EP4593820A2 - Agents de dégradation à petites molécules de la protéine tat du vih-1 - Google Patents

Agents de dégradation à petites molécules de la protéine tat du vih-1

Info

Publication number
EP4593820A2
EP4593820A2 EP23873880.1A EP23873880A EP4593820A2 EP 4593820 A2 EP4593820 A2 EP 4593820A2 EP 23873880 A EP23873880 A EP 23873880A EP 4593820 A2 EP4593820 A2 EP 4593820A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
substituted
unsubstituted
compound
carbocyclyl
heterocyclyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23873880.1A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Susana Tavares VALENTE
Sonia Mediouni JABLONSKI
Joseph Jablonski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Florida
University of Florida Research Foundation Inc
Original Assignee
University of Florida
University of Florida Research Foundation Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of Florida, University of Florida Research Foundation Inc filed Critical University of Florida
Publication of EP4593820A2 publication Critical patent/EP4593820A2/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/36—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/40—Acylated substituent nitrogen atom
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    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
    • C07D209/30—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
    • C07D209/42—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms
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    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/62—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D213/63—One oxygen atom
    • C07D213/64—One oxygen atom attached in position 2 or 6
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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/75—Amino or imino radicals, acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or by sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
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    • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D233/61—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical, attached to ring nitrogen atoms
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    • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D233/64—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. histidine
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    • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
    • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly or doubly bound nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/125—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly or doubly bound nitrogen atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the substituent nitrogen atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
    • C07D295/13—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly or doubly bound nitrogen atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the substituent nitrogen atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
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    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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    • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems
    • C07D491/113—Spiro-condensed systems with two or more oxygen atoms as ring hetero atoms in the oxygen-containing ring

Definitions

  • ARVs fall into the following major classes: fusion inhibitors (FIs), nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs) and integrase inhibitors (INIs).
  • FIs fusion inhibitors
  • NRTIs nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • NRTIs non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • PIs protease inhibitors
  • IPIs integrase inhibitors
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) against HIV is based on triple or quadruple combinations of ARVs 1,2 , and despite effective suppression of HIV replication to below the detection limit, upon cell stimulation or treatment interruption, latent proviruses can reinitiate viral production 3-5 .
  • Elimination of this latent reservoir is a major goal of HIV eradication strategies 6,7 ; however, approaches such as shock-and-kill have not been successful so far 8 , and significant efforts are being invested by laboratories worldwide to find a functional cure of HIV remission.
  • a functional cure entails long-term, durable control of viral expression in the absence of therapy, thus preventing disease progression and transmission, despite the presence of integrated proviruses.
  • the block-and-lock approach is based on the premise that transcriptional inhibitors may mediate epigenetic silencing of proviral expression, locking the virus in a profound state of latency, from which reactivation is very unlikely to occur upon ART interruption.
  • dCA didehydro-Cortistatin A
  • Tat mediates association between the host positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) complex and the transactivation-responsive (TAR) element of the nascent viral RNA to promote transcriptional elongation from the viral promoter (FIG.1A) 16-18 .
  • P-TEFb host positive transcription elongation factor
  • TAR transactivation-responsive
  • Tat binds the 50- terminal region of HIV mRNA’s stem-bulge loop structure, the TAR element, to activate transcription. Since Tat resides under the control of the same promoter, it enhances its own transcription via a positive feedback loop.
  • Tat is a target for therapeutic intervention because 1) it is expressed early during virus replication; 2) it has no host cellular homologs; 3) Tat inhibitors block the positive transactivation feedback loop critical for viral activation; and 4) in breaking this feedback loop, epigenetic modifications accumulate at the HIV promoter, rendering reactivation less likely. Tat is also notorious for its role in neurotoxicity, blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation 19 . [0006] Thus, the development of Tat inhibitors, such as dCA, could complement antiretroviral therapy (ART) and silence virus outgrowth from HIV tissue reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, the cost of producing large quantities of this complex molecule is a major hurdle towards advancing dCA into clinical trials 20 .
  • R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each of R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or R 2 and R 3 ,
  • the compounds of Formula (II) are of Formula (II-c): or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled compounds, or prodrugs thereof, wherein: R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyn
  • each R 11 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 8 is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, –N(R e ) 2 – substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or un
  • each R 11 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 8 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or un
  • the compounds of Formula (III) are of Formula (III-b): or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled compounds, or prodrugs thereof, wherein: each R 11 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R 8 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substitute
  • the compounds of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co- crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled compounds, or prodrugs thereof may bind preferentially to Tat residue Y26.
  • compositions comprising the compounds of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled compounds, or prodrugs thereof as described herein, and an excipient.
  • formulae (I), (II), or (III) pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled compounds, or prodrugs thereof as described herein, and an excipient.
  • a disease e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)
  • a disease e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)
  • administering to the subject in need thereof a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as described herein.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as described herein.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • kits comprising a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as described herein, and instructions for using the compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition thereof as described herein.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, is
  • HIV transcription is primary regulated by the HIV Tat protein.
  • RNAPII RNA polymerase II
  • the subunit CDK7 of TFIIH phosphorylates RNAPII C-terminal domain (CTD) at Ser5 to allow initiation of transcription.
  • CTD RNAPII C-terminal domain
  • Tat recruits P-TEFb (CDK9/ Cyclin T1) to TAR and CDK9 phosphorylates RNAPII CTD at Ser2, as well as the negative elongation factor (NELF) and DSIF. DSIF is converted to an elongation factor while NELF is removed from the transcription complex. (3) These phosphorylation events and remodeling of Nucleosome 1 (Nuc-1) allows productive elongation and full-length viral mRNA production. [0021] Fig 2. Identification of 3 HIV Tat inhibitors.
  • B Schematic of the HTS.
  • Assay 1 Tat-TAR assay
  • Assay 2 TNF- ⁇ activation
  • Assay 3 Toxicity assay.
  • C Structure of the lead hits. D.
  • TI therapeutic index.
  • Fig 3. TT-44881, TT-44856 and TT-44863 inhibit HIV acute and latent infections.
  • A Impact of the 3 lead hits on HIV acute infection.
  • TI therapeutic index.
  • B Schematic depicting the characteristics of OM10.1 and ACH2 cells.
  • ARVs antiretrovirals: 100 nM Efavirenz, 200 nM Lamivudine and 200 nM Raltegravir.
  • TT-44881 and TT-44863 inhibit HIV transcription and block reactivation from latency independently of the Tat-TAR axis.
  • TT-44881 and TT-44863 inhibit Tat-Rev fusion protein transactivation.
  • SIIB a reporter HEK293T stable cell line where the essential apical region of TAR was replaced by the 29-nucleotide stem-loop IIB (SIIB) subdomain of the HIV-1 RRE.
  • SIIB 29-nucleotide stem-loop IIB
  • Lead hits reduce overexpressed Flag-Tat stability in HEK293T cells without affecting overexpressed GFP stability.
  • B. Lead hits do not impact Tat or GFP mRNA expression in HEK293T cells. Shown is mean ⁇ SD of n 3.
  • EPL 10 ⁇ M
  • Triptolide (TRP) 1 nM
  • TT-44856 and TT-44863 40 ⁇ M
  • D. Lead hits reduce recombinant Tat stability in HEK293T cells.
  • Triptolide 1 nM, TT-44856 and TT-44863: 40 ⁇ M
  • TT-44881: 60 ⁇ M. Shown is n 1.
  • Fig 6. TT-44881, TT-44863 and TT-44856 reduce Tat steady state levels via the proteasomal degradation pathways.
  • A. Lead hits do not engage the lysosomal degradation pathway.
