CA2631817A1 - System for the electrolytic production of sodium chlorate - Google Patents

System for the electrolytic production of sodium chlorate Download PDF

Info

Publication number: CA2631817A1
Authority: CA; Canada
Prior art keywords: cathodes; chlorate; anodes; coating; electrolytic cell
Prior art date: 2005-11-30
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Abandoned

Application number

CA002631817A

Other languages

English (en)

French (fr)

Inventor

Nedeljko Krstajic

Vladimir Jovic

Gian Nicola Martelli

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Industrie de Nora SpA

Original Assignee

Individual

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2005-11-30

Filing date

2006-11-29

Publication date

2007-06-07

2006-11-29 Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual

2007-06-07 Publication of CA2631817A1 publication Critical patent/CA2631817A1/en

Status Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 20
239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 15
238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 6
XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 5
229910001182 Mo alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
-1 dichromate ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 claims 1
229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
229910017116 Fe—Mo Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical class [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 27
WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 2
239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
235000019799 monosodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
235000019980 sodium acid phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
KIEOKOFEPABQKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium dichromate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KIEOKOFEPABQKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
229910004619 Na2MoO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
150000001845 chromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+) Chemical compound [Cr+6] JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
229940077449 dichromate ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
239000012527 feed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
229940085991 phosphate ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
235000015393 sodium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
239000011684 sodium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 1
TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium molybdate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
150000003608 titanium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1

Classifications

- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
- C25B1/265—Chlorates
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds

Landscapes

Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Electrochemistry (AREA)
Materials Engineering (AREA)
Metallurgy (AREA)
Organic Chemistry (AREA)
Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)

CA002631817A 2005-11-30 2006-11-29 System for the electrolytic production of sodium chlorate Abandoned CA2631817A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
ITMI2005A002298		2005-11-30
IT002298A ITMI20052298A1 (it)	2005-11-30	2005-11-30	Sistema per la produzione elettrolitica di clorato sodico
PCT/EP2006/069079 WO2007063081A2 (en)	2005-11-30	2006-11-29	System for the electrolytic production of sodium chlorate

Publications (1)

Publication Number	Publication Date
CA2631817A1 true CA2631817A1 (en)	2007-06-07

Family

ID=38001688

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
CA002631817A Abandoned CA2631817A1 (en)	2005-11-30	2006-11-29	System for the electrolytic production of sodium chlorate

Country Status (9)

Country	Link
US (1)	US20080230381A1 (pt)
EP (1)	EP1954855A2 (pt)
CN (1)	CN101321897A (pt)
AR (1)	AR058261A1 (pt)
BR (1)	BRPI0619215A2 (pt)
CA (1)	CA2631817A1 (pt)
IT (1)	ITMI20052298A1 (pt)
NO (1)	NO20082616L (pt)
WO (1)	WO2007063081A2 (pt)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2010130546A1 (en) *	2009-05-15	2010-11-18	Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V.	Activation of cathode
EP2681159A2 (en)	2011-03-04	2014-01-08	Tennant Company	Cleaning solution generator
CA2750881A1 (fr) *	2011-08-23	2013-02-23	Hydro-Quebec	Methode pour reduire l`impact negatif des impuretes sur les electrodes servant a l`electrosynthese du chlorate de sodium
CA2870097A1 (en) *	2012-04-23	2013-10-31	Chemetics Inc.	Surface modified stainless steel cathode for electrolyser
US9556526B2 (en)	2012-06-29	2017-01-31	Tennant Company	Generator and method for forming hypochlorous acid
WO2020070172A1 (en)	2018-10-02	2020-04-09	Nouryon Chemicals International B.V.	Selective cathode for use in electrolytic chlorate process
CN113718274B (zh) *	2020-09-28	2023-06-20	上海赛一水处理科技股份有限公司	一种固体剂型的电解质及其制备方法和用途
IT202200025551A1 (it)	2022-12-14	2024-06-14	Soc Chimica Bussi S P A	Procedimento per la produzione di clorati

