BRPI0901447A2 - operação de corte cirúrgico motorizada e instrumento de fixação possuindo fonte de energia baseada em manivela - Google Patents
operação de corte cirúrgico motorizada e instrumento de fixação possuindo fonte de energia baseada em manivela Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
OPERAçãO DE CORTE CIRúRGICO MOTORIZADA E INSTRUMENTO DE FIXAçãO POSSUINDO FONTE DE ENERGIA BASEADA EM MANIVELA. A presente invenção refere-se a um instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação. O instrumento compreende uma extremidade executora, um eixo conectado à extremidade executora, e um manípulo conectado ao eixo. O manípulo compreende um motor elétrico de CC conectado a um trem de transmissão do eixo para o acionamento do trem de transmissão. O manípulo compreende ainda uma fonte de força que compreende pelo menos um dispositivo acumulador de carga conectado ao motor de CC para o acionamento do motor de CC.
Description
Relatório Descritivo da Patente de Invenção para "OPERAÇÃODE CORTE CIRÚRGICO MOTORIZADA E INSTRUMENTO DE FIXAÇÃOPOSSUINDO FONTE DE ENERGIA BASEADA EM MANIVELA".
REFERÊNCIA CRUZADA COM PEDIDOS RELACIONADOS
O presente pedido refere-se a e incorpora, a título de referência,os seguintes pedidos depositados na mesma data do presente pedido:
"Motorized Surgical Cutting and Fastening Instrument Having aMagnetic Drive Train Torque Limiting Device", Caso do Procurador N°END6267USNP/070389;
"Motorized Surgical Cutting and Fastening Instrument", Caso doProcurador N° END6268USNP/070390;
"Surgical Cutting and Fastening Instrument Having RF Electro-des", Caso do Procurador N. END6270USNP/070392;
"Motorized Cutting and Fastening Instrument Having Control Cir-cuit For Optimizing Battery Usage", Caso do Procurador N°END6271USNP/070393;
ANTECEDENTES
Na técnica anterior, eram usados grampeadores cirúrgicos parasimultaneamente fazer uma incisão longitudinal em um tecido e aplicar li-nhas de grampos nos lados opostos da incisão. Estes instrumentos geral-mente incluem um par de membros de garra cooperantes que, se o instru-mento for concebido para aplicações endoscópicas ou laparoscópicas, pode-rá passar por uma passagem de cânula. Um destes membros de garra rece-be um cartucho de grampos tendo pelo menos duas fileiras de grampos late-ralmente espaçadas de grampos. O outro membro de garra define uma bi-gorna dotada de bolsas de formação de grampos alinhadas às fileiras degrampos do cartucho. Estes instrumentos tipicamente incluem uma plurali-dade de cunhas alternadas que, quando acionadas no sentido distai, pas-sam pelas aberturas do cartucho de grampos e se encaixam nos direciona-dores que suportam os grampos a fim de realizar o disparo dos grampos nadireção da bigorna.
Um exemplo de grampeador cirúrgico adequado para endoscó-picas é descrito na Publicação da Patente U.S. N° 2004/0232196 A1, intitu-lada "Surgical Stapling Instrument Having Separate Distinct Closing And Fi-ring Systems", cuja descrição é incorporada ao presente documento à guisade referência. Em uso, o médico consegue fechar os membros de garra dogrampeador sobre o tecido de modo a posicionar o tecido antes do disparo.Quando o médico determina que os membros de garra estão prendendo demaneira apropriada o tecido, o médico poderá disparar o grampeador cirúr-gico, deste modo cortando e grampeando o tecido. As etapas simultâneasde corte e grampeamento evitam as complicações que podem surgir ao se
10 executar tais ações em seqüência com ferramentas cirúrgicas distintas que,respectivamente, apenas cortam ou grampeiam.
Além disso, é igualmente conhecido, na técnica anterior, incluireletrodos na extremidade executora, a qual pode ser usada para emitir / re-ceber energia de RF de modo a formar uma linha hemostática ao longo dalinha de corte. A Patente U.S. N° 5 403 312, intitulada "Electrosurgical He-mostatic Device" (doravante "Patente 312"), incorporada ao presente docu-mento à guisa de referência, apresenta um instrumento eletrocirúrgico comuma extremidade executora que comprime o tecido entre um polo (ou eletro-do) de uma fonte de energia bipolar sobre uma superfície de interface e umsegundo polo (ou eletrodo) sobre uma segunda superfície de interface. Aenergia de RF é aplicada ao longo do tecido comprimido na extremidadeexecutora, cauterizando o tecido. A extremidade executora descrita na Pa-tente 312 inclui ainda grampos para fechar o tecido comprimido na extremi-dade executora.
Instrumentos de corte e fixação cirúrgicos acionados a motor,nos quais o motor aciona o instrumento de corte, são igualmente conhecidosna técnica anterior, tais como os descritos na Publicação do Pedido U.S. N°2007/0175962 A1, intitulado "Motor-driven Surgical Cutting And FasteningInstrument With Tactile Position Feedback", incorporado ao presente docu-mento à guisa de referência.
SUMÁRIO DA INVENÇÃO
Em um aspecto geral, as modalidades da presente invenção tra-tam de instrumentos cirúrgicos de corte e fixação. Os instrumentos podemser instrumentos endoscópicos, tais como os cortadores endoscópicos linea-res ou circulares, ou os instrumentos laparoscópicos. Os instrumentos po-dem ser constituídos de grampos e/ou eletrodos de RF para a fixação dotecido preso na extremidade executora.
Diversas modalidades aqui apresentadas dizem respeito a ins-trumentos acionados a motor sem corda. Os instrumentos podem ser acio-nados por um fonte de força (power pack) compreendendo uma fonte de for-ça de corrente CC (corrente contínua), como, por exemplo, células de bate-rias conectadas em uma ou mais séries. Uma chave de seleção de célulaspode controlar o número de células de bateria utilizadas para acionar o mo-tor em um dado momento de modo a controlar a força disponível para o mo-tor. Isto permite que o operador do instrumento tenha um controle maior so-bre a velocidade como também sobre a força do motor. Em uma outra moda-lidade, o instrumento pode compreender um regulador de tensão, incluindo,por exemplo, um conversor de corrente CC para CC, que regula a voltagemsuprida para o motor. Além disso, o ponto de ajuste de voltagem para o re-gulador de tensão pode ser ajustado de modo que a tensão liberada a partirda fonte de força seja menor que a tensão na qual a fonte de força liberauma força máxima. Desta maneira, a fonte de força (por exemplo, o númerode células de bateria conectadas em série) pode operar no lado "esquerdo"ou crescente da curva de tensão, de modo a disponibilizar aumentos de ten-são.
Além disso, de acordo com várias modalidades, a fonte de forçapode compreender dispositivos acumuladores secundários, tais como asbaterias recarregáveis ou os supercapacitores. Estes dispositivos acumula-dores secundários podem ser repetidamente carregados por baterias des-cartáveis. Um circuito de gerenciamento de carga pode controlar a carga dosdispositivos acumuladores secundários e prover diferentes sinais de status,como, por exemplo, de alerta, quando a carga dos dispositivos acumulado-res secundários está completa.
Em uma outra modalidade, uma fonte de força compreendendodispositivos acumuladores secundários pode ser removível do instrumento econectável a uma base carregadora remota. A base carregadora pode car-regar dispositivos acumuladores secundários, por exemplo, a partir de umconduto elétrico de CA ou uma bateria. A base carregadora pode compreen-der ainda um processador e uma unidade de memória. Os dados armazena-dos em uma memória da fonte de força removível podem ser transferidospara a base carregadora, de onde os mesmos podem ser carregados parauso e análise posterior, por parte de um usuário (por exemplo, um médico),do fabricante ou distribuidor do instrumento, etc. Os dados podem compre-ender parâmetros operacionais, como, por exemplo, informações do ciclo decarga, assim como os valores de ID para os vários componentes descartá-veis do instrumento, por exemplo, o cartucho de grampos.
Além disso, o instrumento pode compreender um dispositivo limi-tador de torque a fim de limitar o torque suprido pelo motor, no sentido delimitar, assim, as forças de atuação que poderão danificar os componentesdo instrumento. De acordo com as diversas modalidades, os dispositivoslimitadores de torque podem ser um ímã eletromagnético ou permanente, oudispositivos de embreagem mecânica conectados (direta ou indiretamente)ao polo de saída do motor.
Em um outro aspecto geral, a presente invenção trata de instru-mentos de RF (isto é, instrumentos cirúrgicos de corte e fixação com eletro-dos na extremidade executora para aplicação de energia de RF ao tecidopreso pela extremidade executora) com novos tipos de configurações deeletrodo. Em geral, as novas configurações de eletrodo incluem combina-ções de eletrodos menores ativos e eletrodos de retorno maiores. Os eletro-dos menores ativos são usados para concentrar a energia terapêutica notecido, enquanto os eletrodos de retorno maiores são de preferência usadospara completar o circuito com um impacto mínimo sobre aquela interface detecido. Os eletrodos de retorno tipicamente possuem uma massa maior e,deste modo, são capazes de continuar mais frios durante uma aplicação ele-trocirúrgica.
Além disso, a extremidade executora, de acordo com várias mo-dalidades, pode compreender diversos eletrodos ativos segmentados, coli-neares. Os eletrodos segmentados podem ser acionados de maneira síncro-na ou, mais preferivelmente, em seqüência. A atuação dos eletrodos seg-mentados em seqüência prove as vantagens (1) de uma menor necessidadede tensão instantânea devido a uma área-alvo menor de coagulação de teci-do e (2) da possibilidade de outros segmentos acionarem se um entrar emcurto-circuito.
Além disso, são apresentados neste documento vários meca-nismos para a ativação dos eletrodos de RF e para a articulação da extremi-dade executora.
FIGURAS
As diversas modalidades da presente invenção são descritas nopresente documento a título de exemplo em conjunto com as figuras a se-guir, nas quais:
As Figuras 1 e 2 são vistas em perspectiva de um instrumentocirúrgico de corte e fixação de acordo com várias modalidades da presenteinvenção;
As Figuras 3 a 5 são vistas explodidas de uma extremidade exe-cutora e de um eixo do instrumento de acordo com várias modalidades dapresente invenção;
A Figura 6 é uma vista lateral da extremidade executora de a-cordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 7 é uma vista explodida do manipulo do instrumento deacordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 8 e 9 são vistas parciais, em perspectiva, do manipulo de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 10 é uma vista lateral do manipulo de acordo com vá-rias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 11 é um diagrama esquemático de um circuito utilizadono instrumento de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 12a14e17 são diagramas esquemáticos de circui-tos utilizados para acionar o motor do instrumento de acordo com várias mo-dalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 15 é um diagrama em blocos ilustrando um circuito degerenciamento de carga de acordo com várias modalidades da presente in-venção;
A Figura 16 é um diagrama em blocos ilustrando uma base car-regadora de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 19 a 22 ilustram modalidades de um dispositivo limi-tador de torque do tipo embreagem, eletromagnético, de acordo com váriasmodalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 23 a 25, 27, 28, e 59 são vistas da superfície inferiorda bigorna do instrumento de acordo com várias modalidades da presenteinvenção;
As Figuras 26, 53, 54, e 68 são vistas frontais, em seção trans-versai, da extremidade executora de acordo com várias modalidades da pre-sente invenção;
As Figuras 29 a 32 mostram uma modalidade da extremidadeexecutora dotado de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias modalidades dapresente invenção;
As Figuras 33 a 36 mostram uma outra modalidade da extremi-dade executora dotada de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias modalida-des da presente invenção;
As Figuras 37 a 40 mostram uma outra modalidade da extremi-dade executora dotada de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias modalida-des da presente invenção;
As Figuras 41 a 44 mostram uma outra modalidade da extremi-dade executora dotada de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias modalida-des da presente invenção;
As Figuras 45 a 48 mostram uma outra modalidade da extremi-dade executora dotada de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias modalida-des da presente invenção;
As Figuras 49 a 52 mostram uma outra modalidade da extremi-dade executora dotado de eletrodos de RF de acordo com várias modalida-des da presente invenção;
As Figuras 55 e 56 mostram vistas laterais da extremidade exe-cutora de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 57 é um diagrama do manipulo do instrumento de a-cordo com uma outra modalidade da presente invenção;
A Figura 58 é uma vista seccionada do manipulo da modalidadeda Figura 57 de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
As Figuras 60 a 66 ilustram uma placa de circuito de múltiplascamadas de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção;
A Figura 67 é um diagrama que ilustra uma extremidade execu-tora de acordo com as várias modalidades da presente invenção; e
As Figuras 69 e 70 são diagramas de um instrumento que com-preende um conjunto de pescoço flexível, de acordo com várias modalidadesda presente invenção.
