EP0332185A2 - Flasques moulées pour noyau d'enroulement - Google Patents

Flasques moulées pour noyau d'enroulement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0332185A2
EP0332185A2 EP89104177A EP89104177A EP0332185A2 EP 0332185 A2 EP0332185 A2 EP 0332185A2 EP 89104177 A EP89104177 A EP 89104177A EP 89104177 A EP89104177 A EP 89104177A EP 0332185 A2 EP0332185 A2 EP 0332185A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wall
end wall
central
cams
stacking
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89104177A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0332185A3 (en
EP0332185B1 (fr
Inventor
Aktiengesellschaft Hoechst
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hoechst AG
Original Assignee
Hoechst AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hoechst AG filed Critical Hoechst AG
Priority to AT89104177T priority Critical patent/ATE90641T1/de
Publication of EP0332185A2 publication Critical patent/EP0332185A2/fr
Publication of EP0332185A3 publication Critical patent/EP0332185A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0332185B1 publication Critical patent/EP0332185B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D59/00Plugs, sleeves, caps, or like rigid or semi-rigid elements for protecting parts of articles or for bundling articles, e.g. protectors for screw-threads, end caps for tubes or for bundling rod-shaped articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D85/00Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
    • B65D85/67Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for web or tape-like material
    • B65D85/671Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for web or tape-like material wound in flat spiral form
    • B65D85/672Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for web or tape-like material wound in flat spiral form on cores
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D11/00Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, components made wholly or mainly of plastics material
    • B65D11/20Details of walls made of plastics material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D21/00Nestable, stackable or joinable containers; Containers of variable capacity
    • B65D21/02Containers specially shaped, or provided with fittings or attachments, to facilitate nesting, stacking, or joining together
    • B65D21/0201Containers specially shaped, or provided with fittings or attachments, to facilitate nesting, stacking, or joining together stackable or joined together side-by-side
    • B65D21/0202Containers specially shaped, or provided with fittings or attachments, to facilitate nesting, stacking, or joining together stackable or joined together side-by-side and loosely interengaged by integral complementary shapes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D21/00Nestable, stackable or joinable containers; Containers of variable capacity
    • B65D21/02Containers specially shaped, or provided with fittings or attachments, to facilitate nesting, stacking, or joining together
    • B65D21/0209Containers specially shaped, or provided with fittings or attachments, to facilitate nesting, stacking, or joining together stackable or joined together one-upon-the-other in the upright or upside-down position
    • B65D21/0212Containers presenting local stacking elements protruding from the upper or lower edge of a side wall, e.g. handles, lugs, ribs, grooves

