Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/14—Peroxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/0025—Crosslinking or vulcanising agents; including accelerators
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/34—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring
  • C08K5/3467—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring having more than two nitrogen atoms in the ring
  • C08K5/3477—Six-membered rings
  • C08K5/3492—Triazines
  • C08K5/34924—Triazines containing cyanurate groups; Tautomers thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
  • C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
  • C08L23/0807—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons only containing four or more carbon atoms
  • C08L23/0815—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons only containing four or more carbon atoms with aliphatic 1-olefins containing one carbon-to-carbon double bond
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules
  • H10F19/80—Encapsulations or containers for integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, having photovoltaic cells
  • H10F19/804—Materials of encapsulations
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/83—Chemically modified polymers
  • C08G18/86—Chemically modified polymers by peroxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
  • C08K2201/014—Additives containing two or more different additives of the same subgroup in C08K
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
  • C08K2201/019—Specific properties of additives the composition being defined by the absence of a certain additive
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of a mixture of organic peroxides, as defined hereinafter, for the crosslinking of polyolefin elastomer (POE), preferably of a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin , in particular for use in photovoltaic applications.
• POE polyolefin elastomer
• the invention also relates to a crosslinkable composition
• a crosslinkable composition comprising at least one elastomeric polyolefin (POE), preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin, and at least one mixture of organic peroxides as defined below.
• POE elastomeric polyolefin
• the present invention also relates to a process for preparing an elastomeric polyolefin (POE) based material, preferably an encapsulating material, in particular photovoltaic cells, comprising a step of crosslinking a crosslinkable composition as defined above. .
• POE elastomeric polyolefin
• the invention also relates to the elastomer polyolefin material, preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin, obtainable by the process previously described and a photovoltaic module comprising such a material.
• Photovoltaic modules also called panels or solar collectors
• Photovoltaic modules generally have the role of converting incident solar energy into electrical energy so as to produce electricity in the form of direct current.
• a photovoltaic module corresponds in particular to an assembly of photovoltaic cells (also called solar cells), consisting mainly of semiconductors, which are arranged side by side between a first transparent layer forming a front face of the module and a second layer forming a rear face. of the module.
• the first layer forming the front face of the module is generally made using a solid and transparent glass plate to allow the photovoltaic cells to receive a luminous flux.
• the second layer forming the rear face of the module can be made from a flexible material, for example plastic, or a material of metal or glass.
• the front face and the rear face of the module may both be made with a glass plate (the manufacturing process is then called bi-glass process).
• this film is generally colored in white with pigments of the titanium oxide type optionally combined with other fillers (calcium carbonate type, talc, silica, etc.), so as to reflect towards the top of the module. light and thus send back to the cells some of the radiation normally lost in the single-glass panels.
• the second layer forming the rear face of the module is preferably composed of a multilayer assembly composed for example of a thin layer of electrical insulating polymer, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or the polyamide (PA), surmounted by one or more thin layers based on fluorinated polymers, such as polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), topped with a metal layer, by aluminum example, to protect the module from possible mechanical shocks.
• a multilayer assembly composed for example of a thin layer of electrical insulating polymer, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or the polyamide (PA), surmounted by one or more thin layers based on fluorinated polymers, such as polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), topped with a metal layer, by aluminum example, to protect the module from possible mechanical shocks.
• PVDF polyvinyl fluoride
• PVDF polyviny
• the photovoltaic cells are electrically connected to each other (in series or in parallel) and encapsulated so as to ensure their electrical insulation as well as their protection against external environmental factors, such as humidity, inclement weather such as rain or snow, and ultraviolet radiation.
• the materials, preferably in the form of films, for encapsulating photovoltaic cells are commonly designed from homopolymers or copolymers of ethylene. More specifically, copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate (EVA) are particularly advantageous for performing such encapsulation because they lead to transparent materials that can easily adhere to the substrates of a photovoltaic module while being equipped a high electrical resistivity. For these reasons, EVA resins account for a majority of the current market.
• thermomechanical properties in particular in terms of good adhesion properties with respect to the module substrate, creep resistance and resistance to degradation with respect to the weather, it is It is important to cross-link the copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate and to obtain a good crosslinking density. Indeed, if the crosslinking density is too low, the material obtained is likely to have, among other things, insufficient tensile strength and rupture, and to flow over time given the high temperatures that can reach the upper faces of the photovoltaic panels.
• the crosslinking agents typically employed are peroxides such as dicumyl peroxide (DCP), peroxyesters, peroxyketals, peroxycarbonates, dialkyl peroxides, and mixtures thereof.