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US2887444A (en) *	1957-03-25	1959-05-19	George H Graves	Process of and means for chlorinating swimming pools or the like
US3350294A (en) *	1962-11-21	1967-10-31	Ici Australia Ltd	Electrodes
GB1195871A (en) *	1967-02-10	1970-06-24	Chemnor Ag	Improvements in or relating to the Manufacture of Electrodes.
FR2244708B1 (pt) *	1973-09-25	1977-08-12	Ugine Kuhlmann
FR2446869A1 (fr) *	1979-01-16	1980-08-14	Ugine Kuhlmann	Amelioration du rendement faraday dans la preparation electrolytique du chlorate de sodium
US4194953A (en) *	1979-02-16	1980-03-25	Erco Industries Limited	Process for producing chlorate and chlorate cell construction
US4354915A (en) *	1979-12-17	1982-10-19	Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp.	Low overvoltage hydrogen cathodes
US4461692A (en) *	1982-05-26	1984-07-24	Ppg Industries, Inc.	Electrolytic cell
NO168145C (no) *	1989-08-21	1992-01-15	Forsvarets Forsknings	Celle
US5084149A (en) *	1989-12-26	1992-01-28	Olin Corporation	Electrolytic process for producing chlorine dioxide
US5294307A (en) *	1992-07-31	1994-03-15	Huron Tech Corp	Integrated process for the production of alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorates and chlorine dioxide
US7329388B2 (en) *	1999-11-08	2008-02-12	Princeton Biochemicals, Inc.	Electrophoresis apparatus having staggered passage configuration

2005
- 2005-11-30 IT IT002298A patent/ITMI20052298A1/it unknown
2006
- 2006-11-29 WO PCT/EP2006/069079 patent/WO2007063081A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-11-29 EP EP06819847A patent/EP1954855A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-11-29 BR BRPI0619215-7A patent/BRPI0619215A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-11-29 CN CNA200680044989XA patent/CN101321897A/zh active Pending
- 2006-11-29 CA CA002631817A patent/CA2631817A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-11-30 AR ARP060105299A patent/AR058261A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
2008
- 2008-05-29 US US12/128,815 patent/US20080230381A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-06-12 NO NO20082616A patent/NO20082616L/no not_active Application Discontinuation

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
EP1954855A2 (en)	2008-08-13
BRPI0619215A2 (pt)	2011-09-20
ITMI20052298A1 (it)	2007-06-01
WO2007063081A2 (en)	2007-06-07
WO2007063081A3 (en)	2007-11-08
AR058261A1 (es)	2008-01-30
US20080230381A1 (en)	2008-09-25
CN101321897A (zh)	2008-12-10
NO20082616L (no)	2008-06-12

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
2011-10-28	EEER	Examination request
2014-02-23	FZDE	Dead	Effective date: 20131227

Publication	Publication Date	Title
CA2705819C (en)	2016-12-13	An electrode substrate composition
US20080230381A1 (en)	2008-09-25	System for the electrolytic production of sodium chlorate
EP2079858B1 (en)	2018-08-22	Anode for electrolysis
Spasojević et al.	2012	Microstructure of new composite electrocatalyst and its anodic behavior for chlorine and oxygen evolution
US20130101499A1 (en)	2013-04-25	METHODS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DECHLORINATION OF ANOLYTE BRINE FROM NaCl ELECTROLYSIS
PL178811B1 (pl)	2000-06-30	Elektroda do procesu elektrochemicznego
Lima et al.	2010	Energy loss in electrochemical diaphragm process of chlorine and alkali industry–A collateral effect of the undesirable generation of chlorate
CA1257560A (en)	1989-07-18	Electrochemical removal of hypochlorites from chlorate cell liquors
US4267025A (en)	1981-05-12	Electrodes for electrolytic processes, especially perchlorate production
CN102421941B (zh)	2015-04-08	阴极的活化
HK1134115B (zh)	2012-05-04	用於电解的阳极