EP1674589A2 - Poudre de projection à chaud, procédé de projection à chaud et procédé de formation d'un revêtement appliqué par projection à chaud - Google Patents
Poudre de projection à chaud, procédé de projection à chaud et procédé de formation d'un revêtement appliqué par projection à chaud Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1674589A2 EP1674589A2 EP05027976A EP05027976A EP1674589A2 EP 1674589 A2 EP1674589 A2 EP 1674589A2 EP 05027976 A EP05027976 A EP 05027976A EP 05027976 A EP05027976 A EP 05027976A EP 1674589 A2 EP1674589 A2 EP 1674589A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- thermal spraying
- spraying powder
- thermal
- less
- powder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 211
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 186
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011195 cermet Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 abstract description 25
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006243 Fine Thermal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- GVEHJMMRQRRJPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(2+);methanidylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr+2].[Cr]#[C-].[Cr]#[C-] GVEHJMMRQRRJPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
Definitions
- Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2003-129212 discloses a technique for forming a thermal spray coating from a thermal spraying powder having 90% particle size D 90 of 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the thermal spraying powder of the above publication since the ratio of particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less in the thermal spraying powder is not specified, the thermal spraying powder could include a large amount of particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less. If the thermal spraying powder includes many particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less, in addition to decreasing the flowability of the thermal spraying powder, flocculation of the thermal spraying powder is likely to occur. If the thermal spraying powder that has been flocculated is mixed in the thermal spray coating, uniformity and density of the thermal spray coating may be decreased, through holes may be formed in the thermal spray coating, or the surface roughness of the thermal spray coating may be increased.
- the ratio of the total volume of particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less to the total volume of all particles in the thermal spraying powder is greater than 2% (that is, when 2% particle size D 2 of the thermal spraying powder is less than 1 ⁇ m)
- the flowability of the thermal spraying powder is significantly decreased since particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less is included in the thermal spraying powder by a large amount.
- supply of the thermal spraying powder from the powder feeder to the spray gun during spraying becomes unstable.
- flocculation of the thermal spraying powder may occur, thereby decreasing the uniformity and the density of the thermal spray coating, generating through holes in the thermal spray coating, or increasing the surface roughness of the thermal spray coating.
- the granulated and sintered powder generally has sufficient flowability and less risk of contamination by impurities during a manufacturing process as compared to a fused and crushed powder and a sintered and crushed powder. Therefore, the thermal spraying powder of this embodiment consisting of the granulated and sintered powder has the same advantages.
- the evaluation results are shown in the column entitled "Surface roughness of thermal spray coating before polishing” in table 1.
- the thermal spraying powders were evaluated according to a three rank scale: excellent (1), good (2), and poor (3). That is, when the standard deviation of the surface roughness Ra was less than 0.3, the thermal spraying powder was ranked excellent, when it was 0.3 or more and less than 0.45, the thermal spraying powder was ranked good, and when it was 0.45 or more, the thermal spraying powder was ranked poor.
- the evaluation results are shown in the column entitled "Variation of surface roughness" in Table 1.
- Powder feeder "AM-30” manufactured by Technoserve Co. Ltd.
- Oxygen flow rate 1900 scfh Kerosene flow rate: 5.1 gph Spraying distance: 250 mm
- Base material SS400 steel plate (7 cm x 5 cm x 2.3 mm, degreased and surface roughened using an alumina grit #40)
- Spray gun "JP-5000" manufactured by Praxair/TAFA
- Powder feeder "AM-30” manufactured by Technoserve Co. Ltd.
