EP2193587A2 - Procédé pour charger une batterie - Google Patents

Procédé pour charger une batterie

Info

Publication number
EP2193587A2
EP2193587A2 EP08828576A EP08828576A EP2193587A2 EP 2193587 A2 EP2193587 A2 EP 2193587A2 EP 08828576 A EP08828576 A EP 08828576A EP 08828576 A EP08828576 A EP 08828576A EP 2193587 A2 EP2193587 A2 EP 2193587A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
charging
battery
phase
parameters
pulse
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08828576A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Manfred Gelbke
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABR Laboratory GmbH
Audi AG
Akkumulatorenfabrick Moll GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
ABR Laboratory GmbH
Audi AG
Akkumulatorenfabrick Moll GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABR Laboratory GmbH, Audi AG, Akkumulatorenfabrick Moll GmbH and Co KG filed Critical ABR Laboratory GmbH
Publication of EP2193587A2 publication Critical patent/EP2193587A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H01M10/443—Methods for charging or discharging in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/90—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/927—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with introduction of pulses during the charging process
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for charging a battery, wherein a charging current causing the charging of the battery is brought at least temporarily to a pulsating course and wherein the charging current during the pulsating course is defined by pulse strength, pulse length and pulse frequency.
  • batteries such as vehicle on-board systems
  • load peaks to be able to cover exploited.
  • the battery also serves to switch off the charging source - for example, in on-board networks of parked vehicles - as an energy source that supplies consumers in the electrical system.
  • the battery capacity is rapidly decreasing as the battery is incompletely charged with the existing circuitry.
  • the reason for this is that the battery forms a counter voltage during charging and thus limits the flowing charging current at a charging voltage fixedly determined by the charging system.
  • the structure of the reverse voltage depends on the battery condition, the flowing charging current and the temperature.
  • the choice of the limit value of the charging voltage in a charging circuit always represents a compromise between too high a charge of the battery and too low a charging voltage. Too much charge causes electrolyte decomposition, increased maintenance and corrosion of the electrodes, while too low a charging voltage, a deficiency charge and acid stratification pulls.
  • Classic charging circuits in electrical systems have a fixed charge voltage for the generator. Occasionally, a temperature dependence of the negative voltage of the battery is taken into account by the charging voltage is increased in dependence of the temperature (for example, in DE 40 13 619 A1).
  • a corresponding device should be specified.
  • the above object is achieved by the features of claim 1.
  • the method in question is characterized in that the state of the battery is determined by determining state variables that, depending on the state variables, parameters of the charging state. be set, wherein the parameters include the pulse width of the charging current, and that inhibited by the charging current during the pulsating process, a buildup of acid stratification and / or an acid stratification is reduced.
  • the device for charging a battery using the method according to the invention is equipped with a first control unit for determining state variables, a second control unit for determining parameters of the charging process and a current source for generating a charging current for the battery, wherein the first control unit for transmitting State variables is connected to the second control unit and wherein the second control unit is connected to the transmission of control signals to the power source.
  • a pulsating charging current is particularly effective for inhibiting the build-up of acid stratification, for preventing or for reducing an already existing acid stratification.
  • the charging current with period lengths is preferably increased in the minute range.
  • the pulse current should only be selected as high as necessary. It is therefore necessary according to the invention to be able to reliably set parameters of the charging process and, in particular, the pulse strength in this case.
  • the setting of parameters of the charging process can be carried out particularly reliably when the state of the battery is at least partially known and is used when setting the parameters. Therefore, the state of the battery is first determined by determining state quantities.
  • a determination of state variables can take place on the one hand by a direct measurement of the state variables. Here, for example, the terminal voltage or the charging current to call.
  • state variables from measurable variables and / or their temporal Course can be calculated or estimated. This is necessary in particular for internal state variables such as, for example, the degree of acid stratification, since this can not be measured externally without great effort.
  • Which method is used to determine the state variables will generally depend on the respective state variable, the accuracy with which the state variable is to be determined, and further boundary conditions.
  • one or more parameters of the charging process are set in such a way that a structure of acid stratification is inhibited, prevented or already existing acid stratification is reduced.
  • the effect of the pulses is due to the exceeding of the gassing voltage.
