EP0330558A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Übertragen von Information per Kabel und per Spülungsdruckwellen - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Übertragen von Information per Kabel und per Spülungsdruckwellen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0330558A1
EP0330558A1 EP89400472A EP89400472A EP0330558A1 EP 0330558 A1 EP0330558 A1 EP 0330558A1 EP 89400472 A EP89400472 A EP 89400472A EP 89400472 A EP89400472 A EP 89400472A EP 0330558 A1 EP0330558 A1 EP 0330558A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transmission
cable
drilling
mud
information
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89400472A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0330558B1 (de
Inventor
Jacques Lessi
Pierre Morin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Original Assignee
IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0330558A1 publication Critical patent/EP0330558A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0330558B1 publication Critical patent/EP0330558B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/14—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
    • E21B47/18—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/26—Storing data down-hole, e.g. in a memory or on a record carrier

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a device for transmitting the information generated by detection and / or measurement means placed in a well.
  • the present invention is particularly well suited to measurement techniques during drilling generally designated by the initials MWD coming from the English terms Measuring While Drilling.
  • Logs during drilling using an MWD type technique are expected to undergo significant development for two essential reasons: - lower costs of logging, - possibility of remote control of the drilling according to reservoir objectives (particularly important point in the case of horizontal drilling).
  • the existing tools are, in addition to the purely drilling parameter sensors, a natural gamma radiation measurement probe (possibly oriented), a normal resistivity measurement probe.
  • FR 1 603 406, FR 1 603 706, and FR 1 602 653 illustrate examples of devices for transmitting information by mud waves.
  • Cable transmission has the advantage of being of very good quality and operating at high speed (hundreds of measurements per second). On the other hand, its drawback is that it no longer generally allows the rotation of the drill string.
  • the present invention provides a mixed transmission which avoids the drawback mentioned above.
  • This mixed transmission can be adapted to give continuous drilling waves or electromagnetic waves through the drilling parameters to which some training-related measures would be added.
  • a cable can be connected and will allow denser measurement feedback.
  • the transmission device could even be designed in such a way that the selection of the measurement channels normally transmitted by mud waves or by electromagnetic waves is carried out, if desired, via one of the conductors of the cable.
  • the device and the method according to the present invention make it possible to obtain, with the minimum time lag, relevant information on the geological formations drilled, to reduce the cost of the logs because it is no longer necessary to immobilize the wells for long periods corresponding to the logging periods, to obtain a better quality of information since the measurement is carried out very quickly after drilling before alteration by the base, etc.
  • the information obtained under these conditions saves precious time for the production of elements which will have to be put in place in the well after drilling, such as perforated production tubes, the location of which can be quickly predicted.
  • Relevant information means sophisticated information requiring a large flow of information transmission when necessary, for example when crossing a critical area of the geological formation and relatively poor information when the geological formations in progress drilling are not of particular interest.
  • the poor information with low transmission frequency may contain in particular the direction of drilling information and the drilling parameters.
  • the present invention relates to a method for transmitting information generated by detection and / or measurement means placed in a well.
  • the transmission is carried out on the one hand by cable, and on the other hand by mud wave or by electromagnetic wave, simultaneously or successively. Transmission may be carried out without removing the detection and / or measurement means from the well. Cable transmission may be performed intermittently. Transmission can be carried out during drilling.
  • the cable transmission can be carried out when it is not necessary to turn the drill string .
  • transmission by mud waves or by electromagnetic waves can be carried out at least during drilling periods when cable transmission is not used, or permanently.
  • the cable may be used to transmit information in real time, that is to say, as it is acquired.
  • the present invention also relates to a device for transmitting information generated by detection and / or measurement means placed in a well.
  • this device comprises transmission means comprising a cable and means of transmission by mud waves or by electromagnetic waves.
  • This device may include means for remote connection of said cable with the detection and / or measurement means.
  • the cable transmission means may include means for storing information.
  • the detection and / or measurement means may be placed in a drill string substantially in the vicinity of the lower end of this drill string.
  • the lower end of the drill string may include a drilling tool possibly driven by a downhole motor.
  • the device may include means for controlling the channels actually transmitted.
  • the control means may be adapted to receive the instruction relating to the channels to be transmitted from the transmission means comprising the cable.
  • the device according to the invention may include a connector with side entry.
  • the cable mentioned above may be an electrical or optical cable.
  • FIG. 1 represents the downhole equipment according to the invention, in the case of drilling carried out by means of a downhole motor.
  • the reference 1 designates the drilling tool which is rotated by a downhole motor 2.
  • References 1A, 1B, ... 1N relate to elements of the drill string which include measurement probes.
  • the reference 3 designates an element comprising a multiplexer-selector which is connected to the element 4, which is a generator of mud waves, as well as to the electrical connector 5.
  • the reference 6 designates an element making it possible to modify the trajectory of the borehole.
  • This element can be an elbow fitting, for example of the type described in patent US 4,286,676, US 4,374,547 or FR 2,581,698.
