EP4565723A1 - Procédé d'extraction sélective d'un sel à extraire à partir d'une eau salée ou saumure - Google Patents
Procédé d'extraction sélective d'un sel à extraire à partir d'une eau salée ou saumureInfo
- Publication number
- EP4565723A1 EP4565723A1 EP23767966.7A EP23767966A EP4565723A1 EP 4565723 A1 EP4565723 A1 EP 4565723A1 EP 23767966 A EP23767966 A EP 23767966A EP 4565723 A1 EP4565723 A1 EP 4565723A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- salt
- water
- extracted
- organic phase
- brine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/26—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by extraction
- C02F1/265—Desalination
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/02—Solvent extraction of solids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
- B01D11/0426—Counter-current multistage extraction towers in a vertical or sloping position
- B01D11/043—Counter-current multistage extraction towers in a vertical or sloping position with stationary contacting elements, sieve plates or loose contacting elements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
- B01D11/0426—Counter-current multistage extraction towers in a vertical or sloping position
- B01D11/0434—Counter-current multistage extraction towers in a vertical or sloping position comprising rotating mechanisms, e.g. mixers, rotational oscillating motion, mixing pumps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
- B01D11/0426—Counter-current multistage extraction towers in a vertical or sloping position
- B01D11/0438—Counter-current multistage extraction towers in a vertical or sloping position comprising vibrating mechanisms, electromagnetic radiations
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
- B01D11/0446—Juxtaposition of mixers-settlers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
- B01D11/0488—Flow sheets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/04—Solvent extraction of solutions which are liquid
- B01D11/0492—Applications, solvents used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/38—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by centrifugal separation
- C02F1/385—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by centrifugal separation by centrifuging suspensions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/447—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by membrane distillation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B26/00—Obtaining alkali, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
- C22B26/10—Obtaining alkali metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B26/00—Obtaining alkali, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
- C22B26/10—Obtaining alkali metals
- C22B26/12—Obtaining lithium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/26—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds
- C22B3/32—Carboxylic acids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D2011/002—Counter-current extraction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
- B01D2252/20—Organic absorbents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/04—Flow arrangements
- C02F2301/046—Recirculation with an external loop
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/08—Multistage treatments, e.g. repetition of the same process step under different conditions
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for selectively extracting a salt to be extracted from a salt water or brine containing the salt to be extracted as well as other salts.
- the number of ions and salts present is very generally much less, which can make it possible to have sufficiently large differences in solubility to improve the capacity of their separation.
- the implementation of solar evaporation basins or thermal crystallization systems allows a successive precipitation of different salts according to their initial concentration and their solubility in water. But this generates strong variability in the crystallization process, due to the variability of the mineral composition of the sources, their variability over time and the degree of concentration of the brine to be treated. This approach requires very good knowledge of the crystallization and co-crystallization conditions of the salts present.
- this approach may require significant quantities of reagents (neutralization bases and acids, or Na2CO3 strig.), or generate operating difficulties due to scaling problems, or require upstream pretreatment to allow the precipitation of a product of acceptable purity, all of which could make this approach unattractive from an economic point of view while generating significant volumes of waste, often stored in tailings dams.
- ion exchange Another approach often implemented is ion exchange. It is then a matter of contacting the aqueous solution with a material or an organic formulation capable of exchanging the metal to be extracted with most often an H + proton or a Na + sodium.
- a disadvantage of this approach is that if the ion exchange is carried out with a Na + , the ion exchange resin, whether solid or liquid, undergoes a first regeneration with acid to desorb the resin. metal ion, then neutralization with NaOH soda before being able to be used again in extraction.
- the ion exchange takes place directly in H + /ionic metal, the water in contact sees its pH drop and it is also necessary to use reagents in extraction, washing and regeneration of the material (acids and /or neutralization bases) which may be in significant quantity. In these two cases, this generates significant operating costs and potentially the local installation of a chlorine and caustic soda plant for the production of these acids and bases.
- Another disadvantage may be due to the regeneration or acid washing of the ion exchange material which, if inorganic, may also undergo leaching and therefore its own degradation over time with potential emissions into the environment. environment of transition and/or heavy metals Mn, Ti, Sn, Cu, Al, V or Sb, depending on the initial composition of the chosen ion exchange material.
- the present invention aims to obtain a technical and economic solution allowing the selective extraction of a salt to be extracted for a wide concentration range, with a high extraction yield, an energy consumption approaching the theoretical minimum energy (associated with the extraction of a salt from water), a capacity to produce this extracted salt in high purity, a water consumption also close to the theoretical minimum and a zero reagent consumption.
