Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
  • G01N29/04—Analysing solids
  • G01N29/11—Analysing solids by measuring attenuation of acoustic waves
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
  • G01N29/34—Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
  • G01N29/348—Generating the ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor with frequency characteristics, e.g. single frequency signals, chirp signals
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
  • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
  • G01N29/4472—Mathematical theories or simulation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
  • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
  • G01N29/4481—Neural networks
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
  • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
  • G01N29/46—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by spectral analysis, e.g. Fourier analysis or wavelet analysis
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
  • H01M10/482—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
  • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
  • G01N2291/025—Change of phase or condition
  • G01N2291/0258—Structural degradation, e.g. fatigue of composites, ageing of oils
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
  • G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
  • G01N2291/269—Various geometry objects
  • G01N2291/2697—Wafer or (micro)electronic parts

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for estimating an aging indicator of a rechargeable electric battery. It also relates to a system implementing such a method and an electric battery, in particular rechargeable, equipped with such a system.
• the field of the invention is the field of the characterization of electric batteries, in particular rechargeable batteries, and in particular the field of estimating the aging of such a battery.
• the aging of a battery can be characterized by measuring an indicator of aging of said battery, such as for example a state of health (in English “State of Health” or SoH) or even a life expectancy (in English “Remaining Usable Lifespan” or RUL).
• an indicator of aging of said battery such as for example a state of health (in English “State of Health” or SoH) or even a life expectancy (in English “Remaining Usable Lifespan” or RUL).
• acoustic, non-destructive solutions based on the measurement of acoustic parameters. These solutions use either the time of flight of an incident acoustic signal propagating in the battery, or the number of detected hits and the energy associated with each hit. However, these solutions are sensitive to parasitic noise due to acoustic signals originating from sources external to the battery. Moreover, the current acoustic solutions do not allow a precise estimation of the aging of the battery.
• An object of the present invention is to overcome at least one of the aforementioned drawbacks.
• Another object of the present invention is to propose an acoustic solution making it possible to estimate an indicator of aging of a battery, which is less sensitive to external disturbances.
• Another object of the present invention is to propose a more efficient and more precise acoustic solution for estimating an indicator of aging of a battery throughout the life of said battery.
• the invention makes it possible to achieve at least one of these aims by a method for estimating an indicator of aging of a battery comprising at least one elementary electric cell, in particular rechargeable, said method comprising at least one iteration a characterization phase comprising the following steps:
• the invention proposes to inject a probe acoustic wave into the battery and to pick up the part of the probe wave transmitted by said battery.
• This transmitted wave comprises at least one component whose amplitude is representative of, and evolves with, aging of the battery and in particular of the materials which constitute it, such as for example aging due to oxidation, delamination, to the morphological or crystallographic evolution, etc., of the materials constituting the battery.
• the value of the aging indicator such as for example the SoH or the RUL, is determined according to the amplitude of the at least one representative frequency component.
• Such a determination of an indicator of the aging of a battery makes it possible to detect and measure an aging of said battery when the storage capacity of the battery, or the energy delivered by said battery, are not impacted by the aging of said battery.
• the invention makes it possible to estimate the aging of a rechargeable electric battery without having to measure its electrical characteristics.
• the invention makes it possible to determine the aging of an electric battery based on at least one representative frequency component present in a probe wave injected into said battery.
• the invention is less, or even not, sensitive to noise originating from sources external to said battery.
• the invention can be implemented in a simple, rapid and safe manner, while the battery is in use, since it does not require any measurement of a current (or of an electrical voltage) delivered (e) by the battery and more generally any electrical quantity of said battery.
• battery and “electric battery” may be used to designate an electric battery, rechargeable or not.
• an electric battery can comprise a single elementary cell.
• the battery may consist of an elementary cell.
• the battery can comprise several elementary cells.
• the battery may also comprise other active or passive components such as, for example, compression elements of the elementary cell or cells, circulation elements for a heat transfer fluid, an external casing containing the cells, etc
• a "unit cell”, also called “cell”, is formed by a negative electrode and a positive electrode between which there is an electrolyte layer.
• the negative electrode, electrolyte and positive electrode are stacked in one direction, called the cell stacking direction.
• At least one elementary cell can be wound on itself around a winding direction, or folded on itself in a folding direction.
• the battery may be an electrochemical battery.
