EP2787280B1 - Dispositif de combustion de combustibles solides pouvant s'écouler - Google Patents

Dispositif de combustion de combustibles solides pouvant s'écouler Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2787280B1
EP2787280B1 EP13162458.7A EP13162458A EP2787280B1 EP 2787280 B1 EP2787280 B1 EP 2787280B1 EP 13162458 A EP13162458 A EP 13162458A EP 2787280 B1 EP2787280 B1 EP 2787280B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
region
fuel
combustion
combustion chamber
outgassing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP13162458.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2787280A1 (fr
Inventor
Andreas Buchegger
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Best Bioenergy And Sustainable Technologies GmbH
RIKA INNOVATIVE OFENTECHNIK GmbH
SCHMID AG - ENERGY SOLUTIONS
Original Assignee
Best Bioenergy And Sustainable Technologies GmbH
RIKA Innovative Ofentechnik GmbH
Schmid AG - Energy Solutions
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Application filed by Best Bioenergy And Sustainable Technologies GmbH, RIKA Innovative Ofentechnik GmbH, Schmid AG - Energy Solutions filed Critical Best Bioenergy And Sustainable Technologies GmbH
Priority to EP13162458.7A priority Critical patent/EP2787280B1/fr
Publication of EP2787280A1 publication Critical patent/EP2787280A1/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B10/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers
    • F23B10/02—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers including separate secondary combustion chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B30/00—Combustion apparatus with driven means for agitating the burning fuel; Combustion apparatus with driven means for advancing the burning fuel through the combustion chamber
    • F23B30/02—Combustion apparatus with driven means for agitating the burning fuel; Combustion apparatus with driven means for advancing the burning fuel through the combustion chamber with movable, e.g. vibratable, fuel-supporting surfaces; with fuel-supporting surfaces that have movable parts
    • F23B30/06—Combustion apparatus with driven means for agitating the burning fuel; Combustion apparatus with driven means for advancing the burning fuel through the combustion chamber with movable, e.g. vibratable, fuel-supporting surfaces; with fuel-supporting surfaces that have movable parts with fuel-supporting surfaces that are specially adapted for advancing the fuel through the combustion zone
    • F23B30/10—Combustion apparatus with driven means for agitating the burning fuel; Combustion apparatus with driven means for advancing the burning fuel through the combustion chamber with movable, e.g. vibratable, fuel-supporting surfaces; with fuel-supporting surfaces that have movable parts with fuel-supporting surfaces that are specially adapted for advancing the fuel through the combustion zone with fuel-supporting surfaces having fuel advancing elements that are movable, but remain essentially in the same place, e.g. with rollers or reciprocating grate bars
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F23G5/0276—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage using direct heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/04—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment drying
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
    • F23G5/16—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber
    • F23G5/165—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber arranged at a different level
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/442—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G5/444—Waste feed arrangements for solid waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J1/00—Removing ash, clinker, or slag from combustion chambers
    • F23J1/06—Mechanically-operated devices, e.g. clinker pushers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/30—Pyrolysing
    • F23G2201/303—Burning pyrogases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2203/00—Furnace arrangements
    • F23G2203/80—Furnaces with other means for moving the waste through the combustion zone
    • F23G2203/801—Furnaces with other means for moving the waste through the combustion zone using conveyors
    • F23G2203/8013—Screw conveyors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2205/00—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G2205/12—Waste feed arrangements using conveyors
    • F23G2205/121—Screw conveyor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method for burning free-flowing, solid fuel such as wood pellets or wood chips, the fuel in the combustion chamber undergoing a drying process in a drying area, a degassing process in a degassing area and a burnout process in a burnout area.
  • a device and such a method is out US4009667A known.
  • devices and methods for the combustion of free-flowing, solid fuel such as wood pellets, wood chips, in particular made of biological material have been known for some time and have been published in different embodiments.
  • devices for burning wood pellets are known.
  • the wood pellets are located in a storage container and are conveyed into a combustion chamber using a screw conveyor. There they are ignited and burned by an ignition device, for example by hot air.
  • the waste heat generated during the reaction is subsequently used as useful heat, for example for heating process water or for heating buildings.
  • the oxygen required for combustion is introduced into the combustion chamber through openings in the form of air.