- the present invention relates to a process for the selective extraction of a salt to be extracted comprising at least one cation and at least one anion from a salt water or brine to be treated containing said salt to be extracted. extract and salts other than the salt to be extracted, characterized in that:
- the brine to be treated is sent to a so-called initial extraction agitator-mixer into which a liquid hydrophobic organic phase is also introduced, said organic phase comprising: o at least one first organic compound solvating the anion of the salt to be extracted, protic and hydrophobic, whose pKa in water at 25°C is at least 9; and o at least one second hydrophobic organic compound selectively extracting the cation from the salt to be extracted, having a complexation constant of the cation to be extracted whose log K value, in methanol at 25°C, is greater than 1, preferably greater than 2 ,
- said brine and said liquid hydrophobic organic phase are mixed in said extraction stirrer-mixer (la), and the mixture is sent to a so-called initial extraction decanter-separator, to obtain: extract was removed; and o an organic phase loaded with salt to be extracted;
- the organic phase leaving the initial decanter-separator is sent to a new agitator-mixer called initial washing in which it is mixed with washing water, and the mixture is sent to a decanter-separator-centrifuge called initial washing to obtain: o an organic phase loaded with salt to extract purified, which is sent to a so-called “organic” heat exchanger in which it is reheated; and o washing water loaded with impurities which is sent to the initial extraction agitator-mixer;
- the organic phase loaded with salt to be extracted, heated in the so-called “organic” heat exchanger is sent to a so-called initial regeneration column in which a counter-current exchange is carried out with hot water, located at a temperature higher than that of the starting brine, to obtain: o water containing the salt to be extracted; and o a regenerated organic phase, having lost the salt to be extracted; said organic phase loaded with salt to be extracted being heated in the heat exchanger by the organic phase leaving the regeneration column,
- the extraction of the salt to be extracted can be carried out cold, that is to say at a temperature between -35°C and +45°C. Regeneration in the regeneration column then takes place at a higher temperature.
- the organic phase can be washed at a temperature between 5°C and 45°C.
- the temperature difference between the extraction and regeneration steps may be at least 30°C, preferably more than 40°C and more preferably more than 50°C.
- the regeneration steps can be carried out at a temperature of 60°C to 150°C.
- the organic phase leaving the regeneration column can be reheated before entering the so-called “organic” heat exchanger.
- the first organic compound solvating the anion of the salt to be extracted can be chosen from N- (3, 4-dichlorophenyl) octanamide, N- (3, 5-dichlorophenyl) octanamide and N- (3, 4 , 5-trifluorophenyl) - octanamide.
- the second organic compound is a lithium cation extracting compound, chosen from the compounds of formula: in which :
- R1 and R2 are, whatever their position on a nitrogen atom, independently chosen from linear or branched C1-C12 alkyl, aryl C4-cycloalkyl
- R3 is chosen from hydrogen, linear or branched C1-Cg alkyl, C4-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl and alkoxyalkylaryl;
- R4 is chosen from hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C3 alkyl
- R5 is chosen from hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C3 alkyl
- R6 is chosen from hydrogen, linear or branched C1-C3 alkyl
- - RI and R2 can be, whatever their position on a nitrogen atom, independently chosen from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2-ethylpropyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, 2-ethylhexyl, phenyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl; Or,
- - R3 can be chosen from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2-ethylpropyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, methoxymethyl, methoxyethyl, methoxypropyl, methoxybutyl and -C ⁇ b-O-C ⁇ b-Phenyl; And
- R4 can be hydrogen or methyl, RI and R2 being advantageously chosen from butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl or phenyl in the case where the brine to be treated has a calcium concentration greater than 10 g/L and/or the selectivity Li + / Ca 2+ is preferred; And
- RI and R2 being advantageously chosen from iso-propyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2-ethylpropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl or RI and R2, taken together with the nitrogen atom which carries them, form a pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane or azocane ring in the case where the brine to be treated has a calcium concentration less than 10 g/L and/or the selectivity Li + / Na + is preferred.
- the lithium cation extracting compound can be chosen from, without limitation:
- the second organic compound extracting the cation from the salt to be extracted can be chosen from 4-tert-butyl-Calix [4] arene acid tetraethyl ester, 4-tert-butyl-Calix [6] arene acid hexaethyl ester, 2-[2,2-bis [[2-(dicyclohexyl amino)-2-oxoethoxy] methyl] butoxy] - N, N-dicyclohexyl-acetamide and N, N, N', N', N", N "-Hexacyclohexyl-4,4',4"-propylidynetris (3-oxabutyramide).
- the organic phase may also comprise a hydrophobic polar organic diluent.
- a hydrophobic polar organic diluent Preferably it is an aromatic diluent which can be chosen from polar aromatic compounds such as l-chloro-2-bromo-benzene, 1, 2-dibromobenzene, 2-bromotoluene or 3, 4-dibromotoluene .
- the first organic compound solvating the anion of the salt to be extracted may be present in the liquid hydrophobic organic phase at a concentration of at least 0.1 mol/L and the relative molar ratio of said solvating molecule to said anionic species complementary to said extracting molecule of said cationic species is greater than 1.
- the second organic compound extracting the cation from the salt to be extracted may be present in the liquid hydrophobic organic phase at a concentration of at least 0.1 mol/L.