• the remaining life expectancy also called RUL (Remaining Useful Life)
• RUL Remaining Useful Life
• the remaining life expectancy is a parameter calculated from quantifiable data which corresponds to the estimated remaining life span taking into account various indicators of aging / degradation observed. . It can be expressed in duration (time) or number of cycles before one of the performance indicators of the battery (remaining storage capacity, maximum energy stored, maximum power available, internal resistance, etc.) reaches a defined threshold value and remains permanently below this threshold
• the aging indicator whose value is measured can be the state of health, SoH, or the remaining life expectancy, RUL, of the battery.
• amplitude of the representative frequency component is meant the amplitude of the at least one representative frequency component in the transmitted wave relative to its amplitude in the injected probe wave.
• This amplitude can be the value measured in the probe wave in particular when the amplitude in the probe wave is a calibrated amplitude, or a value calibrated according to the value of the amplitude in the probe wave when the latter is not a calibrated value.
• the probe wave may be emitted in contact with the battery, and in particular with each cell of the battery, at the level of a first end of said battery, so that it is transported by the materials which make up said battery or said each cell.
• the invention makes it possible to better inject the probe wave into the battery and ensure better transmission of the probe wave in said battery, in particular in each cell, so as to obtain a transmitted acoustic wave of better quality.
• the precision of the measurement of the aging indicator is thus improved.
• the invention can implement an acoustic transmitter arranged in contact with the battery, and in particular in contact with the or each cell of the battery, for example at said first end.
• the transmitted wave can be picked up in contact with the battery, and in particular with each cell of the battery, at a second end of said battery.
• the invention makes it possible to better capture the acoustic wave transmitted by the battery so as to obtain a transmitted acoustic wave of better quality.
• Such capture of the wave transmitted in contact with the battery makes it possible to reduce the parasitic acoustic waves that may be emitted by sources external to the battery. The accuracy of the measurement of the battery aging indicator is thus improved.
• the invention can implement an acoustic receiver arranged in contact with the battery, more particularly in contact with the or each cell of the battery, in particular at said second end.
• the second end is opposite the first end, in particular in the stacking direction of the or each cell of the battery.
• the at least one representative frequency component crosses all of the different layers of each cell before being captured, which allows a more precise estimation of the state of the battery aging indicator.
• the emission step can perform an emission of the probe wave over a sufficient duration so that the probe wave stabilizes in terms of frequency and amplitude.
• the emission step can carry out an emission of the probe wave over a duration greater than the duration of a simple transient phenomenon.
• the emission step can carry out an emission of the probe wave over a period sufficient for the establishment of a steady state, or quasi-steady state, in the battery.
• the transmitted wave is picked up when the stationary state has been established in the battery.
• the duration of establishment of the steady state can depend on the battery but also on the composition of the probe wave, and can be determined by a person skilled in the art by tests, during a phase preliminary, without showing undue effort.
• the stationary character of an acoustic signal is verified if the transmitted acoustic signal has at least a periodic part of constant frequency and amplitude over time.
• the transmitted signal presents a change in frequency and/or amplitude over time, the signal is considered to be in transient state (phase generally observed at the beginning and at the end of signal transmission).
• the time required for the establishment of the steady state is generally defined from the time constant ( ⁇ ) of the system: after 3 ⁇ , the transient state is close to 95% of the steady state. After 5 ⁇ , the system can be considered stationary (>99%).
• the aging indicator can be linked, by a monotonic function, to the amplitude of the at least one representative frequency component in the transmitted wave, over part or all of a range of the values of said aging indicator.
• the determination of the aging indicator is carried out in a simple, rapid manner and with very few computational resources.
• the monotonic function can be an increasing function or a decreasing function, a linear function or not.
• the aging indicator can be a function of the amplitude of a single representative frequency component for the entire range of values of said aging indicator.
• the aging indicator can be a function of the amplitude of different representative frequency components, for different parts of the range of values of said aging indicator.
• the latter can be a function of the amplitude of a first representative frequency component
• this may be a function of the amplitude of another representative frequency component.
• the frequency of the representative frequency component may be between 90 kHz-110 kHz, and in particular may be equal to 97 kHz.
• the frequency of the representative frequency component can be between 60 kHz-65 kHz, or 320 kHz-330 kHz, or even 358 kHz-380 kHz.
• the probe wave may comprise only the at least one representative frequency component.
• the probe wave can comprise other frequency components than the at least one representative frequency component.