• monoperoxycarbonate As an example of monoperoxycarbonate, it is already known to use 00-tert-amyl-O-2-ethylhexylmonoperoxycarbonate (TAEC), OO-tert-butyl-O-2-ethylhexylmonoperoxycarbonate (TBEC), OO- tert-isobutyl-O-isopropylmonoperoxycarbonate (TBIC), or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane for the crosslinking of copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate (EVA).
• TAEC OO-tert-amyl-O-2-ethylhexylmonoperoxycarbonate
• TBEC OO-tert-butyl-O-2-ethylhexylmonoperoxycarbonate
• TBIC OO- tert-isobutyl-O-isopropylmono
• the solar cells and their electrical conductors are arranged between two layers (or films) obtained from a composition based on copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate and one or more crosslinking agents.
• a manufacturing method comprises a single step of rolling the various layers forming the photovoltaic module at a certain temperature during a given period during which the EVA-based composition is crosslinked. The different layers of the module are thus compressed together and the solar cells are found coated in a transparent material based on EVA.
• this lack of yellowing may be accompanied by a degradation of the adhesion properties between the encapsulating material and the various layers of the module leading, on the one hand, to the penetration of water inside the module and on the other hand, the formation of trapped air bubbles between the encapsulating material and the front and / or rear face of the module.
• the formation of these air bubbles causes swelling between the encapsulating material and the faces of the module, in particular the rear face, thus leaving unsightly traces visible on the surface (traces called snail trails in English).
• the presence of these bubbles also makes it more difficult for the heat dissipation of the solar cells, which increases their overheating and affects their service life.
• the EVA-based materials have the disadvantage of being permeable under moist heat conditions.
• PID Point Induced Degradation
• elastomeric polyolefins proves to be advantageous for preparing materials intended to encapsulate solar cells, since these cells are endowed with a high electrical resistivity while being poorly permeable under humid heat conditions.
• the elastomeric polyolefins have in particular good performance in photovoltaic modules whose front and rear faces are made using a glass plate.
• the elastomeric polyolefins are more difficult to crosslink than the copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate and this under identical operating conditions in the presence of the same crosslinking agents. More specifically, the crosslinking process of the elastomeric polyolefins may in particular require higher crosslinking temperatures, higher peroxide concentrations and / or longer crosslinking times than those used for the copolymers of ethylene and acetate. of vinyl. This results in a significant loss of productivity for industries using elastomeric polyolefins in replacement of copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
• JP2017-085032 discloses the use of copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefin in photovoltaic applications which are crosslinked in the presence of tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC).
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• This phenomenon of premature crosslinking also called roasting
• roasting has the consequence of causing the formation of gel particles in the mass of the mixture which can induce a number of irregularities (inhomogeneity, surface roughness) of the encapsulant material ultimately affecting the appearance and properties of photovoltaic modules.
• excessive roasting can lead to the total stop of the extrusion operation thus slowing the productivity of the material.
• the roasting phenomenon is likely to affect both the final properties of the photovoltaic modules and their productivity.
• one of the objectives of the present invention is to implement compounds having good crosslinking properties of elastomeric polyolefins, in particular by conferring a satisfactory speed and crosslinking density, in order to obtain a material with thermomechanical properties. adapted to the desired applications, while minimizing the risk of premature crosslinking (or roasting) may affect the productivity and the final properties of said material.
• the object of the invention is more particularly to propose a material intended for encapsulation, preferably solar cells in photovoltaic modules, having not only a high electrical resistivity but also a lower permeability under moist heat conditions than that of a material obtained from copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
• the present invention therefore particularly relates to the use for the crosslinking of an elastomeric polyolefin of a composition comprising:
• R 1 represents an alkyl radical comprising a number of carbon atoms of less than or equal to 6 and R 2 represents an alkyl radical
• R 1 represents an alkyl radical comprising a number of carbon atoms greater than or equal to 7 and R 2 represents an alkyl radical.
• said composition comprises strictly less than 0.4% by weight of a tertiary alkyl hydroperoxide calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of a mixture of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) .
• said composition is free of a tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated with respect to 100 parts by weight of a mixture of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II).
• said composition is free of a tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of the total content of monoperoxycarbonate of the composition. Even more preferentially, said composition is free of a tert-alkyl hydroperoxide.
• the invention relates to the use of a mixture of at least two different monoperoxycarbonates corresponding respectively to formulas (I) and (II) for the crosslinking of an elastomeric polyolefin, preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin; the mixture containing strictly less than 0.4% dialkyl hydroperoxide calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of the mixture.
• composition according to the invention thus has the advantage of leading to a satisfactory speed and a crosslinking density while minimizing the risks of premature roasting or crosslinking likely to affect the productivity and the final properties of the material obtained.