- said brine Before recovering the brine from which the salt to be extracted has been removed, said brine can be sent to another extraction agitator-mixer followed by an extraction decanter-separator, which receives the regenerated organic phase, to obtain, after decantation, a brine having even less salt to extract which is recovered or which is sent to another extraction agitator-mixer followed by an extraction decanter-separator to obtain a brine having even less of salt to be extracted than previously, said salt extraction operation to be extracted from the brine still being able to be repeated at least once, and the organic phase loaded with salt to be extracted is returned from a given decanter-separator towards the lower level agitator-mixer in order to recover, at the outlet of the initial decanter-separator, the organic phase loaded with salt which is sent to the so-called “organic” heat exchanger.
- the plurality of agitator-mixer-settler-extraction separator can in particular operate counter-current.
- the aqueous phase which enters an extraction agitator-mixer is brought into contact with the organic phase which comes from a higher extraction decanter-separator.
- the regeneration column(s) may be stirred columns or pulsed columns.
- the water which will serve as regeneration water can be sent to a so-called “water” heat exchanger in which it is heated by the salt-laden water to be extracted leaving the regeneration column(s) if several are provided, to obtain heated regeneration water which can be further heated before being introduced into the regeneration column(s), and we obtain, from said heat exchanger, water loaded with salt to be extracted when cooled.
- the washing water loaded with impurities is sent to a purification unit to obtain: o a retentate or concentrate or raffinate brine which is sent to the initial extraction agitator-mixer; and o purified water which is sent back to the new initial washing agitator-mixer.
- washing decanter-separator before sending the washed organic phase leaving the so-called washing decanter-separator to the so-called “organic” heat exchanger, said washed organic phase is sent to another so-called washing agitator-mixer followed by a decanter.
- washing centrifugal -separator- which receives washing water, to obtain, after decantation, an organic phase which has undergoes a new washing step which is sent to the so-called organic heat exchanger, said operation of washing the organic phase being able to be repeated at least once, and the washing water loaded with impurities is returned, or the retentate or concentrate or raffinate brine, after purification, towards the initial washing agitator-mixer.
- the plurality of agitator-mixer-decanter-centrifugal washing separator can in particular operate counter-current.
- the aqueous phase which enters a washing agitator-mixer is brought into contact with the organic phase which comes from an upper washing centrifugal decanter-separator.
- the salt-laden water to be extracted which comes either from the regeneration column(s) or from the heat exchanger called “water” can be sent to a purification unit to obtain:
- a reverse osmosis unit or membrane distillation unit or an evaporation/condensation unit or a water absorption unit by an organic phase regenerable in temperature or a combination of at least two can be used as a purification unit. of these units.
- washing water at least one of:
- the initial decanter-separator and/or the washing decanter(s)-separator(s) when present may be centrifugal decanter-separators, allowing the elimination of a phase composed of solid waste or an aqueous removal of the organic phase or the separation of a liquid two-phase medium having an aqueous phase/organic phase ratio less than 1.0 for the initial decanter-separator and less than 0.2 for the washing decanter-separator(s) .
- the salt to be selectively extracted can be chosen from sodium salts, such as NaCl, NaCN, NaNOs, NaBr, Nal, potassium salts, such as KC1, KCN, KNO3, KBr, Kl, lithium salts, such as LiCl, LiCN, LiNOs, LiBr, Lil, or other salts selectively extractable in the presence of other salts.
- sodium salts such as NaCl, NaCN, NaNOs, NaBr, Nal
- potassium salts such as KC1, KCN, KNO3, KBr, Kl
- lithium salts such as LiCl, LiCN, LiNOs, LiBr, Lil, or other salts selectively extractable in the presence of other salts.
- the salts preferentially extracted are so-called di-ionic salts, that is to say a salt comprising a monatomic cation carrying a single positive charge, such as for example the Li + cation, the K + cation or the Na + cation, as well as than a mono- or polyatomic anion carrying a single negative charge, such as for example the monoatomic anion Cl ⁇ or the polyatomic anion NO3-.
- the volume ratio between the washing water and the organic phase introduced into the so-called washing agitator-mixer(s) can be between 0.01 and 0.1, preferably between 0.03 and 0.06.
- the volume ratio between the hot water and the organic phase introduced into the so-called regeneration column(s) can be between 0.05 and 0.2, preferably between 0.08 and 0.15.
- the installation in Figure 1 is intended to treat a salt water or brine effluent S, which contains n dissolved salts, composed of cations and anions, of which the salt to be extracted is at least extractable by an effluent of organic formulation dedicated O circulating in a closed loop.
- the ionic composition of the salt water or brine S, that of the organic formulation 0 and that of the aqueous phase A vary throughout the process, receiving the successive notations respectively SI to S4, 01 to 06 and Al and A2.
- the desired product is in the form of a hot aqueous phase PI loaded with at least the salt to be extracted, which, after cooling, is recovered as production effluent P2.
- the installation in Figure 1 includes:
- phase decanter-separators Id, 2d and 3d associated respectively with the extraction agitators-mixers la, 2a, 3a; these decanter-phase separators - the first of which can be of the centrifugal type, then being denoted Idc - allow the separation of the organic and aqueous phases of an ef fluent after passing the latter through the extraction agitator-mixer respecti f la, 2a, 3 a;
- heating unit 1b the role of which is indicated below.