  • This connection can be placed just above the tool or preferably just after the engine, or even be inserted among the measuring elements 1A, 1B, ... 1N.
  • the downhole motor is driven by a circulation of working fluid coming from the surface.
  • the different elements (measuring elements, multiplexer-selector, generator of mud waves) will allow the circulation of working fluid.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the operation of the set of elements indicated above.
  • the references 8A, 8B, ... 8N designate the measurement probes for parameters A, B, C, D, ... N.
  • Lines 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, ... 9N transmit the generally electrical measurement signals, coming respectively from the probes 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, ... 8N to the multiplexer-selector device 10.
  • This device processes the signals received and transmits some of this information to the mud wave generator 11 by one or more transmission lines: 12.
  • This member also transmits signals to the connector 13 by an electrical connection 14.
  • the system according to the present invention may include a means for storing information, possibly in digital form.
  • the information storage means are connected by one or more lines for transmitting the information flow 16. This line is two-way, so as to allow the memories to be filled and read.
  • the multiplexer-selector unit may include control means which can be controlled or programmed from the connector 13.
  • this connector can be used for the transmission of information in both directions: information going to the surface and control information coming from the surface.
  • the multiplexer unit can receive the selection of measure whose information should be transmitted by the mud wave generator.
  • Figures 3 to 8 show an example of intervention performed according to the present invention.
  • the reference 17 designates the surface of the ground, from which a well 18 is drilled.
  • the reference 19 designates the drilling tool driven by the downhole motor 20 which is surmounted by an assembly 21 comprising an elbow fitting, measurement probes, a multiplexer-selector member, a mud wave generator and a Cet connector. set 21 corresponds to that shown in FIG. 1.
  • This assembly is fixed to the end of a drill string 22.
  • the mud wave generator transmits information to the surface from a limited number of probes.
  • information concerning the drilling parameters such as torque, weight, pressure and temperature, direction of drilling.
  • the number of pieces of information transmitted and their rate of transmission are limited by the performance achieved by systems using mud waves.
  • the information thus transmitted by the mud waves allows drilling control.
  • the entire drill string can be rotated from the surface and thus drive the drilling tool 19 to drill the well. Furthermore, being able to rotate the drill string avoids the risk of the drill string jamming.
  • the mud generator will advantageously be able to transmit additional information concerning in particular either the detection of an abnormal event, or the detection of a modification of the geological formation drilled.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the phase of drilling corresponding to the penetration of the drilling tool into a new formation 24.
  • the mud wave generator transmits, among the information that it conveys to the surface, that according to which it has detected a new formation 24.
  • the descent of the connector can be done entirely by pumping until the connection, or by gravity, then by pumping.
  • the cable 26 can pass from the outside of the drill string to the interior thereof by means of a side entry sub-connector 27 ("side entry sub" in English) which may be of a known type.
  • the operator can request their reading, at least if information has been stored there and if it interests the operator.
  • the parameters measured and transmitted can be those produced by acoustic probes, pulsed neutron probes, specific probes for measuring resistivity, etc.
  • the operator can decide whether or not to stop the mud wave generator during this phase of drilling, because obviously the information transmitted by the mud wave generator can also be transmitted by cable.
  • the information obtained thanks to the transmission of the signals by the cable 26 allows a good knowledge of the new formation 24 and makes it possible to know whether it is a formation producing hydrocarbons or not.
  • the operator will be able to decide on the trajectory to be given to drilling. He can also know the characteristics he will have to give to the production casing he will upgrade this training.
  • the construction of such casing can be undertaken with a sufficient time for completion, since the drilling must still continue, whereas according to the techniques of the prior art this time is very short, since it corresponds only to the time of realization of deferred logs.
  • the cable 26 can be removed.
  • the drill string is partially raised until the side entry fitting 27 is at the level of the surface 17 to be removed there, as well as the cable.
  • the operator Before the cable removal operation, the operator can transmit via this same cable, the control signals to the multiplexer-selector, so as to choose the channels to be transmitted by the mud wave generator and possibly put it into operation.
  • drilling can resume, as illustrated in FIG. 8, that is to say with the additional addition of elements from the drill string and in the absence of cable.
  • the decision to remove the cable 26 can also be motivated by the risks of jamming of the drill string which imposes the need to rotate the drill string.
  • the male connector 5 is equipped with a protective sleeve 30 for the electrical contacts 31.
  • the sleeve 30 is held at the level of the electrical contacts 31 by means of the spring 32.
  • the sleeve 30 is retracted at the base of the male connector 30.
  • the present invention can also be applied in the case of drilling in the absence of a downhole motor.
  • the operator will then be able to continue drilling of a sufficient length to carry out logs and to lower the cable fitted with its connector to carry out the measurements by reassembling the drill string.
  • the operator will be able to control the generator of mud waves and possibly means for storing information.
  • the cable equipped with a connector can be lowered to cooperate with the assembly 21 and read the content of information storage means.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Communication Cables (AREA)
EP89400472A 1988-02-22 1989-02-21 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Übertragen von Information per Kabel und per Spülungsdruckwellen Expired - Lifetime EP0330558B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8802095 1988-02-22
FR8802095A FR2627649B1 (fr) 1988-02-22 1988-02-22 Methode et dispositif de transmission de l'information par cable et par ondes de boue