- Oxygen flow rate 1900 scfh Kerosene flow rate: 5.1 gph Spraying distance: 380 mm Barrel length: 101.6 mm
- Table 3 Surface roughness measuring instrument: "SURFCOM 1400D-12" manufactured by TOKYO SEIMITSU CO. LTD. Measuring length: 10.0 mm Cutoff wavelength: 0.8 mm Measuring speed: 0.30 mm/second Tip: r 5 ⁇ m
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004370262A JP4885445B2 (ja) | 2004-12-21 | 2004-12-21 | 溶射用粉末 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1674589A2 true EP1674589A2 (fr) | 2006-06-28 |
Family
ID=36123340
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP05027976A Withdrawn EP1674589A2 (fr) | 2004-12-21 | 2005-12-20 | Poudre de projection à chaud, procédé de projection à chaud et procédé de formation d'un revêtement appliqué par projection à chaud |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20060134343A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1674589A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP4885445B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR101241244B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN1792469A (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE112008001037B4 (de) * | 2007-06-21 | 2018-02-22 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Verfahren zum Ausbilden einer metallischen Beschichtung, wärmeleitendes Element und dessen Verwendung als Leistungsmodul |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5039346B2 (ja) * | 2006-09-12 | 2012-10-03 | 株式会社フジミインコーポレーテッド | 溶射用粉末及び溶射皮膜 |
| EP1911858B1 (fr) * | 2006-10-02 | 2012-07-11 | Sulzer Metco AG | Procédé de fabrication d'un revêtement à structure colonnaire |
| JP2011017079A (ja) * | 2009-06-10 | 2011-01-27 | Fujimi Inc | 溶射用粉末及び溶射皮膜の形成方法 |
| WO2011065512A1 (fr) * | 2009-11-27 | 2011-06-03 | 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 | Revêtement cermet, particules à pulvériser permettant de former ce dernier, procédé de fabrication d'un revêtement cermet et article ayant un revêtement |
| DE102011052121A1 (de) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-01-31 | Eckart Gmbh | Beschichtungsverfahren nutzend spezielle pulverförmige Beschichtungsmaterialien und Verwendung derartiger Beschichtungsmaterialien |
| FR2999457B1 (fr) * | 2012-12-18 | 2015-01-16 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de revetement d'un substrat par un materiau abradable ceramique, et revetement ainsi obtenu. |
| KR102106486B1 (ko) | 2018-07-25 | 2020-05-07 | 안동대학교 산학협력단 | 내열성, 내마모성 및 내부식성이 우수한 용사분말, 이를 이용하여 용사피막을 형성하는 방법 및 용사피막이 형성된 그레이트바 |
| KR102466649B1 (ko) * | 2018-08-27 | 2022-11-14 | 도카로 가부시키가이샤 | 용사피막의 형성방법 |
| CN114226713B (zh) * | 2021-12-17 | 2023-07-25 | 武汉苏泊尔炊具有限公司 | 热喷涂粉末及其制备方法、烹饪器具 |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003129212A (ja) | 2001-10-15 | 2003-05-08 | Fujimi Inc | 溶射方法 |
Family Cites Families (31)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2585540B2 (ja) * | 1986-07-15 | 1997-02-26 | バブコツク日立株式会社 | 溶射方法 |
| JPH01195267A (ja) * | 1988-01-29 | 1989-08-07 | Mazda Motor Corp | 溶射被覆された物とその物品および溶射用粉末の製造方法 |
| US4865252A (en) * | 1988-05-11 | 1989-09-12 | The Perkin-Elmer Corporation | High velocity powder thermal spray gun and method |
| US4925626A (en) * | 1989-04-13 | 1990-05-15 | Vidhu Anand | Method for producing a Wc-Co-Cr alloy suitable for use as a hard non-corrosive coating |
| JPH0347957A (ja) * | 1989-07-14 | 1991-02-28 | Nippon Steel Corp | 低鉄損一方向性珪素鋼板の製造方法 |
| US5075129A (en) * | 1989-11-27 | 1991-12-24 | Union Carbide Coatings Service Technology Corporation | Method of producing tungsten chromium carbide-nickel coatings having particles containing three times by weight more chromium than tungsten |
| JPH0586452A (ja) * | 1991-09-27 | 1993-04-06 | Kobe Steel Ltd | 溶射用粉末材料 |
| JP3203442B2 (ja) * | 1992-12-18 | 2001-08-27 | 太平洋セメント株式会社 | 複合溶射材料および溶射皮膜とその製造方法 |
| CA2129874C (fr) * | 1993-09-03 | 1999-07-20 | Richard M. Douglas | Poudre pour vaporisation thermique |
| US5419976A (en) * | 1993-12-08 | 1995-05-30 | Dulin; Bruce E. | Thermal spray powder of tungsten carbide and chromium carbide |