- the salt water or brine to be treated SI is mixed in the stirred reactor with the organic phase 03 to produce an organic phase dispersed in a phase continuous aqueous (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the centrifugal decanter Idc for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of the effluent S2 sent to the stirred reactor 2a and the effluent 04 sent to the main heat exchanger le. It can also allow the elimination of aqueous carryover in the organic phase 04 (not shown in Figure 1) or the elimination of a third phase composed of waste in particular solid, before the effluent 04 is sent to the heat exchanger the.
- the salt water or brine S2 is then mixed in the stirred reactor 2a with the organic phase 02 to produce an organic phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the decanter 2d for the gravity separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of the effluent S3 sent to the stirred reactor 3a and the effluent 03 sent to the stirred reactor la.
- the salt water or brine S3 is then mixed in the stirred reactor 3a with the organic phase 01 to produce an organic phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the decanter 3d for the gravity separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of the treated effluent S4 (the raffinate) and the effluent 02 sent to the stirred reactor 2a.
- the organic phase 04 loaded with at least the salt to be extracted, is then pumped towards the main heat exchanger where it is reheated to obtain the hot effluent 05 loaded with the salt to be extracted then sent to the head (we consider here that the density of 05 is greater than the density of PI) of the columns le and 2c, operating in parallel, for the production at the bottom of these columns of two organic effluents which are then combined for the formation of 06, a phase hot organic salt-free, regenerated and pumped to the main heat exchanger to be cooled then recovered in the form of organic effluent 01.
- the aqueous phase Al is pumped to the secondary heat exchanger 2nd where it is reheated to obtain the hot effluent A2 which is then sent for low injection of the columns le and 2c, operating in parallel, for the production at the top of the two columns of two aqueous effluents, loaded with at least salt to be extracted, which are then combined for the formation of the production PI, a hot aqueous phase loaded with at least the salt to be extracted and pumped to the secondary heat exchanger 2e to be cooled there and then recovered as production effluent P2.
- the heating unit 1b allows compensation of heat losses generated by the temperature difference of the effluents at the cold end of the heat exchangers le and 2e.
- Columns 1 and 2c are preferably used with a continuous descending organic phase and an ascending dispersed aqueous phase, this with a high organic phase/aqueous phase flow ratio (0/A) in regeneration (hot water desorption), greater than 5, preferably greater than 10, potentially greater than 15, or even greater than 20.
- regeneration hot water desorption
- An increase in regeneration temperature promotes higher O/A.
- the aqueous effluent PI does not see any transfer of organic phase droplets, just as the top of the columns le and 2c does not see any gaseous organic sky due to the installation at the top of these columns, in the aqueous phase, of systems allowing the coalescence of any organic phase associated with an appropriate residence time so that the organic materials can settle. It should be noted that this design is also relevant due to the absence of organic gas phase at the top of the column, even if the ratio of 0/A flow rates in regeneration is high.
- the aqueous effluents S4, PI or P2 can be subjected to the elimination of organic traces by the installation of an oil-water separation unit which can be a decanter and/or a coalescer combined with a unit adsorption using adsorbents which may be activated carbon, silica gel, diatomite earth and/or another similar approach allowing the recycling of organic components to the process and/or their transport, with the adsorption media adsorption, to a disposal facility by incineration.
- an oil-water separation unit which can be a decanter and/or a coalescer combined with a unit adsorption using adsorbents which may be activated carbon, silica gel, diatomite earth and/or another similar approach allowing the recycling of organic components to the process and/or their transport, with the adsorption media adsorption, to a disposal facility by incineration.
- FIG. 2 The installation in Figure 2 is identical to that in Figure 1 except that the decanter-separators 2d and 3d are replaced by centrifugal decanters 2dc and 3dc and that the reheating unit 1b, necessary to compensate for the loss thermal at the cold ends of exchangers 1 and 2e, is placed on the organic effluent 06 to replace the aqueous effluent A2.
- the salt water or brine S used in this example is difficult to separate by gravity separation and centrifugal separation proves to be necessary. Also, the economic conditions of the process may be favorable to the implementation of centrifugal separators-settlers instead of gravity separators-settlers.
- the installation in Figure 3 is intended to treat a salt water or brine effluent S, which contains n dissolved salts, composed of cations and anions, of which the salt to be extracted is at least extractable by an effluent of organic formulation dedicated 0 circulating in a closed loop.
- the ionic composition of salt water or brine S and that of the organic formulation 0 vary throughout the process, receiving the successive notations SI to S6, and 01 to 08 respectively.
- the desired product is in the form of a hot aqueous phase PI loaded with at least the salt to be extracted, which, after cooling, is recovered as production effluent P2, and after reconcentration, is recovered as production effluent P3.