  • TT-44881, TT-44863 and TT-44856 reduce Tat steady state levels via the 26 proteasomal degradation pathway.
  • A. Molecular docking of TT-44881 to the Tat PDB entry 1K5K and Cereblon protein.
  • TT-44881, TT-44863 and TT-44856 ‘s anti-HIV activity require the residue Y26A of Tat protein.
  • TT-44856 and TT-44863: 40 ⁇ M, TT-44881: 60 ⁇ M. Shown is representative of n 3.
  • TT-44856 and TT-44863: 40 ⁇ M, TT-44881: 60 ⁇ M. Shown is representative of n 3.
  • TT-44856 and TT-44863 40 ⁇ M
  • TT-44881: 60 ⁇ M. Shown is n 1.
  • TT-44856 : 40 ⁇ M, TT-44881: 60 ⁇ M. Shown is representative of n 2.
  • B. Mutations of a single lysine residue of the Tat protein does not impact the lead hits induced Tat degradation.
  • TT- 44856 40 ⁇ M
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of 12 C with 13 C or 14 C are within the scope of the disclosure.
  • Such compounds are useful, for example, a imaging agents or as analytical tools or probes in biological assays.
  • the term “salt” refers to any and all salts, and encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • a formula is a single bond where the stereochemistry of the moieties immediately attached thereto is not specified, is absent or a single bond, and or is a single or double bond.
  • structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
  • compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, replacement of 19 F with 18 F, or the replacement of 12 C with 13 C or 14 C are within the scope of the disclosure.
  • Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays.
  • When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub- range within the range.
  • C 1-6 alkyl is intended to encompass, C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 1-6 , C 1-5 , C 1-4 , C 1-3 , C 1-2 , C 2-6 , C 2-5 , C 2-4 , C 2-3 , C 3-6 , C 3-5 , C 3-4 , C 4-6 , C 4-5 , and C 5-6 alkyl.
  • aliphatic refers to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and carbocyclic groups.
  • heteroaliphatic refers to heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, and heterocyclic groups.
  • alkyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (“C1-10 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“C 1-9 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C1-8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms (“C1-7 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1-6 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms (“C 1-5 alkyl”).
  • an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C 1-4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C1-3 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C1-2 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom (“C 1 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkyl”).
  • C 1-6 alkyl groups include methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), propyl (C3) (e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl), butyl (C4) (e.g., n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl), pentyl (C5) (e.g., n-pentyl, 3-pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3-methyl-2-butanyl, tertiary amyl), and hexyl (C 6 ) (e.g., n-hexyl).
  • alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C 7 ), n- octyl (C8), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkyl”) with one or more substituents (e.g., halogen, such as F).
  • substituents e.g., halogen, such as F
  • the alkyl group is an unsubstituted C1-10 alkyl (such as unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, e.g., ⁇ CH3 (Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr), unsubstituted isopropyl (i-Pr)), unsubstituted butyl (Bu, e.g., unsubstituted n-butyl (n-Bu), unsubstituted tert-butyl (tert-Bu or t-Bu), unsubstituted sec-butyl (sec-Bu), unsubstituted isobutyl (i-Bu)).
  • unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl e.g., ⁇ CH3 (Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsub
  • the alkyl group is a substituted C1-10 alkyl (such as substituted C1-6 alkyl, e.g., ⁇ CF3, ⁇ Bn).
  • haloalkyl is a substituted alkyl group, wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo.
  • the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“C1-8 haloalkyl”).
  • the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 1-6 haloalkyl”).
  • the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms (“C1-4 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C1-3 haloalkyl”). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms (“C 1-2 haloalkyl”). Examples of haloalkyl groups include –CHF 2 , ⁇ CH 2 F, ⁇ CF 3 , ⁇ CH 2 CF 3 , ⁇ CF 2 CF 3 , ⁇ CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , ⁇ CCl 3 , ⁇ CFCl2, ⁇ CF2Cl, and the like.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain.
  • a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC1-10 alkyl”).
  • a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1-9 alkyl”).
  • a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1-8 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC1-7 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1-6 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC1-5 alkyl”).
  • a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and 1or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 1-4 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC1-3 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC1-2 alkyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 1 carbon atom and 1 heteroatom (“heteroC1 alkyl”).
  • a heteroalkyl group is a saturated group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 1-10 alkyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkyl group is a substituted heteroC1-10 alkyl.
  • alkenyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C2-9 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C2-8 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 2-7 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkenyl”).
  • an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C2-5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C2-4 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2-3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C2 alkenyl”).
  • the one or more carbon- carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl).
  • Examples of C 2-4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C 2 ), 1-propenyl (C 3 ), 2-propenyl (C 3 ), 1- butenyl (C4), 2-butenyl (C4), butadienyl (C4), and the like.
  • Examples of C2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C2-4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C5), pentadienyl (C5), hexenyl (C 6 ), and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C 7 ), octenyl (C 8 ), octatrienyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • each instance of an alkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkenyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the alkenyl group is an unsubstituted C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • the alkenyl group is a substituted C 2-10 alkenyl.
  • heteroalkenyl refers to an alkenyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain.
  • a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC2-10 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC2-6 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC2-5 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-4 alkenyl”).
  • a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC2-3 alkenyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkenyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkenyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkenyl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 2-10 alkenyl.
  • the heteroalkenyl group is a substituted heteroC2-10 alkenyl.
  • alkynyl refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) (“C2-10 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms (“C2-9 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms (“C 2-8 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms (“C 2- 7 alkynyl”).
  • an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms (“C 2-6 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms (“C2-5 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms (“C2-4 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms (“C 2-3 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms (“C2 alkynyl”). The one or more carbon- carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl).
  • Examples of C 2-4 alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C 2 ), 1-propynyl (C 3 ), 2- propynyl (C3), 1-butynyl (C4), 2-butynyl (C4), and the like.
  • Examples of C2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C2-4 alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C5), hexynyl (C6), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C 7 ), octynyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • each instance of an alkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted alkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted alkynyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the alkynyl group is an unsubstituted C2-10 alkynyl.
  • the alkynyl group is a substituted C 2-10 alkynyl.
  • heteroalkynyl refers to an alkynyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain.
  • a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-10 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC2-9 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC2- 8 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC2-7 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC2-5 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-4 alkynyl”).
  • a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain (“heteroC2-3 alkynyl”). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain (“heteroC 2-6 alkynyl”). Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkynyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroalkynyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heteroalkynyl group is an unsubstituted heteroC 2-10 alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is a substituted heteroC2-10 alkynyl.
  • the term “carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-14 carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C3-10 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-7 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C3-6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C4-6 carbocyclyl”). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-6 carbocyclyl”).
  • a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C5-10 carbocyclyl”).
  • Exemplary C3-6 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C3), cyclopropenyl (C3), cyclobutyl (C4), cyclobutenyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (C 5 ), cyclopentenyl (C 5 ), cyclohexyl (C 6 ), cyclohexenyl (C 6 ), cyclohexadienyl (C6), and the like.
  • Exemplary C3-8 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C3-6 carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C7), cycloheptenyl (C 7 ), cycloheptadienyl (C 7 ), cycloheptatrienyl (C 7 ), cyclooctyl (C 8 ), cyclooctenyl (C 8 ), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C 7 ), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C 8 ), and the like.
  • C7 cycloheptyl
  • C 7 cycloheptenyl
  • C 7 cycloheptadienyl
  • C 7 cycloheptatrienyl
  • C 8 cyclooctyl
  • C 8 cyclooctenyl
  • Exemplary C3-10 carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned C3-8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C9), cyclononenyl (C9), cyclodecyl (C10), cyclodecenyl (C 10 ), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C 9 ), decahydronaphthalenyl (C 10 ), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C10), and the like.