DESCRIÇÃO
As Figuras 1 e 2 ilustram um instrumento cirúrgico de corte efixação 10 de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção. A mo-dalidade ilustrada é um instrumento endoscópico e, em geral, as modalida-des do instrumento 10 descrito no presente documento são instrumentoscirúrgicos de corte e fixação endoscópicos. Deve-se notar, no entanto, que,de acordo com outras modalidades da presente invenção, o instrumento po-de ser um instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação não endoscópico, como,por exemplo, um instrumento laparoscópico.
O instrumento cirúrgico 10 ilustrado nas Figuras 1 e 2 compre-ende um manipulo 6, um eixo 8, e uma extremidade executora de articula-ção 12 conectada de maneira pivotável ao eixo 8 em um pivô de articulação14. Um controle de articulação 16 pode ser provido adjacente ao manipulo 6a fim de realizar a rotação da extremidade executora 12 sobre o pivô de arti-culação 14. Na modalidade ilustrada, a extremidade executora 12 é configu-rada de modo a atuar como um endocortador para prender, cortar e gram-pear tecido, embora, em outras modalidades, diferentes tipos de extremida-des executoras possam ser utilizadas, tais como as extremidades executo-ras para outros tipos de dispositivos cirúrgicos, como, por exemplo, prende-dores, cortadores, grampeadores, aplicadores de grampos, dispositivos deacesso, dispositivos de terapia de fármacos/genes, dispositivos de ultras-som, RF, ou a laser, etc. Mais detalhes relativos aos dispositivos de RF po-dem ser encontrados na Patente '312.
O manipulo 6 do instrumento 10 pode incluir um gatilho de fe-chamento 18 e um gatilho de acionamento 20 para a atuação da extremida-de executora 12. Será apreciado que os instrumentos dotados de extremida-des executoras concebidas para diferentes tarefas cirúrgicas podem ter dife-rentes números ou tipos de gatilhos ou outros controles adequados para ofuncionamento da extremidade executora 12. A extremidade executora 12 émostrada separada do manipulo 6 por meio de um eixo preferivelmente a-longado 8. Em uma modalidade, um médico ou operador do instrumento 10pode articular a extremidade executora 12 com relação ao eixo 8 utilizando ocontrole de articulação 16, conforme descrito em mais detalhes na Publica-ção da Patente U.S. N° 2007/0158385 A1, intitulada "Surgical InstrumentHaving An Articulating End Effector", de Geoffrey C. Hueil et al., incorporadaao presente documento à guisa de referência.
A extremidade executora 12 inclui, neste exemplo, entre outrascoisas, um canal de grampos 22 e um membro de grampeamento transladá-vel de maneira pivotável, tal como uma bigorna 24, que é mantida em umespaçamento que garante um efetivo corte e grampeamento do tecido presona extremidade executora 12. O manipulo 6 inclui um cabo de pistola 26 nadireção do qual um gatilho de fechamento 18 é arrastado de maneira pivotá-vel pelo médico de modo a fazer o grampeamento ou o fechamento da bi-gorna 24 no sentido do canal de grampos 22 da extremidade executora 12para, assim, prender o tecido posicionado entre a bigorna 24 e o canal 22. Ogatilho de acionamento 20 fica distante do gatilho de fechamento 18. Quan-do o gatilho de fechamento 18 é travado na posição de fechamento, confor-me descrito em mais detalhes abaixo, o gatilho de acionamento 20 pode gi-rar suavemente para o cabo de pistola 26 de modo a poder ser alcançadopelo operador com o uso de uma mão. Em seguida, o operador poderá ar-rastar de maneira pivotável o gatilho de acionamento 20 no sentido do cabode pistola 12 de modo a cortar e grampear o tecido preso na extremidadeexecutora 12. Em outras modalidades, diferentes tipos de membros degrampeamento além da bigorna 24 podem ser usados, tais como, por exem-plo, uma garra oposta, etc.
Será apreciado que os termos "proximal" e "distai" são usadosno presente documento com referência a um médico que agarra o manipulo6 do instrumento 10. Sendo assim, a extremidade executora 12 fica distaicom relação ao manipulo mais proximal 6. Será ainda apreciado que, parafins de conveniência e clareza, termos espaciais, tais como "vertical" e "hori-zontal", são usados no presente documento com relação aos desenhos. Noentanto, os instrumentos cirúrgicos são usados em muitas orientações e po-sições, e que estes termos não pretendem ser limitantes e absolutos.
O gatilho de fechamento 18 pode ser acionado primeiro. Quandoo médico está satisfeito com o posicionamento da extremidade executora 12,o médico pode puxar para trás o gatilho de fechamento 18 para a sua posi-ção totalmente fechada, travada, próxima ao cabo de pistola 26. O gatilho deacionamento 20 pode em seguida ser acionado. O gatilho de acionamento20 volta para a posição aberta (mostrada nas Figuras 1 e 2) quando o médi-co retira a pressão, conforme descrito em mais detalhes abaixo. Um botãode liberação no manipulo 6, quando apertado, poderá soltar o gatilho de fe-chamento travado 18. O botão de liberação pode ser implementado de vá-rias formas, tais como, por exemplo, um botão de liberação deslizável 160mostrado na Figura 7 ou qualquer outro mecanismo descrito na Publicaçãodo Pedido de Patente U.S. N° 2007/01755955 A1, incorporado ao presentedocumento à guisa de referência.
A Figura 3 é uma vista explodida da extremidade executora 12de acordo com várias modalidades. Conforme mostrado na modalidade ilus-trada, a extremidade executora 12 pode incluir, além do canal 22 e da bigor-na 24 acima mencionados, um instrumento de corte 32, um trenó 33, umcartucho de grampos 34 assentado de maneira removível no canal 22, e umeixo rosado helicoidal 36. O instrumento de corte 32 pode ser, por exemplo,uma faca. A bigorna 24 pode ser aberta ou fechada de maneira pivotável emum ponto de pivô 25 conectado à extremidade próxima do canal 22. A bigor-na 24 pode também incluir uma aba 27 em sua extremidade próxima inseri-da em um componente do sistema de fechamento mecânico (descrito emmais detalhes abaixo) a fim de abrir e fechar a bigorna 24. Quando o gatilhode fechamento 18 é acionado, ou seja, arrastado pelo usuário do instrumen-to 10, a bigorna 24 poderá pivotar sobre o ponto de pivô 25 para a posiçãogrampeada ou fechada. Quando o grampeamento da extremidade executora12 é satisfatório, o operador poderá atuar o gatilho de acionamento 20 que,conforme explicado em mais detalhes abaixo, faz com que a faca 32 e o tre-nó 33 façam um percurso longitudinal ao longo do canal 22, cortando, assim,o tecido grampeado no interior da extremidade executora 12. O movimentodo trenó 33 ao longo do canal 22 faz com que os grampos do cartucho degrampos 34 sejam direcionados através do tecido cortado e contra a bigornafechada 24, o que faz com que os grampos prendam o tecido cortado. Emvárias modalidades, o trenó 33 pode ser um componente integral do cartu-cho 34. A Patente U.S. N° 6 978 921, intitulada "Surgical Stapling InstrumentIncorporating An E-beam Firing Mechanism", incorporada ao presente do-cumento a título de referência, oferece mais detalhes sobre tais instrumentosde corte e fixação de dois passos. O trenó 33 pode fazer parte do cartucho34, de tal modo que, quando a faca 32 se retrai, seguindo a operação decorte, o trenó 33 não se retrai.
Deve-se notar que, embora as modalidades do instrumento 10descritas no presente documento empreguem uma extremidade executora12 que grampeia o tecido cortado, em outras modalidades, diferentes técni-cas para a fixação ou vedação do tecido cortado poderão ser utilizadas. Porexemplo, as extremidades executoras que usam energia de RF ou adesivospara prender o tecido cortado poderão também ser usadas. A Patente U.S.N° 5 709 680, intitulada "Electrosurgical Hemostatic Device", de Yates et al.,e a Patente U.S. N° 5 688 270, intitulada "Electrosurgical Hemostatic DeviceWith Recessed And / Or Offset Electrodes", de Yates, et al., incorporadas aopresente documento à guisa de referência, apresentam um instrumento decorte endoscópico que utiliza energia de RF para vedar o tecido cortado. APublicação da Patente U.S. N° 2007/0102453 A1 de Jerome R. Morgan, etal. e a Publicação da Patente U.S. N° 2007/0102452 A1 de Frederick E.Shelton, IV, et al., também incorporadas ao presente documento a título dereferência, apresentam instrumentos de corte endoscópicos que usam ade-sivos para prender o tecido cortado. Por conseguinte, embora a presentedescrição a seguir se refira a operações de corte e grampeamento e simila-res, deve-se reconhecer que esta é uma modalidade exemplar, não sendoconcebida como limitante. Outras técnicas de fixação de tecido podem tam-bém ser usadas.
As Figuras 4 e 5 são vistas explodidas e a Figura 6 é uma vistalateral da extremidade executora 12 e do eixo 8 de acordo com várias moda-lidades. Conforme mostrado na modalidade ilustrada, o eixo 8 pode incluirum tubo de fechamento proximal 40 e um tubo de fechamento distai 42 liga-do de maneira pivotável por elos de pivô 44. O tubo de fechamento distai 42inclui uma abertura 45 dentro da qual a aba 27 da bigorna 24 é inserida a fimde abrir e fechar a bigorna 24, conforme descrito abaixo. Disposto dentrodos tubos de fechamento 40, 42, pode haver um tubo central proximal 46.
Disposto dentro do tubo central proximal 46 pode haver um eixo de trans-missão rotacional principal (ou proximal) 48 que se comunica com um eixode transmissão secundário (ou distai) 50 através de um conjunto de engre-nagem biselada 52. O eixo de transmissão secundário 50 é conectado auma engrenagem de transmissão 54 que se encaixa em uma engrenagemde transmissão proximal 56 do eixo de parafuso helicoidal 36. A engrenagembiselada vertical 52b pode se assentar e pivotar em uma abertura 57 na ex-tremidade distai do tubo central proximal 46. Um tubo central distai 58 podeser usado para encerrar o eixo de transmissão secundário 50 e as engrena-gens de transmissão 54, 56. Coletivamente, o eixo de transmissão principal48, o eixo de transmissão secundário 50, e o conjunto de articulação (porexemplo, o conjunto de engrenagens biseladas 52a a c) são aqui, algumasvezes, referidos como o "conjunto de eixo de transmissão principal".Um mancai 38, posicionado em uma extremidade distai do canalde grampos 22, recebe o parafuso de acionamento helicoidal 36, permitindoque o parafuso de acionamento helicoidal 36 gire livremente com relação aocanal 22. O eixo de parafuso helicoidal 36 pode fazer interface com uma a-bertura roscada (não mostrada) da faca 32, de tal modo que a rotação doeixo 36 faça com que a faca 32 translade distai ou proximalmente (depen-dendo da direção da rotação) através do canal de grampos 22. Por conse-guinte, quando o eixo de transmissão principal 48 gira em função do acio-namento do gatilho de acionamento 20 (conforme explicado em mais detalhes abaixo), o conjunto de engrenagem biselada 52a a c faz com que o eixode transmissão secundário 50 gire, o que, por sua vez, devido ao engate dasengrenagens de transmissão 54, 56, faz com que o eixo de parafuso helicoi-dal 36 gire, fazendo com que o membro de acionamento de faca 32 faça umpercurso longitudinal ao longo do canal 22 de modo a cortar qualquer tecidopreso na extremidade executora. O trenó 33 pode ser feito, por exemplo, deplástico, e pode ter uma superfície distai inclinada. À medida que o trenó 33passa pelo canal 22, a superfície dianteira inclinada poderá empurrar ou a-cionar os grampos do cartucho de grampos através do tecido preso e contraa bigorna 24. A bigorna 24 gira os grampos, grampeando, assim, o tecidocortado. Quando a faca 32 se retrai, a faca 32 e o trenó 33 podem se desen-caixar, deixando, assim, o trenó 33 na extremidade distai do canal 22.
