EP0819614A1 - Vorrichtung zum Verschliessen und Öffnen einer Verpackung und Verpackung mit einer solchen Vorrichtung - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zum Verschliessen und Öffnen einer Verpackung und Verpackung mit einer solchen Vorrichtung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0819614A1 EP0819614A1 EP97420111A EP97420111A EP0819614A1 EP 0819614 A1 EP0819614 A1 EP 0819614A1 EP 97420111 A EP97420111 A EP 97420111A EP 97420111 A EP97420111 A EP 97420111A EP 0819614 A1 EP0819614 A1 EP 0819614A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- opening
- intended
- packaging
- zone
- closing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002991 molded plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000015203 fruit juice Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004500 asepsis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012550 audit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
- B65D5/72—Contents-dispensing means
- B65D5/74—Spouts
- B65D5/741—Spouts for containers having a tubular body
- B65D5/745—Spouts formed by deforming or tearing parts of the upper wall, combined with a deformation of a part of the body of the container
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
- B65D5/72—Contents-dispensing means
- B65D5/74—Spouts
- B65D5/746—Spouts formed separately from the container
- B65D5/747—Spouts formed separately from the container with means for piercing or cutting the container wall or a membrane connected to said wall
- B65D5/748—Spouts formed separately from the container with means for piercing or cutting the container wall or a membrane connected to said wall a major part of the container wall or membrane being left inside the container after the opening
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
- B65D85/70—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for
- B65D85/72—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for for edible or potable liquids, semiliquids, or plastic or pasty materials
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device intended to allow the opening and closing of a packaging, in particular made from cardboard and, more particularly intended for packaging in the form of bricks.
- said ring intended to cooperate therewith in a sealed manner, in order to allow successive openings and closings, and to which the end of the sealing film is secured, so that, when the packaging is used for the first time, that is to say when it is opened for the first time, the opening of the cover induces traction on the sealing film, the loosening agent around the periphery of the orifice and therefore allowing opening itself of the packaging. Furthermore, given the dimensions of this opening and closing system, the stacking of the packages remains possible.
- This pressure element is provided with an internal projection, intended, under the action of a push exerted by the finger of the user, to cause the tearing of the precut areas, so as to thus produce an orifice within the package, and therefore, release the flow of liquid when required.
- the first opening of the packaging consists in pressing on this pusher element, once the cover is open, so as to open the packaging proper, the following openings and closings being simply obtained by opening and closing of the cover, the pusher element then remaining permanently inside the packaging.
- this opening and closing device also allows, because of its small size, the storage and stacking of the corresponding packaging, on the other hand, during the first opening, the user wets his finger when he exerts pressure on the push element.
- this force to be exerted to overcome the resistance of the pre-cut areas formed directly above the pusher element it is not uncommon to observe projections of the liquid. In other words, this system is not hygienic.
- said first part is connected to the hinge pin by means of a flexible tongue; the rear end of said part cooperates with the front face of said second part in order to constitute a lever.
- this projection is replaced by a point extending the anterior end of said first part, in order to fulfill the same function.
- said second part is further intended, after having been folded down, to pierce a pre-cut orifice intended itself to serve as a vent, also formed at the level of the opening.
- FIGS 4 to 9 are schematic views representative of the operating mode of the device according to the invention.
- Figure 12 is a plan view of the pre-cut areas of the opening area according to this second embodiment.
- the second element is constituted by a cover (6), articulated at the end of the ring (5), at the level of a hinge pin (7), as can be seen in the figure 1.
- the cover is capable of cooperating with the ring (5), in order to ensure a tight closure, at least with respect to the liquid or the product contained in the packaging.
- the first part (10), of substantially semi-circular, triangular or trapezoidal shape, is connected to the articulation axis (9) by means of a flexible tongue (17), may have two lateral ribs (12), the height of which rises from its end to the level of its place of cooperation with said second part (11) (FIG. 13).
- the end (13) of said ribs (12), in other words, the rear face of said first part is intended to cooperate with the front face (14) of the second part (11), during the phase of opening of the flow area.
- the front end of the first part (10) has a point-shaped projection (15), advantageously from molding, and intended to come to bear on the pre-cutouts (3). .
- this projection is in the form of a central projection directed towards the opening zone, said projection being relatively tapered, so as to facilitate the breaking of the pre-cuts defining the flow zone.
- the opening primer generated by the central projection (15) causes the quasi-integral opening of the opening zone, thereby promoting the subsequent flow of the liquid.
- this first part (10) does not disturb the flow of liquid out of the packaging, the action of the lever, constituted by the second part (11), is continued until it comes to block said first part by the portions as well. cut from the opening area, which come to bear at the ends (13) of the ribs (12) or on the rear face of said first part.