  • the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., containing a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic carbocyclyl”)) and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
  • Carbocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system.
  • each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted carbocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the carbocyclyl group is an unsubstituted C3-14 carbocyclyl.
  • the carbocyclyl group is a substituted C3-14 carbocyclyl.
  • “carbocyclyl” is a monocyclic, saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 14 ring carbon atoms (“C3-14 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C3-10 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (“C 3-8 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C3-6 cycloalkyl”).
  • a cycloalkyl group has 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C4-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-6 cycloalkyl”). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms (“C 5-10 cycloalkyl”). Examples of C 5-6 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopentyl (C5) and cyclohexyl (C5). Examples of C3-6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C5-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C3) and cyclobutyl (C 4 ).
  • C 3-8 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C 3-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C7) and cyclooctyl (C8).
  • each instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted cycloalkyl”) or substituted (a “substituted cycloalkyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the cycloalkyl group is an unsubstituted C3-14 cycloalkyl.
  • the cycloalkyl group is a substituted C3-14 cycloalkyl.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a radical of a 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“3-14 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • a heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic heterocyclyl”)), and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon- carbon double or triple bonds.
  • Heterocyclyl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heterocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system.
  • each instance of heterocyclyl is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heterocyclyl”) or substituted (a “substituted heterocyclyl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the heterocyclyl group is an unsubstituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl.
  • the heterocyclyl group is a substituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl.
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heterocyclyl”).
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiiranyl.
  • Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and thietanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione.
  • Exemplary 5- membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl and dithiolanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl.
  • Exemplary 7- membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl.
  • Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl.
  • Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclyl groups include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydroisochromenyl, decahydronaphthyridinyl, decahydro-1,8- naphthyridinyl, octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole,
  • aryl refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system (“C 6-14 aryl”).
  • an aryl group has 6 ring carbon atoms (“C 6 aryl”; e.g., phenyl).
  • an aryl group has 10 ring carbon atoms (“C10 aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl).
  • an aryl group has 14 ring carbon atoms (“C 14 aryl”; e.g., anthracyl).
  • Aryl also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system.
  • each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl”) or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents.
  • the aryl group is an unsubstituted C 6-14 aryl.
  • the aryl group is a substituted C6-14 aryl.
  • “Aralkyl” is a subset of “alkyl” and refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aryl group, wherein the point of attachment is on the alkyl moiety.
  • heteroaryl refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-14 membered heteroaryl”).
  • the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heteroaryl includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system.
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-10 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”).
  • a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”).
  • the 5- 6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroaryl”) or substituted (a “substituted heteroaryl”) with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is an unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is a substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
  • the heteroaryl group is thiophene, benzothiophene, furan, isobenzofuran, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyrazine, isothiazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, triazole, tetrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, oxazole, or the like.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 or 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl.
  • Exemplary 5,6- bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl.
  • Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
  • Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, phenanthridinyl, dibenzofuranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, and phenazinyl.
  • Heteroaralkyl is a subset of “alkyl” and refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl group, wherein the point of attachment is on the alkyl moiety.
  • the term “unsaturated bond” refers to a double or triple bond.
  • the term “unsaturated” or “partially unsaturated” refers to a moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond.
  • the term “saturated” refers to a moiety that does not contain a double or triple bond, i.e., the moiety only contains single bonds.
  • alkylene is the divalent moiety of alkyl
  • alkenylene is the divalent moiety of alkenyl
  • alkynylene is the divalent moiety of alkynyl
  • heteroalkylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkyl
  • heteroalkenylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkenyl
  • heteroalkynylene is the divalent moiety of heteroalkynyl
  • carbocyclylene is the divalent moiety of carbocyclyl
  • heterocyclylene is the divalent moiety of heterocyclyl
  • arylene is the divalent moiety of aryl
  • heteroarylene is the divalent moiety of heteroaryl.
  • a group is optionally substituted unless expressly provided otherwise.
  • the term “optionally substituted” refers to being substituted or unsubstituted.
  • alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted.
  • Optionally substituted refers to a group which may be substituted or unsubstituted (e.g., “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” alkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkenyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroalkynyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” carbocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heterocyclyl, “substituted” or “unsubstituted” aryl or “substituted” or “unsubstituted” heteroaryl group).
  • substituted means that at least one hydrogen present on a group is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
  • a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position.
  • substituted is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, and includes any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound.
  • the present invention contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound.
  • heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.
  • the invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the exemplary substituents described herein.
  • halo or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, ⁇ F), chlorine (chloro, ⁇ Cl), bromine (bromo, ⁇ Br), or iodine (iodo, ⁇ I).
  • hydroxyl or “hydroxy” refers to the group –OH.
  • amino refers to the group –NH 2 .
  • substituted amino by extension, refers to a monosubstituted amino, a disubstituted amino, or a trisubstituted amino. In certain embodiments, the “substituted amino” is a monosubstituted amino or a disubstituted amino group.
  • trisubstituted amino refers to an amino group wherein the nitrogen atom directly attached to the parent molecule is substituted with three groups, and includes groups selected from –N(R bb )3 and –N(R bb )3 + X ⁇ , wherein R bb and X ⁇ are as defined herein.
  • sulfonyl refers to a group selected from –SO 2 N(R bb ) 2 , –SO 2 R aa , and – SO 2 OR aa , wherein R aa and R bb are as defined herein.
  • acyl groups include aldehydes ( ⁇ CHO), carboxylic acids ( ⁇ CO2H), ketones, acyl halides, esters, amides, imines, carbonates, carbamates, and ureas.
  • Acyl substituents include, but are not limited to, any of the substituents described herein, that result in the formation of a stable moiety (e.g., aliphatic, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaliphatic, heterocyclic, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, oxo, imino, thiooxo, cyano, isocyano, amino, azido, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol, halo, aliphaticamino, heteroaliphaticamino, alkylamino, heteroalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, aliphaticoxy, heteroaliphaticoxy, alkyl
  • sil refers to the group –Si(R aa ) 3 , wherein R aa is as defined herein.
  • Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms.
  • the substituent present on the nitrogen atom is an nitrogen protecting group (also referred to herein as an “amino protecting group”).
  • Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Nitrogen protecting groups such as carbamate groups include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD- Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2- trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1- methyle
  • Nitrogen protecting groups such as sulfonamide groups include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4- methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6- dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4- methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6- trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanes
  • Ts p-toluenesulfonamide
  • Mtr 2,
  • nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl- (10)-acyl derivative, N’-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N’-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3- oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5- dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5- substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5- triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro
  • the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to herein as a “hydroxyl protecting group”).
  • Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.
  • oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, methoxymethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p- methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2- methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3- bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4- methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP
  • the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a “thiol protecting group”).
  • a “counterion” or “anionic counterion” is a negatively charged group associated with a positively charged group in order to maintain electronic neutrality.
  • An anionic counterion may be monovalent (i.e., including one formal negative charge).
  • An anionic counterion may also be multivalent (i.e., including more than one formal negative charge), such as divalent or trivalent.