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an end wall made of moldable material for a winding roll, with a rectangular, in particular square, rounded corner surfaces having plate, the front of the winding roll facing forms a smooth, flat surface and the outside facing away from the winding roll stiffened by radial and annular ribs is, with a central insertion pin and locking cams on the front of the plate.
  • the remaining packaging is generally constructed in such a way that additional parts for central fixing of the winding roll are inserted into a box made of wood or corrugated cardboard.
  • additional parts include wooden boards with attached hubs, perforated discs made of plywood, hardboard, gray cardboard with inserted centering bushes made of sheet metal or plastic or partially ribbed molded parts made of plastic with molded mounting pins from one piece.
  • the known end wall described at the outset has the disadvantage that, although it can be stacked on top of one another with horizontally oriented end walls, which allows space-saving storage of the end walls, the vertically oriented end walls with their side walls are not stacked side by side or one above the other and with one another can be engaged or mutually locked. This means that, by means of the end walls, packaged winding rolls cannot easily be stacked on top of one another, since the stability of such a stacking cannot be guaranteed. If large-format, one-piece end walls with dimensions from 600x600 mm are manufactured, the tool costs for injection molding machines increase disproportionately compared to small-format end walls.
  • a one-piece end wall made of plastic which consists of a square, preferably square, stiffened with radial webs flat plate.
  • an insertion pin for the winding material roll which is equipped with holding prisms, for example.
  • the plate is surrounded by a strap envelops, on the outside of which small prism-shaped strips are arranged.
  • the belt encloses four cup-shaped depressions which protrude into the free cavity between the winding material and the packaging jacket and which are open near the outer end face and has a circumferential stop bar which is provided with teeth.
  • the object of the invention is to produce large-format end walls from dimensions of 600x600 mm at low cost and to be able to manufacture an extensive range of sizes of end walls with injection molding tools for smaller formats.
  • the end wall is composed of several parts, such as a central wall body and a plurality of outer wall parts, which abut the peripheral surface of the central wall body.
  • the central wall body is circular and along its circumference Area bordered by four outer wall parts and is inseparably connected to these with connectors.
  • the central wall body expediently has a central, hollow cylindrical insertion pin which is connected via a shoulder to a central cylindrical through opening on the back of the plate, and the diameter of the through opening is larger than the outside diameter of the insertion pin.
  • V-shaped webs run on the outer surface of the insertion pin parallel to the longitudinal axis of the insertion pin and have a V cross section that becomes smaller towards the front of the plate.
  • each outer wall part has a rounded corner surface and a cylindrical locking cam which is integrated with the corner surface and has the same radius as the rounded corner surface, the corner surface lies diagonally opposite a projecting, quarter-circular abutting surface which adjoins the central wall body and has the same radius like the central wall body, and from the two corner edges of the quarter-circular abutting surface, there is a flat abutting surface that abuts the adjacent outer wall part, the two flat abutting surfaces being perpendicular to one another and each abutting surface forming a right angle with an adjacent side wall of the outer wall part.
  • the multi-part end wall according to the invention is used above all for end wall sizes from 600x600 mm.
  • the advantage of the multi-part end wall is that a central wall body, which acts as a basic body, can be assembled with four outer wall parts in different sizes and thus this combination option can save considerable costs for injection molding tools.
  • the cost of producing the individual parts and the assembly of these individual parts to form the finished end wall is far less than the cost of producing the end wall from one piece, since the low unit weights of the individual parts mean that small and inexpensive injection molding machines can be used and that on the Tool costs to be moved around end walls are considerably lower than the costs for tools which make it possible to manufacture a front wall of the same dimension in one piece.
  • a complete winding roll 32 is shown schematically, which is wound on a winding tube 33.
  • the end faces of the winding roll 32 are delimited by end walls 1 of a first embodiment, each of which has a central insertion pin 4 which is inserted into the winding tube 33.