  • the combustion produces hot combustion gas on the one hand, which is discharged from the combustion chamber via a burn-out opening and, on the other hand, incombustible residue, which is usually removed from the combustion chamber in the form of ash.
  • the hot combustion gas can be combusted by supplying secondary air to a secondary combustion chamber.
  • devices and methods for burning free-flowing, solid fuel, such as wood pellets are known, in which a screw conveyor projects into the combustion chamber in order to feed the pellets to a grate. There the pellets are in dormant state burned and subsequently discharged by another snail in the form of ash.
  • the ash content can vary from about 0.3% to 5% wf and the ash softening temperature from 800 ° C to about 1400 ° C.
  • the low ash softening temperatures and the different ash contents can lead to slagging on the conveying means and on other burner components. On the one hand, these impair the optimal combustion and, on the other hand, the mechanical functionality of the device.
  • the object of the present invention is now to provide a device and a method for the combustion of free-flowing, solid fuel which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art, can be flexibly adapted to different fuels, enables clean combustion, in particular the emission of nitrogen oxides and fine dust reduced compared to conventional combustion methods and also allows a compact design and inexpensive production.
  • the conveying means are designed as screw conveyors, the vane elements extending helically through the combustion chamber and being at least rotationally drivable via a drive, and wherein the vane elements are preferably arranged helically and in a band shape around the conveyor shaft such that the helical Blade elements running in the burnout area at least partially have a smaller slope than in the outgassing area, that the distance between two successive blade elements in the burnout area is smaller than in the outgassing area and / or that the conveying speed of the fuel in the conveying direction in the burnout area is lower than in the outgassing area.
  • the conveying takes place in a conveying direction which is essentially horizontal, oblique or in a direction deviating from the vertical, that the combustion chamber jacket and / or the conveying shaft can be cooled with primary air and / or secondary air, that through the shaft cavity of the conveying shaft and / or the jacket cavity primary air and / or secondary air is conducted or can be conducted and / or that primary air and / or secondary air can be preheated by passage through the shaft cavity and / or the jacket cavity.
  • the solid constituents of the fuel are burned with continuous delivery through the combustion chamber, that the volatile constituents of the fuel are burned in the primary combustion chamber and in the secondary combustion chamber, and that the incombustible constituents of the fuel are released from the conveying means as combustion residue are transported away to the combustion chamber, that the combustion chamber jacket and / or the delivery shaft is cooled with primary air and / or secondary air, that the shaft cavity of the delivery shaft is flowed through with primary air and / or secondary air and / or that primary air and / or secondary air flows through the shaft cavity and / or preheated the jacket cavity.
  • the fuel is conveyed by a rotary screw conveyor from a fuel supply into a drying area, then into a degassing area, then into a burnout area and then into a combustion residue discharge area, and that the screw conveyor has a smaller size to increase the dwell time in the burnout area Inclination than in at least one other area.
  • a certain dwell time of the fuel in the combustion chamber must be provided for the optimal conversion of the energy contained in the fuel. This is particularly due to determined several phases of the combustion process.
  • the phases include a drying phase, a pyrolysis phase, a degassing phase and a burn-off phase. In the case of conventional pellets, the drying phase can essentially be neglected.
  • the pyrolysis phase and the degassing phase are closely linked and are subsequently combined as a degassing phase.
  • the combustion phases to be carried out by the fuel take place in different areas of the combustion chamber. After the fuel has been introduced into the combustion chamber via a fuel supply, the fuel is conveyed in a conveying direction by means of conveying means. The fuel first passes through the drying area, then through the outgassing area and then through the burnout area. After the burnout area, the material to be conveyed essentially consists of burning residues such as ash, which are discharged into a collecting container via the burning residue discharge area.
  • the combustion phases of the fuel in particular the areas of the combustion phases, are arranged one after the other along the direction of delivery of the fuel.
  • An advantage of separating and / or lining up the different combustion phases is that parameters such as the supply of primary air, the temperature and the duration of the fuel in the respective area can be influenced and / or controlled separately for each area.
  • heat is given off to the fuel via the combustion chamber jacket, the conveyor or other devices.
  • the heat transport takes place opposite to the direction of the fuel, preferably via heat conduction.
  • the heat itself comes from the combustion that takes place in the following areas.
  • the maximum temperatures in the drying area are around 120 ° C to 180 ° C.
  • the outgassing area in which the degassing and pyrolysis of the fuel takes place is provided in the direction of delivery.
  • This area can also be referred to as the primary primary combustion area.
  • the area is in the immediate vicinity of the combustion chamber opening.
  • the volatile constituents of the fuel are released in the outgassing process in an endothermic process and with it through the primary air openings in the combustion chamber supplied oxygen at least partially oxidized.
  • part of the heat released is conducted into the drying area via heat conduction in the conveyor, in the combustion chamber jacket or via other devices.
  • the introduction of primary air into the outgassing area also cools the combustion chamber and / or the combustion chamber.
  • the fuel is at least partially, preferably completely, converted into coke or coal.
  • the maximum temperatures in the outgassing range are between 600 ° C and 800 ° C and up to 1000 ° C.
  • the temperatures in the outgassing region are preferably below the ash softening temperature of the fuel.
  • the coke or coal is burned to ash.
  • the oxygen required for the oxidation is supplied via primary air openings in the area.
  • the ash or the burning residue is subsequently removed from the conveying means through a burning residue discharge area.
  • the temperature in the burnout area is approximately 200 ° C to 400 ° C.
  • the temperatures in the burnout area are also preferably below the ash softening temperature of the fuel.
  • a change in the geometry of the conveying means is provided for at least partial compensation of the volume reduction.
  • This change in the geometry is advantageous, on the one hand, to further convey the small remaining volume and, on the other hand, to achieve a sufficiently good introduction of the primary air through the primary air opening in this area.
  • Another effect that can be achieved by changing the geometry of the conveying means is a change in the residence time of the fuel in the area in question. This lengthening of the residence time is advantageous since the combustion of the carbon takes longer than the outgassing of the volatile components of the fuel.
  • Primary air openings for supplying the primary air are provided both in the outgassing area and in the burnout area. This can be used, for example, for the Oxidation of the fuel and the cooling of the combustion chamber are influenced and / or controlled.
  • the volatile components of the fuel are at least partially oxidized with the primary air in the outgassing area.
  • This reaction takes place in particular in the primary combustion chamber, which extends from the ember bed of the outgassing area through the combustion chamber opening into the combustion chamber.
  • the secondary combustion chamber lies downstream of the primary combustion chamber in the flow direction of the ascending combustion gases. Secondary air openings for supplying the secondary air are provided in the region of the secondary combustion chamber. According to the invention, these can be arranged along a secondary air burner ring.
  • all combustible gases are oxidized to carbon dioxide, water and, if necessary, to further exhaust gases.
  • the volatile constituents of the fuel are removed from the fuel mass flow in the combustion chamber in the outgassing region and passed through the combustion chamber in the form of a gaseous partial mass flow.
  • the combustion chamber and the combustion chamber are essentially formed by communicating cavities.
  • the fuel is continuously conveyed through the combustion chamber and goes through the different combustion phases, in which all combustible components are preferably removed from the fuel, so that ultimately only combustion residue in the form of ash remains.
  • the volatile constituents of the fuel are fed together with the combustion gases to the separate combustion chamber, where they are subsequently burned by introducing secondary air.
  • the individual phases of the conversion of the fuel in the drying area and in the burnout area are separate from the combustion of the volatile components of the fuel, which takes place in the outgassing area, in the combustion chamber, in particular in the primary combustion chamber and the secondary combustion chamber.
  • the areas can overlap one another.
  • the separation of the areas and the combustion chambers offers the advantage that the air supply as well as the mass flow rate, the length of stay and flow conditions can be viewed and influenced separately in each area. It is only through this separation that the increase in efficiency and improvement in combustion according to the invention is achieved.
  • slagging is prevented or minimized by avoiding the ash softening temperature being exceeded.
  • Another advantage of the arrangement according to the invention is that the release of fine dust particles from the ember bed is reduced in particular by the separate supply of primary and secondary air and by the possibility of the controlled temperature in the combustion chamber.
  • the secondary air and the primary air can be preheated before being introduced into the combustion chamber or the combustion chamber.
  • This preheating can be carried out by exchanging heat with one or more components of the device according to the invention.
  • the primary air or the secondary air can be guided along the outside of the combustion chamber jacket heated by the combustion.
  • the primary air or the secondary air can be guided through hollow bodies in the combustion chamber or in the combustion chamber.
  • components of the device can be cooled in order to increase the service life and / or to improve the combustion and the efficiency.
  • the combustion control takes place, for example, as a function of performance by controlling the fuel mass flow, by controlling the conveying means, or by controlling the cycle speed or the rotational speed of the drive of the conveyor shaft.
  • the combustion air quantity in particular the primary air mass flow and the secondary air mass flow, can be controlled via the speed control of an induced draft fan.
  • Adaptation to different fuels in order to optimize the efficiency, to fall below the ash softening temperature and to improve the combustion can also be carried out by selecting the drive timing and / or speed and selecting the combustion air mass flow.
  • Feeded fuel 4 is conveyed from the area of the fuel supply 5 into the drying area 14 via conveying means 3. There is an elevated temperature in this, at which residual moisture escapes from the fuel.
  • the outgassing area 15 is located downstream of the drying area 14 in the conveying direction 26. The degassing and pyrolysis of the fuel take place in this area.
  • the volatile constituents are passed through the combustion chamber opening into the combustion chamber, in particular into the Primary combustion chamber 12 and the secondary combustion chamber 13 passed.
  • the oxygen required for the oxidation is supplied in the form of primary air 6 through one or more primary air openings 7.
  • the supply of primary air can be supported on the one hand by fans or pump-like devices.
  • the suction of the hot combustion gases creates a suction, which can be supported by pump-like devices if necessary.
  • the gaseous fuel components formed during the degassing and pyrolysis of the fuel 4 are at least partially oxidized or burned in the primary combustion chamber.
  • the primary combustion chamber 12 is followed by a secondary combustion chamber 13 in the gas extraction direction 36. Upstream of the secondary combustion chamber 13 or the secondary combustion chamber 13, one, preferably a plurality of secondary air openings 9 are provided. Through this secondary air 8 is introduced into the combustion chamber 20.
  • the entire combustible component of the gaseous fuel components is now preferably oxidized and converted into usable thermal energy.
  • the fuel 4 is conveyed continuously by the conveying means 3 to the burnout area 16.
  • the burnout area 16 further primary air openings 7 are provided for complete coking, charring and / or combustion of the solid parts of the fuel.
  • the volume of the fuel 4 is greatly reduced.
  • the pitch of the screw contour of the blade elements 21 in the burnout area 16 is at least is in part less than in the outgassing region 15. Because of the smaller gradient of the spiral contour, the blade elements 21 have moved two successive turns closer to one another.
  • This arrangement on the one hand increases the fill level in the combustion chamber 1 in the burnout area 16 and on the other hand reduces the conveying speed in the conveying direction 26 at a constant angular velocity of the rotation of the conveying shaft 22.
  • the conveying speed in the conveying direction 26 By reducing the conveying speed in the conveying direction 26, the residence time of the fuel 4 in the burnout area 16 is increased.
  • the fuel mass flow can be controlled by changing the drive speed, the conveying speed being determined by the design of the conveying means, in particular by the slope of the conveying screw.
  • the primary air openings 7 are preferably arranged in the lower region of the outgassing region 15 and the burnout region 16 of the combustion chamber 1 in the combustion chamber jacket 2.
  • the feed of the fuel 4 generated by the rotation of the conveying means 3 results in an accumulation of the fuel 4 in a lateral area of the combustion chamber 1 which deviates from the lowest lying area.
  • the fuel 4 is carried to a certain extent by the rotation of the conveying means 3 and against it Gravity moved up on the combustion chamber jacket 2.
  • the primary air openings 7 in the present embodiment are preferably arranged asymmetrically, from the lowest point of the combustion chamber 1. Examples are a lateral offset of 20 ° to 40 ° from the vertical in the direction of rotation of the screw conveyor. Further primary air openings can also be arranged in the upper area of the combustion chamber.
  • the fuel in the burnout area 16 is converted from a coke or coal-shaped stage to ashes.
  • the firing residue 10 is subsequently conveyed by conveying means 3 into the firing residue discharge area 11, from which it reaches a firing residue container 27.
  • both the primary air and the secondary air can be preheated before being introduced into the respective combustion area.
  • One way of preheating is to guide the sucked-in air along the outside of the combustion chamber jacket or along other components that have an elevated temperature due to contact with the thermal reaction.
  • the conveyor shaft 22 is designed as a hollow shaft and thus has a shaft cavity 28. Air can be introduced into the shaft, in particular into the shaft cavity 28, via a first shaft opening 29 and can be transported through the combustion chamber in this, for example in the conveying direction, with no gas exchange taking place between the combustion chamber and the shaft cavity.
  • a second shaft opening 30 is provided, through which the preheated air can be directed into the combustion chamber or the combustion chamber.
  • the preheated air in particular the secondary air
  • a jacket cavity 31 which at least partially surrounds the combustion chamber 1.
  • the air is then further heated and introduced into the combustion chamber 20 via a secondary air supply line 32 and further via the secondary air openings 9.
  • the primary air can be preheated via a primary air intake 33 and through a second jacket cavity 34 and can be introduced into the combustion chamber through the primary air openings 7.
  • the gaseous components of the combustion process and residual air are discharged via the gas exhaust 35. This is preferably arranged downstream of the combustion chamber 20. In the area of the gas exhaust and / or the combustion chamber, one or more heat exchangers can be arranged to remove the used heat.
  • the conveying direction 26 of the fuel 4 is arranged essentially horizontally.
  • the partial mass flow of the gaseous constituents through the combustion chamber 20 runs essentially vertically upwards.
  • the mass flows are led through the combustion chamber 1 and / or the combustion chamber 20, which are essentially formed from hollow bodies communicating with one another, in particular tubular components.
  • the conveying direction 26 and / or the longitudinal central axis of the conveying shaft 22 are arranged obliquely downwards.
  • the fuel is thus conveyed from a higher position in the fuel supply 5 to a lower position in the burnout area 16.
  • This inclination favors fuel transport due to the action of gravity.
  • the combustion chamber 20, in particular the gaseous partial mass flow, is in turn preferably arranged to run vertically upward in order to offer as little resistance as possible to the ascending hot gaseous components.
  • the conveying direction 26 and / or the direction of the conveying shaft are oriented obliquely upwards.
  • the funding 3 of the different embodiments can be designed differently according to the invention:
  • One possibility is the provision of a band-shaped body running helically around the conveyor shaft 22. This is essentially on the inside of the conveyor shaft 22 and formed on the outside of the combustion chamber 1. The band thus closes on the outside with the combustion chamber jacket 2.
  • the combustion chamber 1 is preferably cylindrical in this embodiment. This design corresponds to a screw conveyor in terms of structure and the principle of conveyance.
  • the screw conveyor in particular the screw-shaped belt, has radial incisions, for example to allow an air flow parallel to the conveying direction. This configuration allows better gas transport against the conveying direction 26.
  • guide elements are provided on the conveying shaft 22, which are inclined in the conveying direction 26 with respect to the respective rotational plane. These plate-shaped elements can be provided like a propeller or like a blade on the circumference and along the longitudinal extent of the conveyor shaft.
  • movably arranged guide elements are provided on the conveying shaft 22, which can be inclined or flattened depending on the desired conveying throughput.
  • the conveying means 3 are formed by a shaft-free screw which is driven by the drive at least at one end region.
  • the conveying means 3 have different slopes and / or different distances from one another depending on the area.
  • the screw has a smaller pitch and / or a smaller distance between the blade elements 21 in the region of the burnout area and / or the burning residue discharge area.
  • the conveying speed is thus reduced in this area.
  • Another effect is that through that Moving closer to each other of the individual blade elements 21, the volume between two turns is less than in the area with a greater distance between the blade elements 21. This increases the fill level in the area of the closer together blade elements 21 with a smaller pitch.
  • the dwell time in this area is increased by reducing the conveying speed.
  • the device according to the invention is particularly suitable for use as a pellet burner or premium wood chip burner for small furnaces and domestic fires.
  • pellet boilers for heating outputs from approximately 10 kW to approximately 30 kW with automatic operation for fuel ignition, fuel supply, combustion control and disposal of the combustion residues from the combustion area.
  • the efficiencies are preferably over 90%, in particular 94% -95%.
  • the dimensions of the devices according to the invention must be within a certain range in order to enable accommodation in residential buildings.
  • the compact arrangement of the device according to the invention allows dimensions which do not exceed a height of 1800 mm, preferably 1500 mm, a width of 1000 mm, preferably 600 mm and an installation depth of 1000 mm, preferably 750 mm. These dimensions can be further reduced by further optimization. It should be noted that these dimensions include the dimensions of the primary and secondary combustion chambers as well as the feed of the pellets and possibly a pellet tank.
  • the pellets can be fed to the device according to the invention, for example, via suction systems or screw conveyor systems.
  • 1000-2000W can be sufficient as auxiliary energy for the ignition process.
  • the power consumption in continuous operation including the fuel supply is, for example, a maximum of 150W.
  • a pellet storage container of approximately 120 liters can be provided in the device according to the invention.
  • the respective national emission limit values for domestic fire must be observed when burning. This applies in particular to limit values for total dust, NOx and CO emissions. Furthermore, the device according to the invention must comply with the national safety regulations for burners or boilers.
  • the following combustion principle can be used, for example:
  • the pellets are introduced from a storage container using a conventional conveyor system through a cellular wheel sluice into the conveyor set of the auger, where they are ignited by an ignition device using electrical resistance heating at the start of combustion and converted into the gaseous state with air supplied in a pre-combustion stage.
  • the fuel supplied is ignited by heat reflection and heat recirculation from this pre-combustion.
  • Solid combustion of the fuel preferably takes place in the combustion chamber, in the screw conveyor, between the conveying means and / or enclosed by the combustion chamber jacket.
  • the solid combustion of the fuel takes place with continuous delivery, preferably in a screw conveyor.
  • the combustion of the volatile components of the fuel preferably takes place in a combustion chamber connected to the combustion chamber.
  • the conveying speed of the burner screw is controlled in cycles and depending on the desired heating output.
  • the gaseous fuel from the first combustion stage is fed into the burner ring arranged above with the addition of air for post-combustion and generation of the combustion gas.
  • the remaining ash and slag residues are transported by the screw into a container.
  • the screw causes these residues to be completely removed from the guide tube, so that the primary air supply and the combustion process are not obstructed in the combustion area.
  • the combustion chamber is made, for example, of refractory shaped stones in a cylindrical design and is arranged above the secondary air burner ring or the secondary air opening.
  • the heat exchanger is constructed in a steel structure for heating the heat transfer medium for heating purposes.
  • the heat of the combustion gas is given off to the heat transfer medium, for example, via cylindrical tubes.
  • inserts can be provided in the heat exchanger tubes. These inserts become movable in order to mechanically clean the heat exchanger tubes.
  • Another object is to achieve a mechanism for controlling the inserts for a partial closure of heat exchanger tubes in order to match the heat exchanger surfaces on the combustion side to the heating power during part-load operation.
  • the exhaust gas temperature can be controlled so that it is over 140 °, which means that conventional chimneys can be used.
  • the combustion gas supply and the combustion air supply can be carried out by means of speed-controlled induced draft fans.
  • the combustion control is performance-dependent by controlling the cycle speed of the burner screw drive and synchronously by controlling the amount of combustion air via the speed control of the induced draft fan.
  • Control criteria are, for example, the power requirement and the desired / necessary residence time of the fuel in the combustion chamber.
  • the control system for dividing the combustion air volume into the primary air volume and the secondary air volume can be selected, for example, to minimize NOx emissions to less than 100 mg / MJ fuel output and dust emissions below 35 mg / MJ fuel output in the output range from 10 kW to approximately 30 kW for wood fuels in pellet form.
  • the drying of the fuel takes place at a temperature of up to 150 ° C.
  • components of the fuel such as lignin or cellulose, are gasified. This gas ignites as soon as secondary air is supplied, the flame being around 230-280 ° C.
  • the gaseous components of the fuel are evaporated at around 500-900 ° C.
  • the temperatures in the primary combustion chamber can be, for example, 700-900 ° C.
  • the temperatures in the secondary combustion chamber can be, for example, 900-1200 ° C.
  • two parallel or counter-rotating conveying means in particular screw conveyors, can be used to improve the conveying performance and conveying quality.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Dispositif destiné à la combustion d'un combustible solide s'écoulant facilement (4), comme des granulés de bois ou un matériau déchiqueté,
    le combustible (4) passant dans l'espace de combustion (1), par une zone de séchage (14) dans un processus de séchage, par une zone de dégazage (15) dans un processus de dégazage et par une zone d'incinération (16) dans un processus d'incinération,
    des moyens de transport (3) étant prévus pour le transport continu du combustible (4) à travers la zone de séchage (14), la zone de dégazage (15) et la zone d'incinération (16),
    la zone de séchage (14), la zone de dégazage (15) et la zone d'incinération (16) dans l'espace de combustion étant disposées dans le sens du transport (26) l'unes derrière l'autre et/ou se chevauchant entre elles,
    caractérisé en ce qu'une chambre de combustion séparée est prévue,
    à laquelle les composants volatiles du combustible avec les gaz de combustion sont acheminés et y sont ultérieurement brûlés le cas échéant par apport d'air secondaire,
    en ce que la combustion des matières solides du combustible a lieu avec un transport continu, de préférence dans un convoyeur à vis,
    en ce que la combustion des composants volatiles du combustible a lieu dans une chambre de combustion reliée à l'espace de combustion,
    de telle sorte que les phases individuelles de la transformation du combustible dans la zone de séchage et dans la zone d'incinération sont séparées de la combustion des composants volatiles du combustible, laquelle intervient dans la zone de dégazage et dans la chambre de combustion, notamment dans la chambre de combustion primaire et la chambre de combustion secondaire.
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la zone de dégazage (15) est reliée à une chambre de combustion primaire (12), en ce que la zone de dégazage (15) comprend au moins en partie la chambre de combustion primaire (12) et/ou en ce que la chambre de combustion primaire (12) est reliée à une chambre de combustion secondaire (13).
  3. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les composants volatiles du combustible sont au moins en partie oxydés dans la zone de dégazage avec de l'air primaire, cette réaction ayant lieu notamment dans la chambre de combustion primaire, qui s'étend du lit ardent de la zone de dégazage à travers l'ouverture de la chambre de combustion dans la chambre de combustion et en ce que la chambre de combustion primaire est disposée dans le sens d'écoulement des gaz de combustion ascendants à la suite de la chambre de combustion secondaire.
  4. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que dans la zone de dégazage (15) et/ou dans la zone d'incinération (16), des ouvertures d'air primaire (7) sont prévues pour l'alimentation de l'air primaire (6) et en ce que des ouvertures d'air secondaire (9) sont éventuellement prévues avant et/ou dans la chambre de combustion secondaire (13) pour l'alimentation d'air secondaire (8) .
  5. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que dans le sens du transport (26), une zone d'extraction des résidus de combustion (11) est prévue après la zone d'incinération (16) pour extraire les résidus de combustion, l'extraction ayant lieu de façon préférée par les moyens de transport (3) .
  6. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'une alimentation en combustible (5) est prévue dans le sens du transport (26) avant la zone de séchage (14) pour introduire du combustible, l'introduction ayant lieu de façon préférée par les moyens de transport (3).
  7. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de transport (3) sont exécutés comme des éléments à aubes (21) disposés le long d'un arbre de transport (22), l'arbre de transport (22) pouvant être au moins entraîné de façon rotative par un système d'entraînement (19, 23), et/ou en ce que les moyens de transport (3) sont exécutés sous la forme d'un convoyeur à vis sans fin, les éléments à aubes (21) s'étendant en forme d'hélice à travers l'espace de combustion et pouvant être au moins entraînés de façon rotative par un système d'entraînement (19, 23), les éléments à aubes (21) étant disposés de préférence en forme d'hélice et en forme de bande autour de l'arbre de transport (22).
  8. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les éléments à aubes passant en forme d'hélice (21) dans la zone d'incinération (16) comportent au moins en partie un pas plus faible que dans la zone de dégazage (15), en ce que l'intervalle entre deux éléments à aubes (21) successifs dans la zone d'incinération (16) est plus faible que dans la zone de dégazage (15) et/ou en ce que la vitesse de transport du combustible (4) dans le sens du transport (26) est plus faible dans la zone d'incinération (16) que dans la zone de dégazage (15).
  9. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que le transport a lieu dans un sens de transport (26) qui passe pour l'essentiel horizontalement, en diagonale ou dans une direction s'écartant de la perpendiculaire.