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0330558A1 true EP0330558A1 (de) 1989-08-30
EP0330558B1 EP0330558B1 (de) 1991-11-13

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EP89400472A Expired - Lifetime EP0330558B1 (de) 1988-02-22 1989-02-21 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Übertragen von Information per Kabel und per Spülungsdruckwellen

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4945761A (de)
EP (1) EP0330558B1 (de)
CA (1) CA1304073C (de)
DE (1) DE68900423D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2627649B1 (de)
NO (1) NO171574C (de)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1990014497A3 (de) * 1989-05-23 1991-01-10 Eastman Christensen Gmbh Verfahren und vorrichtung zur übertragung von informations- und/oder steuersignalen in einem bohrstrang
WO1993005271A1 (de) * 1991-09-06 1993-03-18 Ruhrkohle Aktiengesellschaft Vermessungsverfahren für seilkernbohrungen und vorrichtung zur durchführung
EP0558379A1 (de) * 1992-02-27 1993-09-01 Institut Francais Du Petrole System und Verfahren zur physikalischer Daten-Sammlung während des Bohrens
RU2193656C1 (ru) * 2001-05-28 2002-11-27 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственная фирма "Самарские Горизонты" Забойная телеметрическая система для работы в экранирующих пластах с высокой проводимостью
RU2194161C2 (ru) * 2000-12-01 2002-12-10 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственная фирма "Самарские Горизонты" Телеметрическая система контроля забойных параметров
RU2200835C2 (ru) * 2001-05-28 2003-03-20 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственная фирма "Самарские Горизонты" Забойная телеметрическая система
RU2218464C2 (ru) * 2001-10-18 2003-12-10 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственная фирма "Самарские Горизонты" Аппаратура проверки работоспособности телеметрической системы
RU2219336C2 (ru) * 2001-02-19 2003-12-20 ООО КБ "Тополь" Телеметрическая система контроля забойных параметров
RU2333356C2 (ru) * 2006-09-13 2008-09-10 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственное предприятие "Самарские Горизонты" Способ изготовления электрического разделителя буровой колонны