  • a generation of gas bubbles in the lower part of the cell, which cause an increase and mixing of the electrolyte, is the cause of the stratification.
  • a minimum voltage is required to achieve a sufficient rate of gas formation.
  • condition sizes will change as charging progresses. For example, the temperature of the battery will change significantly after a cold start of a vehicle during operation. Even if the battery is charged by a charger outside the vehicle, individual state variables can change unexpectedly. Therefore, preferably, the state variables are continuously updated.
  • the frequency with which a renewed determination of state variables is triggered will depend on various boundary conditions. Thus, with individual state variables a faster change is to be expected, which will be reflected in a more frequent update of the state variable. Other slowly changing state variables need to be updated less frequently. Different update rates can be used for different state variables. With changing state variables, the parameters of the charging process could also be continuously corrected. With the presence of new state variables, it can be decided again and again to what extent parameters of the charging process are corrected. Thus, it is possible, for example, that acid stratification is already degraded relatively strongly and therefore the pulse strength of the charging current could be reduced.
  • the pulse length and the pulse frequency could additionally be predetermined by the charging method.
  • the simplest way to have a pulse is a rectangular path.
  • the pulse length t then designates the period of time during which the charging current is raised accordingly.
  • the pulse length is in the range of one minute to eight minutes. Depending on the battery used or other boundary conditions, pulse lengths outside this range may also make sense.
  • Pulse rate is the frequency with which a new pulse is started. The pulse frequency is thus the reciprocal of the time between rising edges of two successive pulses, hereinafter referred to as the pulse duration.
  • the pulses can also assume any courses, such as, for example, periodically repeating, staircase-like courses.
  • the choice of curves could also be controlled as a parameter of the charging process.
  • Another parameter of the charging process could be the beginning of the pulse operation and the end of the pulse operation. For example, these parameters could be changed depending on the presence of acid stratification. If the acid stratification exceeds a specified limit value, pulsed operation could be started. However, if acid stratification is largely eliminated, pulsed operation could be terminated. However, the parameters can also be specified according to fixed time specifications or based on other state variables, such as the state of charge of the battery.
  • the battery is charged in a current or power controlled main charge phase (I-phase) followed by a voltage-limited phase (U-phase).
  • I-phase current or power controlled main charge phase
  • U-phase voltage-limited phase
  • a pulse operation can take place.
  • pulse operation in the I phase reliably prevents or at least inhibits the buildup of acid stratification and that pulse operation in the U phase leads to effective degradation of acid stratification.
  • the intensity of the charging current in the I-phase can be set. High charging currents increase the acid stratification, while low charging currents significantly increase the charging time. To achieve efficient charging of the battery, therefore, the magnitude of the charging current in the I-phase can be specified.
  • the limit voltage can be used, on which the clamping voltage is kept in the U-phase.
  • Another parameter of the charging process could be formed by a terminal voltage, when it is reached from the I-phase to the U-phase is changed. This increases the amount of charge charged in the I-phase, which accelerates the charging process. However, the increased stress leads to increased formation of acid stratification and increased stress on the battery.
  • the degree of acid stratification could be used.
  • the magnitude of a charging voltage and / or the magnitude of the charging current in the main charging phase could be used as a state variable.
  • High charging currents in the main charging phase reduce the amount of current charged to the voltage limit and increase the acid stratification. In this case, a disproportionate relationship between the increase of the charging current and the reduction of the time to reach the voltage limit can be seen.
  • Low charging voltages increase acid stratification.
  • the state quantity could be the depth of the previous discharge of the battery. With increasing degree of discharge, the amount of current charged until the voltage limitation is reached and the acid stratification that builds up are greater. The higher the depth of discharge, the stronger the structure of the acid coating in the I-phase of the charge.
  • Another state variable, depending on which parameters of the charging process can be set, could be the temperature of the battery.
  • the temperature is particularly reflected in the effect that the effectiveness of the acid stratification measures depends on the temperature.
  • the operating temperature of the battery is lowered, the current limitation is achieved even at lower charge levels. The lower the temperature, the more effectively the acid stratification can be counteracted by means of pulses.
  • the aging state of the battery could be used as a state variable.