• composition according to the invention makes it possible to increase the resistance time to roasting without impacting on the overall rate of crosslinking and the crosslinking density of the elastomeric polyolefins.
• composition according to the invention makes it possible in particular to retain the good crosslinking properties obtained with tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate while reducing the risks of premature crosslinking.
• composition according to the invention makes it possible to effectively crosslink elastomeric polyolefins, preferably copolymers of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin, under operating conditions similar to those used for ethylene copolymers. and vinyl acetate.
• the invention also relates to a crosslinkable composition comprising at least one elastomeric polyolefin (preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin), at least one monoperoxycarbonate corresponding to formula (I), such as described above, and at least one monoperoxycarbonate, different from the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I), corresponding to formula (II) as described above.
• said composition comprises strictly less than 0.4% by weight of a tertiary alkyl hydroperoxide calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of the monoperoxycarbonate mixture of formula (I) and of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II).
• said composition is free of a tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of a mixture of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II).
• said composition is free of a tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of the total content of monoperoxycarbonate of the composition. More preferably, said composition is free of tert-alkyl hydroperoxide.
• the crosslinkable composition according to the invention makes it possible to lead to a material, in particular an encapsulating or sealing material, preferably solar cells, having thermomechanical properties adapted to the desired applications, with a high productivity.
• the crosslinkable composition according to the invention thus has the advantage of being crosslinked during a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a material comprising a step of crosslinking a crosslinkable composition as defined above.
• the method according to the invention has the advantage of leading to a material having good thermomechanical properties and whose possible structural asperities are minimized.
• another object of the invention relates to the material comprising at least one elastomeric polyolefin (preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin), which can be obtained by the process previously described.
• at least one elastomeric polyolefin preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin
• the material has the advantage of having good electrical resistivity and being less permeable under moist heat conditions than materials obtained from copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate.
• the material does not exhibit any (or few) marked surface defects because of its resistance to roasting.
• the material obtained is preferably a material for encapsulating solar cells.
• the invention also relates to a photovoltaic module comprising such a material encapsulating solar cells.
• the photovoltaic module has improved properties due to the presence of the encapsulating material.
• the composition as described above makes it possible to crosslink the elastomeric polyolefins, preferably of a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin.
• polyolefin in the sense of the present invention a polymer derived from an olefin, for example ethylene, propylene, butene, hexene, etc.
• elastomeric polyolefin (POE) is understood to mean an elastomeric polymer derived from an olefin, for example ethylene, propylene, butene, hexene, etc.
• the term "elastomer” means a polymer capable of undergoing at room temperature a uniaxial deformation, preferably of at least 20% for a period of fifteen minutes, and of returning to its initial shape, preferably with a residual strain less than 5% compared to its initial shape, when this stress is no longer exerted.
• the elastomeric polyolefins according to the present invention are derived from ethylene.
• the elastomeric polyolefins preferably comprise at least one unit derived from ethylene.
• the elastomeric polyolefins according to the present invention further comprise at least one alpha-olefin.
• the elastomeric polyolefins comprise a content of at least 15% by weight of alpha-olefin, preferably at least 20% by weight and even more preferably at least 25% by weight, calculated with respect to weight. total of the polymer.
• the elastomeric polyolefins comprise an alpha-olefin content of less than 50% by weight, preferentially less than 45% by weight, and even more preferably less than 35% by weight, calculated on the total weight of the polymer.
• the elastomeric polyolefins may comprise an alpha-olefin content ranging from 15% to 50% by weight, preferably from 15% to 45% by weight, more preferably from 15% to 35% by weight, more preferably from 20% to 35% by weight. % to 35% by weight, calculated on the total weight of the polymer.
• the alpha-olefin content within the polymer can be measured by carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) according to the protocol described by Randall (Rev. Macromol Chem Phys., C29 (2 and 3)).
• the alpha-olefin is preferably a linear, branched or cyclic C 3 -C 20 alpha-olefin.
• the alpha-olefin is linear or branched C 3 -C 20 .
• the C 3 -C 20 alpha-olefin is selected from the group consisting of propene, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-propenyl decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene and 1-octadecene.
• the alpha-olefin may also contain a cyclic structure, for example cyclohexane or cyclopentane, resulting in an alpha-olefin such as 3-cyclohexyl-1-propene (allylcyclohexane) and vinyl cyclohexane.
• a cyclic structure for example cyclohexane or cyclopentane, resulting in an alpha-olefin such as 3-cyclohexyl-1-propene (allylcyclohexane) and vinyl cyclohexane.
• cyclic olefins such as norbornene and the corresponding olefins, are considered as alpha-olefins within the meaning of the present invention and may be used in place of the alpha-olefins described above.