- the installation in Figure 3 includes:
- mixer-stirrers la, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a each ensure an intimate mixing of the aqueous and organic phases which are addressed to them, the mixer-stirrers la, 2a, 3a and 4a being extraction mixer-stirrers and the mixer-stirrer 5a being a mixer-stirrer washing;
- decanter-phase separators Id, 2d, 3d, 4d and 5dc associated respectively with the agitator-mixers la, 2a, 3a, 4a and 5a
- decanter-phase separators - the last of which can be of the centrifugal type, being denoted 5dc - allow the separation of the organic and aqueous phases of an effluent after passing the latter through the respective agitator-mixer la, 2a, 3a, 4a and 5a;
- heating unit 1b the role of which is indicated below;
- the salt water or brine to be treated S I and the aqueous retentate/concentrate/raffinate S 8 are mixed in the stirred reactor Ia with the organic phase 04 to produce an organic phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the decanter Id for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of the eff fluents S3 sent to the stirred reactor 2a and 05 sent to the stirred reactor 5a.
- the salt water or brine S3 is then mixed in the stirred reactor 2a with the organic phase 03 to produce an organic phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the decanter 2d for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of the effluents S4 sent to the stirred reactor 3a and 04 sent to the stirred reactor la.
- the salt water or brine S4 is then mixed in the stirred reactor 3a with the organic phase 02 to produce an organic phase dispersed in the aqueous phase. continues (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the decanter 3d for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of effluents S5 sent to the stirred reactor 4a and 03 sent to the stirred reactor 2a.
- the salt water or brine S5 is then mixed in the stirred reactor 4a with the organic phase 01 to produce an organic phase dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the decanter 4d for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of the treated effluents S6 (the raffinate) and 02 sent to the stirred reactor 3a.
- the organic phase 05 loaded with at least the salt to be extracted, is then mixed in the stirred reactor 5a with the aqueous phase A7 for the production of an aqueous phase dispersed in a continuous organic phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the centrifugal decanter 5dc for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of effluents S7 sent to a water recovery unit If such as a reverse osmosis unit, a membrane distillation unit and /or an evaporation/condensation unit and/or a water absorption unit by an organic phase regenerable in temperature, and 06 sent to the main heat exchanger le.
- This step aims to wash the organic phase 05 with a very small flow of water A7 to eliminate salt impurities in order to improve the purity of the salt to be extracted contained in the organic effluent 06.
- the centrifugal decanter 5dc can also allow the elimination of an aqueous carryover in the organic phase 05 while eliminating an organic carryover in the aqueous phase S7 or allowing the elimination of a third compound phase solid or other waste, before the effluent 06 is sent to the heat exchanger le and before the effluent S7 is sent to the water recovery unit If.
- the aqueous phase A7 generally composed of the aqueous phase A5 which is distilled water, fresh water or desalinated water and recycled water A6 is used as a minor flow compared to the organic flow, with a flow rate ratio A/0 for washing with water (washing with cold water, of neutral pH, the pH having no impact on the washing performance), less than 0.25, preferably less than 0.1, potentially less than 0.05, or as low as 0.01.
- a flow rate ratio A/0 for washing with water (washing with cold water, of neutral pH, the pH having no impact on the washing performance), less than 0.25, preferably less than 0.1, potentially less than 0.05, or as low as 0.01.
- aqueous phase S7 pumped to a reverse osmosis unit and/or a membrane distillation unit and/or an evaporation/condensation unit and/or a water absorption unit by an organic phase regenerable in temperature If is then separated into a brine S8 (retentate or concentrate or raffinate) sent to the stirred reactor 1a and into an aqueous effluent A6 (permeate or condensate or de-extract) recycled at the inlet of the stirred reactor 5a.
- brine S8 retentate or concentrate or raffinate
- A6 permeate or condensate or de-extract
- the organic phase 06 loaded with salt to be extracted, is then pumped to the main heat exchanger where it is heated to obtain the hot organic effluent 07 loaded with salt to be extracted then sent to the top of the columns le and 2c, operating in parallel, for the production at the bottom of the columns of two organic effluents which are then combined to form effluent 08, a hot organic phase without salt, regenerated and pumped towards the main heat exchanger it to be cooled and then recovered in the form of cold organic effluent 01 (we consider here that the density of 07 is greater than the density of PI).
- the aqueous phase Al generally fresh water, desalinated or de-ionized water, which can be combined with the permeate-condensate-deextract A2 of a water recovery unit 2f, a reverse osmosis unit , a membrane distillation unit and/or an evaporation/condensation unit and/or a water absorption unit by an organic phase regenerable in temperature, is pumped as aqueous effluent A3 towards the heat exchanger secondary 2nd where it is reheated to obtain the hot aqueous effluent A4 which is then sent to lower injection of columns le and 2c, operating in parallel, for the production at the top of the two columns of two aqueous effluents, loaded with at least in salt to be extracted which are then combined for the formation of the PI production, a hot aqueous phase loaded with at least salt to be extracted and pumped to the secondary heat exchanger 2e to be cooled there then recovered as effluent of P2 production which can be
- Columns 1 and 2c are preferably used with a continuous descending organic phase and an ascending dispersed aqueous phase, this with a high 0/A flow rate ratio in regeneration (hot water desorption), greater than 5, preferably greater to 10, potentially greater than 15, or even greater than 20.
- regeneration hot water desorption
- This 0/A ratio can be even higher as the regeneration temperature of the organic phase in le and 2c is high.
