Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
  • C10M137/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having no phosphorus-to-carbon bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/68—Esters
  • C10M129/76—Esters containing free hydroxy or carboxyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
  • C10M137/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having no phosphorus-to-carbon bond
  • C10M137/04—Phosphate esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compound
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic phosphorus-containing compound
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/287—Partial esters
  • C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/06—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof
  • C10M2219/062—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof having carbon-to-sulfur double bonds
  • C10M2219/066—Thiocarbamic type compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/06—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof
  • C10M2219/062—Thio-acids; Thiocyanates; Derivatives thereof having carbon-to-sulfur double bonds
  • C10M2219/066—Thiocarbamic type compounds
  • C10M2219/068—Thiocarbamate metal salts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/041—Triaryl phosphates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/049—Phosphite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/02—Bearings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/12—Gas-turbines
  • C10N2040/13—Aircraft turbines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a lubricant that includes a multifunctional additive composition or package for improving the performance characteristics of a lubricant. More particularly, the present invention relates to a lubricant that includes a multifunctional additive composition or package for providing a lubricant with superior performance characteristics such as improved load-carrying capacity, anti-scuffing (anti- scoring) capacity, friction reduction, and improved surface-fatigue life.
• Mechanical systems such as manual or automatic transmissions; single and multi-speed aviation transmissions, including but not limited to those used to propel rotorcraft and those used to alter the rotational speed of sections within gas turbine engines, push-belt type continuous variable transmissions, and traction drive continuous variable transmissions, have large surface areas of contact zones. These contact portions or zones, such as drive rolling surfaces, and gear and ball-and roller bearings, are known to be susceptible to high surface pressures.
• internal combustion engines and other propulsion devices especially those that are common for high-performance and racing applications, are subject to taxing demands in the form of inertial loading, high sliding and/or rolling speeds, and marginal lubrication.
• the need for reducing friction, improving scuffing (scoring) resistance, and increasing surface fatigue life within larger contact zones of mechanical systems is increased by many recently developed transmission systems that are designed to be miniaturized or weight-reduced to maximize transmission throughput capacity.
• lubricants especially those containing specific additives, play a critical role in protecting and minimizing the wear and scuffing (scoring) of surfaces.
• the lubricants generally reduce principal damage accumulation mechanisms of lubricated components caused by surface fatigue and overloading.
• the present invention provides a lubricant for improving the performance characteristics of mechanical systems, such as increasing load-carrying capacity, increasing surface fatigue life and reducing friction.
• the present invention provides a lubricant that includes an additive package comprising elements or components that are intended to enhance the performance characteristics of the lubricant.
• the additive package includes anti-wear (AW), extreme pressure (EP), friction modifying (FM), and/or surface fatigue life (SFL) modifying compositions.
• this invention provides a lubricant having a multifunctional lubricant additive composition included therein for improving the performance characteristics of the lubricant for use in transmission fluid products that meet both civil and military specifications.
• the present invention provides a lubricant having a multifunctional lubricant additive composition included therein for use in improving the performance of metals and alloys of power transmission components, including gears, bearings, spines, shafts and springs.
• this invention provides a lubricant having a multifunctional lubricant additive composition included therein for improving the performance characteristics of engines and related propulsive devices stock (production) and specialty (e.g. racing and other high performance) varieties, and heavy on- and off-road equipment, such as farm implements and construction equipment.
• the present invention provides a lubricant having a multifunctional lubricant additive composition included therein that beneficially reduces friction and scuffing (scoring), and increases resistance to surface degradation, including but not limited to fatigue, including micro- and macro- pitting, and wear.
• the present invention provides a lubricant having a multifunctional lubricant additive composition included therein for improving the performance characteristics of an applied mechanical system.