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US5477923A (en) * 1992-08-07 1995-12-26 Baker Hughes Incorporated Wellbore completion using measurement-while-drilling techniques
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US6388577B1 (en) 1997-04-07 2002-05-14 Kenneth J. Carstensen High impact communication and control system
US6308562B1 (en) * 1999-12-22 2001-10-30 W-H Energy Systems, Inc. Technique for signal detection using adaptive filtering in mud pulse telemetry
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US7163065B2 (en) * 2002-12-06 2007-01-16 Shell Oil Company Combined telemetry system and method
US7775966B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2010-08-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Non-invasive pressure measurement in a fluid adjustable restrictive device
US7658196B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2010-02-09 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System and method for determining implanted device orientation
US7775215B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2010-08-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System and method for determining implanted device positioning and obtaining pressure data
US7927270B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2011-04-19 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. External mechanical pressure sensor for gastric band pressure measurements
US8016744B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2011-09-13 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. External pressure-based gastric band adjustment system and method
US7699770B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2010-04-20 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Device for non-invasive measurement of fluid pressure in an adjustable restriction device
US8066629B2 (en) 2005-02-24 2011-11-29 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Apparatus for adjustment and sensing of gastric band pressure
US8629782B2 (en) * 2006-05-10 2014-01-14 Schlumberger Technology Corporation System and method for using dual telemetry
US20070017671A1 (en) * 2005-07-05 2007-01-25 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Wellbore telemetry system and method
US8004421B2 (en) * 2006-05-10 2011-08-23 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Wellbore telemetry and noise cancellation systems and method for the same
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US8870742B2 (en) 2006-04-06 2014-10-28 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. GUI for an implantable restriction device and a data logger
CA2544457C (en) 2006-04-21 2009-07-07 Mostar Directional Technologies Inc. System and method for downhole telemetry
US8187163B2 (en) 2007-12-10 2012-05-29 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Methods for implanting a gastric restriction device
US8100870B2 (en) 2007-12-14 2012-01-24 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Adjustable height gastric restriction devices and methods
US8377079B2 (en) 2007-12-27 2013-02-19 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Constant force mechanisms for regulating restriction devices
US8142452B2 (en) 2007-12-27 2012-03-27 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Controlling pressure in adjustable restriction devices
US8337389B2 (en) 2008-01-28 2012-12-25 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Methods and devices for diagnosing performance of a gastric restriction system
US8192350B2 (en) 2008-01-28 2012-06-05 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Methods and devices for measuring impedance in a gastric restriction system
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US7844342B2 (en) 2008-02-07 2010-11-30 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Powering implantable restriction systems using light
US8221439B2 (en) 2008-02-07 2012-07-17 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Powering implantable restriction systems using kinetic motion
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US8591532B2 (en) 2008-02-12 2013-11-26 Ethicon Endo-Sugery, Inc. Automatically adjusting band system
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US8233995B2 (en) 2008-03-06 2012-07-31 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. System and method of aligning an implantable antenna
US8187162B2 (en) 2008-03-06 2012-05-29 Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. Reorientation port
EP3561222B1 (de) 2013-02-25 2022-07-20 Evolution Engineering Inc. Integriertes bohrlochsystem mit mehreren telemetrieuntersystemen
US9291049B2 (en) 2013-02-25 2016-03-22 Evolution Engineering Inc. Downhole electromagnetic and mud pulse telemetry apparatus
US9732608B2 (en) 2013-02-25 2017-08-15 Evolution Engineering Inc. Downhole telemetry