- the aqueous effluent PI does not see any transfer of organic phase droplets, just as the top of the columns le and 2c does not see any gaseous organic sky due to the installation at the top of these columns, in the aqueous phase, of systems allowing the coalescence of any organic phase associated with an appropriate residence time so that the organic materials can settle. It should be noted that this design is also relevant due to the absence of organic gas phase at the top of the column, even if the ratio of 0/A flow rates in regeneration is high.
- the 5a and 5dc equipment can be combined into a single piece of equipment commonly called a centrifugal extractor.
- This equipment can be doubled, tripled or quadrupled by putting it in series, preferably against the current, to improve the washing of the 05 in order to generate, as PI effluent, a product of greater salt purity to be extracted.
- This equipment can be multiplied and used in parallel in order to be able to treat effluents 05 of increasing flow rates.
- the aqueous effluents S6, S7, Pl, P2 or P3 can be subjected to the elimination of organic traces by the installation of an oil-water separation unit which can be a decanter and/or a coalescer. combined with an adsorption unit using adsorbents which may be activated carbon, silica gel, diatomite earth and/or another similar approach allowing the recycling of organic components to the process and/or their transport, with the adsorption media, towards an elimination installation by incineration.
- an oil-water separation unit which can be a decanter and/or a coalescer.
- adsorbents which may be activated carbon, silica gel, diatomite earth and/or another similar approach allowing the recycling of organic components to the process and/or their transport, with the adsorption media, towards an elimination installation by incineration.
- All the effluents located to the left of the heat exchanger 1 and under the heat exchanger 2e are preferably operated near ambient temperature (5 to 35°C) when the other effluents (top right of Figure 3) operate at higher temperature but below the boiling point of water and brine effluent A4 and PI for the operating pressures of le, 2c and 2e.
- a variant of this configuration can be implemented when the aqueous saline or brine phase is treat, due to its intrinsic properties of density, viscosity and/or others, does not allow sufficient gravity settling to be economically viable.
- centrifugal mixer-settlers Idc, 2dc, 3dc and 4dc are preferably used or, potentially extractors- centrifugals with increased internal mixing time compared to the current state of the art.
- the organic phase 05 loaded with the salt to be extracted, is then mixed in the stirred reactor 7a with the S10 brine for the production of an aqueous phase dispersed in a continuous organic phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the centrifugal decanter 7dc for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of effluents S7 sent to a water recovery unit If such as a reverse osmosis unit, a membrane distillation unit and /or an evaporation/condensation unit and/or a water absorption unit by an organic phase regenerable in temperature, and 06 sent to the agitator-mixer 6a.
- aqueous phase S7 pumped to a reverse osmosis unit, a membrane distillation and/or an evaporation/condensation unit and/or a water absorption unit by an organic phase regenerable in temperature If is then separated into a brine S8 (retentate or concentrate or raffinate) sent to the stirred reactor 1a and into an aqueous effluent A6 (permeate or condensate or de-extract) recycled at the inlet of the stirred reactor 5a.
- brine S8 retentate or concentrate or raffinate
- A6 permeate or condensate or de-extract
- the organic phase 06 loaded with the salt to be extracted, is then mixed in the stirred reactor 6a for the production of an aqueous phase dispersed in a continuous organic phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the centrifugal decanter 6dc for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of effluents S10 sent to the stirred reactor 7a and 07 sent to the agitator-mixer 5a.
- the organic phase 07 loaded with the salt to be extracted, is then mixed in the stirred reactor 5a for the production of an aqueous phase dispersed in a continuous organic phase (or vice versa).
- the two-phase mixture is then transferred to the centrifugal decanter 5dc for the separation of the two liquid phases, and the generation of effluents S9 sent to the stirred reactor 6a and 08 sent to the heat exchanger le.
- the water recovery unit 2f can then be a membrane distillation unit and/or an evaporation/condensation unit and/or a water absorption unit by an organic phase that can be regenerated in temperature.
- the salt to be selectively extracted is sodium chloride NaCl.
- Organic phase 0 includes: - as an extractant of the Na + ion, the sodium ionophore M (mol/L) and whose log K for the Na + ion in methanol at 25°C is 5;
- the organic phase has a density of 1.48 g/L at 20°C.
- the brine to be treated includes sodium chloride to be extracted as well as potassium chloride.
- the salinity of this brine is 209.81 g/L including 2.26 g/L of Na + and 107 g/L of K + .
- This sodium extraction is selective without changing the potassium concentration as shown in Figure 7.
- the potassium concentration remains stable around 107 g/L for the tests at the (O/A) extraction ratios of 0.05; 0.2; 0.5 and 1 and a sodium concentration residual which is 168 mg/L in the brine treated with an (O/A) extraction ratio of 1.
- Figure 8 shows the ionic concentrations of the different compounds in the organic phase after extraction.
- NaCl is in the majority in the organic phase for an (O/A) extraction ratio less than 2 and even more in the majority when the (O/A) extraction ratio is low.
- the formulation loaded with Na, K, Cl was considered after extraction at the (O/A) extraction ratio of 0.5 and implementation of a washing with water, at room temperature (20°C), with very small quantities of water ranging from 1% to 20% of the volume of the organic phase, also noted as ratio (A/O)i avage .