• the elastomeric polyolefins are copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefin, especially a linear or branched C 3 -C 20 alpha-olefin.
• the elastomeric polyolefins are copolymers of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin, especially a linear or branched C 3 -C 20 alpha-olefin.
• the elastomeric polyolefins are copolymers consisting exclusively of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin, to the exclusion of any other comonomer.
• the elastomeric polyolefins are chosen from the group consisting of ethylene / propylene copolymers, ethylene / 1-butene copolymers, ethylene / 1-hexene copolymers, in particular very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) (for example polyethylene ethylene / 1-hexene sold under the name Flexomer® by Dow Chemical Company), ethylene / 1-octene copolymers, ethylene / styrene copolymers, ethylene / propylene / 1-octene copolymers, ethylene / propylene / copolymers 1-butene, ethylene / 1-butene / 1-octene copolymers and ethylene / 1-butene / styrene copolymers.
• VLDPE very low density polyethylene
• Preferred polyolefin copolymers are selected from the group consisting of linear and homogeneously branched ethylene and alpha-olefin copolymers.
• the substantially linear ethylene copolymers are particularly preferred and are described in particular in US Pat. No. 5,272,236, US Pat. No. 5,278,272 and US Pat.
• linear and homogeneously branched ethylene and alpha-olefin copolymers mention may be made of the copolymers sold under the name TAFMER® by the company Mitsui Petrochemicals Company Limited, the name EXACT® by the company Exxon Chemical Company, the names AFFINITY® and ENGAGE® by Dow Chemical Company.
• the elastomeric polyolefins may also comprise propylene, 1-butene and other alkylene-based copolymers, for example copolymers comprising a majority of units derived from propylene and a minority of units derived from another alpha-olefin (including ethylene).
• Examples of polypropylene belonging to the present invention are in particular the polymers sold under the trade name VERSIFY® by Dow Chemical Company and the trade name VISTAMAXX® by the company Exxon Mobil Chemical Company.
• the elastomeric polyolefins according to the invention have a glass transition temperature (Tg) which is less than -35 ° C., preferably less than -40 ° C., more preferably less than -45 ° C. and even more preferentially less than -40 ° C. -50 ° C, measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with ASTM procedure D-3418-03.
• Tg glass transition temperature
• the elastomeric polyolefins have a Melt Flow Index (MFI) of less than 100 g / l 0 minutes, preferably less than 75 g / 10 minutes, more preferably less than 50 g. 10 minutes and even more preferably less than 35 g / 10 minutes.
• MFI Melt Flow Index
• the elastomeric polyolefins have a melt flow index (MFI) of less than 1 g / 10 minutes, and even more preferably less than 5 g / 10 minutes.
• MFI melt flow index
• melt flow index (MFI) of the elastomeric polyolefins is measured in accordance with commonly used methods for characterizing thermoplastic materials to obtain information on the extrudability as well as the possibilities of shaping the material such as those described in ASTM D l 238, NF T5 1-016 or ISO 1133.
• the MFI values referred to are determined according to ASTM D 1238 at a temperature of 90 ° C. under a load of 2.16 kg (units expressed in g / 10 minutes).
• the elastomeric polyolefins have a density of less than 0.9 g / cc, especially less than 0.89 g / cc, preferably less than 0.885 g / cc, even more preferentially less than 0.88 g / cc and even more preferably less than 0.875 g / cc.
• the elastomeric polyolefins have a density greater than 0.85 g / cc and even more preferably greater than 0.86 g / cc.
• the density of the elastomeric polyolefins is measured according to the procedure described in ASTM D-792.
• the composition used to crosslink the elastomeric polyolefins comprises at least one monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) as described above.
• R 1 represents a branched alkyl radical comprising a number of carbon atoms of less than or equal to 6 and R 2 represents a branched alkyl radical.
• R 1 and R 2 are different.
• R 1 is preferably a C 2 -C 5 radical.
• R 1 is a C 3 alkyl radical, in particular a branched C 3 (isopropyl) radical.
• R 2 is preferably a C 1 -C 10 alkyl radical, preferably a C 4 -C 5 alkyl radical.
• R 2 is a C 5 or C 6 alkyl radical, in particular branched C 5 (teramyl) or C 6 (terhexyl).
• R 1 is a C 2 -C 5 alkyl radical
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl radical, especially a C 4 -C 5 alkyl radical.
• R 1 is a C 3 alkyl radical and R 2 is a C 5 or C 6 alkyl radical.
• the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC), tert-amyl peroxy n-propyl monocarbonate (TAPC), tert-butyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TBIC) , tert-octyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TOIC) and tert-hexyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate) (THIC).