  • Exemplary counterions include halide ions (e.g., F – , Cl – , Br – , I – ), NO3 – , ClO4 – , OH – , H2PO4 – , HCO3 ⁇ , HSO4 – , sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p–toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10–camphor sulfonate, naphthalene–2–sulfonate, naphthalene–1–sulfonic acid–5–sulfonate, ethan–1–sulfonic acid– 2–sulfonate, and the like), carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, and the
  • Exemplary counterions which may be multivalent include CO 3 2 ⁇ , HPO 4 2 ⁇ , PO4 3 ⁇ , B4O7 2 ⁇ , SO4 2 ⁇ , S2O3 2 ⁇ , carboxylate anions (e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like), and carboranes.
  • carboxylate anions e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like
  • carboranes e.g., tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, mal
  • LG is an art-understood term referring to a molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage, wherein the molecular fragment is an anion or neutral molecule.
  • a leaving group can be an atom or a group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. See, for example, Smith, March Advanced Organic Chemistry 6 th ed. (501-502).
  • heteroatom refers to an atom that is not hydrogen or carbon. In certain embodiments, the heteroatom is nitrogen. In certain embodiments, the heteroatom is oxygen. In certain embodiments, the heteroatom is sulfur.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid or with organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, and N + (C1-4 alkyl)4 ⁇ salts.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions, such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.
  • An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or ( ⁇ )-isomers respectively).
  • a chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof.
  • a mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.
  • a “subject” to which administration is contemplated refers to a human (i.e., male or female of any age group, e.g., pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, or adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult, or senior adult)) or non-human animal.
  • the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., primate (e.g., cynomolgus monkey or rhesus monkey), commercially relevant mammal (e.g., cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, cat, or dog), or bird (e.g., commercially relevant bird, such as chicken, duck, goose, or turkey)).
  • primate e.g., cynomolgus monkey or rhesus monkey
  • commercially relevant mammal e.g., cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, cat, or dog
  • bird e.g., commercially relevant bird, such as
  • the non-human animal is a fish, reptile, or amphibian.
  • the non-human animal may be a male or female at any stage of development.
  • the non-human animal may be a transgenic animal or genetically engineered animal.
  • the term “patient” refers to a human subject in need of treatment of a disease.
  • the subject may also be a plant.
  • the plant is a land plant.
  • the plant is a non- vascular land plant.
  • the plant is a vascular land plant.
  • the plant is a seed plant.
  • the plant is a cultivated plant.
  • the plant is a dicot.
  • the plant is a monocot.
  • the plant is a flowering plant.
  • the plant is a cereal plant, e.g., maize, corn, wheat, rice, oat, barley, rye, or millet.
  • the plant is a legume, e.g., a bean plant, e.g., soybean plant.
  • the plant is a tree or shrub.
  • tissue sample refers to any sample including tissue samples (such as tissue sections and needle biopsies of a tissue); cell samples (e.g., cytological smears (such as Pap or blood smears) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection); samples of whole organisms (such as samples of yeasts or bacteria); or cell fractions, fragments, or organelles (such as obtained by lysing cells and separating the components thereof by centrifugation or otherwise).
  • tissue samples such as tissue sections and needle biopsies of a tissue
  • cell samples e.g., cytological smears (such as Pap or blood smears) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection) or samples of cells obtained by microdissection
  • samples of whole organisms such as samples of yeasts or bacteria
  • cell fractions, fragments, or organelles such as obtained by lysing cells and separating the components thereof by centrifugation or otherwise.
  • tissue refers to any biological tissue of a subject (including a group of cells, a body part, or an organ) or a part thereof, including blood and/or lymph vessels, which is the object to which a compound, particle, and/or composition of the invention is delivered.
  • a tissue may be an abnormal or unhealthy tissue, which may need to be treated.
  • a tissue may also be a normal or healthy tissue that is under a higher than normal risk of becoming abnormal or unhealthy, which may need to be prevented.
  • the tissue is the central nervous system.
  • the tissue is the brain.
  • the term “administer,” “administering,” or “administration” refers to implanting, absorbing, ingesting, injecting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing a compound described herein, or a composition thereof, in or on a subject.
  • treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease described herein.
  • treatment may be administered after one or more signs or symptoms of the disease have developed or have been observed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of signs or symptoms of the disease. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible subject prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to delay or prevent recurrence. [0095] The terms “condition,” “disease,” and “disorder” are used interchangeably. [0096] An “effective amount” of a compound described herein refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response.
  • an effective amount of a compound described herein may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the condition being treated, the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a prophylactic treatment. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the amount of a compound described herein in a single dose. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the combined amounts of a compound described herein in multiple doses. [0097] A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the condition.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the condition.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces, or avoids symptoms, signs, or causes of the condition, and/or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient for binding to, inhibiting, and/or promoting degradation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (i.e., HIV-1) Tat protein.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient for treating a a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)).
  • a “prophylactically effective amount” of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more signs or symptoms associated with the condition, or prevent its recurrence.
  • a prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the condition.
  • the term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
  • a prophylactically effective amount is an amount sufficient for binding to, inhibiting, and/or promoting degradation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (i.e., HIV-1) Tat protein.
  • a prophylactically effective amount is an amount sufficient for preventing a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)).
  • a disease e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)
  • small molecule or “small molecule therapeutic” refers to molecules, whether naturally occurring or artificially created (e.g., via chemical synthesis) that have a relatively low molecular weight.
  • a small molecule is an organic compound (i.e., it contains carbon).
  • the small molecule may contain multiple carbon-carbon bonds, stereocenters, and other functional groups (e.g., amines, hydroxyl, carbonyls, and heterocyclic rings, etc.).
  • the molecular weight of a small molecule is not more than about 1,000 g/mol, not more than about 900 g/mol, not more than about 800 g/mol, not more than about 700 g/mol, not more than about 600 g/mol, not more than about 500 g/mol, not more than about 400 g/mol, not more than about 300 g/mol, not more than about 200 g/mol, or not more than about 100 g/mol.
  • the molecular weight of a small molecule is at least about 100 g/mol, at least about 200 g/mol, at least about 300 g/mol, at least about 400 g/mol, at least about 500 g/mol, at least about 600 g/mol, at least about 700 g/mol, at least about 800 g/mol, or at least about 900 g/mol, or at least about 1,000 g/mol. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g., at least about 200 g/mol and not more than about 500 g/mol) are also possible.
  • the small molecule is a therapeutically active agent such as a drug (e.g., a molecule approved by the U.S.
  • the small molecule may also be complexed with one or more metal atoms and/or metal ions.
  • the small molecule is also referred to as a “small organometallic molecule.”
  • Preferred small molecules are biologically active in that they produce a biological effect in animals, preferably mammals, more preferably humans. Small molecules include, but are not limited to, radionuclides and imaging agents.
  • the small molecule is a drug.
  • the drug is one that has already been deemed safe and effective for use in humans or animals by the appropriate governmental agency or regulatory body. For example, drugs approved for human use are listed by the FDA under 21 C.F.R.
  • therapeutic agent refers to any substance having therapeutic properties that produce a desired, usually beneficial, effect.
  • therapeutic agents may treat, ameliorate, and/or prevent disease.
  • therapeutic agents, as disclosed herein may be biologics or small molecule therapeutics.
  • the disclosure provides compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled compounds, prodrugs, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein.
  • the disclosure provides compounds of Formula (II) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled compounds, prodrugs, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein.
  • the disclosure provides compounds of Formula (III) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled compounds, prodrugs, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof as described herein.
  • the compounds as described herein may preferentially bind to the Tat protein at residue Y26 and be useful for the treatment of a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)).