• Embodiments of this lubricant comprise the following components:
• a friction modifying (FM) additive comprising:
• R . -C C ⁇ R z O CH 2 - -CH CH 2 ' -OH
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently a Cjhbi+i normal alkyl group, wherein i is an integer of about 7 ⁇ i ⁇ 15; (b2) a short chain metallo-organic compound represented by the general formula:
• X 1 is oxygen or sulfur
• R 3 and R 4 are each a C n H 2 n+i alkyl group, n is an integer of about 2 ⁇ n ⁇ 10, and m is an integer of about 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 4;
• an antiwear (AW) additive comprising:
• R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each a C n H 2n+I alkyl group of an alkyl neutral phosphate or a C 6 H 5 Cm H 2m +i aryl group of an aryl neutral phosphate, n is an integer of about 2 ⁇ n ⁇ 10, and m is an integer of about 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 8; a1_dn ⁇ fdtel%l dithiophosphate represented by the general formula:
• R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are each a C h H h +i secondary alkyl group, h is an integer from about 3 ⁇ h ⁇ 11 , and wherein the secondary alkyl group is represented by the formula:
• R 12 and R 13 are each an alkyl group CjH 2 i+i ,and i is an integer of about 1 ⁇ i ⁇ 5;
• an extreme pressure (EP) additive comprising:
• R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 and R 19 are each independently a CjH 2 J +I alkyl group, j is an integer of about 1 ⁇ j ⁇ 20;
• R 21 wherein R 20 , R 20' , R 20" , and R 20'" are each independently a C p H 2p+ i normal alkyl group, p is an integer of about 1 ⁇ p ⁇ 12, wherein R 21 , R 21' , R 21" , and R 21 are each independently a phenol group represented by the following formula:
• R 22 , R 23 , and R 24 are each independently a C o H 2o+ i alkyl group, wherein o is an integer of about 1 ⁇ o ⁇ 20, and R 23 and R 24 are tertiary structures; and/or
• SFL surface fatigue life
• R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are each independently a C k H k +i alkyl group, wherein k is an integer of about 1 ⁇ k ⁇ 30; R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 optionally form a ring structure as combined with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, wherein (A) consists of a chain of sulfur atoms, S n , or the following structure:
• the figure shows the relationship between the average traction (friction) coefficient and average load stage for various lubricants.
• the vertical arrows 11 , 21 , 31 indicate the average scuffing (scoring) failure load stage (load carrying capacity) of Hatco HXL-7944 Oil 10, Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil Il 20; and Formulation #4 30, respectively.
• the present invention provides a multifunctional lubricant composition.
• This multifunctional lubricant composition includes the following: (1) a base stock lubricant (a) in a concentration of about 90% or more by mole, preferably more than about 94% by mole; (2) about 4% or less by mole, preferably about 0.1 % to 3% by mole, of friction modifying additive(s) (b); (3) about 4% or less by mole, preferably about 0.1 % to 3% by mole, of antiwear additive(s) (c); (4) about 6% or less by mole, preferably about 0.1 % to 3% by mole, of extreme pressure additive(s) (d); and about 4% or less by mole, preferably about 0.01 % to 1 % by mole, of a surface fatigue life modifier(s), all based on the total amount of lubricant.
• the total amount of additives (b) - (e) should not exceed about 10% by mole, based on the total amount of the lubricant.
• the present invention contemplates the use of one or more of the additives (b) - (e) with the base stock lubricant (a).
• lubricants Various types of lubricants, greases, etc., especially synthetic polyol ester (POE) based lubricants, can be used as the lubricating base stock material in this invention.