  • the current state of charge of the battery could be used as a state magnifier. This is of particular interest when an already started charging process has been aborted. This may occur, for example, during a charging during ongoing operation of a vehicle when the vehicle is parked before reaching the maximum charge. The state of charge is reflected in the acid stratification and other state variables.
  • a consumption of water in the battery could be used to control the parameters of the charging process. If the amount of the electrolyte is reduced, current should be avoided as far as possible, which causes increased water consumption. In this respect, depending on a water consumption, the maximum strength of the charging current can be specified.
  • the entire charging process is operated so that an optimization between the charging time and the amount of charged into the battery charge on the one hand and wear of the battery on the other hand is achieved. For example, high charging currents reduce the charging time within certain limits, but also increase the wear on the battery. In particular, the consumption of water and corrosion of the electrodes should be mentioned here. On the other hand, particularly gentle charging operations can be achieved with very little wear only at the expense of a high charging time. Both can not be accepted for cost and efficiency reasons. Therefore, an optimization is preferably performed in this regard.
  • a device for charging a battery comprises a first control unit with which the determination of the state variables is carried out.
  • Various state-of-the-art methods can be used to determine the state variables.
  • the first control unit data could be provided by sensors, in particular data on the terminal voltage, the current in the lines to the battery and the temperature of the battery.
  • the first control unit could additionally have memory in which the temporal course of the measured data of the sensors is stored in order to use this in the determination of state variables.
  • the first control unit has a digital computing unit that performs necessary calculations.
  • the first control unit is connected to a second control unit. Via this connection, the first control unit sends the determined state variables to the second control unit. The second control unit then determines the parameters of the charging process with the aid of the individual state variables, which lead to the most effective possible charging of the battery with simultaneously low acid stratification.
  • the second control unit in turn generates control signals to a power source, which finally provides the charging current for the battery.
  • the current source could be formed by a generator, but can also be realized by other controllable current sources, such as DC / DC converters.
  • a control device can be arranged, which regulates the charging current supplied by the power source, which impresses the battery becomes.
  • a further device could be provided which prevents impairment of the electrical system of the vehicle by the pulses of the charging current.
  • the load on the battery and the degree of power reduction as well as the formation of acid stratification are monitored by a battery monitoring system.
  • the state determination generates via an algorithm that operates in a control unit, switching signals that are transmitted to a second control unit or the generator and thus lead to a pulse of the charging current.
  • There are known a number of circuits which allow this with limited influence on the consumers in the electrical system for example AT 502496).
  • pulse height and duration are not fixed, but are specified by the battery stress and the state evaluating control unit.
  • the control unit monitors the water consumption of the battery during battery monitoring and optimizes between stratification regeneration / elimination and electrolyte consumption.
  • the degree of acid stratification for example according to DE 10 2005 062 150 A1
  • the battery condition for example according to DE 10 2005 062 148 A1
  • the success of the loading treatment can be controlled by demand-controlled pulse charges.
  • 1 is a diagram with an exemplary course of a charging current over time
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram with a profile of the terminal voltage of a battery, the charging current and the charge quantity charged into the battery, the charging current being pulsed in the U phase,
  • FIG. 3 shows a diagram with curves of the acid density SD in a charging curve according to FIG. 2 as a function of the time and the immersion depth in the cell, FIG.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram similar to FIG. 2, wherein the charging current and the pulse strength are increased compared to FIG. 2, FIG.
  • FIG. 5 shows a diagram with curves of the acid density SD in a charging process according to FIG. 4 as a function of the time and the immersion depth, FIG.
  • Fig. 6 is a diagram similar to Figures 2 or 4, wherein the charging current is pulsed in both the I-phase and the U-phase, and 7 shows a diagram with curves of the acid density SD in a charging process according to FIG. 6 as a function of the time and the immersion depth.
  • a first constant charging current I 0 flows until the time t b for charging in the battery.
  • the charging current I 0 can assume any value not equal to 0, but in principle also equal to 0.
  • pulse operation begins, in which a periodic rectangular pulse is added to the current intensity I 0 .
  • a section of the periodically repeating pulses is shown in the middle of the diagram. The rising edges of the pulses repeat themselves after a pulse duration T p .
  • the pulses have a pulse length of t ,, followed by a pause with current I 0 .
  • the time t ⁇ ends the pulse operation and it is again the constant charging current I 0 in the battery.