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TAPC tert-amyl peroxy n-propyl monocarbonate
• TBIC tert-butyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TOIC tert-octyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• THIC tert-hexyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) is chosen from the group consisting of tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) and tert-hexyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (THIC).
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• THIC tert-hexyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) corresponds to tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) of the following formula:
• R 1 represents a branched alkyl radical comprising a number of carbon atoms greater than or equal to 7 and R 2 represents a branched alkyl radical.
• R 1 and R 2 are different.
• R 1 is an alkyl radical comprising a number of carbon atoms greater than or equal to 7, preferably C 7 -C 10 , more preferably C 7 -C 9 .
• R 1 is a C 8 alkyl radical, in particular a C 8 branched radical.
• R 2 is preferably an alkyl radical C 1 -C 10 , preferably C 2 -C 9 , in particular C 4 -C 8 .
• R 2 is a C 4 or C 5 alkyl radical, in particular a branched C 4 or C 5 radical. More preferably, R 2 is a C 4 alkyl radical, in particular a C 4 branched radical .
• R 1 is a C 7 -C 10 alkyl radical, in particular a C 7 -C 9 alkyl radical
• R 2 is a C 1 -C 10 alkyl radical, in particular a C 2 -C 9 alkyl radical , in particular C 4 -Cs.
• the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of O-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TAEC), O-tert-butyl-0-2 monoperoxycarbonate ( ethylene hexyl) (TBEC), 00-tert-octyl-0-2 (-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TOEC), and 00-tert-hexyl-0-2 (-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (THEC).
• TAEC O-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• TBEC O-tert-butyl-0-2 monoperoxycarbonate
• TOEC 00-tert-octyl-0-2 (-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• THEC 00-tert-hexyl-0-2 (
• the monoperoxycarbonates mentioned above and in accordance with the invention are available under the trade name Luperox® or Lupersol® sold by Arkema.
• the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) corresponds to 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethyl hexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TAEC) or 00-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethyl hexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TBEC) ), and more particularly to 00-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethyl hexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TBEC).
• the weight ratio between the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) varies in the range from 0.1: 99.9 to 80: 20, preferably from 1: 99 to 70: 30. and more preferably from 10: 90 to 60:40.
• the weight ratio between the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) is 60:40.
• R 1 represents a branched alkyl radical comprising a number of carbon atoms of less than or equal to 6 and R 2 represents a branched alkyl radical, and, in formula (II), R 1 represents a radical branched alkyl comprising a number of carbon atoms greater than or equal to 7 and R 2 represents a branched alkyl radical.
• the invention relates to the use of tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) and a monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) chosen from the group consisting of 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate. ) (TAEC), 00-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TBEC), 00-tert-octyl-0-2 (-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TOEC), and monoperoxycarbonate of 00 -tert-hexyl-O-2 (-ethylhexyl) (THEC). for the crosslinking of an elastomeric polyolefin.
• TAEC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• II monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) chosen from the group consisting of 00-tert
• the invention relates to the use of: tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) and 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TAEC) or 00-tert-butyl-monoperoxycarbonate.
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TAEC 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• TBEC (2-ethylhexyl)
• TBEC for crosslinking an elastomeric polyolefin, preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin.
• the invention relates to the use of tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) and O-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TBEC) for the crosslinking of an elastomeric polyolefin.
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TBEC O-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• the elastomeric polyolefin preferably comprises at least one unit derived from ethylene.
• the elastomeric polyolefin is preferably selected from the group consisting of copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefin, especially a linear or branched C3-C20 alpha-olefin.
• said composition comprises strictly less than 0.4% by weight of a tertiary alkyl hydroperoxide calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of a mixture of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) .
• the composition according to the invention does not comprise tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of a mixture of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II).
• said composition is free of a tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of the total content of monoperoxycarbonate of the composition. Still preferentially,
• composition according to the invention does not comprise tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated with respect to 100 parts by weight of a mixture consisting of amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) and 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethyl hexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TAEC).
• TAIC amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TAEC 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethyl hexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• the tert-alkyl hydroperoxide is selected from the group consisting of t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), t-amyl hydroperoxide (TAHP), t-hexyl hydroperoxide (THHP), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide (TOHP), paramentane hydroperoxide (PMHP), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydroperoxide (2,5-2,5) and mixtures thereof. More particularly, the composition is free of tert-alkyl hydroperoxide.
• the crosslinkable composition comprises:
• At least one elastomeric polyolefin preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin as described above,
• said composition comprises strictly less than 0.4% by weight of a tertiary alkyl hydroperoxide calculated with respect to
• the composition is free of tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of a mixture of monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II).