• POE polyol ester
• The' ftrbrieant compositions of this invention are prepared by mixing the following components:
• a base stock lubricant which is preferably a synthetic oil (i.e., a synthetic polyol ester (POE) oil);
• a synthetic oil i.e., a synthetic polyol ester (POE) oil
• a friction modifying (FM) additive comprising:
• GMO glycerol mono- oleate
• R . -C C •r -c O CH 2 - -CH CH 2 - -OH
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently a CjH 2I+I normal alkyl group, wherein i is an integer of about 7 ⁇ i ⁇ 15, preferably about 8 ⁇ i ⁇ 10;
• X 1 is oxygen and/or sulfur
• R 3 and R 4 are each a C n H 2n+ i alkyl group, n is an integer of about 2 ⁇ n ⁇ 10, preferably about 4 ⁇ n ⁇ 6, and m is an integer of about O ⁇ m ⁇ 4; and/or (b3) a combination of (b1 ) and (b2);
• an antiwear (AW) additive comprising:
• R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each C n H 2n+1 alkyl groups of an alkyl neutral phosphate or C 6 H 5 Cm H 2m +i aryl groups of an aryl neutral phosphate, n is an integer of about 2 ⁇ n ⁇ 10, preferably about 4 ⁇ n ⁇ 6, and m is an integer of about 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 8, preferably about 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 5;
• R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are each a C n H n+I secondary alkyl group
• h is an integer from about 3 ⁇ h ⁇ 11 , preferably about 4 ⁇ h ⁇ 6, and wherein the secondary alkyl group is represented by the formula: ⁇
• R 12 and R 13 are each an alkyl group CjH 2W ,and i is an integer of about 1 ⁇ i ⁇ 5, preferably about 1 ⁇ i ⁇ 3; and/or
• an extreme pressure (EP) additive comprising:
• aryl phosphate an alkyl phosphate, an alkyl amine phosphite, or an aryl amine phosphite, preferably a hindered phosphate (i.e. Tris-(2,4-di-tertiary-butyl-phenyl) Phosphite) represented by the general formula:
• R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 and R 19 are each independently a CjH 2 J +I alkyl group, j is an integer of about 1 ⁇ j ⁇ 20, preferably 4 ⁇ j ⁇ 8; ⁇ 2) #c ⁇ rn ' b1iha1ion of (d1 ) and a phenol compound (i.e., Pentaerythritol Tetrakis-(methylene-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyhydrocinnamate) represented by the general formula:
• R 20 , R 20' , R 20" , and R 20"' are each independently a C p H 2p+ i normal alkyl group, p is an integer of about 1 ⁇ p ⁇ 12, preferably about 1 ⁇ p ⁇ 5, wherein R 21 , R 21' , R 21 " , and R 21 ' are each independently a phenol group represented by the following formula:
• R 22 , R 23 , and R 24 are each independently a C o H 2o+ i alkyl group, wherein O is an integer of about 1 ⁇ o ⁇ 20, preferably about 2 ⁇ o ⁇ 10, and R 23 and R 24 are tertiary structures; and/or
• SFL surface fatigue life
• alkylthiocarbamoyl compound i.e., Tetra-n-butylthiuram
• R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 are each independently a C k H k+1 alkyl group, wherein k is an integer of about 1 ⁇ k ⁇ 30, preferably about 4 ⁇ k ⁇ 8; R 25 , R 26 , R 27 , and R 28 optionally form a ring structure as combined with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, wherein (A) consists of S n (a chain of sulfur atoms) or the following structure:
• n is an integer of about 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 10
• m is an integer of about 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 6, preferably about 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 6 and 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 3.
• stock lubricant of component (a) is present in a concentration of about 90% or more by mole, preferably about 94% or more by mole, based on the total amount of lubricant.
• the friction modifying additive of component (b) is present in a concentration of about 4% or less by mole, preferably from about 0.1 % to 3% by mole, based on the total amount of lubricant.
• the antiwear additive of component (c) is present in a concentration of about 4% or less by mole, preferably from about 0.1 % to about 3% by mole based on the total amount of lubricant.
• the extreme pressure additive of component (d) is present in a concentration of about 6% or less by mole, preferably about 0.1 % to 3% by mole, based on the total amount of lubricant.
• the surface fatigue life modifier of component (e) is present in a concentration of less than about 4% by mole, preferably about 0.01 % to 1 % by mole, based on the total amount of lubricant.
• the total concentration of the four additives (b) - (e) is about 10% or less by mole based on the total amount of lubricant.