• the probe wave can perform a frequency sweep between two predefined extreme frequency values.
• the at least one frequency component, and more generally the probe wave can be determined during a preliminary phase carried out before the first iteration of the characterization phase.
• the measurement phase may comprise a step of executing an action, called tracking, predefined.
• the characterization phase can be repeated at a predetermined frequency, in particular during the use of the battery.
• the method according to the invention makes it possible to monitor or monitor, over time, the state of aging of a battery, and possibly its evolution.
• the preliminary phase identifies both at least one representative frequency component whose amplitude varies according to the aging of the battery when it travels through said battery, but also at least one function linking the values of the amplitude of the at least one frequency component representative of the values of the aging indicator.
• the preliminary phase can be carried out for each type of battery so as to identify a correlation model which is applicable for all the batteries of the same type, that is to say all the batteries having the same composition and/or the same architecture. .
• the preliminary phase can be carried out specifically for a given application of the battery, that is to say for a specific use of the battery such as for example for an automotive application, for a stationary application, for a domestic application, etc.
• the preliminary phase can be carried out for several battery applications when the same correlation model can be used for all these applications.
• the test probe wave may include a plurality of frequency components.
• the test probe wave can carry out a frequency sweep between two extreme frequency values.
• the reference battery is a battery identical or similar, in terms of architecture, to the battery whose aging indicator is to be estimated.
• the correlation model may include one or more mathematical functions, or relationships.
• the correlation model can comprise a correspondence table between the values of the aging indicator and the amplitude values of the at least one representative frequency component.
• the correlation model may comprise a neural network trained during the preliminary phase, or according to the values obtained during the preliminary phase.
• the analysis module can comprise at least one analog component and/or at least one digital component.
• the analysis module can be a processor, an electronic chip, etc., programmed to carry out the operations entrusted to it.
• the analysis module can be a computer program, which when executed implements the operations entrusted to it.
• the analysis module can be an independent module or a module integrated into an existing module or unit, such as for example an electronic chip, a processor or a computer or a management unit of a battery, or of a pack comprising several batteries, said management unit also being known as the "Battery Management System", BMS, in English.
• BMS Battery Management System
• the acoustic emitter can be any type of acoustic emitter.
• At least one acoustic transmitter can include an electrical signal generator coupled to an electroacoustic transducer or a piezoelectric transducer, converting the electrical signal into an acoustic wave.
• the electrical signal generator may be configured, or controlled, to generate an electrical signal comprising one or more different frequency components.
• the electric signal can preferably be a sinusoidal alternating signal, but can also be a square, triangular signal, etc., and more generally an electric signal generated following, or representing, a pseudo random binary sequence (SBPA).
• SBPA pseudo random binary sequence
• the acoustic receiver can be any type of acoustic receiver.
• At least one acoustic receiver can comprise a piezoelectric transducer, or an electroacoustic transducer, designed to pick up the transmitted wave and convert it into an electrical signal.
• an electric battery in particular rechargeable, comprising at least one elementary cell, equipped with a system according to the invention or with means configured to implement the method according to the invention.
• the system can be integrated into said battery, for example within a casing of said battery, or within a battery pack comprising several batteries.
• the battery can comprise a single elementary cell.
• the battery may consist of an elementary cell.
• the battery can comprise several elementary cells.
• the battery may also comprise other active or passive components such as, for example, compression elements of the elementary cell or cells, circulation elements for a heat transfer fluid, an external casing containing the cells, etc
• At least one acoustic transmitter and/or at least one acoustic receiver can be positioned in contact with the battery.
• the acoustic transmitter and the acoustic receiver can preferably be positioned in contact with said battery at the level of two opposite ends of the battery, in particular in the stacking direction of the, or each, elementary cell of said battery .
• the system can be used on demand, or at a predetermined frequency, to determine the state of aging of said battery.
• an elementary electric cell in particular rechargeable, equipped with a system according to the invention.
• the elementary cell according to the invention may comprise a negative electrode and a positive electrode between which there is a layer of electrolyte.
• the negative electrode, electrolyte and positive electrode are stacked in one direction, called the cell stacking direction.
• the elementary cell according to the invention can be wound on itself around a winding direction, or folded on itself in a folding direction.
• the 100 process of the can be applied to any battery, in particular electrochemical, for which it is desired to measure, at a given instant, the value of an aging indicator, such as for example the state of health (SoH) or the remaining life expectancy (RUL).