As Figuras 7 a 10 ilustram uma modalidade exemplar do endo-cortador acionado a motor. A modalidade ilustrada prove uma realimentaçãoao usuário quanto ao desenvolvimento e ao carregamento de força do ins-trumento de corte na extremidade executora. Além disso, a modalidade podeusar a força provida pelo usuário na retração do gatilho de acionamento 29 afim de acionar o dispositivo (um assim chamado modo "com auxílio de ten-são"). Conforme mostrado na modalidade ilustrada, o manipulo 6 inclui pe-ças laterais inferiores externas 59, 60 e peças laterais superiores externas61, 62 que se encaixam entre si de modo a formar, em geral, o exterior domanipulo 6. Uma bateria 64, como, por exemplo, uma bateria de íon de lítio,pode ser provida na porção de cabo de pistola 26 do manipulo 6. A bateria64 aciona um motor 65 disposto em uma porção superior da porção de cabode pistola 26 do manipulo 6. De acordo com várias modalidades, um númerode células de bateria conectadas em série pode ser usado para acionar omotor 65.
O motor 65 pode ser um motor de transmissão escovado de CCcom uma rotação máxima de aproximadamente 25.000 RPM sem-carga. Omotor 64 pode acionarem 90° um conjunto de engrenagem biselada 66compreendendo uma primeira engrenagem biselada 68 e uma segunda en-grenagem biselada 70. O conjunto de engrenagem biselada 66 pode acionarum conjunto de engrenagem planetária 72. O conjunto de engrenagem pla-netária 72 pode incluir uma engrenagem de pinhão 74 conectada a um eixode transmissão 76. A engrenagem de pinhão 74 pode acionar uma engrena-gem de anéis conjugados 78 que aciona um tambor de engrenagem helicoi-dal 80 por meio de um eixo de transmissão 82. Um anel 84 pode ser roscadosobre o tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80. Deste modo, quando o motor65 gira, o anel 84 faz um percurso ao longo do tambor de engrenagem heli-coidal 80 por meio do conjunto de engrenagem biselada interposta 66, doconjunto de engrenagem planetária 72, e pela engrenagem de anéis 78.
O manipulo 6 pode incluir ainda um sensor de motor de partida110 em comunicação com o gatilho de acionamento 20 a fim de detectarquando o gatilho de acionamento 20 é arrastado (ou "fechado") na direçãoda porção de cabo de pistola 26 do manipulo 6 por parte do operador demodo a atuar, assim, a operação de corte / grampeamento da extremidadeexecutora 12. O sensor 110 pode ser um sensor proporcional, como, porexemplo, um reostato, ou um resistor variável. Quando o gatilho de aciona-mento 20 é arrastado para dentro, o sensor 110 detecta o movimento e en-via um sinal elétrico indicativo da voltagem (ou tensão) a ser suprido para omotor 65. Quando o sensor 110 é um resistor variável ou similar, a rotaçãodo motor 65 pode ser de modo geral proporcional à quantidade de movimen-to do gatilho de acionamento 20. Ou seja, quando o operador apenas arrastaou fecha o gatilho de acionamento 20 em um bit pequeno, a rotação do mo-tor 65 se torna relativamente baixa. Quando o gatilho de acionamento 20 étotalmente arrastado para dentro (ou para a posição totalmente fechada), arotação do motor 65 fica em seu máximo. Ou seja, quanto mais forte o usuá-rio puxa o gatilho de acionamento 20, maior tensão é aplicada ao motor 65,provocando taxas de rotação mais elevadas.
O manipulo 6 pode incluir uma peça de manipulo intermediária104 adjacente à porção superior do gatilho de acionamento 20. O manipulo6 pode compreender ainda uma mola de polarização 112 conectada entre ospontaletes da peça de manipulo intermediária 104 e o gatilho de acionamen-to 20. A mola de polarização 112 pode polarizar o gatilho de acionamento 20para a sua posição totalmente aberta. Desta maneira, quando o operadorsolta o gatilho de acionamento 20, a mola de polarização 112 empurrará ogatilho de acionamento 20 para a sua posição aberta, deste modo removen-do o acionamento do sensor 110, e interrompendo a rotação do motor 65.Além disso, graças à mola de polarização 112, a qualquer momento que ousuário fecha o gatilho de acionamento 20, ele poderá perceber uma resis-tência à operação de fechamento, deste modo retornando ao usuário umarealimentação quanto à quantidade de rotação exercida pelo motor 65. Alémdisso, o operador pode interromper a retração do gatilho de acionamento 20para, assim, remover a força do sensor 100 e, por conseguinte, parar o mo-tor 65. Assim sendo, o usuário pode interromper o aplicação da extremidadeexecutora 12, deste modo provendo uma medida de controle da operação decorte / fixação ao operador.
A extremidade distai do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80inclui um eixo de transmissão distai 120 que aciona uma engrenagem deanéis 122, que se combina com uma engrenagem de pinhão 124. A engre-nagem de pinhão 124 é conectada ao eixo de transmissão principal 48 doconjunto de eixo de transmissão principal. Desta maneira, a rotação do mo-tor 65 faz com que o conjunto de eixo de transmissão principal gire, provo-cando a atuação da extremidade executora 12, conforme acima descrito.
O anel 84 roscado sobre o tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80pode incluir um pontalete 86 disposto dentro de uma fenda 88 de um braçofendido 90. O braço fendido 90 é do lado de uma abertura 92 a sua extremi-dade oposta 94 que recebe um pino pivô 96 conectado entre as peças late-rais externas de manipulo 59, 60. O pino pivô 96 é igualmente disposto atra-vés de uma abertura 100 do gatilho de acionamento 20 e de uma abertura102 da peça de manipulo intermediária 104.
Além disso, o manipulo 6 pode incluir 6 um motor reverso (ousensor de fim de curso) 130 e um sensor de motor de trava (ou de início decurso) 142. Em várias modalidades, o sensor de motor reverso 130 pode seruma chave limite localizada na extremidade distai do tambor de engrenagemhelicoidal 80 de tal modo que o anel 84 roscado sobre o tambor de engrena-gem helicoidal 80 contate e se desengate do sensor de motor reverso 130quando o anel 84 atinge a extremidade distai do tambor de engrenagem he-licoidal 80. O sensor de motor reverso 130, quando ativado, envia um sinalpara o motor 65 a fim de inverter a sua direção de rotação, deste modo eli-minando a faca 32 da extremidade executora 12, após a operação de corte.
O sensor de motor de trava 142 pode ser, por exemplo, uma chave de limitenormalmente fechada. Em várias modalidades, o mesmo pode ser localizadona extremidade proximal do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80 de modoque o anel 80 se desengate da chave 142 quando o anel 84 atinge a extre-midade proximal do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80.
Em funcionamento, quando um operador do instrumento 10 em-purra o gatilho de acionamento 20 para trás, o sensor 110 detecta a aplica-ção do gatilho de acionamento 20 e envia um sinal para o motor 65 de modoa provocar a rotação dianteira do motor 65, por exemplo, a uma taxa propor-cional à força empregada pelo operador ao puxar o gatilho de acionamento20 para trás. A rotação dianteira do motor 65, por sua vez, faz com que aengrenagem de anel 78 na extremidade distai do conjunto de engrenagemplanetária 72 gire, deste modo fazendo com que o tambor de engrenagemhelicoidal 80 gire, e fazendo com que o anel 84 roscado sobre o tambor deengrenagem helicoidal 80 faça uma trajetória distai ao longo do tambor deengrenagem helicoidal 80. A rotação do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80também aciona o conjunto de eixo de transmissão principal, conforme acimadescrito, que, por sua vez, provoca o desdobramento da faca 32 na extremi-dade executora 12. Ou seja, a faca 32 e o trenó 33 atravessam o canal 22no sentido longitudinal, cortando, assim, o tecido preso na extremidade exe-cutora 12. Da mesma forma, a operação de grampeamento da extremidadeexecutora 12 acontece nas modalidades nas quais uma extremidade execu-tora do tipo grampo é utilizada.
Quando a operação de corte / grampeamento da extremidadeexecutora 12 termina, o anel 84 sobre o tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80chega à extremidade distai do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80, destemodo fazendo com que o sensor de motor reverso 130 se desengate, envi-ando um sinal para o motor 65 de modo a fazer com que o motor 65 invertaa sua rotação. Isto, por sua vez, faz com que a faca 32 se retraia, e ainda fazcom que o anel 84 sobre o tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80 se movimente para trás para a extremidade proximal do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal 80.
A peça de manipulo intermediária 104 inclui um ressalto traseiro106 que se encaixa no braço fendido 90, como melhor mostrado nas Figuras8 e 9. A peça de manipulo intermediária 104 tem ainda uma trava de movi-mento dianteira 107 que se encaixa no gatilho de acionamento 20. O movi-mento do braço fendido 90 é controlado, como explicado acima, pela rotaçãodo motor 65. Quando o braço fendido 90 gira CCW quando o anel 84 fazuma trajetória da extremidade proximal do tambor de engrenagem helicoidal80 para a extremidade distai, a peça de manipulo intermediária 104 ficarálivre para girar CCW. Sendo assim, à medida que o usuário aperta o gatilhode acionamento 20, o gatilho de acionamento 20 se encaixará na trava demovimento dianteira 107 da peça de manipulo intermediária 104, fazendocom que a peça de manipulo intermediária 104 gire CCW. Devido ao ressal-to traseiro 106 que se encaixa no braço fendido 90, no entanto, a peça demanipulo intermediária 104 só será capaz de girar CCW até onde o braçofendido 90 permitir. Desta maneira, quando o motor 65, por algum motivo,pára de girar, o braço fendido 90 parará de girar, e o usuário não mais pode-rá apertar o gatilho de acionamento 20, uma vez que a peça de manipulointermediária 104 não estará livre para girar CCW devido ao braço fendido90.
São ainda mostrados nas Figuras 7 a 10, os componentes dosistema de fechamento exemplar para o fechamento (ou grampeamento) dabigorna 24 da extremidade executora 12 por meio da retração do gatilho defechamento 18. Na modalidade ilustrada, o sistema de fechamento incluiuma culatra 250 conectada ao gatilho de acionamento 18 por meio de umpino 251 inserido através das aberturas alinhadas tanto no gatilho de fecha-mento 18 como na culatra 250. Um pino de pivô 252, sobre o qual o gatilhode fechamento 18 pivota, é inserido por uma outra abertura do gatilho defechamento 18 desviado do lugar onde o pino 251 é inserido através do gati-lho de fechamento 18. Sendo assim, a retração do gatilho de fechamento 18faz com que a parte superior do gatilho de fechamento 18, ao qual a culatra250 é fixada através do pino 251, a fim de girar CCW. A extremidade distaida culatra 250 é conectada, através de um pino 254, a um primeiro suportede fechamento 256. O primeiro suporte de fechamento 256 se conecta a umsegundo suporte de fechamento 258. Em termos coletivos, os suportes defechamento 256, 258 definem uma abertura na qual a extremidade proximaldo tubo de fechamento principal 40 (vide Figura 4) é assentada e fixada detal modo que o movimento longitudinal dos suportes de fechamento 256, 258provoque o movimento longitudinal do tubo de fechamento proximal 40. Oinstrumento 10 inclui ainda uma haste de fechamento 260 disposta dentro dotubo de fechamento proximal 40. A haste de fechamento 260 pode incluiruma janela 261 dentro da qual uma coluna 263 sobre uma das peças exter-nas de manipulo, tais como a peça lateral inferior externa 59 na modalidadeilustrada, disposta de modo a conectar fixamente a haste de fechamento 260ao manipulo 6. Desta maneira, o tubo de fechamento proximal 40 é capaz dese movimentar longitudinalmente com relação à haste de fechamento 260. Ahaste de fechamento 260 pode incluir ainda um colar distai 267 que se en-caixa em uma cavidade 269 no tubo de espinha proximal 46 e fica retida nomesmo por meio de uma tampa 271 (vide Figura 4).