• the lubricants of the present invention can be used as improved gear oil, bearing oil, sliding surface lubrication oil, chain lubricating oil, and/or engine oil.
• various types of lubricants, greases, especially synthetic polyol ester (POE) based lubricants can be used as the base stock lubricant.
• the lubricants of this invention are useful as aviation (aerospace) and/or automotive lubricants. These lubricants improve engine and transmission power generation and throughput, increase system power density and component surface fatigue life, and reduce friction. These lubricants may also be used as turbine engine and/or transmission oils, and can be designed to meet civil (FAA) and military (DoD) specifications and requirements.
• FAA civil
• DoD military
• These lubricants may also be used to improve scuffing (scoring) performance of metals and alloys that are commonly used for power transmission components, including but not limited to gears, bearing, spines shafts, springs, and the like. As such, these lubricants decrease the incidence of component and system failure and rejection during customer acceptance test protocols (ATPs). These lubricants also improve pitting fatigue life (surface fatigue life) and reduce the rate of component and system degradation due to wear and other phenomena.
• ATPs customer acceptance test protocols
• Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil Il (a standard version of MIL-PRF-23699, a 5 cSt gas turbine oil) to create Formulation #2.
• Formulation #2 contained the following additives:
• This multifunctional additive package increased the load carrying capacity (i.e., scuffing performance) of the Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil Il about 1.43 times. Additionally, the components that were tested with Formulation #2 had a surface fatigue life of at least about 2.9 times that of the components that were tested with the Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil Il alone (unmodified by any additive package of this invention).
• Hatco HXL-7994 oil contains an anti-oxidant package and a yellow metal corrosion inhibitor and uses a 5 cSt polyol ester base stock, HXL-1570, having the typical properties noted in Table A below.
• This multifunctional additive package of Formulation #4 increased the load-carrying capacity of the Hatco HXL-7994 oil about 3.94 times, which is superior to conventional oils such as Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil Il (a standard version of MIL-PRF-23699, a 5 cSt gas turbine engine oil), which typically has excellent lubricant performance as compared to other brands and versions of MIL-PRF-23699 oil.
• Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil Il a standard version of MIL-PRF-23699, a 5 cSt gas turbine engine oil
• the Hatco HXL-7994 oil 10 had an average scuffing (scoring) failure load stage at about 5.7 (arrow 11 )
• the Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil Il 20 had an average scuffing (scoring) failure load stage at about 19.2 (arrow 21 )
• Formulation #4 30 had an average scuffing (scoring) failure load stage at about 22.5 (arrow 31 ), which indicates that Formulation #4 has a load carrying capacity about 3.94 times that of the Hatco HXL-7994 Oil, and that Formulation #4 has a load carrying capacity about 1.17 times that of the Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil II.
• Table 1
• WAM Load Capacity Test Method (“WAM Test”).
• WAM Test is designed to evaluate the load-carrying capacity of lubricants and load bearing surfaces by evaluating the wear, tear, and scuffing thereof over a large temperature range.
• Table 2 below gives a summary of the WAM Test conditions that were utilized to test various lubricants of this invention. Table 2
• test suspension can be run with a modified test protocol.
• the modified protocol operates at a lower entraining velocity than the standard test protocol, which reduces the EHD film thickness and increases the test severity by causing greater asperity interaction; essentially operating at a reduced film thickness to surface roughness (h/ ⁇ ) ratio.
• the modified test protocol was developed for high load-carrying oils used for aviation gearboxes. These oils include the DOD-PRF-85734 oils for the U.S. Navy and the Def Stan 91-100 oils for the U.K. Ministry of Defense. With the modified test protocol, the highest load-carrying oils currently used in military aircraft experience scuffing failures at load stages that range from approximately 19 to 28.
• the test method used ball and disc specimens.
• the ball specimens were 13/16-inch diameter, and the disc specimens were 4 inches in diameter and Vz inch thick. Material composition, hardness and surface finish were closely controlled.