• SoH state of health
• RUL remaining life expectancy
• the method 100 includes a first step 102 of transmitting an acoustic wave, called a probe wave, into the battery.
• the probe wave comprises at least one acoustic component, called the representative acoustic component, the amplitude of which varies according to the state of aging of the battery when it passes through said battery.
• This at least one acoustic component is determined during a preliminary phase, which will be described in more detail later with reference to FIGURES 6a-6f and FIGURES 7a-7g.
• the probe wave comprises only one or more representative frequency components.
• the probe wave may include other frequency components.
• the probe wave is emitted by an acoustic transmitter placed in contact with the battery so as to maximize the probe wave injected into the battery.
• the probe wave is emitted, or injected, into the battery at a first end of the battery, in the stacking direction of the, or each, cell of said battery.
• the part of the probe wave transmitted by the battery is picked up by an acoustic receiver.
• the acoustic receiver is placed in contact with the battery so as to maximize capture of the transmitted wave and increase the signal-to-noise ratio.
• the transmitted wave is picked up at a second end of the battery, opposite the first end, in the stacking direction of the, or each, elementary cell of the battery.
• the amplitude of the at least one representative component of the transmitted wave is determined. More specifically, this step 106 determines the amplitude of the at least one frequency component in the transmitted wave relative to its amplitude in the probe wave. In other words, this step 106 determines by how much the amplitude of the at least one transmitted frequency component has been reduced during the propagation of the probe wave in the battery.
• the correlation model links the amplitude of the frequency component to the value of the aging indicator.
• This correlation model is predetermined during a preliminary step, a specific example of which is given in no way limiting below.
• the predetermined correlation model can be a mathematical relationship, a graph, a table, a neural network, etc., and more generally any law linking the amplitude of the at least one representative frequency component to the aging indicator.
• the 200 process of the can be applied to any rechargeable electric battery, or not, in particular electrochemical, for which it is desired to monitor the evolution over time of an aging indicator, such as for example the SoH or the RUL.
• Method 200 includes all of the steps of Method 100 from which provides a measured value of the aging indicator.
• the method 200 further comprises a step 202 for determining whether the measured value of the aging indicator verifies at least one predetermined condition in relation to at least one predetermined threshold value.
• step 202 the method 200 is terminated after step 202.
• a new iteration of the method 200 can be carried out, on demand, or again at a predetermined frequency, or continuously.
• the method 200 comprises a step 204 of execution of a so-called follow-up action.
• the measured value can be compared to one or more threshold values.
• the follow-up action can comprise the emission of a notification indicating that the battery has suffered a significant degradation.
• the follow-up action may comprise a limitation of at least one operating range of the battery, for example the maximum power in charge or discharge, a maximum voltage, or a minimum voltage, etc., to preserve the performance of said battery.
• a limitation may be accompanied by the issuance of a notification indicating said limitation.
• the follow-up action may include issuing a danger notification and activation of a backup mode of said battery with severely limited performance.
• the at least one notification may be an audible or visual notification, transmitted through a wired or wireless channel, and emitted within a vehicle, or a station, including the battery for the attention of the driver of said vehicle, and/or within a remote site for the attention of an operator or manager.
• step 204 of performing at least one follow-up action method 200 is finished.
• a new iteration of the method 200 can be carried out, on demand, or at a predetermined frequency, or even continuously.
• the 300 process of the can be applied to any electric battery, in particular rechargeable, in particular electrochemical, for which it is desired to monitor an aging indicator, such as for example the SoH or the RUL.
• Method 300 includes all of the steps of Method 100 from , or method 200 of .
• the method 300 further comprises a preliminary phase 302, executed before the first iteration of the method 100 or 200, during which a probe wave and a correlation model are identified for a battery, called a reference.
• This probe wave and this correlation model are then used to estimate/measure the value of the aging indicator for any battery identical or similar to the reference battery.
• FIGURES 6a-6f and 7a-7g Two non-limiting embodiments of a preliminary phase are described with reference to FIGURES 6a-6f and 7a-7g.
• the 400 system of the comprises at least one acoustic transmitter 402, provided for injecting a probe acoustic wave into the battery.
• the acoustic transmitter 402 can be provided to come into contact with the battery.
• the acoustic transmitter 402 can be mounted integral with the battery, for example by gluing, by screwing, and more generally by any known fixing means.
• the acoustic emitter 402 can be any type of acoustic emitter.