  • the end wall 1 consists of a composite rectangular, in particular square plate 40, at the four corners of which locking cams 6 are arranged which merge into cam lugs 16.
  • the four side walls 39 of the composite plate 40 of the end wall 1 are smooth.
  • the assembled plate 40 consists of a central wall body 2 and a plurality of outer wall parts 3 which abut the peripheral surface of the central wall body 2.
  • the central wall body 3 is circular and is bordered along its circumferential surface by the four outer wall parts 3.
  • the central wall body 2 and the four outer wall parts 3 are permanently connected to one another by connecting pieces 7.
  • the central wall body 2 carries the centrally arranged hollow cylindrical insertion pin 4, which is connected via a shoulder 34 to a central cylindrical through opening 13 (see FIG. 3) on the rear side of the plate 40.
  • the diameter of the through opening 13 is larger than the outer diameter of the insertion pin 4.
  • Any outside Wall part 3 has a rounded corner surface 12, with which a cylindrical locking cam 6 is integrated, which has the same radius as the rounded corner surface 12.
  • the corner surface 12 is diagonally opposite a projecting, quarter-circular abutting surface 20, which adjoins the central wall body 2.
  • This protruding abutting surface 20 has the same radius as the central wall body 2.
  • a flat abutting surface 19 extends from the two corner edges of the quarter-circular abutting surface 20, which abuts the adjacent outer wall part.
  • the two flat abutting surfaces 19 run at right angles to one another, and each of the two abutting surfaces 19 encloses a right angle with an adjacent side wall 39 of the outer wall part 3.
  • this means that an outer wall part 3 is delimited by a rounded corner surface 12, two side walls 39, two abutting surfaces 19 and a projecting, four-part circular abutting surface 20.
  • the cylindrical cam lugs 16 are offset from the locking cams 6 by a shoulder.
  • the smooth or flat front side of the plate 40 which faces the winding roller, protects the front side of the winding roller against damage, particularly during transport.
  • V-shaped webs 5 On the outer surface of the insertion pin 4 run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the insertion pin V-shaped webs 5, which are smaller towards the front of the plate 40 will have a V cross-section.
  • the insertion pin 4 is pressed into the bore of the winding tube (see FIG. 1).
  • the V-shaped webs 5 on the insertion pin 4 ensure a better hold of the insertion pin in the winding sleeve 33 and the same dimensional tolerances of the winding sleeve on the one hand and the insertion pin on the other.
  • the diameter of the hollow cylindrical insertion pin 4 is adapted to the diameter of the respective bore of the winding tube 33.
  • each outer wall part 3 has a recess 15 on the rear side along the projecting, quarter-circular butting surface 20 and the two butting surfaces 19, which is also dovetail-shaped.
  • the opposite recesses 14 and 15 of the Zen tralwand stresses 2 and the outer wall parts 3 complement each other to a double dovetail.
  • FIG. 1 A perspective view of the front of a further embodiment of the end wall 1 according to the invention is shown in FIG.
  • This end wall 1 differs from the embodiment according to FIG. 2 in that the side walls 39 are not smooth, but rather are equipped with stacking cams 21 and 22.
  • the stacking cams 21 and 22 limit stacking pockets 23, 24, which are designed to be complementary to the stacking cams.
  • the stacking cams 21 are shorter than the stacking cams 22.
  • the basic body of the two groups of stacks cams 21, 22 are each cuboid, one side surface 25 or 26 of the stacking cam 21 or 22 being chamfered and inclined towards the side wall 39.
  • One stacking cam 21 is arranged near the corner surface 12 and the abutting surface 19 of the side wall 39, the one stacking cam 21 being formed rotated by 180 ° with respect to the other stacking cam 21.
  • the two other stacking cams 22 of a side wall 39 are also rotated through 180 ° to one another and offset diagonally to one another, as will be described in more detail below.
  • One stack cam 21 and 22 is aligned, for example, with the lower edge of the side wall 39, while the stack cams 22 and 21 rotated by 180 ° are aligned with the upper edge of the side wall 39.
  • the group of longer stacking cams 22 also has inclined surfaces 27, 28 in addition to the beveled side surface 26.
  • one end face of the stacking cams 22 is tapered in a wedge shape, while the end face 30 of the respective stacking cam 22 opposite these inclined surfaces 27, 28 extends perpendicular to the side wall 39.
  • the group of the shorter stacking cams 21 has two end faces 29 perpendicular to the side wall 39 for each stacking cam.