• the specimens were fabricated from AISI 9310 steel, a surface-carburizing alloy that is very common for gear applications.
• AISI 9310 balls, or "Hard Ground” balls were heat-treated and ground in a ball manufacturing process.
• the balls were fabricated through the hard grinding stage.
• the surface finish following this operational stage was between 10-12 micro inch Ra (arithmetic average roughness).
• composition, hardness and surface finish of the specimens are given below:
• HXL-7944 UTLCC6-9a 9-10a/3.2 4
• 16 HXL-7944 UTLCC6-9b 9-10a/3.1 6
• 20 HXL-7944 UTLCC5-9b 9-10a/3.0 7,16 17 5.7 1
• Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil II SBAD12-9a 9-10a/3.7 25 Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil II SBAD12-9b 9-10a/3.6 15 Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil II UTLCC3-9a 9-10a/3.5 24 Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil II UTLCC3-9b 9-10a/3.4 25 Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil II UTLCC5-9a 9-10a/3.3 7 15 19.2 1
• the load carrying capacity is indicated by an average scuffing (scoring) failure stage (load stage). Increased performance is observed with higher load stages.
• Spur gear blanks having a pitch diameter of 4 inches (100 mm), were fabricated from the Carpenter Technology alloy, Pyrowear alloy 53, in vacuum-induction-melted, vacuum-arc-remelted (VIM/VAR) condition. Following rough machining, gear blanks were given a standard heat treatment and carburization cycle and were finish ground to produce gears that conform to minimum standards of AGMA class 12. The arithmetic average surface roughness of the spur gear involute surfaces that resulted from the final grinding operation was nominally 16 ⁇ in. Following final grinding, some gears were afforded an isotropic superfinishing operation to refine the surface finish on the involute surfaces to a nominal arithmetic average value of 2 ⁇ in.
• Spur-gear tests were performed on a "four-square" test machine, in which two pairs of identical, mated gears are exposed to the same conditions of contact stress, rotational speed, oil-film thickness, and oil temperature.
• the employed test protocol called for experimental conditions to remain imposed on the spur gears until incipient failure was detected by in situ accelerometers, in which the accelerometer signal amplitude exceeded a predetermined threshold. Visual examination was used to confirm surface failure of the spur-gear involute surface.
• Specific conditions that were applied for the conducted spur-gear tests included a rotational speed of 3500 min "1 , an inlet oil temperature of approximately 115°F (46 0 C), and an oil film thickness of approximately 6 ⁇ in (152 nm).
• DTscret ⁇ 'Mitad itris'M feffi ⁇ Ksi (1.62 GPa) or 280 Ksi (1.93 GPa) were applied and maintained until surface failure was detected and confirmed.
• the ball and disc were composed of AISI 9310 and had a surface hardness, using the Rockwell "C” scale (HRC) surface hardness, of Rc 63 (63 HRC).
• results from the spur-gear tests are summarized in Table 3 below.
• Table 3 the average life to surface-fatigue life of as-ground gears lubricated with Formulation #2 at a contact stress of 235 Ksi (1.62 GPa) is a factor of 2.9 times greater than that for as-ground gears lubricated with Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil II.
• the surface-fatigue life of isotropically superfinished (ISF) spur gears lubricated with Formulation #2 at a contact stress of 280 Ksi (1.93 GPa) is a factor of more than 3.3 times greater than that for ISF-processed gears lubricated with Exxon-Mobil Jet Oil II.
• ISF isotropically superfinished
• compositions apply equally to other lubricant stock compositions including, but not limited to, lubricants comprising grease, mineral (hydrocarbon- based), polyalkylene glycol (PAG), aromatic naphthalene (AN), alkyl benzenes (AB) and polyalphaolefin (PAO) types.
• lubricants comprising grease, mineral (hydrocarbon- based), polyalkylene glycol (PAG), aromatic naphthalene (AN), alkyl benzenes (AB) and polyalphaolefin (PAO) types.

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