| US5789077A (en) * | 1994-06-27 | 1998-08-04 | Ebara Corporation | Method of forming carbide-base composite coatings, the composite coatings formed by that method, and members having thermally sprayed chromium carbide coatings |
| US5580833A (en) * | 1994-10-11 | 1996-12-03 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | High performance ceramic composites containing tungsten carbide reinforced chromium carbide matrix |
| JPH08311635A (ja) * | 1995-05-12 | 1996-11-26 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd | 高速粉末式フレーム溶射用タングステンカーバイト系サーメット粉末 |
| US5763106A (en) * | 1996-01-19 | 1998-06-09 | Hino Motors, Ltd. | Composite powder and method for forming a self-lubricating composite coating and self-lubricating components formed thereby |
| JP2990655B2 (ja) * | 1996-05-21 | 1999-12-13 | 東京タングステン株式会社 | 複合炭化物粉末及びその製造方法 |
| JPH1088311A (ja) * | 1996-09-17 | 1998-04-07 | Showa Denko Kk | タングステンカーバイド／コバルト溶射粉末及びその製造方法 |
| JP3172488B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-10 | 2001-06-04 | トーカロ株式会社 | 耐摩耗性に優れる軟質非鉄金属部材および軟質非鉄金属部材の表面改質方法 |
| JP3605281B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-18 | 2004-12-22 | ペンタックス株式会社 | 累進多焦点レンズ |
| US6004372A (en) * | 1999-01-28 | 1999-12-21 | Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. | Thermal spray coating for gates and seats |
| JP2001234320A (ja) * | 2000-02-17 | 2001-08-31 | Fujimi Inc | 溶射粉末材、およびそれを使用した溶射方法並びに溶射皮膜 |
| US6410470B1 (en) * | 2000-04-24 | 2002-06-25 | Saint-Gobain Industrial Ceramics, Inc. | Thermal spray powder process |
| JP3523216B2 (ja) * | 2001-04-06 | 2004-04-26 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 溶射用希土類含有化合物粒子、これを溶射した溶射部材 |
| JP3672833B2 (ja) | 2000-06-29 | 2005-07-20 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 溶射粉及び溶射被膜 |
| JP3952252B2 (ja) * | 2001-01-25 | 2007-08-01 | 株式会社フジミインコーポレーテッド | 溶射用粉末およびそれを用いた高速フレーム溶射方法 |
| EP1239055B1 (fr) * | 2001-03-08 | 2017-03-01 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Particules sphériques pour pulvérisation thermique et composants revêtus par pulvérisation |
| JP4044348B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-08 | 2008-02-06 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 溶射用球状粒子および溶射部材 |
| US6596397B2 (en) * | 2001-04-06 | 2003-07-22 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Thermal spray particles and sprayed components |
| JP4273292B2 (ja) * | 2001-04-06 | 2009-06-03 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 溶射用粒子、および該粒子を用いた溶射部材 |
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| US7017677B2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2006-03-28 | Smith International, Inc. | Coarse carbide substrate cutting elements and method of forming the same |
| JP4354176B2 (ja) * | 2002-11-19 | 2009-10-28 | Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 | Ｗｃサーメット溶射ロールおよびその製造方法 |
-
2004
- 2004-12-21 JP JP2004370262A patent/JP4885445B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-12-14 KR KR1020050123259A patent/KR101241244B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-12-19 US US11/311,217 patent/US20060134343A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-12-20 EP EP05027976A patent/EP1674589A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-12-20 CN CNA2005101339593A patent/CN1792469A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003129212A (ja) | 2001-10-15 | 2003-05-08 | Fujimi Inc | 溶射方法 |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE112008001037B4 (de) * | 2007-06-21 | 2018-02-22 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Verfahren zum Ausbilden einer metallischen Beschichtung, wärmeleitendes Element und dessen Verwendung als Leistungsmodul |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20060134343A1 (en) | 2006-06-22 |
| KR101241244B1 (ko) | 2013-03-14 |
| JP4885445B2 (ja) | 2012-02-29 |
| CN1792469A (zh) | 2006-06-28 |
| KR20060071320A (ko) | 2006-06-26 |
| JP2006176818A (ja) | 2006-07-06 |
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