  • R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each of R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or R 2 and R 3 ,
  • the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-b): , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; L is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene; R 4 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstit
  • the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-c): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; L is a bond, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene; R 4 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, aryl, or substituted or un
  • the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-d): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each of R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, are joined together to form a carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl,
  • the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-e): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each of R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or R 2 and
  • the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-f): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each of R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, or R 2 and
  • R 1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., phenyl). In certain embodiments, R 1 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 2 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R 2 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 3 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 3 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 3 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R 3 is or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the atoms to which they are attached, are joined together to form a carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl ring, each of which may be optionally substituted.
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the atoms to which they are attached, are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic ring (e.g., cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cyclohexanone ring).
  • R 2 and R 3 together with the atoms to which they are attached, are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, R 2 and R 3 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., phenyl) ring. In certain embodiments, R 2 and R 3 , together with the atoms to which they are attached, are joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring. [00117] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I) as described herein contains the substituent R 4 .
  • R a is hydrogen, In certain embodiments, R a is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R a is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R a is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.
  • R a is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R a is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • X 2 is –N(R c )–, wherein R c is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R c is hydrogen.
  • R c is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R c is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R c is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R c is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R c is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • X 2 is –C(R b ) 2 –, wherein each of R b is independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • at least one instance of R b is hydrogen.
  • at least one instance of R b is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • at least one instance of R b is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl.
  • At least one instance of R b is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R b is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R b is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, both instance of R b are hydrogen. [00120] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I) as described herein contains the substituent L. In certain embodiments, L is a bond. In certain embodiments, L is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, L is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 alkylene.
  • L is substituted or unsubstituted propylene. In certain embodiments, L is unsubstituted propylene. In certain embodiments, L is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene.
  • Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I) as described herein contain t instances of the substituent R 1a , wherein each instance of R 1a is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 1a is hydrogen.
  • At least one instance of R 1a is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 1a is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 1a is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 1a is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 1a is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 1a is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, t is 2. In certain embodiments, t is 3. In certain embodiments, t is 4.
  • t is 5. In certain embodiments, t is 6. [00122] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I) as described herein contain z instances of the substituent R 2a , wherein each instance of R 2a is hydrogen, halogen, oxo, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 2a is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 2a is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 2a is oxo.
  • At least one instance of R 2a is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 2a is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 2a is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 2a is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, z is 1. In certain embodiments, z is 2. In certain embodiments, z is 3. In certain embodiments, z is 4. In certain embodiments, z is 5. In certain embodiments, z is 6.
  • Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I) as described herein contain v instances of the substituent R 4a , wherein each instance of R 4a is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • at least one instance of R 4a is hydrogen.
  • at least one instance of R 4a is halogen.
  • at least one instance of R 4a is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • At least one instance of R 4a is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 4a is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 4a is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 4a is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, v is 1. In certain embodiments, v is 2. In certain embodiments, v is 3. In certain embodiments, v is 4. In certain embodiments, v is 5.
  • the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof is a compound in Table 1.
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, optionally substituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alky
  • R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, optionally substituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyn
  • the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (II-a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted al
  • the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (II-b): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted al
  • the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (II-c): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyny
  • the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (II-d): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, hydroxy, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkyn
  • the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (II-e): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl,
  • the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (II-f): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 5 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 5 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R 5 is chloro. In certain embodiments, R 5 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.
  • R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (II) as described herein contain n instances of the substituent R 6 .
  • at least one instance of R 6 is hydrogen.
  • at least one instance of R 6 is halogen.
  • at least one instance of R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (e.g, heteroalkyl, haloalkyl).
  • at least one instance of R 6 is trifluoromethyl.
  • at least one instance of R 6 is hydroxy.
  • At least one instance of R 6 is optionally substituted alkoxy. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 6 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl.
  • n is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 2. In certain embodiments, n is 3. In certain embodiments, n is 4. In certain embodiments, n is 5.
  • R 6a is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; [00136] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (II) as described herein contain n instances of the substituent R 6a . In certain embodiments, R 6a is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 6a is of the formula: . In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R 6a is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 7 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. B14. In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. [00138] In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is optionally substituted alkoxy. In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl.
  • R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least in instance of R 7 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [00139] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (II) as described herein contains the substituent Y. In certain embodiments, Y is substituted or unsubstituted arylene.
  • Y is substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.
  • Y is –S(O 2 )N(R d )–, wherein R d is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • R d is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • R d is hydrogen.
  • R d is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
  • the compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof is a compound in Table 2.
  • each R 11 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 8 is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, –N(R e )2– substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubsti
  • each R 11 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; each R 8 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or un
  • the compound of Formula (III) is of Formula (III-a): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: each R 11 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R 8 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted
  • the compound of Formula (III) is of Formula (III-b): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: each R 11 is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R 8 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted
  • the compound of Formula (III) is of Formula (III-c): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 8 is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and R 9 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted
  • R 8 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 8 is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl.
  • At least one instance of R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 8 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl [00147] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (III) as described herein contains the substituent R 9 .
  • R 9 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R 9 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R 9 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 9 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 9 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R 9 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. [00148] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (III) as described herein contains the substituent R 10 . In certain embodiments, R 10 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R 10 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl.
  • R 10 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R 10 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R 10 is substituted or unsubstituted imidazolyl. [00149] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (III) as described herein contains m or p instances of the substituent R 11 . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is optionally substituted alkoxy.
  • At least one instance of R 11 is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • m is 1. In certain embodiments, m is 2. In certain embodiments, m is 3. In certain embodiments, m is 4. In certain embodiments, m is 5. In certain embodiments, m is 6. [00151] In certain embodiments, p is 1. In certain embodiments, p is 2. In certain embodiments, p is 3. In certain embodiments, p is 4. In certain embodiments, p is 5. In certain embodiments, p is 6. [00152] Certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (III) as described herein contains the substituent Z. In certain embodiments, Z is substituted or unsubstituted alkylene. In certain embodiments, Z is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkylene.
  • Z is substituted or unsubstituted propylene. In certain embodiments, Z is substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene. [00153] In certain embodiments, is of the formula: . [00154] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, is a compound in Table 3.
  • the compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, is any compound disclosed herein.
  • the compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof is any compound disclosed in Tables 1-3.
  • the compounds of any of the formulae herein bind HIV-1 Tat protein with a K d of less than 100,000 nM, less than 50,000 nM, less than 20,000 nM, less than 10,000 nM, less than 5,000 nM, less than 2,500 nM, less than 1,000 nM, less than 900 nM, less than 800 nM, less than 700 nM, less than 600 nM, less than 500 nM, less than 400 nM, less than 300 nM, less than 200 nM, less than 100 nM, less than 90 nM, less than 80 nM, less than 70 nM, less than 60 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 40 nM, less than 30 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, less than 4 nM, less than 3 n
  • the compounds of any of the formulae herein inhibit HIV-1 Tat protein with an IC50 of less than 100,000 nM, less than 50,000 nM, less than 20,000 nM, less than 10,000 nM, less than 5,000 nM, less than 2,500 nM, less than 1,000 nM, less than 900 nM, less than 800 nM, less than 700 nM, less than 600 nM, less than 500 nM, less than 400 nM, less than 300 nM, less than 200 nM, less than 100 nM, less than 90 nM, less than 80 nM, less than 70 nM, less than 60 nM, less than 50 nM, less than 40 nM, less than 30 nM, less than 20 nM, less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, less than 4 nM, less than 3 nM,
  • the compounds of any of the formulae herein promote degradation of HIV-1 Tat protein by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.
  • compositions comprising a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III), Tables 1-3), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III), Tables 1-3
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein comprises a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the subject is an animal. The animal may be of either sex and may be at any stage of development.
  • the subject described herein is a human.
  • the subject is a non-human animal.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the subject is a non-human mammal.