  • the end faces 29, 30 of the stacking cams 21 and 22 which are at a distance from one another each form the boundary walls de for a guide groove 41, which receives a strapping band 31 (indicated schematically in FIG. 4) of the winding roll 32.
  • the two end walls 1 of a winding roll are firmly connected to the winding roll by strapping with strapping strips 31 made of plastic or metal.
  • the exact distance of the guide grooves 41 from one another is chosen so that the strapping can be attached by a tandem strapping system. If necessary, the end wall edges can be reinforced at the strapping points and the guide grooves can be given the appropriate strength by an opposite end wall rib.
  • each outer wall part 3 is for each side wall 39 two stacking cams 21 and two stacking cams 22 are provided. This number of stacking cams is sufficient, for example, for dimensions of 600x600 mm of the end wall 1, but it is obvious that with larger dimensions of the end wall, correspondingly more stacking cams 21 and 22 per side wall 39 of the individual outer wall part must be present.
  • the number of guide grooves 42 will then also be greater than four.
  • the cam lugs 16 of the locking cams 6 of one end wall engage in the recesses 17 on the rear side of the plate 40 of the end wall above.
  • the insertion pin 4 engages in the through opening 13, which results in the possibility of stacking and palletizing the end walls in a space-saving manner.
  • the recesses 17 are enclosed by round webs 18 and the corner surfaces 12 and connect to the hollow cylindrical locking cams 6 on the back.
  • the end walls 1 can be stacked side by side as well as one above the other. Since the stacking pockets 23, 24, as mentioned above, are designed to be complementary to the stacking cams 21, 22, the stacking cams 21, 22 and the stacking pockets 23, 24 can be stacked or stacked side by side and / or stacked vertically one above the other on the vertically aligned end walls 1 a side wall 39 of an end wall can be joined seamlessly with the complementary stacking pockets 23, 24 and the complementary stacking cams 21, 22 of each of the four side walls 39 of the further end walls 1.
  • the stacking cams or stacking pockets thus engage other that a movement along or across the side wall 39 is not possible.
  • the bevelled side surfaces of the stacking cams and the stacking pockets allow the winding rolls packed with these end walls to be stacked and destacked without any problems. Mutual locking of the complete winding rolls stacked on one another or next to one another and packed by the end walls is achieved.
  • the end walls are made, for example, from thermoplastic materials by injection molding. Regenerates and recycling materials can be used.
  • the stacking cams like the webs and ribs, are molded in the same injection molding process.
  • the single, vertically aligned end wall can easily be on roller conveyors with egg Nem roller spacing of 60 to 80 mm can be transported, since the stacking cams 21 and 22 of the individual side wall 39 lie with their cover surfaces in the same plane and are also spaced apart by a maximum of 20 mm.
  • FIG. 5 The enlarged detailed view in plan view of the rear of a connection point between the central wall body 2 and an outer wall part 3 shows in FIG. 5 a recess 14 in the abutting surface 20 of the central wall body 2.
  • This recess 14 has the shape of a dovetail.
  • a recess 15 in the abutting surface 20 of the outer wall part 3 adjoins this recess 14.
  • This recess 15 also has the shape of a dovetail, so that the adjacent recesses 14 and 15 have the outline of a double dovetail.
  • the connector 7 is reinforced by inner webs 36, 37 between its peripheral walls.
  • Fig. 7 shows in detail a sectional view of a connection point along the abutting surfaces of two adjacent outer wall parts.
  • the cams 8 of the connecting piece 7 are locked in the openings 35.
  • the connecting piece 7, which has the shape of a double dovetail, is open on one side and has an E-like cross section.
  • the connector 7 can also have a different shape than that of a double dovetail. It is then only necessary that the cutouts 14 and 15 in the individual parts of the composite plate 40 are designed to be complementary to the outer contour of the connecting piece 7.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Storage Of Web-Like Or Filamentary Materials (AREA)
  • Packaging Of Machine Parts And Wound Products (AREA)
  • Buffer Packaging (AREA)
  • Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Supports For Plants (AREA)
EP89104177A 1988-03-11 1989-03-09 Flasques moulées pour noyau d'enroulement Expired - Lifetime EP0332185B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89104177T ATE90641T1 (de) 1988-03-11 1989-03-09 Stirnwand aus formbarem material fuer eine wickelrolle.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3808065 1988-03-11
DE3808065A DE3808065A1 (de) 1988-03-11 1988-03-11 Stirnwand aus formbarem material fuer eine wickelrolle