- peripheral ring (5) with pins (16) directed inwards (see FIGS. 1, 13), so that they cooperate with the ends (13) of the ribs (12 ) or the posterior side of the first part.
- the second part (11) plays, as already said, the function of a lever arm, by cooperating with the first part (10), to lead to the opening of the flow zone (2).
- the opening area (1) also includes another area (4) limited by pre-cuts, and of circular shape, in the example described (see figure 12).
- This zone (4) is intended to constitute a vent, after piercing by the device according to the invention.
- said second part (11) has a projection (18) directed downwards, extending substantially perpendicularly to its main face, and intended to induce rupture of the area (4), such so as to constitute a vent.
- the projection (18) is pierced over its entire height with a lumen, thus forming a chimney, to allow communication between the outside and the inside of the packaging.
- the lower end (19) of the projection (18) is slightly tapered, in order to favor the rupture of the zone (4).
- this end is extended by a much wider zone (20), constituting a bead or annular projection, intended to cooperate with the zone thus opened, so as to oppose the flap of the second part in the anterior direction, and this, so as not to disturb the opening and closing of the cover (6) on the ring (5).
- This opening and closing device therefore proves to be very particularly advantageous, in the context of preserving asepsis of the contents of the packaging for which it is intended. Furthermore, by its simplicity of implementation, and the production of the parts which constitute it, in particular in molded plastic, it is of reduced cost. Finally, due to its one-piece nature, the installation rates are optimized, and therefore the cost price of the final packaging.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cartons (AREA)
- Closures For Containers (AREA)
- Pressure Vessels And Lids Thereof (AREA)
- Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9609343 | 1996-07-19 | ||
| FR9609343A FR2751303B1 (fr) | 1996-07-19 | 1996-07-19 | Dispositif pour l'ouverture et la fermeture d'un emballage, et emballage muni d'un tel dispositif |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0819614A1 true EP0819614A1 (de) | 1998-01-21 |
| EP0819614B1 EP0819614B1 (de) | 2000-01-26 |
Family
ID=9494453
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97420111A Expired - Lifetime EP0819614B1 (de) | 1996-07-19 | 1997-07-08 | Vorrichtung zum Verschliessen und Öffnen einer Verpackung und Verpackung mit einer solchen Vorrichtung |
Country Status (17)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5947316A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0819614B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JPH1059399A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR980009056A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1069283C (de) |
| AR (1) | AR013830A1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE189170T1 (de) |
| BR (1) | BR9705224A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE69701208T2 (de) |
| DK (1) | DK0819614T3 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2141587T3 (de) |
| FR (1) | FR2751303B1 (de) |
| GR (1) | GR3033160T3 (de) |
| ID (1) | ID21278A (de) |
| PT (1) | PT819614E (de) |
| SG (1) | SG55339A1 (de) |
| TW (1) | TW330186B (de) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19805030A1 (de) * | 1998-02-09 | 1999-08-12 | Sig Combibloc Gmbh | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement und damit versehene Flachgiebelverbundpackung |
| FR2789362A1 (fr) * | 1999-02-08 | 2000-08-11 | Crown Cork & Seal Tech Corp | Bec verseur refermable destine a equiper un recipient |
| EP1167216A1 (de) * | 2000-06-15 | 2002-01-02 | Crown Cork & Seal Technologies Corporation | Dose mit Giesstülle |
| WO2007003625A3 (de) * | 2005-07-06 | 2007-04-19 | Sig Technology Ag | Wiederverschliessbares ausgiesselement mit einem deckel für getränkepackungen |
Families Citing this family (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6279769B1 (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 2001-08-28 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Device for forming a mouth in a container |
| DE19622144C1 (de) * | 1996-06-01 | 1997-07-10 | Pkl Verpackungssysteme Gmbh | Ausgießelement |