  • the subject is a domesticated animal, such as a dog, cat, cow, pig, horse, sheep, or goat.
  • the subject is a companion animal, such as a dog or cat.
  • the subject is a livestock animal, such as a cow, pig, horse, sheep, or goat.
  • the subject is a zoo animal.
  • the subject is a research animal, such as a rodent (e.g., mouse, rat), dog, pig, or non-human primate.
  • the animal is a genetically engineered animal.
  • the animal is a transgenic animal (e.g., transgenic mice and transgenic pigs).
  • the subject is a fish or reptile.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for binding HIV-1 Tat protein at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for binding HIV-1 Tat protein by a range between a percentage described in this paragraph and another percentage described in this paragraph, inclusive.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting HIV-1 Tat protein at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for inhibiting HIV-1 Tat protein by a range between a percentage described in this paragraph and another percentage described in this paragraph, inclusive.
  • the effective amount is an amount effective for promoting degradation of HIV-1 Tat protein by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for promoting degradation of HIV-1 Tat protein by a range between a percentage described in this paragraph and another percentage described in this paragraph, inclusive.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutical composition thereof as described herein, can be administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents (e.g., therapeutically and/or prophylactically active agents).
  • the compound or pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered in combination with additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g., potency and/or efficacy) in treating a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)) in a subject in need thereof, in preventing a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)) in a subject in need thereof, and/or in reducing the risk to develop a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)) in a subject in need thereof), improve bioavailability, improve their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, improve safety, reduce drug resistance, reduce and/or modify metabolism, inhibit excretion, and/or modify distribution in a subject or cell.
  • additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their activity (e.g., activity (e.g., potency and/or efficacy) in treating a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)) in
  • a pharmaceutical composition described herein including a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)) and an additional pharmaceutical agent exhibit a synergistic effect that is absent in a pharmaceutical composition including a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)) or the additional pharmaceutical agent, but not both.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutical composition thereof can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, which may be useful as, e.g., combination therapies.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include therapeutically active agents.
  • Pharmaceutical agents also include prophylactically active agents.
  • Pharmaceutical agents include small organic molecules, such as drug compounds (e.g., compounds approved for human or veterinary use by the U.S.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is a pharmaceutical agent useful for treating and/or preventing a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)).
  • a disease e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)
  • Each additional pharmaceutical agent may be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that pharmaceutical agent.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agents may also be administered together with each other and/or with the compound or composition described herein in a single dose or administered separately in different doses.
  • the particular combination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of the compound described herein with the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) and/or the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect to be achieved. In general, it is expected that the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually.
  • the additional pharmaceutical agent is an antiretroviral agent.
  • the antiretroviral agent is a fusion inhibitor (e.g., enfuvirtide, maraviroc), a nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (e.g., lamivudine, abacavir, zidovudine, stavudine, didanosine, emtricitabine, and tenofovir), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (e.g., delavirdine, efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine), a protease inhibitor (e.g., amprenavir, fosamprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, tipranavir), an integrase inhibitor (e.g., raltegravir, cabotegravir), or a fusion inhibitor (
  • the antiretroviral agent is efavirenz, lamivudine, raltegravir, or a combination thereof.
  • the compound or pharmaceutical composition is a solid. In certain embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutical composition is a powder. In certain embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutical composition can be dissolved in a liquid to make a solution. In certain embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutical composition is dissolved in water to make an aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid for parental injection. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid for oral administration (e.g., ingestion). In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid (e.g., aqueous solution) for intravenous injection.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid (e.g., aqueous solution) for subcutaneous injection.
  • a liquid e.g., aqueous solution
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, parenterally, intracisternally, intraperitoneally, topically, bucally, or the like, depending on the disease or condition being treated.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)) is administered, orally or parenterally, at dosage levels of each pharmaceutical composition sufficient to deliver from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg in one or more dose administrations for one or several days (depending on the mode of administration).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)) is administered, orally or parenterally, at dosage levels of each pharmaceutical composition sufficient to deliver from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg in one or more dose administrations for one or several days (depending on the mode of administration).
  • the effective amount per dose varies from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect.
  • the compounds described herein may be at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, and more preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect.
  • the desired dosage may be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain embodiments, the desired dosage may be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations).
  • the pharmaceutical composition described herein is administered at a dose that is below the dose at which the agent causes non-specific effects. [00170] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg per unit dose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 0.01 mg to about 200 mg per unit dose.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg per unit dose. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 0.01 mg to about 50 mg per unit dose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 0.01 mg to about 10 mg per unit dose. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 0.1 mg to about 10 mg per unit dose. [00171] Pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacology.
  • Such preparatory methods include the steps of bringing the composition comprising a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)) into association with a carrier and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses.
  • a “unit dose” is a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
  • the amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage, such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.
  • Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.
  • the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.
  • compositions include inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils.
  • Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents, may also be present in the composition.
  • Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose, and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross- linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof.
  • crospovidone cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone)
  • sodium carboxymethyl starch sodium starch glycolate
  • Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate)), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g.
  • natural emulsifiers e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin
  • colloidal clays e.g. bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (mag
  • stearyl alcohol cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g.
  • polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Tween 20
  • polyoxyethylene sorbitan Tween 60
  • polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Tween 80
  • sorbitan monopalmitate Span 40
  • sorbitan monostearate Span 60
  • sorbitan tristearate Span 65
  • polyoxyethylene esters e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate (Myrj 45), polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and Solutol
  • sucrose fatty acid esters e.g.
  • CremophorTM polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 30)), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F-68, Poloxamer-188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, and/or mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g.
  • cornstarch and starch paste examples include gelatin, sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums (e.g.
  • acacia sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), and larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, and/or mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.
  • the preservative is an antioxidant.
  • the preservative is a chelating agent.
  • Exemplary antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.
  • Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof.
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • salts and hydrates thereof e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like
  • citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof e.g., citric acid mono
  • antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.
  • Exemplary antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.
  • Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.
  • Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta- carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.
  • Other preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus, Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115, Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, and Euxyl.
  • Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D- gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic sa
  • Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazelnut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea
  • Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and mixtures thereof.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate,
  • oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
  • agents of the invention are mixed with solubilizing agents such CREMOPHOR EL ® (polyethoxylated castor oil), alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and combinations thereof.
  • CREMOPHOR EL ® polyethoxylated castor oil
  • injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • Sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the active agent is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay
  • the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the active agents can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art.
  • the active agent may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch.
  • inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch.
  • Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid or semi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, gels, applicants, oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments, or pastes; or solutions or suspensions such as drops.
  • Formulations for topical administration to the skin surface can be prepared by dispersing the drug with a dermatologically acceptable carrier such as a lotion, cream, ointment, or soap.
  • a dermatologically acceptable carrier such as a lotion, cream, ointment, or soap.
  • Useful carriers are capable of forming a film or layer over the skin to localize application and inhibit removal.
  • the agent can be dispersed in a liquid tissue adhesive or other substance known to enhance adsorption to a tissue surface.
  • tissue adhesive or other substance known to enhance adsorption to a tissue surface.
  • tissue-coating solutions such as pectin-containing formulations can be used.
  • Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • transdermal patches which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of an agent to the body.
  • dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the agent in the proper medium.
  • Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the agent across the skin.
  • the carrier for a topical formulation can be in the form of a hydroalcoholic system (e.g., quids and gels), an anhydrous oil or silicone based system, or an emulsion system, including, but not limited to, oil-in-water, water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in- water, and oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions.
  • a hydroalcoholic system e.g., quids and gels
  • an anhydrous oil or silicone based system emulsion system
  • emulsion system including, but not limited to, oil-in-water, water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in- water, and oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions.
  • the emulsions can cover a broad range of consistencies including thin lotions (which can also be suitable for spray or aerosol delivery), creamy lotions, light creams, heavy creams, and the like.
  • kits e.g., pharmaceutical packs.
  • the kits provided may comprise a pharmaceutical composition or compound described herein and a container (e.g., a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other suitable container).
  • a container e.g., a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other suitable container.
  • provided kits may optionally further include a second container comprising a pharmaceutical excipient for dilution or suspension of a pharmaceutical composition or compound described herein.
  • kits including a first container comprising a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the kits are useful for treating a disease (e.g., a viral disease (e.g., HIV)) in a subject in need thereof.
  • a kit described herein further includes instructions for using the kit.
  • a kit described herein may also include information as required by a regulatory agency such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  • the information included in the kits is prescribing information.
  • a kit described herein may include one or more additional pharmaceutical agents described herein as a separate pharmaceutical composition.
  • Another object of the present disclosure is the use of a compound as described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a disorder or disease described herein.
  • Another object of the present disclosure is the use of a compound as described herein for use in the treatment of a disorder or disease described herein.
  • Methods of Treatment and Prevention [00201] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of treating or preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III), Tables 1-3), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating or preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in treating a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment or prevention of a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for prevention of a disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the disease is associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein.
  • the disease is a viral disease (e.g., HIV).
  • the disease is HIV.
  • the disease is HIV-1.
  • the method or compound for use further comprises administering to the subject in need thereof an additional pharmaceutical agent.
  • the method or compound for use further comprises administering to the subject in need thereof an antiretroviral agent.
  • the antiretroviral agent is a fusion inhibitor (e.g., enfuvirtide, maraviroc), a nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (e.g., lamivudine, abacavir, zidovudine, stavudine, didanosine, emtricitabine, and tenofovir), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (e.g., delavirdine, efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine), a protease inhibitor (e.g., amprenavir, fosamprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, tipranavir),
  • a fusion inhibitor
  • the antiretroviral agent is efavirenz, lamivudine, raltegravir, or a combination thereof.
  • Methods of Binding, Inhibiting, and Promoting Degradation of HIV-1 Tat Protein [00206]
  • the present disclosure provides methods of binding HIV-1 Tat protein in a subject in need thereof or in a cell, tissue, or biological sample, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof or contacting the cell, tissue, or biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III), Tables 1-3), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III), Tables 1-3
  • the present disclosure provides methods of binding HIV-1 Tat protein in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of binding HIV-1 Tat protein in a cell, tissue, or biological sample, comprising contacting the cell, tissue, or biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting HIV-1 Tat protein in a subject in need thereof or in a cell, tissue, or biological sample, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof or contacting the cell, tissue, or biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting HIV-1 Tat protein in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of inhibiting HIV-1 Tat protein in a cell, tissue, or biological sample, comprising contacting the cell, tissue, or biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of promoting degradation of HIV-1 Tat protein in a subject in need thereof or in a cell, tissue, or biological sample, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof or contacting the cell, tissue, or biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of promoting degradation of HIV-1 Tat protein in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • a compound of any of the formulae herein e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of promoting degradation of HIV-1 Tat protein in a cell, tissue, or biological sample, comprising contacting the cell, tissue, or biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., Formulae (I), (II), or (III)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled compound, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
  • the cell, tissue, or biological sample is in vivo. In certain embodiments, the cell, tissue, or biological sample is in vitro.
  • TT-44881, TT-44856 and TT-44863 Compounds delineated herein can be made using standard chemical synthesis procedures and reagents known to one of ordinary skill in the art and as described herein. See, FIG.11. The physicochemical properties and biological and functional activity of the compounds is assessed as described herein and using techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Tat is a 14 kDa protein that is synthesized from an mRNA joined from 2 coding exons (FIG.1B). The first exon encodes amino acids 1-72 and (in most strains of HIV), the second exon encodes amino acids 73-101.
  • N- terminal 86-amino acid form of Tat produced in a few laboratory-passaged virus strains is frequently used to study Tat.
  • the classic cell-based Tat transactivation assay of the HIV LTR driving luciferase was optimized as a reporter gene for HTS9 (FIG.2A).
  • the assay concept is exceptionally robust, includes all the cellular components needed for transcriptional activation, and is very well-suited for an HTS for Tat antagonists. Compared with alternative approaches, this classic assay consistently outperformed the others.
  • PL11 a clone of HeLa-CD4 cells stably expressing HIV- 1-LTR-Luciferase (termed “PL11”) with very low basal transcriptional activity was used, improving the dynamic range and sensitivity, markedly increasing the chances of identifying Tat-specific inhibitors.
  • LTR activation is triggered by transfection of a plasmid expressing HIV-1HXB3 Tat (101 a.a.) driven by the phosphoglycerate (PGK) promoter.
  • the HTS of the 579,443 compounds from multiple libraries resulted in the identification of 1024 hits (FIG.2B). These hits were counter-screened in a Tat independent transactivation assay using TNF ⁇ to activate PL11 cells, resulting in the selection of 30 hits.
  • TT-44863 (Pyridinones scaffold), TT-44881 (Pyrazole-3-Carboxamides), and TT-44856 (2,2- Diphenylacetamide scaffold) were found to be Tat specific and have reasonable scaffolds for optimization (FIG.2C).
  • Equivalent IC50 of these compounds against both Tat 86 and 101 residues was confirmed in the Tat-TAR assay (FIG.2D), thus confirming the ability to use NL4.3 virus (Tat 86 a.a) in infectivity assays.
  • Their activity was confirmed against Tat 86 a.a. from HIV clade B, C and E in the cell-based Tat-TAR assay (FIG.2E) and selected for further investigation.
  • TT-44881, TT-44863 and TT-44856 displayed an IC50 of 19.7 ⁇ 4.5 ⁇ M, 6.0 ⁇ 1.3 ⁇ M and 20.5 ⁇ 9.5 ⁇ M respectively without signs of toxicity (FIG.3A).
  • Their anti-HIV activity was further assessed in acute replication of Jurkat T cells with the NL4.3 strain (FIG.3A).
  • the ability of these small molecules to inhibit HIV was also extended to latent cell models of infection such as OM-10.1 and ACH-2 cells (FIG.3B-C).
  • OM10.1 cells contain a single integrated wild-type provirus
  • ACH-2 cells contain a single integrated provirus with a TAR mutation C37T, defective Tat-TAR feedback loop (FIG.3B).
  • OM10.1 and ACH2 cells were treated with TT-44863 and TT-44881 in the presence of the cocktail of ARVs for a 96-day period, confirming their activity on both cell lines without affecting cell viability (FIG.4A-B), and their ability to block viral reactivation was evaluated when cells were exposed to the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor SAHA at day 12 and 32.
  • HDAC histone deacetylase
  • Flag-Tat or Flag- GFP were individually transfected into HEK293T and 24 hrs later, TT-44856, TT-44863 or TT- 44881 were added to the culture, followed by Western blot 24 hrs later (dubbed “degradation assay”) (FIG.5A). Tat protein degradation was observed for all 3 lead compounds without affecting Flag-Tat mRNA levels (FIG.5B). In contrast, they did not affect GFP expression, used as control (FIG.5A-B), and as expected Triptolide nonspecifically degraded Flag-Tat (FIG.5A).