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0332185A2 true EP0332185A2 (fr) 1989-09-13
EP0332185A3 EP0332185A3 (en) 1990-03-28
EP0332185B1 EP0332185B1 (fr) 1993-06-16

Family

ID=6349437

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89104177A Expired - Lifetime EP0332185B1 (fr) 1988-03-11 1989-03-09 Flasques moulées pour noyau d'enroulement

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US4877133A (fr)
EP (1) EP0332185B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2801248B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR0139920B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE90641T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3808065A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA891803B (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5086919A (en) * 1989-10-27 1992-02-11 Basf Magnetics Gmbh Multiple packaging for magnetic tapes wound on cores
EP0753469A3 (fr) * 1995-07-08 1997-07-02 Hoechst Ag Flasque moulé
CN108928572A (zh) * 2018-09-14 2018-12-04 东莞市美盈森环保科技有限公司 一种马桶的包装结构

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US6315122B1 (en) 1997-05-29 2001-11-13 Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Llc Palletless packaging system
US6682013B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2004-01-27 Kimberly Clark Worldwide, Inc. Container for wet wipes
US6626395B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2003-09-30 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Dispenser for premoistened wipes
US6785946B2 (en) 1999-04-30 2004-09-07 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. System and method for refilling a dispenser
US6279865B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2001-08-28 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Mounting device
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US6273359B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2001-08-14 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Dispensing system and method for premoistened wipes
US6702225B2 (en) 1999-04-30 2004-03-09 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Dispenser and tray for premoistened wipes
US7188799B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2007-03-13 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Dispensing system for wipes
US6705565B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2004-03-16 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. System and dispenser for dispensing wet wipes
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CA2400832A1 (fr) 2000-04-10 2001-10-18 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Systeme de distribution de lingettes
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USD462215S1 (en) 2000-09-12 2002-09-03 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Dispenser
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US6568625B2 (en) 2001-07-27 2003-05-27 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Wet wipes dispenser and mounting system
US7354598B2 (en) 2002-12-20 2008-04-08 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Packaging two different substrates
US20040251292A1 (en) * 2003-06-13 2004-12-16 Grebonval Loic Henri Raymond Package containing two different substrates
US7293738B2 (en) 2003-11-26 2007-11-13 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Freestanding dispenser for dispensing two different substrates
US6994291B2 (en) * 2003-12-22 2006-02-07 Exxonmobil Oil Corporation End-board for a core-wound roll product packaging system
DE102006007332A1 (de) * 2006-02-16 2007-08-30 Schoeller Arca Systems Services Gmbh Mehrfach verwendbare Transporteinheit für Folienrollen und dergleichen
US8136692B2 (en) * 2007-06-22 2012-03-20 Ridgid Paper Tube Corporation Anti-roll stabilizer for cylindrical containers
US20100261592A1 (en) * 2008-07-24 2010-10-14 Kuo-Chang Wu Tube Plug
ES1074426Y (es) * 2011-01-25 2011-07-29 Bujanda Angel Arbizu Dispositivo portacables
CN103848112A (zh) * 2012-12-03 2014-06-11 江苏东方汽车装饰件总厂 端子盘支架
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US9963320B2 (en) 2015-11-23 2018-05-08 Sonoco Development, Inc. Self-adjusting mounting plate for wound roll
WO2021177487A1 (fr) * 2020-03-05 2021-09-10 유명일 Support de film en rouleau

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5086919A (en) * 1989-10-27 1992-02-11 Basf Magnetics Gmbh Multiple packaging for magnetic tapes wound on cores
EP0753469A3 (fr) * 1995-07-08 1997-07-02 Hoechst Ag Flasque moulé
CN108928572A (zh) * 2018-09-14 2018-12-04 东莞市美盈森环保科技有限公司 一种马桶的包装结构

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR890014954A (ko) 1989-10-25
US4877133A (en) 1989-10-31
EP0332185A3 (en) 1990-03-28
DE58904675D1 (de) 1993-07-22
JP2801248B2 (ja) 1998-09-21
DE3808065A1 (de) 1989-09-21
EP0332185B1 (fr) 1993-06-16
ZA891803B (en) 1989-10-25
ATE90641T1 (de) 1993-07-15
JPH01294457A (ja) 1989-11-28
KR0139920B1 (ko) 1998-07-01

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