• the acoustic transmitter may include an electrical signal generator coupled to an electro-acoustic transducer or a piezoelectric transducer, converting the electrical signal into an acoustic wave.
• the AC electrical signal generator may be configured, or controlled, to generate an electrical signal including one or more representative frequency components.
• the electric signal can preferably be a sinusoidal alternating signal, but can also be a square, triangular signal, etc., and more generally an electric signal generated following, or representing, a pseudo random binary sequence (SBPA).
• SBPA pseudo random binary sequence
• the system 400 further comprises at least one acoustic receiver 404, designed to pick up an acoustic wave, referred to as transmitted, propagating in the battery.
• the acoustic receiver 404 can be provided to come into contact with the battery.
• the acoustic receiver 404 can be mounted integral with the battery, for example by gluing, by screwing, and more generally by any known fixing means.
• the acoustic receiver 404 may include a piezoelectric transducer, or an electroacoustic transducer, provided to pick up the transmitted acoustic wave and convert it into an electrical signal.
• the system 400 further comprises at least one analysis module 406 configured to determine a value of an aging indicator of said battery as a function of the amplitude of at least one representative frequency component in said transmitted wave, and of a previously determined correlation model, applicable to said battery, and linking said amplitude to said aging indicator.
• the analysis module 406 is connected to the acoustic receiver 404 in a wired or wireless manner.
• the analysis module 406 can be a processor, or an electronic chip, and more generally any electronic and/or computer device programmed to perform the functions assigned to it.
• the analysis module 406 can take the form of a management module which is connected both to the acoustic transmitter 402 and to the acoustic receiver 404 in order, on the one hand, to trigger the emission of the probe wave by the acoustic transmitter 402 and on the other hand receive the electrical signal representative of the wave transmitted from the acoustic receiver 404.
• The is a schematic representation of a non-limiting embodiment of an electric battery, rechargeable or not, equipped with a system according to the invention.
• the 500 storage battery shown in the , is equipped with a system for estimating an aging indicator according to the invention, and in particular with the system 400 of the .
• the battery 500 comprises between a first end 502 and a second end 504, opposite each other in a transverse direction of said battery, four elementary cells 506 1 -506 4 aligned in said transverse direction.
• the number of elementary cells is not limited to 4.
• the battery according to the invention may comprise one or more elementary cells.
• Each elementary cell 506 i comprises a positive electrode 508 i , a negative electrode 510 i and an electrolyte layer 512 i , represented very schematically and only for the elementary cell 506 1 , stacked in a stacking direction.
• the stacking direction corresponds to the direction of alignment of the cells 506 1 -506 4 between them, which itself corresponds to the transverse direction of the battery 500.
• the stacking direction can be different from the cell alignment direction, for example perpendicular to the cell alignment direction.
• each elementary cell 506 i can be folded, or surrounded, on itself one or more times.
• the acoustic transmitter 402 and the receiver 404 are positioned so that the probe wave injected by the acoustic transmitter 402 passes through each elementary cell 506 i in the stacking direction of said cell 506 i .
• the acoustic transmitter 402 is placed in contact with the first end 502 of the battery 500 and the receiver 404 is placed in contact with the second end 504 of the battery.
• the analysis module 406 is arranged on one side of the battery 500 in the example shown.
• the analysis module 406 can be arranged remotely from the body of the battery, or can on the contrary be integrated into a management module (not shown) of the battery 500.
• the battery 500 can be any type of electric battery, rechargeable or not, and in particular an electrochemical battery.
• battery 500 can be a Li-ion or Lithium-Metal-Polymer (LMP®) battery.
• a system according to the invention is used for several elementary cells.
• a system according to the invention can be used individually for at least one, in particular each, elementary cell.
• the battery 500 can be equipped with four systems according to the invention, one for each cell.
• The is a schematic representation of a non-limiting exemplary embodiment of an elementary electric cell, in particular rechargeable, equipped with a system according to the invention.
• the elementary cell 506 1 which is instrumented, unlike the example of the on which it is the battery 500 comprising one or more elementary cells which is instrumented.
• the transmitter 402 and the receiver 404 are positioned so that the probe wave injected by the acoustic transmitter 402 passes through each elementary cell 506 i in the stacking direction of said cell 506 i .