- NaCl is hardly desorbed at room temperature with only 21.1% of the NaCl transferred to water when the water volume is 20% of the organic phase.
- hot regeneration at 80°C, of the formulation is used. resulting from washing with 4% volume of water, by contacting a volume of hot water of 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 50% of the volume of the organic phase, this ratio being noted (A/O) regeneration •
- Figure 11 shows the ionic concentrations of the brine obtained after regeneration at 80°C. After a washing step at the (A/O) washing ratio of 4%, the brine resulting from the hot regeneration for these various (A/O) regenerations consists of 93% to 99% mass of NaCl which allows purification. of NaCl associated with minimal loss of NaCl.
- the selected sizing point allows a NaCl extraction yield of 93.2% for a NaCl purity of 91.8% by mass, with a ratio (0/A) extraction of 1.1 and a wash ratio (A/0) of 5% (circled points).
- Figure 13 shows the effect of adding a second backwash stage, at room temperature.
- the selected sizing point allows a NaCl extraction yield of 92.8% for a NaCl purity of 97.4% by mass, with a ratio (0/A) extraction of 1.1 and a wash ratio (A/0) of 5% (points circled at the intersection of the two curves).
- Table 1 shows the material balance for a 4-1-3 cycle with a (0/A) extraction ratio of 1.1, a (A/0) washing ratio of 5% and a (A/0) regeneration ratio. of 10%.
- Table 2 shows the material balance for a 4-2-3 cycle with an (O/A) extraction ratio of 1.1, an (A/O) washing ratio of 5% and an (A/O) regeneration ratio. of 10%.
- the salt to be selectively extracted is potassium chloride KC1.
- Organic phase 0 includes:
- 4-tert-butyl-Calix [6] arene acid hexaethyl ester (C90H120O18, CAS no.: 92003-62-8) at a concentration of 0.175 M (mol/L) and whose log K for K + ion in methanol is 4.8;
- N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-octanamide (C14H19CI2NO, CAS no.: 730-25-6) at a concentration of 0.525 M and whose pKa in water is 13.63 +/- 0.70;
- the organic phase has a density of 1.43 g/L at 20°C.
- the brine to be treated includes potassium chloride to be extracted as well as sodium chloride.
- the salinity of this brine is 168 g/L including 62.7 g/L of Na + and 4.53 g/L of K + .
- This extraction of potassium is selective without changing the sodium concentration as shown in Figure 15.
- the sodium concentration remains stable around 62 g/L for the tests at (O/A) extraction ratios of 0.1; 0.4; 0.8 and 1.5 and a potassium concentration which is 2.8 g/L in the brine treated with an extraction ratio (O/A) of 1.5.
- Figure 16 shows the ionic concentrations of the different compounds in the organic phase after extraction at 20°C.
- KC1 is the majority in the organic phase for an extraction (O/A) ratio of less than 2.
- the formulation loaded with Na, K, Cl was considered after extraction at the ratio (O/A) extraction of 0.8 and implementation of 'a wash with water (scrub), at room temperature (20°C), with very small quantities of water ranging from 1% to 20% of the volume of the organic phase, also noted ratio (A/O) i avage .
- KC1 is difficult to desorb at room temperature with only 14.8% of KC1 transferred to water when the volume of water is 20% of the organic phase.
- hot regeneration is used, at 80°C, of the formulation resulting from washing with 4% volume of water, by contacting with a volume of hot water of 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 50% of the volume of the organic phase, this ratio being noted (A/O) regeneration •
- Figure 19 shows the ionic concentrations of the brine obtained after hot regeneration, at 80°C. After a washing step at the (A/O) washing ratio of 4%, the brine resulting from the hot regeneration consists of 78% to 90% mass of KC1 which allows purification of the KC1 associated with a production of KC1 for its valuation.
- the selected sizing point allows a KC1 extraction yield of 85.0% for a KC1 purity of 78.5% by mass, with an extraction ratio (O/A) of 2.2 and a ratio (A/O) i aV age of 5% (circled points).
- Figure 21 shows the effect of adding a second backwash stage at room temperature.
- the selected sizing point allows a KC1 extraction yield of 85.6% for a KC1 purity of 91.5% by mass with an extraction ratio (0/A) of 2 .2 and an (A/O)i avage ratio of 5% (circled points)
- Table 3 shows the material balance for a 4-1-3 cycle with an (0/A) extraction ratio of 2.2, an (A/O) washing ratio of 5% and a (A/ 0) regeneration ratio. of 10%.
- Table 4 shows the material balance for a 4-2-3 cycle with an (O/A) extraction ratio of 2.2, an (A/O) washing ratio of 5% and an (A/O) regeneration ratio. of 10%.
- the salt to be selectively extracted is lithium chloride LiCl.
- Organic phase 0 includes:
- the organic phase has a density of 1.43 g/L at 20°C.
- the brine to be treated includes lithium chloride.
- This brine is a brine of Li + , Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Boron, SO4 2 - and Cl ⁇ of 209.81 g/L salinity, including 2.26 g/L of Li + , 2.26 g/L of Na + and 107 g/L of K + .
