross-linking of chitosan gel beads: kinetics, modeling, and influence on cadmium ion adsorption capacity | |
| ATE278713T1 (de) | Verfahren zur agglomeration dispergierter kautschuke | |
| ATE218140T1 (de) | Isolierung von nukleinsäuren | |
| EP0385587B1 (de) | Ionenaustauscherzusammenstellung mit einer Harzbindung an das Dispergiermittel und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung | |
| Pang et al. | Bovine serum albumin-imprinted polyacrylamide gel beads prepared via inverse-phase seed suspension polymerization | |
| EP2302386B1 (de) | Western-Blot Immunoassay unter Verwendung von hydrophile Membran mit hoher Proteinbindung und geringer Fluoreszenz | |
| JPH02110139A (ja) | 帯電改質された疎水性膜材料及びその製造方法 | |
| Nge et al. | Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/poly (acrylic acid) polyelectrolyte complex | |
| Vaidya et al. | Creating a macromolecular receptor by affinity imprinting | |
| Özdemir et al. | Boronic acid–functionalized HEMA‐based gels for nucleotide adsorption | |
| IE840192L (en) | Polymer dispersion. | |
| AU4292700A (en) | Microscale total analysis system | |
| Fontanals et al. | Synthesis of hydrophilic sorbents from N‐vinylimidazole/divinylbenzene and the evaluation of their sorption properties in the solid‐phase extraction of polar compounds | |
| JP4024209B2 (ja) | イオン交換クロマトグラフィー用アルカリ安定型親水性吸着剤 | |
| Zhou et al. | Preparation of diclofenac‐imprinted polymer beads for selective molecular separation in water | |
| US5160626A (en) | Blotting methods using polyaldehyde activated membranes | |
| US4992172A (en) | Blotting methods using polyaldehyde activated membranes | |
| Ogawa et al. | Preparation of spherical polymer beads of maleic anhydride–styrene–divinylbenzene and metal sorption of its derivatives | |
| Akiyama et al. | Preparation of novel acrylamide‐based thermoresponsive polymer analogues and their application as thermoresponsive chromatographic matrices | |
| ES8503131A1 (es) | Procedimiento de detectar oligomeros y aparato correspondiente | |
| ATE28080T1 (de) | Stabile amphotere latices aus konjugierten dienen. |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |