EP0629059A1 - Digitales Spreizspektrumübertragungssystem mit Niederfrequenz-Pseudozufallkodierung von Nutzinformation und Verfahren zur Spektrumsspreizung und Spektrumskomprimierung zur Verwendung in einem solchen System - Google Patents

Digitales Spreizspektrumübertragungssystem mit Niederfrequenz-Pseudozufallkodierung von Nutzinformation und Verfahren zur Spektrumsspreizung und Spektrumskomprimierung zur Verwendung in einem solchen System Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0629059A1
EP0629059A1 EP94401282A EP94401282A EP0629059A1 EP 0629059 A1 EP0629059 A1 EP 0629059A1 EP 94401282 A EP94401282 A EP 94401282A EP 94401282 A EP94401282 A EP 94401282A EP 0629059 A1 EP0629059 A1 EP 0629059A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
phase
integer
sequences
transmitter
receiver
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Granted
Application number
EP94401282A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0629059B1 (de
Inventor
Philippe Sehier
Dominique Deprey
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Alcatel Lucent SAS
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Alcatel Telspace SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K1/00—Secret communication
    • H04K1/02—Secret communication by adding a second signal to make the desired signal unintelligible

Definitions

  • the field of the invention is that of digital signal transmission modems and in particular that of spread spectrum modems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a spread spectrum transmission system between a transmitter and a receiver of digital signals in which the spread spectrum is obtained by pseudo-random coding of the useful information to be transmitted.
  • the invention is particularly applicable in wireless telecommunications in the military field.
  • ECCM Electronic Counter-CounterMeasures
  • code or sequence of spreading coming from a pseudo generator - random whose frequency of the clock signal is much greater than the maximum frequency of the useful signal.
  • code or sequence of spreading coming from a pseudo generator - random whose frequency of the clock signal is much greater than the maximum frequency of the useful signal. The number of useful information bits transmitted per Hz is therefore very low.
  • FIG. 1 represents a timing diagram making it possible to understand the principle of spectrum spreading by a spreading sequence.
  • a useful signal SAT to be transmitted here coded on two levels +1 and -1 following an NRZ coding, is multiplied by a cyclic spreading sequence SE, also coded on two levels.
  • the signal resulting from the multiplication is the ST signal transmitted from the transmitter to a receiver after modulation.
  • the transmission medium for the modulated ST signal is generally constituted by a radio link.
  • the multiplication of the received signal ST with the same spreading sequence SE (same phase and same frequency) makes it possible to reconstitute the useful signal SAT.
  • Direct sequence spread spectrum transmission is usually used to give the transmitted signal better discretion, resistance to ECM (Electronic CounterMeasures) and resistance to selective fading.
  • ECM Electronic CounterMeasures
  • the spread between the chip time and the bit time is defined by spreading gain, the chip time corresponding to the duration of a bit of the spreading sequence and the bit time to that of the useful signal.
  • This spreading gain the more the transmitted signal is able to be transmitted discreetly and therefore to resist the ECM devices intended to detect it and, possibly, to jam it.
  • An essential step of the ECM analysis consists in determining the spreading hazard of the signal picked up because this step makes it possible to penetrate the information content of the signal picked up, that is to say to reconstruct the useful signal.
  • the main drawback of spread spectrum by direct sequence is that the generator of the direct sequence must operate at the chip transmission frequency, ie at a frequency of the order of several MHz. It is therefore necessary to install this generator in an ASIC, which increases the hardware complexity and the cost of hardware development.
  • the object of the present invention is in particular to overcome this drawback.
  • one of the objectives of the invention is to provide a system for transmitting a digital signal, where spectrum spreading is implemented, this system not requiring a hazard generator operating at the chip frequency. It is therefore simpler to produce and less costly, while allowing significant spreading of the spectrum of the useful signal intended to resist ECM devices.
  • Another objective of the invention is to provide such a system where spectrum spreading is carried out from orthogonal sequences, for example using sequences of M-sequence type (also called sequences of maximum length or of Hadamard ), well known in the field of digital signal transmission.
  • sequences of M-sequence type also called sequences of maximum length or of Hadamard
  • An additional objective is to provide a method for transmitting digital spread spectrum signals in which the spread is carried out at the bit frequency and not at the chip frequency.
  • the M sequences of q integers are preferably made up of Hadamard sequences.
  • the digital signal to be transmitted SN is applied, here via a serial access, to coding means 21 which supply, for each block of k bits of the signal SN, a coded sample E c taking an integer value included in the set ⁇ 0, ..., N-1 ⁇ , each integer value being representative of the k bits of the corresponding block.
  • the coding means 21 can for example be constituted by a simple binary-decimal converter and the bit rate leaving the coding means is then k times lower than the bit rate entering.
  • the coding means 21 can optionally also perform an interleaving of the bits of the signal SN.
  • the coded samples E c are applied to means 22 for combining these samples with samples E a originating from a pseudo-random generator 23, which will subsequently be called phase random generator.
  • the combination means 22 comprise a transformation algorithm which transforms each coded sample E c into an integer s included in the set ⁇ 0, ..., M-1 ⁇ , with M integer greater than N.
  • f is any function taking its values in ⁇ 0, ..., M-1 ⁇ and E has a sample of phase randomness.
  • the combination means 22 can for example be constituted by a simple modulo M adder, as shown and providing: M where e denotes the addition modulo M which can also be written:
  • Each integer is then supplied to means 24 for generating signals providing, for each integer, a corresponding sequence SQ of q samples, each sample q being an integer.
  • the signal generation means 24 transform each integer s into a sequence SQ, this transformation being one-to-one, that is to say that to a given integer s corresponds a single sequence SQ and vice versa.
  • the signal generator can for example be constituted by a transcoding table.
  • CAZAC periodic pseudo-random sequences of complex numbers which have a periodic autocorrelation function of which only the first coefficient is nonzero and of which all complex numbers have a constant amplitude.
  • the generation of such sequences can be generalized to obtain sequences consisting of whole numbers, these sequences being orthogonal to one another, that is to say having optimal autocorrelation properties.
  • sequences of Gold which are quasi-orthogonal, like those of Kasami, or those called polyphases.
  • the means 24 generate sequences SQ which are substantially orthogonal to one another.
  • the signal generation means 24 can transform each integer s into a sequence SQ of q bits (samples each taking a value in ⁇ 0,1 ⁇ ) according to table 1 below.
  • Another class of usable sequences is that constituted by Hadamard sequences.
  • An example of such sequences is illustrated in table 2, for samples also constituted by bits.
  • each block of k bits of the signal SN has been transformed into a corresponding sequence SQ, each sequence SQ comprising a pseudo-random component.
  • Useful information is coded in this SQ sequence and the different sequences are orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal to each other.
  • M and q are large in front of k or in front of N, we understand that this coding operation consisted in significantly increasing the number of samples to be transmitted and that the spectrum of the useful signal SN was therefore spread out using hazards provided at low frequency.
  • the main advantage of the invention lies precisely in this coding which is carried out at the bit frequency and not at the chip frequency (where the spectrum spreading is carried out by direct sequence).
  • the working frequency of the means described so far can thus be very low, of the order of 16 Kbits, to be compared with 10 Mchips in the case of spread spectrum by direct sequence.
  • samples can take larger values, as a function of the modulation used in transmission means 25 to which the suites SQ are supplied.
  • These transmission means 25 supply a signal STR transmitted to the attention of the receiver. They can be of any type, analog or digital.
  • the transmission means 25 are of digital type and include a phase shift modulator 28.
  • This modulator 28 is for example of MPSK (Multiple Phase Shift Keying) type where M corresponds here to the number of values possible samples q of the sequences SQ and therefore the number of phase states of the modulated signal STR. It is for example possible to perform a BPSK modulation if the SQ sequences consist exclusively of bits, a QPSK modulation if the integers of the SQ sequences are each included in the set ⁇ 0, 1, 2, 3 ⁇ , and a modulation 64-PSK if the integers of the SQ suites are each included in the set ⁇ 0, 1, ..., 63 ⁇ .
  • the phase shift modulator 28 can also be of the QAM type. It provides a modulated signal denoted SM.
  • the transmission means 25 may also include means 26 for spreading spectrum by spreading sequence.
  • the spreading sequence SE is generated by a spreading sequence generator 27.
  • the bits of the sequences SQ take their values in ⁇ 0,1 ⁇ and that the chips of the sequence of spreading SE also take their values in ⁇ 0,1 ⁇ .
  • Each sample b s i produced by the signal generation means 24 is added modulo L to G random elements e, belonging to the set ⁇ 0, 1, ..., L-1 ⁇ and coming from the generator 27, where G represents the spread gain by direct sequence.
  • G represents the spread gain by direct sequence.
  • the increase in bit rate caused by this processing is equal to G.
  • SQE the output signal of the means 26, denoted SQE, which is applied to the modulator 28.
  • Each sample has an SQE sequence takes its value in ⁇ 0, 1, ..., L-1 ⁇ .
  • mapping function g of the modulator must respect the relationship: when a spread by direct sequence is implemented (G> 1).
  • the impulse response h e of the emission filter is assumed such that: and for k * - 0 (Nyquist criterion).
  • the means 26 for spreading spectrum by direct sequence are of course optional in the invention and are therefore shown in broken lines.
  • the transmission means 25 can also include frequency escape means 29, 30, also optional and therefore shown in broken lines, capable of modifying the carrier frequency of the signal transmitted to the receiver.
  • Frequency evasion consists of frequently changing the carrier frequency in order to further broaden the spectrum of the signal transmitted to the receiver.
  • the modulated signal SM in baseband or in intermediate frequency, is applied to a multiplier 29 receiving a carrier frequency signal from a generator 30.
  • phase hazard generator 23 allows low-frequency coding of the signal to be transmitted and makes it possible to pseudo-randomly modify the phase of the signal transmitted when the modulation is of MPSK type. It can thus be considered that the generator 23 and the combination means 22 provide a phase escape function performed at low frequency. An amplitude modulation, also pseudo-random, of the signal to be transmitted is combined with this phase escape when the modulation is of the QAM type (modification of the phase and of the amplitude of the transmitted signal). This is how the transmission system of the invention makes it possible to obtain significant resistance to ECM interference.
  • the output signal STR of the transmission means 28 is transmitted over the air to the receiver 31, the block diagram of which is given in FIG. 3.
  • the receiver 31 receives a signal STRr corresponding to the signal STR noisy by the transmission medium. It comprises reception means generally referenced by 40 restoring the sequences SQ of q whole numbers, denoted SQr at the level of the receiver.
  • the reception means 40 here comprise means 32 for suppressing the carrier frequency controlled by a local oscillator 33.
  • the means 32 conventionally comprise two mixers controlled by clock signals in quadrature and two signals are obtained at the output of these means. quadrature.
  • the local oscillator 33 operates in synchronism with that of the transmitter, referenced 30. This synchronization can be obtained by known means.
  • the output signal of the means 32 is noted SMret corresponds to the signal SM of the transmitter.
  • the signal SMr is applied to spectrum compression means 34 intended to suppress spreading by direct sequence possibly carried out at the level of the transmitter 20.
  • Spectrum compression means are notably described in "Digital Communications" by JG PROAKIS, McGraw-Hill TM chapter 8.
  • Those represented in FIG. 3 include a sampler 35 controlled at the frequency chip Fc followed by a module 36 for spectrum compression.
  • the module 36 comprises a complex multiplier 37 followed by an adder 38.
  • the multiplier 37 receives a direct sequence SE from a generator 39, this direct sequence SE being identical to that generated by the generator 27 of the transmitter 20.
  • the setting phase of these two direct sequences is obtained by known means.
  • the summator 38 calculates, for each block of G consecutive samples r k from the multiplier 37, the following sum: where e sk is the value of the chip at time k of the direct sequence SE and * denotes the conjugate complex. This summation eliminates spectral spreading by direct sequence.
  • Each sum U k therefore corresponds to a sample ⁇ i of the signal STR transmitted to the receiver.
  • modules SQr identical to the suites SQ originating from the means 24 for generating signals from the transmitter 20.
  • SQr suites are applied to means 45 for processing that have the function of performing a demodulation of the received signal and removing the random phase E is introduced at the transmitter 20 by the generator 23 hazards.
  • the correlation means 41 receive for this a reference signal SR constituted by the various sequences SQ which can be generated at the level of the transmitter 20, that is to say those for example represented in Tables 1 or 2.
  • SR constituted by the various sequences SQ which can be generated at the level of the transmitter 20, that is to say those for example represented in Tables 1 or 2.
  • the calculated correlations provide sums C 0 to C M-1 which each correspond to one of the integers from the combining means 22 of the transmitter 20. These sums are applied to a demultiplexer 42 receiving from a generator 43 a signal E a identical to that generated by the generator 23 of the transmitter, and in phase with it.
  • the demultiplexer 42 selects N sums C S from M as a function of the value of the hazard E a .
  • the demultiplexer42 performs an inverse function f -1 to suppress the phase hazard introduced at low frequency on transmission.
  • the demultiplexer42 thus selects the samples C S as a function of the hazard E a .
  • Each sample d i therefore corresponds to a sample E c of the emitter.
  • These samples d i are then applied to decoding means 44 performing an inverse operation to that of the coding means 21 of the transmitter 20. They can also carry out a deinterlacing of the decoded samples if the coding means perform an interleaving of the samples coded.
  • the output signal SNr of the decoding means 44 then corresponds to the digital signal SN of the transmitter.
  • the means of treatment 45 then only comprise correlation means such as 41, receiving the signal E a .
  • the present invention applies for example to transmission systems where error correcting codes are used and where an alphabet of orthogonal signals of very large size, greater than the alphabet used by the error correcting code, is available. Elements of the alphabet not used by the code can be used for low-frequency pseudo-random coding of the signal to be transmitted, thus making it possible to improve the robustness of the system with respect to interception at low cost.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
  • Transmission Systems Not Characterized By The Medium Used For Transmission (AREA)
EP94401282A 1993-06-09 1994-06-08 Digitales Spreizspektrumübertragungssystem mit Niederfrequenz-Pseudozufallkodierung von Nutzinformation und Verfahren zur Spektrumsspreizung und Spektrumskomprimierung zur Verwendung in einem solchen System Expired - Lifetime EP0629059B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9306936A FR2706704B1 (fr) 1993-06-09 1993-06-09 Système de transmission numérique à étalement de spectre obtenu par codage pseudo-aléatoire basse fréquence de l'information utile et procédé d'étalement et de compression de spectre utilisé dans un tel système.
FR9306936 1993-06-09