• said composition is free of a tert-alkyl hydroperoxide present in a content ranging from 0.4 to less than 4% by weight calculated relative to 100 parts by weight of the total content of monoperoxycarbonate of the composition.
• the monoperoxycarbonates of formulas (I) and (II) are preferably present in the composition in a content of less than or equal to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the elastomeric polyolefin.
• the amount of monoperoxycarbonates of formulas (I) and (II) is preferably less than or equal to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the elastomeric polyolefin.
• the amount of monoperoxycarbonates of formulas (I) and (II) varies in the range from 0.1 to less than 3 parts by weight, preferably from 0.2 to 1.5, more preferably from 0.3. at 1, more preferably from 0.4 to 1, more preferably from 0.4 to 0.7 and most preferably about 0.5 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the elastomeric polyolefin.
• the crosslinkable composition comprises an elastomeric polyolefin, tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) and a monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) chosen from the group consisting of 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate.
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• II monoperoxycarbonate
• TAEC OO-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• TBEC OO-tert-octyl-O-2 (-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• TOEC OO-tert monoperoxycarbonate -hexyl-O-2-ethylhexyl
• THEC OO-tert monoperoxycarbonate -hexyl-O-2-ethylhexyl
• the crosslinkable composition comprises an elastomeric polyolefin, tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) and 00-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TBEC).
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TBEC 00-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• the crosslinkable composition preferably comprises an elastomeric polyolefin, tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (TAIC) and OO-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate (TAEC).
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TAEC OO-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• the elastomeric polyolefin is preferably selected from the group consisting of copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefin, especially copolymers of ethylene and linear or branched C 3 -C 20 alpha-olefin.
• the weight ratio between the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) is 60:40.
• the crosslinkable composition of the invention may further comprise at least one co-agent, which is not an organic peroxide.
• said co-agent comprises at least one carbamate, maleimide, acrylate, methacrylate or allyl functional group. Allyl carboxylates may be used which may be selected from the group consisting of allyl, diallyl and triallyl.
• the co-agent may be selected from the group consisting of divinylbenzene, diisopropenylbenzene, alpha-methylstyrene, alpha-methylstyrene dimer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, phenylene dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene dimethacrylate glycol, polyethylene glycol 200 dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol 400 dimethacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, 1,1,2-dodecanediol dimethacrylate, 1, 3 glycerol dimethacrylate, diurethane dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, epoxy bisphenol A diacrylate, dipropylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene
• the co-agent is selected from the group consisting of: triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, N, N'-m-phenylenedimaleimide, triallyl trimellitate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, preferably is selected from group consisting of: triallyl cyanurate (TAC), triallyl isocyanurate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) and even more preferably is triallyl isocyanurate.
• TAC triallyl cyanurate
• TMPTA trimethylolpropane triacrylate
• TMPTMA trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate
• Said co-agent may be present from 0.05% to 30%, preferably from 0.1% to 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.
• the main objective of the use of a co-agent in the crosslinkable composition according to the invention is to increase the degree of crosslinking.
• This co-agent also makes it possible to reduce the emission of residual gas during the decomposition of these same peroxides, and finally to reduce the number of bubbles in the encapsulation material.
• the weight ratio of monoperoxycarbonates and crosslinking co-agent is in the range of 1:10 to 10: 1, most preferably 1: 3 to 3: 1.
• the crosslinkable composition of this invention may further comprise one or more additives such as coupling agents, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, fillers, plasticizers, flame retardants, antioxidants, dyes, organic pigments. or minerals, and mixtures thereof.
• additives such as coupling agents, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, fillers, plasticizers, flame retardants, antioxidants, dyes, organic pigments. or minerals, and mixtures thereof.
• coupling agents are monoalkyl titanates,
• (vinyl) trichlorosilanes and (vinyl) trialkoxysilanes may represent from 0.01 to 5% by weight relative to the weight of ethylene polymer.
• the UV stabilizers may be selected from masked amine optical stabilizers (HALS), while the UV absorbers may be selected from, for example, benzophenones, triazines and benzotriazoles. These compounds may represent from 0.01 to 3% by weight relative to the weight of ethylene polymer.
• HALS masked amine optical stabilizers
• UV absorbers may be selected from, for example, benzophenones, triazines and benzotriazoles. These compounds may represent from 0.01 to 3% by weight relative to the weight of ethylene polymer.
• Inorganic fillers such as silicon dioxide, alumina, talc, calcium carbonate can be added to increase strength, although nanoscale clays are preferred because of the transparency they confer.
• Organic or inorganic pigments may also be added to color the crosslinkable composition. There may be mentioned in particular titanium dioxide, to obtain a white color, particularly useful when the composition is used to make a film used on the back side of the photovoltaic panels.