  10. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe de l'espace de combustion (2) et/ou l'arbre de transport (22) peut être refroidie avec de l'air primaire et/ou de l'air secondaire, en ce que de l'air primaire et/ou de l'air secondaire est dirigé à travers l'espace creux d'arbre (28) de l'arbre de transport (22) et/ou l'espace creux d'enveloppe (31) et/ou en ce que l'air primaire et/ou l'air secondaire peut être préchauffé en passant par l'espace creux d'arbre (28) et/ou l'espace creux d'enveloppe (31).
  11. Procédé destiné à la combustion d'un combustible solide s'écoulant facilement comme des granulés de bois ou du matériau déchiqueté dans un espace de combustion,
    le combustible passant dans l'espace de combustion , par une zone de séchage dans un processus de séchage, par une zone de dégazage dans un processus de dégazage et par une zone d'incinération dans un processus d'incinération,
    le combustible étant transporté en continu par des moyens de transport d'abord à travers la zone de séchage, puis à travers la zone de dégazage et ensuite à travers la zone d'incinération,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les composants volatiles du combustible avec les gaz de combustion sont acheminés à une chambre de combustion séparée et y sont ultérieurement brûlés le cas échéant par apport d'air secondaire,
    en ce que la combustion des matières solides du combustible a lieu avec un transport continu, de préférence dans un convoyeur à vis,
    et en ce que la combustion des composants volatiles du combustible a lieu de préférence dans une chambre de combustion reliée à l'espace de combustion,
    de telle sorte que les phases individuelles de la transformation du combustible dans la zone de séchage et dans la zone d'incinération sont séparées de la combustion des composants volatiles du combustible, laquelle intervient dans la zone de dégazage et dans la chambre de combustion, notamment dans la chambre de combustion primaire et la chambre de combustion secondaire.
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 11, caractérisé en ce que dans la zone de dégazage et/ou dans la zone d'incinération de l'oxygène, notamment de l'air primaire, est acheminé et en ce que pour le processus de dégazage les composants volatiles du combustible s'échappant du combustible sont dirigés dans un espace de combustion et y sont oxydés avec de l'air primaire et/ou de l'air secondaire.
  13. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 ou 13, caractérisé en ce que le combustible est transporté à travers l'espace de combustion à une vitesse de transport, la vitesse de transport dans la zone d'incinération étant plus faible que dans la zone de dégazage et/ou dans la zone de séchage et en ce que le combustible comporte de préférence respectivement dans la zone de séchage, dans la zone de dégazage et dans la zone d'incinération une durée de séjour, la durée de séjour dans la zone d'incinération étant plus élevée que dans la zone de dégazage et/ou dans la zone de séchage.
  14. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 ou 12, caractérisé en ce que les composants volatiles du combustible sont brûlés dans la chambre de combustion primaire et dans la chambre de combustion secondaire.
  15. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le combustible est transporté d'une alimentation de combustible dans une zone de séchage, puis dans une zone de dégazage, ensuite dans une zone d'incinération et puis dans une zone d'extraction de résidus de combustion par un convoyeur à vis sans fin entraîné de façon rotative et en ce que le convoyeur à vis comporte un pas plus petit que dans au moins une autre zone pour augmenter la durée de séjour dans la zone d'incinération.
EP13162458.7A 2013-04-05 2013-04-05 Dispositif de combustion de combustibles solides pouvant s'écouler Active EP2787280B1 (fr)

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AT519471B1 (de) * 2017-02-06 2018-07-15 Herz Energietechnik Gmbh Verkohlungsanlage
CN110578923B (zh) * 2019-10-12 2024-08-23 山东诺泰环保科技有限公司 一种裂解设备
EP4092320B1 (fr) * 2021-05-19 2025-04-23 Daniel Gaudreault Chaudière à balles

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US4338869A (en) * 1975-04-30 1982-07-13 Gordon H. Hoskinson Combustion apparatus utilizing an auger having an integral air supply system
US4009667A (en) * 1975-05-05 1977-03-01 Tyer Robert C Incinerator for combustible refuse
JPS5927114A (ja) * 1982-08-04 1984-02-13 Obanaya Sangyo:Kk 廃棄物の燃焼装置に用いる移送スクリユ

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