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FR1603406A (en) * 1968-05-15 1971-04-19 Transmitting measurements in boreholes as pressure pulses
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GB1557863A (en) * 1976-06-22 1979-12-12 Shell Int Research Method and means for transmitting information through a pipe string situated in a borehole oe well
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FR2581698A1 (fr) * 1985-05-07 1986-11-14 Inst Francais Du Petrole Ensemble permettant d'effectuer des forages orientes

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FR1602653A (en) * 1968-05-15 1971-01-11 Transmitting device for the drilling charact - eristics at the bottom of a borehole
FR1603406A (en) * 1968-05-15 1971-04-19 Transmitting measurements in boreholes as pressure pulses
FR1603706A (en) * 1968-05-15 1971-05-24 Transmitting measurements from bottom ofa borehole
GB1557863A (en) * 1976-06-22 1979-12-12 Shell Int Research Method and means for transmitting information through a pipe string situated in a borehole oe well
US4286676A (en) * 1978-07-24 1981-09-01 Institut Francais Du Petrole Crank connector for directional drilling
AU534227B2 (en) * 1980-01-21 1984-01-12 Exploration Logging Inc. Transmitting well logging data
US4349072A (en) * 1980-10-06 1982-09-14 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method and apparatus for conducting logging or perforating operations in a borehole
FR2581698A1 (fr) * 1985-05-07 1986-11-14 Inst Francais Du Petrole Ensemble permettant d'effectuer des forages orientes

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1990014497A3 (de) * 1989-05-23 1991-01-10 Eastman Christensen Gmbh Verfahren und vorrichtung zur übertragung von informations- und/oder steuersignalen in einem bohrstrang
WO1993005271A1 (de) * 1991-09-06 1993-03-18 Ruhrkohle Aktiengesellschaft Vermessungsverfahren für seilkernbohrungen und vorrichtung zur durchführung
US5560437A (en) * 1991-09-06 1996-10-01 Bergwerksverband Gmbh Telemetry method for cable-drilled boreholes and method for carrying it out
EP0558379A1 (de) * 1992-02-27 1993-09-01 Institut Francais Du Petrole System und Verfahren zur physikalischer Daten-Sammlung während des Bohrens
FR2688026A1 (fr) * 1992-02-27 1993-09-03 Inst Francais Du Petrole Systeme et methode d'acquisition de donnees physiques liees a un forage en cours.
RU2194161C2 (ru) * 2000-12-01 2002-12-10 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственная фирма "Самарские Горизонты" Телеметрическая система контроля забойных параметров
RU2219336C2 (ru) * 2001-02-19 2003-12-20 ООО КБ "Тополь" Телеметрическая система контроля забойных параметров
RU2193656C1 (ru) * 2001-05-28 2002-11-27 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственная фирма "Самарские Горизонты" Забойная телеметрическая система для работы в экранирующих пластах с высокой проводимостью
RU2200835C2 (ru) * 2001-05-28 2003-03-20 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственная фирма "Самарские Горизонты" Забойная телеметрическая система
RU2218464C2 (ru) * 2001-10-18 2003-12-10 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственная фирма "Самарские Горизонты" Аппаратура проверки работоспособности телеметрической системы
RU2333356C2 (ru) * 2006-09-13 2008-09-10 Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-производственное предприятие "Самарские Горизонты" Способ изготовления электрического разделителя буровой колонны

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US4945761A (en) 1990-08-07
NO171574C (no) 1993-03-31
NO890709D0 (no) 1989-02-20
NO171574B (no) 1992-12-21
FR2627649B1 (fr) 1990-10-26
EP0330558B1 (de) 1991-11-13
DE68900423D1 (de) 1991-12-19
NO890709L (no) 1989-08-23
FR2627649A1 (fr) 1989-08-25
CA1304073C (fr) 1992-06-23

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