• plasticizers are paraffinic or aromatic mineral oils, phthalates, azelates, adipates and the like.
• Antioxidants may be phenolic antioxidants, phosphate or sulfur.
• quinolines such as 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline can be used as an antioxidant.
• the total amount of peroxide in the crosslinkable composition is less than 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the elastomeric polyolefin, more preferably less than 1.5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the elastomeric polyolefin.
• the crosslinkable composition consists of an elastomeric polyolefin as described above, a monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and a monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) as described above, and optionally at least one of following additives: coupling agent, UV stabilizer, UV absorber, filler, plasticizer, flame retardant, antioxidant, dye, co-agent and mixtures thereof.
• the crosslinkable composition according to the invention comprises an elastomeric polyolefin as described above, a monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) and a monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) as described above, a coupling agent and a co-polymer. agent.
• the invention also relates to the use of a monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II), as described above, for reducing the risks of premature crosslinking of a composition comprising at least one elastomeric polyolefin (preferably an ethylene copolymer). and at least one alpha-olefin), as described above, and at least one monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) as defined above.
• a monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) for reducing the risks of premature crosslinking of a composition comprising at least one elastomeric polyolefin (preferably an ethylene copolymer). and at least one alpha-olefin), as described above, and at least one monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) as defined above.
• the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (II) makes it possible to increase the toasting time of a composition comprising at least one elastomeric polyolefin (preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin) and at least one monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I).
• the present invention also relates to a process for preparing the crosslinkable composition as defined above, comprising a step of mixing at least one elastomeric polyolefin (preferably at least one copolymer of ethylene and at least one less an alpha-olefin) as described above, at least one monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I) as described above, and at least one monoperoxycarbonate, different from the monoperoxycarbonate of formula (I), corresponding to formula (II) as as previously described.
• at least one elastomeric polyolefin preferably at least one copolymer of ethylene and at least one less an alpha-olefin
• the mixing step may be carried out in conventional devices such as continuous mixers and extruder mixers, preferably at a temperature below the degradation temperature of the monoperoxycarbonates of the invention.
• Method of manufacturing a material from the crosslinkable composition also relates to a method of manufacturing a material comprising (a) at least one step of crosslinking (or curing) of a crosslinkable composition as defined above.
• the material comprises an elastomeric polyolefin comprising at least one unit derived from ethylene.
• the material is especially selected from the group consisting of encapsulating material, in particular solar cell encapsulating material, wire and cable insulation, hoses and hoses (including hoses for radiators). automotive, drinking water and underfloor heating, for example), roller coatings, rotary moldings, cellular articles, and shoe soles.
• the material is a material for encapsulating solar cells.
• the crosslinking (or curing) step consists of a rolling step.
• the crosslinking step (a) is carried out at a temperature ranging from 130 to 250 ° C, preferably from 130 to 180 ° C, more preferably from 140 to 165 ° C.
• said crosslinking step (a) is carried out for a period ranging from 8 to 30 minutes, more preferably from 12 to 25 minutes.
• said method comprises a preceding and / or simultaneous step (a ') in the crosslinking step (a) chosen from the group consisting of molding, extrusion and injection of the composition as defined herein. -above.
• step is preferably an extrusion step.
• Step (a ') may be conducted to obtain a sheet having a thickness of 50 to 2000 ⁇ m, preferably 100 to 1000 ⁇ m, for example.
• Said step (a ') may be conducted with a T-die extruder or alternatively a twin-screw extruder coupled to a two-roll mill.
• step (a ') is conducted at a temperature of from 80 to 150 ° C, more preferably from 90 to 120 ° C.
• step (a ') no crosslinking is obtained during step (a ').
• steps (a ') and (a) are conducted in a single step.
• the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module comprising:
• a layer obtained from the crosslinkable composition according to the invention is a layer obtained from the crosslinkable composition according to the invention.
• a plurality of solar cells arranged side by side and electrically connected to each other,
• a layer obtained from the crosslinkable composition according to the invention is a layer obtained from the crosslinkable composition according to the invention.
• the first layer forming the front face of the photovoltaic module may be a glass sheet or a sheet of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
• the second layer forming the rear face of the module may be a thin glass sheet or a sheet of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
• the multilayer assembly forming the rear face of the module is composed of an electrically insulating polymer film, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyamide (PA), surmounted by one or more films with base of fluorinated polymers, such as polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), capable (s) to be surmount (s) of a metal film, for example aluminum.
• an electrically insulating polymer film such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyamide (PA)
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PA polyamide
• fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
• PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
• the multilayer assembly forming the rear face of the module is composed of a glass sheet surmounted by a material comprising an elastomeric polyolefin that can be obtained by the process described above.