Em funcionamento, quando a culatra 250 gira devido à retraçãodo gatilho de fechamento 18, os suportes de fechamento 256, 258 fazemcom que o tubo de fechamento proximal 40 se movimente no sentido distai(isto é, para longe da extremidade de manipulo do instrumento 10), o que fazcom que o tubo de fechamento distai 42 se movimente distalmente, fazendocom que a bigorna 24 gire sobre o ponto pivô 25 para a posição grampeadaou fechada. Quando o gatilho de fechamento 18 é destravado da posiçãotravada, o tubo de fechamento proximal 40 desliza proximamente, fazendocom que o tubo de fechamento distai 42 deslize proximalmente, o que, devi-do ao fato de a aba 27 ser inserida na janela 45 do tubo de fechamento dis-tai 42, faz com que a bigorna 24 pivote sobre o ponto pivô 25 para a posiçãoaberta ou não-grampeada. Desta maneira, ao se retrair e travar o gatilho defechamento 18, um operador poderá prender o tecido entre a bigorna 24 e ocanal 22, e poderá soltar o tecido após a operação de corte / grampeamentoao destravar o gatilho de fechamento 20 da posição travada.
A Figura 11 é um diagrama esquemático de um circuito elétricodo instrumento 10 de acordo com várias modalidades da presente invenção.Quando o operador inicialmente puxa o gatilho de acionamento 20 para den-tro depois de travar o gatilho de fechamento 18, o sensor 110 é ativado,permitindo que a corrente flua através do mesmo. Quando a chave de sen-sor de motor reverso normalmente aberta 130 é aberta (ou seja, quando nãoé alcançado o fim do curso da extremidade executora), a corrente fluirá paraum relê de duplo golpe é único polo 132. Uma vez que a chave de sensor demotor reverso 130 não está fechada, o indutor 134 do relê 132 não será a-cionado, e, assim, o relê 132 ficará em seu estado não-energizado. O circui-to inclui ainda um sensor de trava de cartucho 136. Quando a extremidadeexecutora 12 inclui um cartucho de grampos 34, o sensor 136 fica em umacondição fechada, permitindo que a corrente flua. De outra forma, quando aextremidade executora 12 não inclui um cartucho de grampos 34, o sensor136 se abrirá, impedindo, então, que a bateria 64 acione o motor 65.
Quando o cartucho de grampos 34 está presente, o sensor 136se fecha, o que energiza um relê de único curso e único polo 138. Quando orelê 138 é energizado, a corrente flui pelo relê 136, através do sensor deresistor variável 110, e para o motor 65, por meio de um relê de duplo golpee duplo polo 140, desta forma acionando o motor 65, e permitindo que omesmo gire na direção dianteira. Quando a extremidade executora 12 atingeo fim de seu curso, o sensor de motor reverso 130 será ativado, desta formafechando a chave 130 e energizando o relê 134. Isto faz com que o relê 134assuma o seu estado energizado (não mostrado na Figura 13), fazendo comque a corrente passe pelo sensor de trava de cartucho 136 e o resistor vari-ável 110, e, em contrapartida, faz com que a corrente flua tanto para o relêde duplo golpe e duplo polo normalmente fechado 142 como também de vol-ta para o motor 65, porém em uma maneira, através do relê 140, fazendocom que o motor 65 inverta a sua direção rotacional. Uma vez que a chavede sensor de motor de trava 142 é normalmente fechada, a corrente fluiránovamente para o relê 134 a fim de manter o mesmo fechado até que a cha-ve 142 se abra. Quando a faca 32 se retrai totalmente, a chave de sensor demotor de trava 142 é ativada, fazendo com que a chave 142 se abra, destemodo removendo a força do motor 65.
Em outras modalidades, ao invés de um sensor do tipo propor-cional 110, pode ser usado um sensor do tipo liga - desliga. Em tais modali-dades, a taxa de rotação do motor 65 não é proporcional à força aplicadapelo operador. Em contrapartida, o motor 65 normalmente gira a uma taxaconstante. Mas, ainda assim, o operador experimenta uma realimentação deforça, uma vez que o gatilho de acionamento 20 está engrenado no trem detransmissão de engrenagem.
Configurações adicionais aos instrumentos cirúrgicos motoriza-dos são descritas na Publicação do Pedido U.S. publicado N° 2007/0175962A1, intitulada "Motor-driven Surgical Cutting And Fastening Instrument WithTactile Position Feedback", incorporada ao presente documento à guisa dereferência.
Em um instrumento cirúrgico motorizado, como, por exemplo,um dos instrumentos endoscópicos motorizados descritos acima, ou em uminstrumento cortador circular motorizado, o motor pode ser acionado pormeio de diversas células de bateria conectadas em série. Além disso, podeser desejável em certas circunstâncias acionar o motor com uma determina-da fração dentre o número total de células de bateria. Por exemplo, confor-me mostrado na Figura 12, o motor 65 pode ser acionado por meio de umafonte de força 299 compreendendo seis (6) células de bateria 310 conecta-das em série. As células de bateria 310 podem ser, por exemplo, células debateria de lítio de 3 volts, tais como as células de bateria CR 123A, embora,em outras modalidades, diferentes tipos de células de bateria possam serusados (inclusive as células de bateria com diferentes níveis de tensão e/oudiferentes produtos químicos). Quando seis células de bateria de 3 volts sãoconectadas em série a fim de acionar o motor 65, a voltagem total disponívelpara acionar o motor 65 seria de 18 volts. As células de bateria 310 podemcompreender células de bateria recarregáveis ou não-recarregáveis.
Em tal modalidade, sob cargas mais pesadas, a tensão de en-trada para o motor 65 pode desviar em cerca de nove a dez volts. Nestacondição operacional, a fonte de força 299 libera uma tensão máxima para omotor 65. Por conseguinte, conforme mostrado na Figura 12, o circuito podeincluir uma chave 312 que seletivamente permite que o motor 65 seja acio-nado (1) por todas as células de bateria 310 ou (2) por uma fração das célu-las de bateria 310. Conforme mostrado na Figura 12, por meio de uma sele-ção apropriada, a chave 312 poderá permitir que o motor 65 seja acionadopor todas as seis células de bateria ou por quatro células de bateria. Destamaneira, a chave 312 pode ser usada para acionar o motor 65 com 18 volts(ao utilizar todas as seis células de bateria 310) ou com 12 volts (ao usar,por exemplo, quatro dentre as segundas células de bateria). Em várias mo-dalidades, a escolha do desenho para o número de células de bateria nafração usada para acionar o motor 65 pode se basear na tensão requeridapelo motor 65 ao operar a uma saída máxima para as cargas mais pesadas.
A chave 312 pode ser, por exemplo, uma chave eletromecânica,como, por exemplo, uma microchave. Em outras modalidades, a chave 312pode ser implementada com uma chave de estado sólido, tal como um tran-sistor. Uma segunda chave 314, como, por exemplo, uma chave de botão deempurrar, pode ser usada para controlar se uma tensão é aplicada ao motor65. Ainda, uma chave dianteira / reversa (F/R) 316 pode ser usada para con-trolar se o motor 65 gira no sentido dianteiro ou no sentido reverso. A chavedianteira / reversa 316 pode ser implementada com uma chave de duplogolpe e duplo polo, como, por exemplo, o relê 140 mostrado na Figura 11.
Em funcionamento, o usuário do instrumento 10 pode selecionaro nível de tensão desejado por meio do uso de algum tipo de controle dechave, como, por exemplo, uma chave dependente de posição (não mostra-da), tal como uma tecla de alavanca, uma tecla de alavanca mecânica, ouum carne, que controla a posição da chave 312. Em seguida, o usuário po-derá acionar a segunda chave 314 a fim de conectar as células de bateriaselecionadas 310 ao motor 65. Além disso, o circuito mostrado na Figura 12pode ser usado para acionar o motor de outros tipos de instrumentos cirúrgi-cos motorizados, tais como cortadores circulares e/ou instrumentos laparos-cópicos. Mais detalhes relativos aos cortadores circulares podem ser encon-trados nas Publicações de Pedidos de Patente U.S. publicados N°2006/0047307 A1 e na Publicação N° 2007/02621116 A1, incorporadas aopresente documento à guisa de referência.
Em outras modalidades, conforme mostrado na Figura 13, umafonte de força primária 340, como, por exemplo, uma célula de bateria, co-mo, por exemplo, uma célula de bateria CR2 ou CR123A, pode ser usadapara carregar um número de dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342. Afonte de força principal 340 pode compreender uma ou várias células de ba-teria conectadas em série, que, de preferência, são substituíveis na modali-dade ilustrada. Os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342 podem com-preender, por exemplo, as células de bateria e/ou os supercapacitores recar-regáveis (também conhecidos como "ultracapacitores" ou "capacitores ele-troquímicos de camada dupla" (EDLC)). Os supercapacitores são capacito-res eletroquímicos dotados de uma densidade de energia raramente alta emcomparação aos capacitores eletrolíticos comuns, tipicamente da ordem demilhares de vezes maiores que um capacitor eletrolítico de alta capacidade.
A fonte de força principal 340 pode carregar os dispositivos a-cumuladores secundários 342. Quando suficientemente carregada, a fontede tensão primária 340 pode ser removida e os dispositivos acumuladoressecundários 342 podem ser usados para acionar o motor 65 durante um pro-cedimento ou operação. Em várias circunstâncias, os dispositivos de acumu-lação 342 podem demorar de cerca de quinze a trinta minutos para carregar.Os supercapacitores possuem a característica de poderem carregar e des-carregar de uma forma extremamente rápida em comparação às bateriasconvencionais. Além disso, enquanto as baterias são boas para apenas umnúmero limitado de ciclos de carga / descarga, os supercapacitores podem,com freqüência, ser repetidamente carregados / descarregados, às vezesdezenas de milhões de ciclos. Para as modalidades que usam supercapaci-tores como os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342, os supercapaci-tores poderão compreender nanotubos de carbono, polímeros condutivos(por exemplo, poliacenos), ou aerogéis de carbono.
Conforme mostrado na Figura 14, um circuito de gerenciamentode carga 344 pode ser empregado a fim de determinar quando os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342 se encontram suficientemente carrega-dores. O circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 pode incluir um indicador,tal como um ou mais LEDs, um visor de LCD, etc, ativados para alertar aum usuário quanto ao instrumento 10 quando os dispositivos acumuladoressecundários 342 se encontram suficientemente carregados.
A fonte de força principal 340, os dispositivos acumuladores se-cundários 342, e o circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 podem fazer par-te da fonte de força na porção de cabo de pistola 26 do manipulo 6 do ins-trumento 10, ou em uma outra parte do instrumento 10. A fonte de força po-de ser removível da porção de cabo de pistola 26, em cujo caso, quando oinstrumento 10 tiver que ser usado para cirurgia, a fonte de força poderá serinserida assepticamente na porção de cabo de pistola 26 (ou em outra posi-ção no instrumento de acordo com outras modalidades), por exemplo, poruma enfermeira próxima que auxilia na cirurgia. Após a inserção da fonte deforça, a enfermeira pode colocar a fonte de força principal substituível 340 nafonte de força de modo a carregar os dispositivos acumuladores secundários342 por um determinado período de tempo antes do uso do instrumento 10,por exemplo, trinta minutos. Quando os dispositivos acumuladores secunda-rios 342 são carregados, o circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 poderáindicar que a fonte de força se encontra pronto para uso. Neste momento, afonte de força principal substituível 340 poderá ser removida. Durante a ope-ração, o usuário do instrumento 10 poderá, em seguida, acionar o motor 65,por exemplo, por meio da ativação da chave 314, por meio do que os dispo-sitivos acumuladores secundários 342 acionarão o motor 65. Sendo assim,ao invés de ter um número de baterias descartáveis para acionar o motor 65,uma bateria descartável (como a fonte de força principal 340) poderá serusada em tal modalidade, e os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342poderão ser reutilizados. Em modalidades alternativas, no entanto, deve-senotar que os dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342 podem ser não-recarregáveis e/ou não-reutilizáveis. Os acumuladores secundários 342 po-dem ser usados com a chave de seleção de células 312 descrita acima comrelação à Figura 12.
O circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 pode incluir ainda indicadores (por exemplo, LEDs ou um visor de LCD) que indicam quanta carga permanece nos dispositivos acumuladores secundários 342. Desta ma-neira, o cirurgião (ou outro usuário do instrumento 10) poderá ver quantacarga permanece durante o procedimento envolvendo o instrumento 10.
O circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344, conforme mostradona Figura 15, pode compreender um medidor de carga 345 de modo a medira carga através dos acumuladores secundários 342. O circuito de gerencia-mento de carga 344 pode compreender ainda uma memória não-volátil 346,como, por exemplo, uma memória flash ou memória ROM, e um ou maisprocessadores 348. O(s) processador(es) 348 pode(m) ser conectado(s) àmemória 346 a fim de controlar a memória. Além disso, o(s) processador(es)348 pode(m) ser conectado(s) ao medidor de carga 245 a fim de fazer asleituras do ou, ainda, controlar o medidor de carga 345. Além disso, o(s) pro-cessadores) 348 pode(m) controlar os LEDs ou outros dispositivos de saídado circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344. O(s) processador(es) 348 po-de(m) armazenar parâmetros do instrumento 10 na memória 346. Os parâ-metros podem incluir os parâmetros operacionais do instrumento detectadospor vários sensores que podem ser instalados ou empregados no instrumen-to 10, tais como, por exemplo, o número de acionamentos, os níveis de for-ças envolvidas, a distância do espaço de compressão entre as garras opos-tas da extremidade executora 12, a quantidade de articulação, etc. Além dis-so, os parâmetros armazenados na memória 346 podem compreender osvalores de ID dos diversos componentes do instrumento 10 que o circuito degerenciamento de carga 344 pode ler e armazenar. Os componentes tendotais IDs podem ser os componentes substituíveis, tais como o cartucho degrampos 34. Os IDs podem ser, por exemplo, RFID que o circuito de geren-ciamento de carga 344 lê através de um transponder de RFID 350. O trans-ponder de RFID 350 pode ler RFID dos componentes do instrumento, taiscomo o cartucho de grampos 34, incluindo as etiquetas de identificaçãoRFID. Os valores ID podem ser lidos, armazenados na memória 346, e com-parados pelo processador 348 a uma lista de valores ID aceitáveis armaze-nados na memória 346 ou em um outro armazenador associado ao circuitode gerenciamento de carga a fim de determinar, por exemplo, se o compo-nente removível / substituível associado ao valor ID lido é autêntico e/ou a-dequado. De acordo com várias modalidades, quando o processador 348determina que o componente removível / descartável associado ao valor deidentificador ID lido não é autêntico, o circuito de gerenciamento de carga344 poderá impedir o uso da fonte de força por parte do instrumento 10, talcomo pela chave de abertura (não-mostrada) que impediria que a tensão dafonte de força fosse liberada para o motor 65. De acordo com várias modali-dades, diversos parâmetros que o processador 348 pode avaliar no sentidode determinar se o componente é autêntico e/ou adequado incluem: o códi-go de data; o modelo / tipo de componente; o fabricante; as informações re-gionais; e os códigos de erro anteriores.
O circuito de gerenciamento de carga 344 pode também com-preender uma interface i/o (entrada/saída) 352 para comunicação com outrodispositivo, tal como descrito a seguir. Desta maneira, os parâmetros arma-zenados na memória 346 podem ser transferidos para outro dispositivo. Ainterface i/o 353 pode, por exemplo, ser uma interface com fio ou sem fio.Conforme acima mencionado, a fonte de força pode compreen-der os acumuladores secundários 342, o circuito de gerenciamento de carga344, e/ou chave f/r (dianteira/reversa) 316. De acordo com as diversas mo-dalidades, conforme mostradas na Figura 16, a fonte de força 299 pode serconectada a uma base carregadora 362, que poderá, entre outras coisas,carregar os acumuladores secundários 342 na fonte de força. A base carre-gadora 362 pode ser conectada à fonte de força 299 ao conectar asseptica-mente a base carregadora 362 à fonte de força 299 enquanto a fonte de for-ça é instalada no instrumento 10. Em outras modalidades, nas quais a fontede força é removível, a base carregadora 362 pode ser conectada à fonte deforça 299 ao se remover a fonte de força 299 do instrumento 10 e conectar omesmo à base carregadora 362. Para tais modalidades, depois de a basecarregadora 362 carregar suficientemente os acumuladores secundários342, a fonte de força 299 poderá ser assepticamente instalada no instrumento 10.
Conforme mostrado na Figura 16, a base carregadora 362 podecompreender uma fonte de força 364 para carregar os acumuladores secun-dários 342. A fonte de força 364 da base carregadora 362 pode ser, por e-xemplo, uma bateria (ou várias baterias conectadas em série), ou um con-versor CA / CC que converte tensão de CA, como, por exemplo, de cabos detensão elétricos, em CC, ou em qualquer outra fonte de força adequada paracarregar os acumuladores secundários 342. A base carregadora 362 podecompreender ainda dispositivos indicadores, tais como LEDs, um visor deLCD, etc, a fim de mostrar a condição de carga dos acumuladores secundários 342.
Além disso, conforme mostrado na Figura 16, a base carregado-ra 362 pode compreender um ou mais processadores 366, uma ou mais uni-dades de memória 368, e interfaces de i/o 370, 372. Através da primeira in-terface de i/o 370, a base carregadora 362 pode se comunicar com a fontede força 299 (através da interface de i/o da fonte de força 352). Desta manei-ra, por exemplo, os dados armazenados na memória 346 da fonte de força299 podem ser transferidos para a memória 368 da base carregadora 362.Desta forma, o processador 366 poderá avaliar os valores ID para os com-ponentes removíveis / substituíveis, transferidos do circuito de gerenciamen-to de carga 344, a fim de determinar a autenticidade e a adequação doscomponentes. Os parâmetros operacionais transferidos do circuito de geren-ciamento de carga 344 podem ser também armazenados na memória 368, eem seguida transferidos para outro dispositivo computacional através da se-gunda interface de i/o 372 para avaliação e análise, por exemplo, pelo sis-tema hospitalar no qual a operação envolvendo o instrumento 10 é feita, peloconsultório do cirurgião, pelo distribuidor do instrumento, pelo fabricante doinstrumento, etc.
A base carregadora 362 pode compreender ainda um medidorde carga 374 para medir a carga através dos acumuladores secundários342. O medidor de carga 374 pode ficar em comunicação com o(s) proces-sadores) 366, de modo que o(s) processador(es) 366 possa(m) determinarem tempo real a adequação da fonte de força 299 para uso com a garantiade alto desempenho.
Em outra modalidade, conforme mostrado na Figura 17, o circui-to de baterias pode compreender um regulador de tensão 320 de modo acontrolar a tensão suprida pelos economizadores de energia 310 ao motor65. O regulador de tensão 320 pode também fazer parte do fonte de força299, ou pode ser componente separado. Conforme acima mencionado, omotor 65 pode ser um motor de CC escovado. A velocidade dos motores deCC escovados é, de modo geral, proporcional à voltagem de entrada aplica-da. O regulador de tensão 320 pode prover uma voltagem de saída altamen-te regulada ao motor 65 de modo que o motor 65 opere a uma velocidadeconstante (ou substancialmente constante). De acordo com várias modalida-des, o regulador de tensão 320 pode compreender um conversor de energiade modo chave, como, por exemplo, um conversor abaixador-elevador, con-forme mostrado no exemplo da Figura 17. Tal conversor abaixador-elevador320 pode compreender uma chave elétrica 322, como, por exemplo, umFET, um retificador 32, um indutor 326, e um capacitor 328. Quando a chavede força 322 é ligada, a fonte de tensão de entrada (por exemplo, as fontesde força 310) é diretamente conectada ao indutor 326, que armazena a e-nergia neste estado. Neste estado, o capacitor 328 supre energia para acarga de saída (por exemplo, o motor 65). Quando a chave de força 320 es-tá desligada, o indutor 326 é conectado à carga de saída (por exemplo, aomotor 65) e ao capacitor 328, de modo que a energia seja transferida do in-dutor 326 para o capacitor 328 e para a carga 65. Um circuito de controle330 pode controlar a chave de força 322. O circuito de controle 330 podeempregar alças de controle digital e/ou analógico. Além disso, em outrasmodalidades, o circuito de controle 330 pode receber informações de controle de um controlador-mestre (não mostrado) por meio de um enlace de co-municação, como, por exemplo, um barramento de dados digitais serial ouparalelo. O ponto de regulagem de voltagem para a saída do regulador detensão 320 pode ser ajustado, por exemplo, à metade da voltagem de circui-to aberto, em cujo momento a força máxima disponível a partir da fonte tor-na-se disponível.
Em outras modalidades, diferentes topologias de conversor deenergia podem ser empregadas, incluindo os conversores de energia linea-res ou de modo chave. Outras topologias de modo chave que podem serempregadas incluem um conversor de retorno, um conversor direto, um con-versor abaixador, elevador, e um conversor SEPIC. A votlagem de ponto deregulagem para o regulador de tensão 320 pode ser alterada dependendo dequantas células de bateria são usadas para acionar o motor 65. Além disso,o regulador de tensão 320 pode ser usado com os dispositivos acumulado-res secundários 342 mostrados na Figura 13. Além disso, a chave dianteira -reversa 316 pode ser incorporada no regulador de tensão 320, embora amesma seja mostrada separadamente na Figura 17.
As baterias podem ser tipicamente modeladas como uma fontede voltagem ou como uma resistência de fonte ideal. Para um modelo ideal,quando a fonte e a resistência de carga se combinam, a tensão máxima étransferida para a carga. A Figura 18 mostra uma típica curva de tensão parauma bateria. Quando o circuito de bateria é aberto, a voltagem através dabateria é alta (em seu valor de circuito aberto) e a corrente extraída da bate-ria é zero. A tensão liberada da bateria é também zero. Quanto mais corren-te é extraída da bateria, a voltagem através da bateria diminui. A tensão libe-rada pela bateria é o produto da corrente e da voltagem. A tensão atinge oseu pico em torno de um nível de voltagem menor que a voltagem de circuitoaberto. Conforme mostrado na Figura 18, na maior parte dos membros quí-micos da bateria ocorre uma queda acentuada de voltagem / energia emuma corrente maior, em função do membro químico ou do coeficiente detemperatura positiva (PTC), ou em função de um dispositivo de proteção debateria.
Particularmente nas modalidades que usam uma bateria (ou baterias) para acionar o motor 65 durante um procedimento, o circuito de con-trole 330 pode monitorar a voltagem de saída e controlar o ponto de regula-gem do regulador 320 de modo que a bateria opere no lado "esquerdo" ouno lado de auemnto de tensão da curva de potência. Quando a bateria atin-ge o nível de tensão de pico, o circuito de controle 330 poderá modificar (porexemplo, baixar) o ponto de regulagem de modo que uma menor tensão to-tal seja demandada por parte da bateria. O motor 65 em seguida se desace-lera. Desta maneira, a demanda da fonte de força raramente excederia opico de tensão disponível de modo a se poder evitar uma situação de priva-ção de tensão durante um procedimento.
Além disso, de acordo com outras modalidades, a tensão extraí-da a partir da bateria pode ser otimizada de tal modo que as reações quími-cas dentro das células da bateria tenham tempo de se recuperar, para, as-sim, otimizar a corrente e a tensão disponível a partir da bateria. Nas cargaspulsadas, as baterias tipicamente provêm mais tensão no início do pulso doque no fim do pulso. Isto se deve a diversos fatores, incluindo: (1) o PTCpode alterar a sua resistência durante o pulso; (2) a temperatura da bateriapode ser alterada; e (3) a taxa de reação eletroquímica se altera devido aoeletrólito no catodo que é desgastado e a taxa de difusão do eletrólito novolimita a taxa de reação. De acordo com as várias modalidades, o circuito decontrole 330 pode controlar o conversor 320 no sentido de extrair uma cor-rente menor da bateria de modo a permitir que a bateria se recupere antesde ser novamente pulsada.
De acordo com outras modalidades, o instrumento 10 podecompreender um dispositivo limitador de torque do tipo embreagem. O dis-positivo limitador de torque do tipo embreagem pode se localizar, por exem-pio, entre o motor 65 e a engrenagem biselada 68, entre a engrenagem bise-lada 70 e o conjunto de engrenagem planetária 72, ou sobre o eixo de saídado conjunto de engrenagem planetária 72. De acordo com várias modalida-des, o dispositivo limitador de torque pode usar uma embreagem eletromag-nética magnética ou permanente.