- the purity of the LiCl product (in % by mass, water excluded) varies from a maximum of 65% for the 4-0-3 cycle, to 90% for the 4-1-3 cycle and to 97.5% for the cycle 4-2-3.
- FIG. 23 and Table 6 show the great advantage of water washing to gain purity in LiCl production.
- the brine compositions are given at the outlet of the desorption column (PI).
- Sodium and calcium salts are removed from LiCl production when lithium is maintained.
- the application of this process allows high protection of local water resources, whether it is the water contained in the lithium-rich brine (because the water from this brine is not evaporated for reconcentration purposes if the lithium content in the lithium-rich brine to be treated is greater than 100 mg/kg of water, preferably greater than 150 mg/kg of water) or the fresh water necessary for the operation of the process for the washing and regeneration-desorption stages as a high purity of the LiCl product and a low extraction rate of NaCl and CaC12 allow efficient recycling of water via the use of 'a membrane reverse osmosis unit, a membrane distillation unit and/or a multiple-effect evaporation-condensation unit and/or a water absorption unit by an organic phase regenerable in temperature and/or a combination of at least two of these units on the outlet stream(s) of the washing and regeneration-desorption stages.
- Tables 7 and 8 give a detailed mass balance for cycles 4-1-3 and 4-2-3 when operating at temperatures of 20°C for extraction and washing operations and 80°C in desorption columns for regeneration of the organic phase. For these two cycles, the recycling of fresh water is respectively 84% and 87%, generating very low fresh water requirements of respectively 6.03 tonnes of water/ton LiCl and 5.61 tonnes of LiCl. water/ton LiCl (and 37.7 and 43.2 tonnes of water/ton LiCl without fresh water recycling). It should be noted that K + , Mg 2+ and SO4 2 - do not appear in the production of the P3 effluent and that boron B is not shown as 100% of it remains in the B6 raffinate.
- a reduction in the regeneration water flow by changing the 0/A regeneration ratio from 10 to 15 generates approximately the same purity of the LiCl produced but degrades the lithium extraction yield by around ten percentage points.
- the LiCl produced is more concentrated with a gain of up to 50% (61 g LiCl/kg water compared to 40 g LiCl/kg).
- Table 9 and Figure 24 provide a summary of the optimum sizing retained for the case of selective extraction of lithium for brine of Maricunga, for cycles with four extraction stages and three theoretical regeneration stages for respectively 0, 1, 2 and 3 washing stages.
- TDS total salinity
- Step 1 Synthesis of the secondary amine
- Table 10 presents the formulas of the compounds 0 synthesized, Li VIII being renamed CE00.
- Tables 11 and 12 present the characteristics of the synthesized compounds. [Table. 11]
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR2208067A FR3138658B1 (fr) | 2022-08-03 | 2022-08-03 | Procédé d’extraction sélective d’un sel à extraire à partir d’une saumure |
| FR2301758A FR3146072B1 (fr) | 2023-02-27 | 2023-02-27 | Composition liquide organique hydrophobe pour l’extraction sélective d’un sel de lithium. |
| PCT/IB2023/057828 WO2024028786A1 (fr) | 2022-08-03 | 2023-08-02 | Procédé d'extraction sélective d'un sel à extraire à partir d'une eau salée ou saumure |
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| US (1) | US20260042036A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4565723A1 (fr) |
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| KR (1) | KR20250097792A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN119768543A (fr) |
| AR (1) | AR130097A1 (fr) |
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| CN117886480A (zh) * | 2024-02-26 | 2024-04-16 | 中核四0四有限公司 | 一种铀纯化转化硝酸体系废液处理方法及系统 |
| FR3165661A1 (fr) * | 2024-08-26 | 2026-02-27 | Adionics | Compositions liquides organiques hydrophobes pour l’extraction d’un sel a anion monovalent ou divalent issu d’une eau salee ou saumure |
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| US3433584A (en) * | 1966-03-07 | 1969-03-18 | St Paul Ammonia Products Inc | Production of potassium nitrate from calcium nitrate |
| US5336297A (en) * | 1993-02-16 | 1994-08-09 | Terra Gaia Environmental Group Inc. | Process for the treatment of electric arc furnace dust |
| FR3031738B1 (fr) * | 2015-01-19 | 2018-10-05 | Adionics | Dispositif et methode de dessalement d'eau par deionisation thermique et liquide d'extraction ionique liquide applicable audit dispositif |
| FR3054140B1 (fr) * | 2016-07-22 | 2018-08-31 | Adionics | Methode d’extraction de sels et composition extractante regeneree en temperature |
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- 2023-08-02 CA CA3263957A patent/CA3263957A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-08-02 KR KR1020257006640A patent/KR20250097792A/ko active Pending
- 2023-08-02 EP EP23767966.7A patent/EP4565723A1/fr active Pending
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| KR20250097792A (ko) | 2025-06-30 |
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| CA3263957A1 (fr) | 2024-02-08 |
| MX2025001348A (es) | 2025-06-02 |
| AR130097A1 (es) | 2024-11-06 |
| CL2025000288A1 (es) | 2025-06-23 |
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