• FIGURES 6a-6f examples of acoustic signals obtained for a reference Li-ion battery on the one hand
• FIGURES 6a-6f examples of acoustic signals obtained for a reference Li-ion battery on the one hand
• LMP® Lithium-Metal Polymer
• FIGURES 6a-6f are non-limiting examples of signals for a Li-ion battery.
• The represents the amplitude over time of an acoustic wave 602, called the test wave.
• This test wave 602 is used to determine at least one acoustic frequency component whose amplitude varies according to the aging of the Li-ion battery, when it travels through said Li-ion battery.
• the test wave 602 comprises several frequency components.
• the test wave 602 performs a frequency sweep over time between 20 kHz and 150 kHz.
• the different frequency components of the test wave 602 have the same amplitude.
• test wave 602 is a sine wave.
• the test wave 602 is emitted over a period sufficient for the establishment of a steady state of propagation in the reference Li-ion battery.
• An acoustic wave 604 corresponds to the part of the test wave 602, transmitted by the reference Li-ion battery. As seen, the different frequency components of the transmitted test wave 604 do not have the same amplitude.
• the spectral density of the test wave 602 is substantially constant between 20 and 150 kHz, whereas the spectral density of the transmitted test wave 604 varies greatly.
• the power spectral density of the transmitted test wave 604 varies greatly depending on the state of charge on certain frequencies. It is therefore possible to estimate the state of charge of the reference Li-ion battery according to the amplitude of certain frequency components of the test wave, for example the component having a frequency of 27 kHz.
• the amplitude of the 97 kHz frequency component varies according to the state of health of the reference Li-ion battery, and that this variation is significant at this frequency. Consequently, the amplitude of this frequency component, in the transmitted wave, can be used to measure the state of aging of the reference Li-ion battery, but also any Li-ion battery identical or similar to the Li battery. -reference ion.
• SoC states of charge
• the amplitude of an acoustic wave of frequency 97 kHz transmitted by the reference Li-ion battery can be measured for different states of health of said battery to obtain a law linking the value of this amplitude to the state of health SoH of said Li-ion battery.
• This law can then be used to acoustically measure the value of the SoH state of health of Li-ion batteries of the same type, i.e. having the same or similar composition.
• the probe wave used, during the characterization phases of the method according to the invention for measuring the value of the aging indicator may not include than this at least one frequency component.
• the probe wave which is then used to measure the value of the aging indicator (SoH or RUL) for Li-ion batteries identical or similar to the Reference Li-ion battery can only understand the 97kHz frequency component.
• FIGURES 7a-7g are non-limiting examples of signals for a reference Lithium-Metal-Polymer (LMP®) battery.
• LMP® Lithium-Metal-Polymer
• test wave 702 The represents the amplitude over time of an acoustic wave 702, called the test wave.
• This test wave 702 is used to determine, during a preliminary phase, at least one acoustic frequency component whose amplitude varies according to the aging of the reference LMP® battery when it travels through the reference LMP® battery.
• test wave 702 comprises several frequency components.
• test waveform 702 performs a frequency sweep over time between 20 kHz and 500 kHz. It should be noted that the test wave 702 does not have the same amplitude for the different frequency components that make it up.
• test wave 702 is a sine wave.
• the test wave 702 is emitted over a period sufficient for the establishment of a steady state of propagation in the reference LMP® battery.
• An acoustic wave 704 called the transmitted test wave, corresponding to the part of the test wave 702, transmitted by the reference LMP® battery, is picked up.
• the different frequency components of the transmitted test wave 704 do not have the same amplitude.
• test wave 702 The gives the power spectral density of test wave 702 and transmitted test wave 704.
• the most relevant frequencies and frequency ranges are 62 kHz, 321 kHz-330 kHz and 358 kHz-380 kHz.
• the acoustic wave transmitted by the reference LMP® battery evolves monotonously with aging in cycling.
• the amplitude of the transmitted test wave tends to increase with aging.
• the amplitude of the transmitted test wave increases linearly during the aging of the reference LMP® battery, while the capacity available in the reference LMP® battery remains more or less stable and is greater than the initial capacity. , that is to say that the state of health as it is usually defined is greater than 100%.
• the probe wave which is then used, during the characterization phases, to measure the value of the aging indicator (SoH or RUL) for LMP batteries ® identical or similar to the reference LMP® battery can only include the frequency components at 62 kHz and 96 kHz.

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• 2021
  • 2021-03-23 FR FR2102919A patent/FR3121228A1/fr active Pending
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