  • the pulse duration T p , the pulse length t "of the pulse start t b , the pulse end t e , the pulse strength I p and the current intensity I 0 can now serve as parameters of the charging process, the latter also being able to be changed in the different charging phases.
  • Fig. 2 is a graph showing the waveform of the voltage, the charging current and the charged charge amount.
  • the battery is charged with a constant charging current of 33 A.
  • the I-phase ends and it is switched to the U-phase.
  • the pulse operation is started, with a pulse strength of 5 A is used.
  • Fig. 3 shows the course of the acid density in different heights of the battery.
  • the uppermost curve marked by a rhombus shows the course of the acid density at the cell bottom (100% depth), while the lowest, marked with a square curve reflects the curve at the upper edge of the electrolyte (0% depth).
  • a constant acid density is observed across the entire battery. This varies only in the range of 1.05 to 1.057 kg / l.
  • the pulse charge reduces the acid density difference from 0.232 kg / l to 0.177 kg / l.
  • a reduction of acid stratification is possible only to a small extent.
  • Fig. 4 shows another charging process in which a higher charging current and a higher pulse strength are used.
  • the top curve shown in FIG. 4, in the lower time range, represents the charging current. This is kept constant at 66 A in the I-phase of the charge. Thereafter, it is changed to the U phase, in which the charging current drops continuously. After about 1.75 h, the pulse charge begins with a pulse strength of likewise 66 A and a pulse length of 2 min. The current is then reduced to 15 A for 2 min and to 3 A for a further 2 min. Thus, the charging current in the pulse phase shows no rectangular shape, but is staircase-like reduced to a minimum charging current of 3 A. The pulse duration is thus 6 min.
  • the terminal voltage increases continuously until the changeover time between I and U phase and is initially kept constant in the U phase. In the pulse phase, the voltage also assumes a pulsating course.
  • the third curve shown in FIG. 4 shows the course of the charge amount charged into the battery. As can be clearly seen, the higher charge current reduces the amount of charge invited in the I-phase considerably. At the switchover time just under 50% of the charge quantity is loaded into the battery. However, the entire charging time is considerably reduced. After less than 3 hours, the full capacity of the battery is reached.
  • Fig. 5 shows the course of the acid density as a function of the height in the battery.
  • the initially more or less constant acid density along the height widens in the course of the charge considerably.
  • a significant acid stratification has set and at least a density difference of 0.213 kg / l formed.
  • this difference is reduced very rapidly and is almost completely eliminated after just a few pulses.
  • FIG. 6 and 7 show a further charging process in which the charging current assumes a pulsating course both in the I-phase and in the U-phase of the charge.
  • the middle curve to be recognized in the lower time range in FIG. 6 shows the terminal voltage of the battery, which starts at approx. 12 V and assumes a pulsating course similar to the current in the I-phase.
  • the voltage After switching to the U phase, the voltage initially assumes a constant value of 14 V and then begins to pulse at the beginning of the renewed pulsed operation.
  • the voltage for each pulse briefly increases to up to 17.5 V at the end of the charging time. In the pauses between pulses, a voltage of 14 V is assumed.
  • the third curve shown in FIG. 6 shows the course of the charge amount charged into the battery. This increases in a staircase shape between 0 and 1, 6 h and finally increases in the U phase to just over 100 Ah.
  • FIG. 7 again shows a family of curves of the acid densities at different heights in the battery.
  • the initially more or less constant acid density across the battery expands during the I phase to a difference of 0.170 kg / l.
  • the fanning has been reduced.
  • a pulse in the U-phase acts much more effectively on the acid stratification.
  • the acid stratification has increased to a difference of 0.201 kg / l. ßert.
  • the acid stratification is reduced slowly but steadily and has essentially reduced until the end of the charging process after 9 hours.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour la charge d'une batterie. Selon l'invention, un courant de charge provoquant la charge de la batterie est amené au moins par moments à une allure impulsionnelle pendant laquelle il est défini par l'intensité, la longueur et la fréquence des impulsions. L'invention vise à obtenir un processus de charge le plus efficace possible au cours duquel ne se produit qu'une faible stratification de l'électrolyte. Le procédé selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce que l'état de la batterie est déterminé par détermination de grandeurs d'état, en ce que des paramètres du processus de charge sont réglés en fonction de ces grandeurs d'état, ces paramètres comprenant l'intensité d'impulsion du courant de charge, et en ce qu'une stratification de l'électrolyte est empêchée et/ou qu'une stratification existante est éliminée par le courant de charge pendant l'allure impulsionnelle. L'invention concerne également un dispositif pour la charge d'une batterie conformément à ce procédé.
EP08828576A 2007-08-30 2008-08-29 Procédé pour charger une batterie Withdrawn EP2193587A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007041244 2007-08-30
PCT/DE2008/001418 WO2009026909A2 (fr) 2007-08-30 2008-08-29 Procédé pour charger une batterie