As Figuras 19 a 22 mostram uma embreagem eletromagnéticade amostra 400 que pode ser usada no instrumento 10 de acordo com váriasmodalidades. A embreagem 400 pode compreender um estator em forma deferradura 402 tendo discos magnéticos 404, 406 em cada extremidade, oprimeiro disco 404 pode ser conectado a uma peça de polo rotativo, axial-mente móvel 408, tal como o polo de saída do motor 65. O segundo discomagnético 406 pode ser conectado a uma peça de polo rotativo, axialmenteestacionaria 410, tal como um polo de entrada a uma caixa de engrenagemdo instrumento 10. Nas Figuras 19 e 20, a primeira peça de polo 408 é axi-almente puxada para fora da segunda peça de polo 410 através de um es-paço 412 de tal modo que os discos magnéticos 404, 406 não fiquem encai-xados. Uma bobina em espiral (não mostrada) que pode ser enrolada emtorno do estator 402 pode ser usada para criar o fluxo eletromagnético ne-cessário para atuar a embreagem 400. Quando a bobina conduz uma cor-rente elétrica, o fluxo magnético resultante pode fazer com que os dois dis-cos magnéticos 404, 406 se atraiam, fazendo com que a primeira peça depolo 408 se movimente axialmente na direção da segunda peça de polo 410,deste modo fazendo com que os dois discos magnéticos 404, 406 se encai-xem, conforme mostrado nas Figuras 21 e 22, de tal modo que as duas pe-ças de polo 408, 410 girem juntas até que o torque exceda o torque de fric-ção gerado entre as faces dos discos magnéticos 404 e 406.
A força atrativa entre os dois discos 404, 406 e a capacidade detorque correspondente da embreagem 400 podem ser controladas por meiodo controle do diâmetro dos discos 404, 406, o coeficiente de fricção entreas faces de contato dos discos magnéticos 404 e 406, e por meio do uso dosmateriais magnéticos para os discos 404, 406 que se saturam a uma densi-dade de fluxo conhecida e controlável. Sendo assim, quando há uma condi-ção operacional na qual mais corrente passa pela bobina, o material magné-tico dos discos 404, 406 não gera uma força atrativa maior e um torque limi-tante subsequente.
A utilização de tal embreagem traz muitos benefícios potenciaisadicionais. Sendo eletricamente controlada, a embreagem 400 pode ser ra-pidamente desativada por meio da remoção da corrente do fio no sentido delimitar a quantidade de calor gerado dentro da embreagem 400 e dentro domotor 65. Ao desconectar o motor do trem de transmissão, via a embreagem400, a maior parte da energia inercial armazenada no trem de transmissão édesconectada, limitando o choque quando a saída tem de ser bloqueadarepentinamente. Além disso, por ser eletricamente controlada, certo desli-zamento limitado pode ser projetado a fim de ajudar na redução dos cho-ques ao novamente partir o trem de transmissão sob carga. Além disso, de-vido às propriedades de saturação magnética de um ou mais componentes(por exemplo, os discos magnéticos 404, 406) dentro da embreagem quepodem ser usadas para controlar o limite de torque ao longo da corrente dabobina, a embreagem 400 é menos sensível às mudanças de voltagem dosistema. O limite de torque em tais modalidades é basicamente uma funçãodas dimensões físicas dos componentes da embreagem (por exemplo, osdiscos magnéticos 404, 406) e não requer reguladores de voltagem ou ou-tros componentes externos para uma operação apropriada.
Em uma outra modalidade, ao invés de se usar uma embreagemeletromagnética, o dispositivo limitador de torque pode compreender um ímãpermanente (não mostrado). O ímã permanente pode ser conectado, porexemplo, à primeira peça de polo, axialmente móvel 408, e atrair a segundapeça de polo axialmente fixa 410, ou vice-versa. Em tais modalidades, umdos discos 404, 406 pode ser feito de um ímã permanente e o outro de ummaterial magnético do tipo ferro. Em uma pequena variação, o estator 402pode ser feito na forma de um ímã permanente, fazendo com que os discosmagnéticos 404 e 406 se atraíam entre si. Em função do ímã permanente,os dois discos 404, 406 sempre se encaixam. O uso de um ímã permanentenão prove um controle de torque tão preciso quanto a configuração de em-breagem eletromagnética acima descrita, contudo tem as vantagens de: (1)não requerer controles ou uma lógica de controle para controlar a correnteatravés da bobina; (2) ser mais compacto que a configuração de embreagemeletromagnética; e (3) simplificar o desenho do instrumento 10.
Conforme acima mencionado, a extremidade executora 12 podeemitir uma energia de RF no sentido de coagular o tecido preso na extremi-dade executora. A energia de RF pode ser transmitida entre os eletrodos naextremidade executora 12. Uma fonte de RF (não mostrada), compreenden-do, por exemplo, um oscilador e um amplificador, entre outros componentes,que podem suprir uma energia de RF ao eletrodo, pode se localizar no pró-prio instrumento, como, por exemplo, no manipulo 6 para um instrumentosem-fio 10, ou a fonte de RF pode ser externa ao instrumento 10. A fonte deRF pode ser ativada conforme descrito em mais detalhes abaixo.
De acordo com várias modalidades, a extremidade executora 12pode compreender múltiplas seções (ou segmentos) de eletrodos. Por exemplo, conforme mostrado no exemplo da Figura 23, a superfície inferior dabigorna 24 (isto é, a superfície que faceia o cartucho de grampos 34) podecompreender três segmentos de RF colineares. Neste exemplo, cada seg-mento possui o mesmo comprimento (por exemplo, 20 mm), embora, emoutras modalidades, possa haver mais ou menos segmentos, e os segmen-tos podem ter diferentes comprimentos. No exemplo da Figura 23, há trêspares de terminais ou eletrodos ativos ou de "anodos" 500 alinhados longitu-dinalmente ao longo de cada lado do comprimento de canal sobre a superfí-cie inferior da bigorna 24. Em particular, na modalidade ilustrada, há um parde eletrodos distais 500i, um par de eletrodos intermediários 5002, e um parde eletrodos proximais 5003 sobre cada lado do canal de faca 516. A porçãoou canal externo metálico 22 da extremidade executora 12 ou a bigorna me-tálica 24 pode servir como um contraeletrodo (ou catodo) para cada um dostrês eletrodos ativos superiores (ou anodos) 500. Os eletrodos superiores500 podem ser acoplados à fonte de RF. Quando energizada, a energia deRF pode se propagar entre os eletrodos superiores 500 e o contra eletrodo,coagulando o tecido preso entre os eletrodos.
Os eletrodos 500 podem ser energizados simultaneamente ouem várias ordens, como, por exemplo, seqüencialmente. Nas modalidadesem que os eletrodos 500 são acionados de acordo com uma seqüência, aseqüência poderá ser automática (controlada, por exemplo, por um controla-dor (não mostrado) em comunicação com a fonte de RF) ou por meio deuma seleção do usuário. Por exemplo, os eletrodos proximais 5003 podemser energizados primeiro; em seguida os eletrodos intermediários 5002; emseguida os eletrodos distais 500i. Desta maneira, o operador (por exemplo,o cirurgião operador) pode seletivamente coagular as áreas da linha degrampos. Os eletrodos em tal modalidade podem ser controlados por ummultiplexador e/ou por um gerador de saída múltiplo, conforme descrito emmais detalhes abaixo. Desta maneira, o tecido sob cada eletrodo 500 podeser tratado individualmente de acordo com as necessidades de coagulação.Cada eletrodo do par pode ser conectado à fonte de RF de modo que ambospossam ser acionados ao mesmo tempo. Ou seja, para o par distai de ele-trodos ativos distais 500i, cada qual, nos lados opostos do canal de faca,pode ser acionado pela fonte de RF ao mesmo tempo. O mesmo para o parintermediário dos eletrodos 50Ü2 e para o par de eletrodos proximais 5OO3,embora, em uma modalidade na qual os pares de eletrodos são energizadosem seqüência, o par distai não será energizado ao mesmo tempo como ospares intermediário e proximal, e assim por diante.
Além disso, vários parâmetros elétricos, tais como impedância,energia ou potência liberada, etc, podem ser monitorados e a saída para oseletrodos particulares 500 pode ser modificada de modo a produzir o efeitode tecido mais desejável. Ademais, uma outra vantagem é no caso de umgrampo de metal ou outro objeto eletricamente condutivo deixado a partir doacionamento de instrumento ou procedimento cirúrgico anterior que podeprovocar um curto dos eletrodos. Tal situação de curto pode ser detectadapelo gerador e/ou multiplexador, e a energia pode ser modulada de umamaneira apropriada para o curto-circuito.
Além disso, energizando os eletrodos 500 em seqüência reduz aenergia instantânea requerida a partir da fonte de RF em comparação a umdesenho que tem um conjunto de eletrodos tão longo quanto o comprimentocombinado dos três eletrodos segmentados 500 mostrados na Figura 23.Por exemplo, para as configurações de eletrodo conforme mostradas na Pa-tente '312, foi demonstrado que o mesmo precisa de cinqüenta a cem wattspara coagular com sucesso linhas de quarenta e cinco mm em ambos oslados da linha de corte. Ao se usar eletrodos ativos menores (por exemplo,os eletrodos superiores 500) com menos área de superfície que os eletrodosde retorno maiores (por exemplo, a bigorna metálica 24), os eletrodos ativosmenores 500 podem concentrar a energia terapêutica no tecido, enquanto oeletrodo de retorno, maior é usado para completar o circuito com um impactomínimo sobre a interface de tecido. Além disso, o eletrodo de retorno temuma massa maior e, deste modo, poderá ficar mais frio durante uma aplica-ção eletrocirúrgica.
Os eletrodos 500 podem ser envolvidos por um material eletri-camente isolante 504, podendo compreender um material cerâmico.
A Figura 24 mostra uma outra modalidade tendo eletrodos de RFsegmentados. Na modalidade mostrada na Figura 24, existem quatro eletro-dos segmentados colineares 500i-4 de igual comprimento (15 mm, neste e-xemplo). Como na modalidade da Figura 23, os eletrodos 500 da Figura 24podem ser acionados simultaneamente ou em seqüência.
A Figura 25 mostra ainda uma outra modalidade, na qual os ele-trodos segmentados possuem comprimentos diferentes. Na modalidade ilus-trada, há quatro eletrodos segmentados colineares, mas os eletrodos maisdistais 500i, 5002 têm 10 mm de comprimento, e os dois eletrodos proximais5OO3, 5004 têm 20 mm de comprimento. Os eletrodos distais curtos podemoferecer a vantagem de concentrar a energia terapêutica, conforme acimamencionado.
A Figura 59 mostra uma modalidade tendo quinze pares de ele-trodos de RF segmentados 500 em uma placa de circuito 570, ou outro tipode substrato adequado, sobre a superfície inferior da bigorna 24 (isto é, so-bre a superfície que faceia o canal 22). Os vários pares de eletrodo são a-cionados pela fonte de RF (ou gerador) 574. O multiplexador 576 pode dis-tribuir a energia de RF para os diversos pares de eletrodo, conforme deseja-do, sob o controle de um controlador 578. De acordo com várias modalida-des, a fonte de RF 574, o multiplexador 576, e o controlador 578 podem selocalizar no manipulo 6 do instrumento.
Em tal modalidade, a placa de circuito 570 pode compreendermúltiplas camadas que proveem conexões elétricas entre o multiplexador576 e os diversos pares de eletrodo. Por exemplo, conforme mostrado nasFiguras 60 a 63, a placa de circuito pode compreender três camadas 580i.3lcada camada 580 provendo conexões para cinco pares de eletrodo. Por e-xemplo, a camada mais superior 58O3 pode prover conexões para os cincopares de eletrodo mais proximal, conforme mostrado nas Figuras 60 e 61; acamada intermediária 58Ü2 pode prover conexões aos cinco pares de eletro-dos intermediários, conforme mostrado nas Figuras 60 e 62; e a camadamais inferior 580i pode prover conexões para os cinco pares de eletrodomais distais, conforme mostrado nas Figuras 60 e 63.
A Figura 64 mostra uma vista de extremidade em seção trans-versal da bigorna 24 de acordo com tal modalidade. A placa de circuito 570,adjacente às bolsas de grampo 584, compreende três camadas condutoras580i-3, tendo camadas isolantes 582i_4 entre as mesmas. As Figuras 65 e 66mostram como as diversas camadas 580i.3 podem ser empilhadas de modoa se conectarem também ao multiplexador 576 no manipulo.