• the solar cells are preferably made of crystalline silicon or organic photovoltaic substances.
• the layers obtained from the crosslinkable composition according to the invention are sheets.
• the pressing step can be carried out by conventional techniques, under heating and / or under vacuum, for example at a temperature of 130 to 250 ° C, preferably 130 to 180 ° C, more preferably 140 to 165 ° C. C under vacuum, during a curing time which can vary in the range of 8 to 30 minutes, for example from 8 to 25 minutes.
• the composition of the invention may be crosslinked during this pressing step or thereafter.
• the method comprises a single simultaneous step of pressing and curing (or crosslinking).
• another object of the invention relates to a material comprising at least one elastomeric polyolefin (preferably a copolymer of ethylene and at least one alpha-olefin) which can be obtained by the process previously described.
• the obtained material is preferably selected from the group consisting of encapsulating material, in particular solar cell encapsulating material, wire and cable insulation, hoses and hoses (including hoses for automotive radiators, potable water and underfloor heating, for example), roller coatings, rotary moldings and cellular articles, and shoe soles.
• the material is an encapsulation material, and even more preferably a material for encapsulating solar cells.
• the encapsulating material is a transparent film disposed between the solar cells and the glass panel forming the front face of a photovoltaic module (upper glass panel), or a transparent or tinted film disposed between the panel glass forming the rear face of the module (lower glass panel) and solar cells in the case of bi-glass processes.
• the material is preferably used in a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module, in particular in a bi-glass process.
• the material comprising an elastomeric polyolefin is a film, in particular an ethylene polymer film, in particular linear and homogeneously branched ethylene and alpha-olefin copolymers.
• the material according to the invention has an improved crosslinking density and a marked decrease or absence of roasting problems. This makes it possible to obtain films which have no surface defects and which have good resistivity.
• the invention also relates to a photovoltaic module comprising at least one solar cell encapsulation material as described above.
• the photovoltaic module according to the invention comprises at least:
• a first transparent layer forming the front face of the photovoltaic module and intended to receive a luminous flux
• An encapsulating material as described above, a plurality of solar cells arranged side by side and electrically connected to each other,
• a second layer or a multilayer assembly forming the rear face (or support) of the photovoltaic module
• the material encapsulating the plurality of solar cells being located between the first layer and the second layer or the multilayer assembly.
• compositions were prepared by mixing:
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TAEC monoperoxycarbonate of 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl)
• TAIC tert-amyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate
• TBEC 00-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• TAEC 00-tert-amyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) monoperoxycarbonate
• TBEC 00-tert-butyl-O- (2-ethylhexyl) t-monoperoxycarbonate
• compositions were thus prepared in a Haake internal mixer at a temperature of 35 ° C. for a period of 12 minutes, using a rotational speed of 50 rpm.
• the polymer blend is then passed through an open mill set at a temperature of 50 ° C to produce sheets about 2 mm thick.
• Samples of about 2 to 3 grams of the above compositions are deposited in a plate on a moving die rheometer. (MDR) provided by GOTECH, which is able to measure the curing properties of samples and includes software to analyze the results.
• MDR moving die rheometer
• Each of the samples is placed in a temperature-controlled cavity between two dies, the lowest of which oscillates so as to apply a stress or cyclical deformation to the sample while the upper die is connected to a torque sensor to measure the response of the sample. torque of the sample to deformation.
• Rigidity is continuously recorded as a function of time. The stiffness of the sample increases as vulcanization occurs.
• This device is able to provide, among others, calculated values of ML (minimum torque), MH (maximum torque, which when reached also defines the time required to reach the hardening state), tc 0 (time before 10% curing state) and tc90 (time before 90% curing state) as defined by international standards (ASTM D5289 and ISO 6502).
• the MDR is operated at a temperature of 115 ° C and 145 ° C with an oscillation amplitude (degree of deformation) of 0.5 ° applied to the sample for 30 minutes.
• the roasting time is defined as the time required to reach 10% of the total cure, i.e., tc l O.
• TAIC makes it possible to increase the rate of crosslinking of POE relative to TBIC and to slightly improve the crosslinking density (MH-ML).
• MH-ML crosslinking density
• roasting time (tc l O) is problematic and can lead to risks from an industrial point of view, in particular by creating roughness at the surface of the encapsulating material.
• TBEC polymer cross-linking times
• TAEC and TBEC lead to insufficient crosslinking density (MH-ML).
• the use of a mixture of TAIC and TBEC makes it possible both to accelerate the crosslinking of the POE compared to the formulation containing only TBIC or TBEC (tc90), to maintain a good crosslinking density while by guarding against the risk of premature crosslinking by extending the roasting time (tc l O) compared to the formulation containing only the TAIC.

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