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2193587A2 true EP2193587A2 (fr) 2010-06-09

Family

ID=40298246

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08828576A Withdrawn EP2193587A2 (fr) 2007-08-30 2008-08-29 Procédé pour charger une batterie

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2193587A2 (fr)
DE (1) DE112008002953A5 (fr)
WO (1) WO2009026909A2 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014064349A1 (fr) 2012-10-25 2014-05-01 IFP Energies Nouvelles Procédé d'utilisation d'un système de stockage d'énergie électrique

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106227634B (zh) * 2016-07-08 2017-11-14 广东欧珀移动通信有限公司 一种充电提醒的方法、装置以及终端
DE102018211265A1 (de) * 2018-07-09 2020-01-09 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Laden einer Batterie und Steuereinheit
FR3140221A1 (fr) * 2022-09-26 2024-03-29 Psa Automobiles Sa Systeme de controle de charge pour batterie de traction de vehicule automobile, vehicule et procede sur la base d’un tel systeme

Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5499234A (en) * 1994-04-26 1996-03-12 General Motors Corporation Method for recharging flooded cell batteries
DE10316638A1 (de) * 2003-04-11 2004-10-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren zur Erkennung von Säureschichtung in einer Batterie

Family Cites Families (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5617007A (en) * 1994-08-17 1997-04-01 International Business Machines Corporation Battery charging method and apparatus using current control
US5932988A (en) * 1998-04-22 1999-08-03 Fluor Corporation Apparatus and methods for manufacturing electrodes
US20010019257A1 (en) * 2000-02-04 2001-09-06 Randy Bynum Battery charging controller and conditioning system for lead acid batteries
CA2363604C (fr) * 2001-11-20 2010-04-13 Edison Source Methode et appareil permettant d'ameliorer la stratification d'electrolyte pendant une charge rapide
WO2004070909A1 (fr) * 2003-02-03 2004-08-19 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Dispositif de production d'impulsions destine a charger une batterie au plomb a regulation par valve

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5499234A (en) * 1994-04-26 1996-03-12 General Motors Corporation Method for recharging flooded cell batteries
DE10316638A1 (de) * 2003-04-11 2004-10-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren zur Erkennung von Säureschichtung in einer Batterie

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014064349A1 (fr) 2012-10-25 2014-05-01 IFP Energies Nouvelles Procédé d'utilisation d'un système de stockage d'énergie électrique

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE112008002953A5 (de) 2010-07-29
WO2009026909A3 (fr) 2009-05-07
WO2009026909A2 (fr) 2009-03-05

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