Uma vantagem de se ter muitos eletrodos de RF na extremidadeexecutora 12, conforme mostrado na Figura 67 é que, no caso de uma linhade grampos de metal 590 ou outro objeto eletricamente condutivo deixadono tecido 592 a partir de um acionamento de instrumento ou procedimentocirúrgico anterior que pode provocar um curto dos eletrodos, tal situação decurto pode ser detectada pelo gerador ou multiplexador, e a energia podeser modulada de uma maneira apropriada para o curto-circuito.A Figura 27 mostra uma outra extremidade executora 12 comeletrodos de RF. Nesta modalidade, a extremidade executora 12 compreen-de apenas os eletrodos distais 500i, com a bigorna metálica 24 servindocomo um eletrodo de retorno. Os eletrodos distais 500i não se estendem portodo o comprimento da bigorna 24, mas apenas por uma fração do compri-mento. Na modalidade ilustrada, os eletrodos distais 500^ têm apenas apro-ximadamente 20 mm de comprimento ao longo da bigorna de 60 mm, demodo que os eletrodos distais 500i só cubram aproximadamente 1/3 docomprimento mais distai da bigorna. Em outras modalidades, os eletrodosdistais 500i podem de cobrir 1/10 a 1/2 do comprimento mais ditai da bigor-na. Estas modalidades podem ser usadas para uma coagulação do ponto,conforme descrito na Patente U.S. N° 5 599 350, incorporada ao presentedocumento à guisa de referência.
A Figura 28 mostra ainda uma outra modalidade da extremidadeexecutora 12 com eletrodos de RF. Nesta modalidade, um eletrodo ativo 500é posicionado na ponta distai da bigorna 24, isolado pela bigorna 24 pormeio de um isolante não-condutivo eletricamente 504, que pode ser feito dematerial cerâmico. Esta modalidade pode ser usada para uma coagulaçãode ponto.
As Figuras 29 a 32 ilustram outras modalidades da extremidadeexecutora 12 que podem ser úteis na coagulação de ponto. Nestas modali-dades, a bigorna 24 compreende um par de eletrodos 500i, 5002 na extre-midade distai da bigorna 24 e ao longo de um lado lateral da bigorna 24. AFigura 29 é uma vista de extremidade dianteira da bigorna 24 de acordo comtal modalidade, a Figura 30 é uma vista lateral, a Figura 31 é uma vista deextremidade frontal fragmentada, e ampliada, e a Figura 32 é uma vista detopo. Em tal modalidade, a bigorna metálica 24 pode atuar como o eletrodode retorno. Os eletrodos ativos 500i, 5002 podem ser isolados da bigorna 24por meio de isolantes eletricamente não-condutivos 504 que podem compre-ender um material cerâmico.
As Figuras 33 a 36 mostram uma modalidade, na qual a bigorna24 compreende dois eletrodos distais 500i, 5002 localizados na parte de to-po central da bigorna 24. Mais uma vez, a bigorna metálica 24 pode atuarcomo o eletrodo de retorno, e os eletrodos ativos 500i, 50Ü2 podem ficar iso-lados da bigorna 24 por meio de isolantes eletricamente não-condutivos 504.
As Figuras 37 a 40 mostram uma modalidade na qual um eletro-do ativo 500i (por exemplo, o eletrodo ativo) fica posicionado sobre a bigor-na 24, e um outro eletrodo ativo 5OO2 fica posicionado sobre a garra inferior22, e, de preferência, sobre o cartucho 34. A bigorna metálica 24 poderáservir como o eletrodo de retorno. O eletrodo de bigorna 500i fica isolado dabigorna 24 graças ao isolante 504. O eletrodo 5002 que fica posicionado nocartucho 34, que é de preferência feito de um material não condutivo, como,por exemplo, plástico, fica isolado do canal metálico 22 por meio do cartucho34.
As Figuras 41 a 44 mostram uma modalidade na qual a bigorna24 possui dois eletrodos ativos 500i, 5OO2 na extremidade mais distai da bi-gorna 24 que se estendem completamente a partir da superfície superior dabigorna 24 para a superfície inferior. Mais uma vez, a bigorna metálica 24pode atuar como o eletrodo de retorno, e os eletrodos ativos 500i, 5OO2 po-dem ficar isolados da bigorna 24 por meio dos isolantes eletricamente não-condutivos 504.
As Figuras 45 a 48 mostram uma modalidade na qual o cartucho34 tem dois eletrodos ativos 500i, 5002 na extremidade mais distai do cartu-cho de grampos 34. Em tal modalidade, a bigorna metálica 24 ou o canalmetálico 22 pode atuar como o eletrodo de retorno. Na modalidade ilustrada,os eletrodos 500i, 50Ü2 são conectados aos insertos isolantes 503, porém,em outras modalidades, os insertos isolantes 503 podem ser omitidos e ocartucho de plástico 34 pode servir como isolante aos eletrodos 500i, 5002.
As Figuras 49 a 52 mostram uma modalidade tendo um eletrodoativo 500i na extremidade mais distai da bigorna 24 e um outro eletrodo ati-vo 5002 na extremidade muito mais distai do cartucho 34. Mais uma vez, emtal modalidade, a bigorna 24 ou o canal metálico 22 pode atuar como o ele-trodo de retorno. Nesta modalidade ilustrada, o eletrodo 50Ü2 é conectadoaos insertos isolantes 503, 505, porém, em outras modalidades, os insertosisolantes 503, 505 podem ser omitidos e o cartucho de plástico 34 pode ser-vir como isolante ao eletrodo 50Ü2.
A Figura 57 é uma vista lateral e a Figura 58 é uma vista lateralem seção transversal do manipulo 6 de acordo com outras modalidades dapresente invenção. A modalidade ilustrada inclui apenas um gatilho, o gatilhode fechamento 18. A ativação da faca, dos extratores de grampo, e/ou doseletrodos de RF, na presente modalidade, pode ser feita através de outrosmeios além de um gatilho de acionamento separado. Por exemplo, conformemostrado na Figura 57, o acionamento da faca, dos extratores de grampo,e/ou dos eletrodos de RF pode ser acionado por uma chave de botão deempurrar 540 ou outro tipo de chave que fica em uma posição convenienteao operador. Na Figura 57, a chave 540 é mostrada na porção mais proximaldo manipulo 6. Em uma outra modalidade, a chave pode ser posicionadapróxima à extremidade distai 6 do manipulo de modo que o puxar do bocal539 ative a chave no sentido de provocar o acionamento do instrumento. Emtal modalidade, uma chave (não mostrada) pode ser colocada sob ou próxi-ma ao bocal 539 de modo que o movimento dos bocais segure a chave.
De maneira alternativa, o acionamento da faca, dos extratoresde grampo, e/ou dos eletrodos de RF pode ser feito por meio de comandosde voz ou outro som detectado por um microfone 542. Em outras modalida-des, o manipulo 6 pode compreender um transceptor de RF ou sônico 541,que pode receber e/ou transmitir sinais de RF ou sônicos a fim de acionar oinstrumento. Ainda, conforme mostrado na Figura 58, um pedal ou uma cha-ve 544 pode ser usado no sentido de acionar o instrumento 10. O pedal 544pode ser conectado ao manipulo 6 por um cabo 545. Ainda, o manipulo 6pode compreender um controle de discar 546 ou um outro tipo de dispositivode controle a fim de controlar o acionamento dos eletrodos segmentados deRF (vide, por exemplo, as Figuras 23 a 24). Com o uso de tal dispositivo decontrole 546, o operador poderá acionar em série os diversos pares de ele-trodos de RF 500 na extremidade executora 12.
O instrumento 10 mostrado nas Figuras 57 e 58 inclui ainda mui-tos sistemas de realimentação ao usuário. Conforme acima mencionado, oinstrumento 10 pode compreender o alto-falante 543 para comandos ou ins-truções audíveis ao operador. Além disso, o manipulo 6 pode compreenderindicadores visuais 548, tais como LEDs ou outras fontes de luz que prove-em uma realimentação visual relativa ao acionamento dos diversos eletrodossegmentados de RF. Por exemplo, cada um dos indicadores visuais 548 po-de corresponder a um dentre os pares de eletrodos segmentados de RF. Oindicador visual correspondente 548 pode ser ativado quando o par de ele-trodos segmentados de RF é acionado. Além disso, o manipulo 6 pode com-preender um visor alfanumérico 550, que pode ser um LED ou um visor deLCD, por exemplo. O visor 550 pode ser conectado a uma placa de circuito552 dentro do manipulo 6. O manipulo 6 pode compreender ainda um vibra-dor 554 na porção de cabo de pistola 26 que pode prover um retorno vibra-cional ao operador. Por exemplo, o vibrador 554 pode vibrar a cada vez queum dos pares de eletrodos segmentados de RF na extremidade executora12 é acionado.
A Figura 26 é uma vista em seção transversal da extremidadeexecutora 12 de acordo com várias modalidades, nas quais os eletrodos fi-cam sobre a garra superior 24 (ou bigorna). Na modalidade ilustrada, os ele-trodos ativos 500 são posicionados adjacentes à fenda de faca 516. A bigor-na metálica 24 pode servir como o eletrodo de retorno. Os isolantes 504, quepodem ser feitos de cerâmica, isolam os eletrodos 500 da bigorna metálica24. A modalidade da Figura 68 é similar à da Figura 26, exceto que os ele-trodos 500 são menores, de tal modo que uma porção dos isolantes 504possa se estender entre os respectivos eletrodos 500 e as bordas do canalde faca 516.
A Figura 53 é uma vista de extremidade em seção transversal daextremidade executora 12 de acordo com uma outra modalidade. Nesta mo-dalidade, como na modalidade da Figura 26, os eletrodos ativos 500i, 5002ficam sobre a bigorna 24 do lado oposto do canal de faca. Os eletrodos500i, 50Ü2 são isolados da bigorna metálica pelos isolantes 504, que tam-bém compreendem, de preferência, um material cerâmico. Na presente mo-dalidade, no entanto, os isolantes 504 são muito finos (em comparação aosda Figura 26). Os isolantes 504 muito finos oferecem a vantagem potencialde a bigorna 24 poder incluir uma seção metálica relativamente grande 520acima dos eletrodos 500, desta forma, potencialmente, suportando um perfilde bigorna mais fino para uma dada rigidez de bigorna, ou um perfil maisrígido para uma dada dimensão em seção transversal de bigorna. Os isolan-tes 504 podem ser fundidos ou revestidos por faiscação sobre a bigorna 24.
A Figura 54 ilustra uma outra modalidade. Nesta modalidade, oseletrodos ativos 500i, 5002 são revestidos por faiscação ou ligados aos iso-lantes 504, os quais podem ser também revestidos por faiscação ou ligadosà bigorna. Como na modalidade da Figura 53, este desenho permite maismaterial de bigorna acima dos eletrodos. Em tal modalidade, os eletrodos500i, 50Ü2 podem compreender prata, que vem a ser um bom condutor deeletricidade e apresenta propriedades antimicrobianas.
A Figura 55 mostra uma vista lateral da extremidade executorade acordo com uma outra modalidade. Nesta modalidade, um filme fino dematerial eletricamente isolante 530 é depositado sobre a face do cartucho34. O filme isolante 530 compreende de preferência um material resistenteao calor e ao arco, como, por exemplo, cerâmica. Isto tenderia a aumentar aresistência do cartucho 34 à trilha e ao curto de arco, permitindo mais acio-namentos entre as mudanças de cartucho 34. Além disso, quando o cartu-cho 34 é um condutor elétrico fraco, o mesmo suportará um aquecimentomais rápido do tecido e reduzirá a necessidade geral de energia. Os eletro-dos ativos (não mostrados na Figura 55) podem estar na bigorna 24, con-forme descrito nas modalidades acima.
A Figura 56 mostra uma modalidade similar à mostrada na Figura 55, exceto que, na Figura 56, uma camada fina 532 de um material leve eeletricamente condutivo é depositada sobre o topo do filme isolante 530. Acondutividade da camada fina, levemente condutiva 532 pode ser menor quea condutividade do tecido preso na extremidade executora 12 para tratamento. Assim sendo, a camada fina, levemente condutiva 532 proveria uma pas-sagem de condutividade reduzida para prover um aquecimento adicional dotecido preso. Isto tenderia a reduzir o tempo necessário para aquecer o teci-do e obter coagulação.