| JPH1053270A (ja) * | 1996-08-05 | 1998-02-24 | Ooshita Sangyo Kk | 容器の口構造、及び容器 |
| US6257449B1 (en) | 1998-09-11 | 2001-07-10 | J. L. Clark | Reclosable package fitment having rear intrusion and front spout lift |
| AU6052099A (en) * | 1999-09-22 | 2001-04-24 | J. L. Clark, Inc. | Rear intrusion front spout reclosable package fitment |
| US6354467B1 (en) * | 2001-02-12 | 2002-03-12 | International Paper Company | Device for opening and closing a package |
| US20030132230A1 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2003-07-17 | Bruce Gitelman | Articulated tab opener for container |
| US6575325B2 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2003-06-10 | Robert G. Dickie | Articulated pull tab opener for container |
| CH695776A5 (de) * | 2002-04-17 | 2006-08-31 | Createchnic Ag | Brausetablettenspender. |
| AU2003271490A1 (en) * | 2002-10-29 | 2004-05-25 | Sig Technology Ltd. | Pouring spout seal for composite packagings |
| CA2534249C (en) * | 2003-07-28 | 2010-05-11 | Sig Technology Ltd. | Pouring out closure with piercing edge arrangement for combipacks or containers sealed with foil material |
| JP4815849B2 (ja) * | 2005-04-12 | 2011-11-16 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 開封機能付キャップ及び包装体 |
| BE1016816A5 (fr) * | 2005-10-21 | 2007-07-03 | Son Paul | Dispositif de fermeture pour conteneur de boisson ou autre liquide et conteneur muni d'un tel dispositif. |
| JP4764218B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-16 | 2011-08-31 | 森永乳業株式会社 | 開封刃を有するオーバーキャップ付き容器 |
| JP4916772B2 (ja) * | 2006-05-29 | 2012-04-18 | 株式会社吉野工業所 | 開封刃を有するオーバーキャップ付き容器 |
| WO2008131263A1 (en) * | 2007-04-20 | 2008-10-30 | Learning Curve Brands, Inc. | Lid having a flip top cover |
| CN102695655B (zh) * | 2009-10-08 | 2014-03-26 | 梅萨·耶基西 | 具有空气通道的液体包装盖结构 |
| US9181007B2 (en) | 2013-03-12 | 2015-11-10 | Rexam Beverage Can Company | Beverage can end with vent port |
| FR3004379B1 (fr) * | 2013-04-15 | 2015-09-04 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance | Procede de fabrication d'un bouchon de fermeture du goulot d'un contenant, procede de bouchage d'un contenant par un bouchon fabrique selon un tel procede et bouchon fabrique selon un tel procede |
| GB201314207D0 (en) * | 2013-08-08 | 2013-09-25 | Obrist Closures Switzerland | A Dispensing Cap |
| EP2913276A1 (de) * | 2014-02-27 | 2015-09-02 | Estavayer Lait SA | Plastikdose und ihr Herstellungsverfahren |
| WO2015144095A1 (es) * | 2014-03-28 | 2015-10-01 | Danone Alqueria S.A.S | Sobretapa con medios que facilitan la apertura de un envase y el posterior consumo directo de su contenido |
| US12122572B2 (en) | 2017-03-13 | 2024-10-22 | Paha Designs, Llc | Pressure equalization apparatus for a container and methods associated therewith |
| ES2767773A1 (es) * | 2018-12-18 | 2020-06-18 | Caselles Genoveva Serra | Dispositivo de abertura parcial y cierre para latas con dosificador de flujo y dispositivo de aireación |
| JP7490192B2 (ja) * | 2020-02-20 | 2024-05-27 | 四国化工機株式会社 | 液体充填容器用口栓および同口栓を備えた液体充填容器 |
| DE102020211667A1 (de) | 2020-09-17 | 2022-03-17 | Refresco Deutschland Gmbh | Klappöffnungshilfe |
| DE102022208931A1 (de) | 2022-08-29 | 2024-02-29 | Refresco Deutschland Gmbh | Wiederverschließbare Öffnungsvorrichtung für Verpackungen |
| DE102023114635A1 (de) | 2023-01-19 | 2024-07-25 | Refresco Deutschland Gmbh | Laschenförmige Öffnungshilfe für Verpackung |
| DE202023100263U1 (de) | 2023-01-19 | 2023-01-30 | Refresco Deutschland Gmbh | Laschenförmige Öffnungshilfe für Verpackungen |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0161754A2 (de) * | 1984-05-08 | 1985-11-21 | MB GROUP plc | Behälterverschlüsse |
| WO1992000883A1 (en) * | 1990-07-05 | 1992-01-23 | Jung Min Lee | Carton pack attached with built-in plug |
| GB2267896A (en) * | 1992-06-16 | 1993-12-22 | Tetra Pak Ltd | Reclosable containers |
| DE4409947A1 (de) * | 1994-03-23 | 1995-09-28 | Pkl Verpackungssysteme Gmbh | Quaderförmige Flachgiebelpackung |
| WO1995033656A1 (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1995-12-14 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Spout seal opening device for a liquid container |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2660781A (en) * | 1950-08-18 | 1953-12-01 | Gilbert A Harms | Can-opening and pouring spoutforming device |