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0629059A1 true EP0629059A1 (de) 1994-12-14
EP0629059B1 EP0629059B1 (de) 2001-09-05

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EP94401282A Expired - Lifetime EP0629059B1 (de) 1993-06-09 1994-06-08 Digitales Spreizspektrumübertragungssystem mit Niederfrequenz-Pseudozufallkodierung von Nutzinformation und Verfahren zur Spektrumsspreizung und Spektrumskomprimierung zur Verwendung in einem solchen System

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Country Link
US (1) US5546423A (de)
EP (1) EP0629059B1 (de)
CA (1) CA2125444A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69428155D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2162846T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2706704B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TW330358B (en) * 1996-02-28 1998-04-21 Toshiba Kk Correlator and synchronous tracking apparatus of spectrum expansion receiver thereof
KR100365346B1 (ko) * 1997-09-09 2003-04-11 삼성전자 주식회사 이동통신시스템의쿼시직교부호생성및쿼시직교부호를이용한대역확산장치및방법
EP0957604B1 (de) 1998-05-15 2005-11-30 Sony Deutschland Gmbh Sender und Übertragungsverfahren, die die Flexibilität der Zuordnung von Koden erhöhen
KR100318959B1 (ko) * 1998-07-07 2002-04-22 윤종용 부호분할다중접속통신시스템의서로다른부호간의간섭을제거하는장치및방법
AU741394B2 (en) * 1998-07-20 2001-11-29 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Quasi-orthogonal code mask generating device in mobile communication system
JP3815440B2 (ja) * 2003-02-03 2006-08-30 ソニー株式会社 送信方法及び送信装置
US8102802B2 (en) 2006-05-08 2012-01-24 Motorola Mobility, Inc. Method and apparatus for providing downlink acknowledgments and transmit indicators in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system
KR101294781B1 (ko) * 2006-08-08 2013-08-09 엘지전자 주식회사 랜덤 액세스 프리앰블 전송 방법
US11095391B2 (en) * 2018-12-19 2021-08-17 Nxp Usa, Inc. Secure WiFi communication

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2110468C1 (de) * 1971-03-05 1978-04-27 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Informationsuebertragung
US4685132A (en) * 1985-07-30 1987-08-04 Sperry Corporation Bent sequence code generator
US4972474A (en) * 1989-05-01 1990-11-20 Cylink Corporation Integer encryptor
GB2233860A (en) * 1989-07-13 1991-01-16 Stc Plc "Extending the range of radio transmissions"

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5153598A (en) * 1991-09-26 1992-10-06 Alves Jr Daniel F Global Positioning System telecommand link
US5276705A (en) * 1993-01-06 1994-01-04 The Boeing Company CCD demodulator/correlator
US5341396A (en) * 1993-03-02 1994-08-23 The Boeing Company Multi-rate spread system
US5377226A (en) * 1993-10-19 1994-12-27 Hughes Aircraft Company Fractionally-spaced equalizer for a DS-CDMA system

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2110468C1 (de) * 1971-03-05 1978-04-27 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Informationsuebertragung
US4685132A (en) * 1985-07-30 1987-08-04 Sperry Corporation Bent sequence code generator
US4972474A (en) * 1989-05-01 1990-11-20 Cylink Corporation Integer encryptor
GB2233860A (en) * 1989-07-13 1991-01-16 Stc Plc "Extending the range of radio transmissions"

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2162846T3 (es) 2002-01-16
US5546423A (en) 1996-08-13
EP0629059B1 (de) 2001-09-05
FR2706704A1 (fr) 1994-12-23
FR2706704B1 (fr) 1995-07-13
DE69428155D1 (de) 2001-10-11
CA2125444A1 (fr) 1994-12-10

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