Conforme acima descrito, o instrumento 10 pode compreenderum pivô de articulação 14 para articular a extremidade executora 12. Ummédico ou operador do instrumento 10 pode articular a extremidade executo-ra 12 com relação ao eixo 8 por meio do controle de articulação 16, confor-me descrito em mais detalhes na Publicação do Pedido de Patente U.S. pu-blicado N° 2007/0158385 A1, intitulada "Surgical Instrument Having An Arti-culating End Effector", de Geoffrey C. Hueil et al., incorporado ao presentedocumento a título de referência. Em outra modalidade, ao invés de um dis-positivo de controle integrado ao instrumento 10, a extremidade executora12 pode ser articulada por um instrumento separado, como, por exemplo,uma pinça que é inserida no paciente de modo que a sua porção operativafique próxima da extremidade executora 12 e possa articular a extremidadeexecutora 12 conforme desejado. O instrumento separado pode ser inseridoatravés de uma outra abertura além da extremidade executora 12, ou pelamesma abertura. Da mesma forma, diferentes operadores podem operar osinstrumentos separados, ou uma única pessoa poderá operar ambos os ins-trumentos, a fim de articular a extremidade executora 12. Em um outro cená-rio de articulação passiva, a extremidade executora 12 pode ser articulada,empurrando o mesmo cuidadosamente contra outras partes do paciente demodo a obter a articulação desejada.
Em uma outra modalidade, a extremidade executora 12 pode serconectado ao manipulo por meio de um cabo flexível. Em tal modalidade, aextremidade executora 12 pode ser posicionada conforme desejado e manti-da em posição por meio do uso de um outro instrumento, por exemplo, uminstrumento de pinça separado. Além disso, em outras modalidades, a ex-tremidade executora 12 pode ser posicionado por meio de um instrumentoseparado e preso por um segundo instrumento separado. Além disso, a ex-tremidade executora 12 pode ser feita suficientemente pequena, com umalargura de, por exemplo, 8 a 9 mm por 10 a 11 mm de altura, de maneira queum mecanismo do tipo puxar para fechar possa ser usado para prender aextremidade executora no manipulo 6. O mecanismo de puxar para fecharpode ser adaptado a partir do descrito na Patente U.S. N° 5 562 701, intitu-lada "Cable-Actuated Jaw Assembly For Surgical Instruments", incorporadaao presente documento à guisa de referência. O cabo 600 pode ser dispostodentro ou ao longo de um endoscópio flexível para uso, por exemplo, nosprocedimentos do trato gastrointestinal superior ou inferior.
Em uma outra modalidade ainda, conforme mostrado nas Figu-ras 69 e 70, o instrumento 10 pode compreender um conjunto de pescoçoflexível 732, permitindo a articulação da extremidade executora 12. Quandoum conjunto de transmissão de articulação 731 acoplado ao eixo 8 é girado,o mesmo poderá provocar uma articulação remota do conjunto de pescoçoflexível 732. O conjunto de pescoço flexível 732 pode compreender umaprimeira e uma segunda porções de pescoço flexíveis 733, 734, que alojamum primeiro e um segundo conjuntos de banda flexíveis 735, 736. Após arotação do conjunto de transmissão de articulação 731, um dentre o primeiroe o segundo conjuntos de banda de transmissão flexíveis 735, 736 se movi-menta para frente e o outro conjunto de banda se movimenta para trás. Emresposta ao movimento alternativo dos conjuntos de banda dentro das pri-meira e segunda porções de pescoço flexível 733, 734 do conjunto de pes-coço flexível 732, o conjunto de haste flexível 732 se curva de modo a proveruma articulação. Uma descrição mais abrangente da haste flexível é feita naPatente U.S. N° 5 704 534, incorporada ao presente documento à guisa dereferência.
Os dispositivos aqui apresentados podem ser concebidos paraserem descartados após um único uso, ou podem ser concebidos para múl-tiplos usos. Em ambos os casos, no entanto, o dispositivo pode ser recondi-cionado para uma reutilização após pelo menos um uso. O recondiciona-mento pode incluir qualquer combinação das etapas de desmontagem dodispositivo, seguido da limpeza ou troca de peças particulares, e remonta-gem subsequente. Em particular, o dispositivo pode ser desmontado, e qual-quer número de peças ou partes determinadas do dispositivo pode ser sele-tivamente substituído ou removido em qualquer combinação. Após limpezae/ou troca de peças particulares, o dispositivo pode ser remontado, para usosubsequente, na instalação de recondicionamento ou por uma equipe cirúr-gica imediatamente antes de um procedimento cirúrgico. Os versados natécnica apreciarão que o recondicionamento de um dispositivo pode utilizaruma variedade de técnicas para desmontagem, limpeza / troca, e remonta-gem. O uso de tais técnicas e o dispositivo recondicionado resultante estãodentro do âmbito de aplicação do presente pedido.
De preferência, as várias modalidades da presente invençãodescritas no presente documento são processadas antes de uma cirurgia.Primeiramente, um instrumento novo ou usado é obtido e, se necessário,limpo. O instrumento pode, em seguida, ser esterilizado. Em uma técnica deesterilização, o instrumento é colocado em um recipiente fechado e vedado,como em um invólucro de plástico termoformado revestido com uma folha deTYVEK. O recipiente e o instrumento são, em seguida, colocados em umcampo de radiação que pode penetrar o recipiente, como, por exemplo, umaradiação gama, raios X, ou elétrons de alta energia. A radiação mata as bac-térias no instrumento e no recipiente. O instrumento esterilizado pode, emseguida, ser armazenado no recipiente estéril. O recipiente selado mantém oinstrumento estéril até que seja aberto no consultório médico.
É preferido que o dispositivo seja esterilizado. Isto pode ser feitode diversas maneiras conhecidas pelos versados na técnica, incluindo porradiação beta ou gama, por oxido de etileno, a vapor ou por meio de outrosmétodos.
Embora a presente invenção tenha sido ilustrada por meio dadescrição de diversas modalidades e embora as modalidades ilustrativassejam descritas em consideráveis detalhes, não vem a ser intenção da Re-querente restringir ou de alguma forma limitar o escopo de aplicação dasreivindicações em apenso a tais detalhes. Vantagens e modificações adicio-nais podem, de pronto, surgir aos versados na técnica. As várias modalida-des da presente invenção representam vastos aperfeiçoamentos sobre osmétodos de grampeamento anteriores, que requerem o uso de diferentestamanhos de grampo em um único cartucho a fim de obter grampos de dife-rentes alturas (finais).Por conseguinte, a presente invenção foi apresentada em ter-mos de procedimentos e aparelhos endoscópicos. No entanto, o uso de ter-mos, tais como "endoscópico", não deve ser concebido no sentido de limitara presente invenção a um instrumento cirúrgico de corte e grampeamentopara uso somente em conjunto com um tubo endoscópico (isto é, um trocar-te). Ao contrário, acredita-se que a presente invenção possa encontrar usoem qualquer procedimento no qual o acesso seja limitado, incluindo, porém,não se limitando a, procedimentos laparoscópicos, assim como a procedi-mentos abertos. Além disso, os aspectos únicos e novos das várias modali-dades de cartucho de grampos da presente invenção podem encontrar utili-dade quando usados com relação a outras formas de aparelhos de grampe-amento, sem se afastar do espírito e do escopo da presente invenção.
Claims (20)
1. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação compreendendo:- uma extremidade executora;- um eixo conectado à extremidade executora, o eixo compreen-dendo um trem de transmissão para o acionamento da extremidade executora; e- um manipulo conectado ao eixo, o manipulo compreendendo:- um motor elétrico de CC conectado ao trem de transmissãopara o acionamento do trem de transmissão;- uma fonte de força que compreende pelo menos dispositivoacumulador de carga conectado ao motor de CC para o acionamento do mo-tor de CC.
2. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 1, no qual o pelo menos um dispositivo acumulador de cargacompreende uma pluralidade de dispositivos acumuladores de carga conec-tados em série.
3. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 2, no qual a pluralidade de dispositivos acumuladores de cargaconectados em série compreende uma pluralidade de supercapacitores co-nectados em série.
4. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 2, no qual a fonte de força compreende ainda pelo menos umabateria para carregar os dispositivos acumuladores de carga.
5. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 4, no qual a pelo menos uma bateria é descartável.
6. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 3, no qual a fonte de força é removível do manipulo.
7. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 6, no qual a fonte de força é removível do manipulo.
8. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 7, no qual a fonte de força compreende pelo menos uma bateriaremovível para carregar os dispositivos acumuladores de carga.
9. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com a rei-vindicação 8, no qual a fonte de força compreende um circuito de gerencia-mento de carga conectado aos dispositivos acumuladores de carga a fim dedeterminar um nível de carga dos dispositivos acumuladores de carga.
10. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com areivindicação 9, no qual o circuito de gerenciamento de carga compreende:- uma memória para o armazenamento de dados; e- um processador conectado à memória.
11. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com areivindicação 10, no qual a memória é para o armazenamento dos parâme-tros relativos à fonte de força.
12. Instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, de acordo com areivindicação 10, no qual a memória é ainda para o armazenamento dos va-lores de RFID dos componentes do instrumento, e no qual o circuito de ge-renciamento de carga compreende ainda um transponder de RFID para aleitura dos valores de RFID.
13. Dispositivo, compreendendo:- um instrumento cirúrgico de corte e fixação, que compreende:- uma extremidade executora;- um eixo conectado à extremidade executora, o eixo compreen-dendo um trem de transmissão para o acionamento da extremidade executora; e- um manipulo conectado ao eixo, o manipulo compreendendo:- um motor elétrico de CC conectado ao trem de transmissãopara o acionamento do trem de transmissão;- uma fonte de força removível que compreende pelo menosuma fonte de força carregável de CC conectada ao motor de CC para o a-cionamento do motor de CC; e- uma base carregadora, remota do instrumento, para conexãoao fonte de força removível quando a fonte de força removível é removida domanipulo, em que a base carregadora compreende uma fonte de força paracarregar a pelo menos uma fonte de força de CC carregável do fonte de for-ça.
14. Dispositivo, de acordo com a reivindicação 13, no qual a fon-te de força da base carregadora compreende uma fonte de alimentação deCA para CC.
15. Dispositivo, de acordo com a reivindicação 13, no qual a fonte de força da base carregadora compreende pelo menos uma bateria.
16. Dispositivo, de acordo com a reivindicação 13, no qual a pelomenos uma fonte de força de CC carregável da fonte de força compreendepelo menos uma bateria recarregável.
17. Dispositivo, de acordo com a reivindicação 13, no qual a pelomenos uma fonte de força de CC carregável da fonte de força compreendepelo menos um dispositivo acumulador de carga.
18. Dispositivo, de acordo com a reivindicação 17, no qual o pelomenos um dispositivo acumulador de carga compreende pelo menos umsupercapacitor.
19. Dispositivo, de acordo com a reivindicação 13, no qual a fon-te de força compreende:- uma memória para o armazenamento de dados; e- um processador conectado à memória.
20. Dispositivo, de acordo com a reivindicação 19, no qual a ba-se carregadora compreende ainda uma memória tal que os dados da memó-ria da fonte de força sejam transferíveis para a memória da base carregado-ra.
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| US9522029B2 (en) | 2016-12-20 |
| US8657174B2 (en) | 2014-02-25 |
| EP3222223B1 (en) | 2020-03-25 |
| CN101507622A (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
| US20110125176A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
| JP5405139B2 (ja) | 2014-02-05 |
| ATE512629T1 (de) | 2011-07-15 |
| EP2366341A2 (en) | 2011-09-21 |
| JP2009189837A (ja) | 2009-08-27 |
| EP2366341A3 (en) | 2011-11-23 |
| BRPI0901447B1 (pt) | 2019-07-16 |
| RU2496432C2 (ru) | 2013-10-27 |
| US20090209990A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
| EP2366341B1 (en) | 2017-01-18 |
| RU2009105078A (ru) | 2010-08-20 |
| HK1135883A1 (en) | 2010-06-18 |
| EP2090243A3 (en) | 2009-10-28 |
| EP2090243A2 (en) | 2009-08-19 |
| EP3222223A1 (en) | 2017-09-27 |
| US20130190757A1 (en) | 2013-07-25 |
| EP2090243B1 (en) | 2011-06-15 |
| BRPI0901447B8 (pt) | 2021-06-22 |
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