| US2649989A (en) * | 1951-01-23 | 1953-08-25 | Faustino B Urbano | Combination can opener and closure |
| DE3808303A1 (de) * | 1988-03-12 | 1989-09-21 | Pkl Verpackungssysteme Gmbh | Quaderfoermige flachgiebelpackung und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
| US4915290A (en) * | 1989-02-27 | 1990-04-10 | Combibloc, Inc. | Package closure |
| US4934590A (en) * | 1989-02-27 | 1990-06-19 | Combibloc, Inc. | Package closure |
| US5101999A (en) * | 1990-07-10 | 1992-04-07 | Combibloc, Inc. | Package closure and package preparation |
| SE9304200L (sv) * | 1993-12-17 | 1995-01-16 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance | Öppningsanordning för vätskeförpackningar |
-
1996
- 1996-07-19 FR FR9609343A patent/FR2751303B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-06-18 US US08/877,996 patent/US5947316A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-06-21 TW TW086108707A patent/TW330186B/zh active
- 1997-06-30 SG SG1997002314A patent/SG55339A1/en unknown
- 1997-07-02 JP JP9177254A patent/JPH1059399A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-07-07 ID IDP972348A patent/ID21278A/id unknown
- 1997-07-08 PT PT97420111T patent/PT819614E/pt unknown
- 1997-07-08 DK DK97420111T patent/DK0819614T3/da active
- 1997-07-08 AT AT97420111T patent/ATE189170T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-07-08 EP EP97420111A patent/EP0819614B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-08 ES ES97420111T patent/ES2141587T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-08 DE DE69701208T patent/DE69701208T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-07-17 AR ARP970103209A patent/AR013830A1/es unknown
- 1997-07-18 KR KR1019970033378A patent/KR980009056A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-07-18 CN CN97114695A patent/CN1069283C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-07-18 BR BR9705224A patent/BR9705224A/pt active Search and Examination
-
2000
- 2000-04-04 GR GR20000400853T patent/GR3033160T3/el not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0161754A2 (de) * | 1984-05-08 | 1985-11-21 | MB GROUP plc | Behälterverschlüsse |
| WO1992000883A1 (en) * | 1990-07-05 | 1992-01-23 | Jung Min Lee | Carton pack attached with built-in plug |
| GB2267896A (en) * | 1992-06-16 | 1993-12-22 | Tetra Pak Ltd | Reclosable containers |
| DE4409947A1 (de) * | 1994-03-23 | 1995-09-28 | Pkl Verpackungssysteme Gmbh | Quaderförmige Flachgiebelpackung |
| WO1995033656A1 (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1995-12-14 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Spout seal opening device for a liquid container |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19805030A1 (de) * | 1998-02-09 | 1999-08-12 | Sig Combibloc Gmbh | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement und damit versehene Flachgiebelverbundpackung |
| DE19805030C2 (de) * | 1998-02-09 | 2003-03-27 | Sig Combibloc Gmbh | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement und damit versehene Flachgiebelverbundpackung |
| FR2789362A1 (fr) * | 1999-02-08 | 2000-08-11 | Crown Cork & Seal Tech Corp | Bec verseur refermable destine a equiper un recipient |
| WO2000047480A1 (en) * | 1999-02-08 | 2000-08-17 | Crown Cork & Seal Technologies Corporation | Reclosable pourer spout for a container |
| EP1167216A1 (de) * | 2000-06-15 | 2002-01-02 | Crown Cork & Seal Technologies Corporation | Dose mit Giesstülle |
| WO2007003625A3 (de) * | 2005-07-06 | 2007-04-19 | Sig Technology Ag | Wiederverschliessbares ausgiesselement mit einem deckel für getränkepackungen |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GR3033160T3 (en) | 2000-08-31 |
| PT819614E (pt) | 2000-07-31 |
| KR980009056A (ko) | 1998-04-30 |
| MX9705471A (es) | 1998-08-30 |
| DK0819614T3 (da) | 2000-07-24 |
| ATE189170T1 (de) | 2000-02-15 |
| SG55339A1 (en) | 1998-12-21 |
| AR013830A1 (es) | 2001-01-31 |
| US5947316A (en) | 1999-09-07 |
| TW330186B (en) | 1998-04-21 |
| ID21278A (id) | 1999-05-12 |
| ES2141587T3 (es) | 2000-03-16 |
| CN1069283C (zh) | 2001-08-08 |
| FR2751303A1 (fr) | 1998-01-23 |
| JPH1059399A (ja) | 1998-03-03 |
| DE69701208D1 (de) | 2000-03-02 |
| BR9705224A (pt) | 1999-03-16 |
| CN1172758A (zh) | 1998-02-11 |
| FR2751303B1 (fr) | 1998-08-28 |
| DE69701208T2 (de) | 2000-09-28 |
| EP0819614B1 (de) | 2000-01-26 |
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