  • J-Lat A2 cells which contains the LTR-Tat-IRES-GFP construct and expresses Flag-Tat and GFP only upon stimulation with LRAs (FIG.5C). These cells were treated with TNF ⁇ (previously determined not be degraded by the three leads in FIG.2D) in the presence of TT-44856, TT- 44863 or TT-44881, followed by western blot with an anti-Flag antibody 17 hrs later. Flag- Tat and GFP (driven by Tat) were strongly reduced by all three compounds (FIG.5C). Similar results were obtained with the positive control Triptolide. Finally, the leads’ impact on recombinant Tat protein in HEK293T cells was assessed (FIG.5D).
  • HEK293T cells were incubated with recombinant Tat for 4 hrs to allow Tat internalization, followed by several thorough washes to remove unincorporated Tat. Cells were then incubated with all three leads (or Triptolide) for an additional 2 hrs. Cells were lysed and analyzed by western blot with an anti-Tat serum. The lead hits and Triptolide degraded Tat as opposed to the DMSO control, indicating a post-transcriptional mechanism of action for all three leads. TT-44881, TT-44856 and TT-44863 degrade Tat via the 26S proteasomal degradation pathway.
  • Flag-Tat degradation was then revealed by western blot with an anti-Flag antibody (FIG.6A). No relative changes in Flag-Tat degradation were observed with/without chloroquine and NH 4 Cl between DMSO and leads, suggesting that the leads’ mechanism of action does not engage the lysosomal degradation pathway.
  • Both the 20S and the 26S proteasomal pathways were next investigated using MG132, an inhibitor of the catalytic ⁇ 5 subunit of 20S present in both pathways 27. The degradation assay was carried out as above, but compounds were simultaneously incubated with MG13220 ⁇ M or DMSO for 17 hrs followed by western blot.
  • Protein ubiquitination occurs by sequential recruitment of ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and ubiquitin ligase E3 (using ubiquitin, substrate protein, and ATP). The selectivity in protein ubiquitination is conferred by E3 ubiquitin ligases that recognize the substrate proteins 29 and the human genome contains more than 600 E3 ubiquitin ligases 29 .
  • the Tat degradation assay was performed in the presence of commercially available E3 ligase inhibitors, including Lenalidomide a E3 ubiquitin ligase Cereblon inhibitor. Cereblon has not been previously reported to ubiquitinate Tat.
  • the degradation assays were performed as above with Lenalidomide (40 ⁇ M) or DMSO incubation for 4 hrs in the presence of the lead molecules (FIG.7A).
  • HEK293T cells overexpressing Tat protein and VHL siRNAs were treated with either TT-44881 (60 ⁇ M) and DMSO or TT-44881 with a VHL PROTAC (CM11, 500 nM) for 24 hours.
  • siRNAs and PROTACs were used together to maximize the depletion of both VHL isoforms (30 and 19kDa). Tat was no longer depleted by TT-44881 when both isoforms of VHL were depleted (Fig 7E), suggesting the involvement of VHL E3 ligase in the mechanism of action of TT-44881.
  • NRON a lncRNA expressed in HIV latently infected CD4 + T cells
  • NRON links Tat to components of ubiquitin proteasomal pathway (CUL4B and PSMD11) resulting in its ubiquitination and degradation 31 .
  • the host U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase protein CHIP was also shown to promote Tat degradation via the same pathway 32 .Cereblon has not previously been reported to have Tat as a substrate.
  • NRON, a lncRNA expressed in HIV latently infected CD4 + T cells has been previously reported to promote Tat degradation through the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway.
  • Tat lysine residues were mutated and degradation assays performed in the presence of TT-44881 or TT-44856.
  • Single Tat lysine mutations or combined mutations were also performed as shown in Fig 9A, in the presence of TT-44881 or TT-44856; however, all the mutants were similarly degraded to the control (FIG.9B-C).
  • the three lead hits showed antiviral activity in the 6.0 - 20 ⁇ M range without cytotoxicity, a reasonable starting point to develop analogs with improved antiviral activity.
  • the synthesis of all three hit analogs is considered very straight- forward (FIG.11A), with no anticipated issues in scaling-up their production.
  • Aza-indole ester A is arylated with bromobenzene and then saponified with lithium hydroxide to provide carboxylic acid intermediate B, which is converted to corresponding amide using HATU to give the desired TT-44881.
  • N-alkylation of pyridinone C with ethyl bromoacetate, followed by saponification and amide coupling with corresponding amine affords TT-44863.
  • TT-44856 has been achieved by LDA mediated alkylation of diphenyl ester E followed by hydrolysis and amide formation using HATU and corresponding amine.
  • Derivatization at various sites on each scaffold allows for structural diversity and the development of novel small molecule inhibitors with improved activity and drug-like properties (FIG.11B).
  • TT-44863 (described in FIG.8A) implied that the trifluoromethyl and the methoxyethyl groups on the right-hand side of TT-44863 are amenable to modifications such that reducing the length of the ether linker in analog TT- 46600 increased its potency by ⁇ 5 fold in HeLa-CD4 cell NL4.3 infection assays (FIG.11C). However, reducing the length of the ether linker and replacing the trifluoromethyl on the right-hand side with Cl, decreased the potency of TT-44863 by ⁇ 5 fold (TT-46603), suggesting the importance of the CF 3 in the interaction with Tat (FIG.11C). A series of approximately 60 analogs are being synthesized for each of the hits.
  • TT-44863, TT-44881 and TT-44856 displayed good drug like properties and provided a starting point to develop analogs with improved antiviral activity. These compounds engage Cereblon to recognize Tat as a substrate and promote ubiquitination followed by proteasomal degradation. Their activity involves Tat Y26 residue in the cysteine rich region of Tat. Tat degradation by these molecules inhibits HIV acute infection without affecting cellular transcription and block HIV reactivation from different HIV latency models. These PROTAC type molecules may act via promotion of transient and reversible association with Tat and Cereblon.
  • one single molecule may induce degradation of more proteins sequentially, leading to sub- affinity equilibrium protein knockdown.
  • these types of molecules likely ensure longer efficacy time than small inhibitors since restoration of protein function requires protein resynthesis, reducing the need for high affinity target binding or long drug exposure.
  • these do not require binding to catalytic site, or active site, since they mediate degradation by binding alternative non catalytic sites.
  • targets defined as undruggable by occupancy- based ligands can be detected and degraded. Resistance to these types of drugs may also be less prominent given their ability to make transient interactions to induce a functional knock down of their target.
  • other resistance mechanisms such as genomic differences in the ubiquitin- proteasome system may affect activity.
  • HIV Residual human immunodeficiency virus
  • 7 Pitman, M. C., Lau, J. S. Y., McMahon, J. H. & Lewin, S. R. Barriers and strategies to achieve a cure for HIV.
  • the Tat Inhibitor Didehydro-Cortistatin A Prevents HIV-1 Reactivation from Latency. mBio 6, e00465, doi:10.1128/mBio.00465-15 (2015). 11 Kessing, C. F. et al. In Vivo Suppression of HIV Rebound by Didehydro-Cortistatin A, a "Block-and-Lock" Strategy for HIV-1 Treatment. Cell Rep 21, 600-611, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.080 (2017). 12 Li, C., Mousseau, G. & Valente, S. T. Tat inhibition by didehydro-Cortistatin A promotes heterochromatin formation at the HIV-1 long terminal repeat.
  • RNA NRON Long noncoding RNA NRON contributes to HIV-1 latency by specifically inducing tat protein degradation. Nat Commun 7, 11730, doi:10.1038/ncomms11730 (2016). 32 Ali, A., Farooqui, S. R. & Banerjea, A. C. The host cell ubiquitin ligase protein CHIP is a potent suppressor of HIV-1 replication. J Biol Chem 294, 7283-7295, doi:10.1074/jbc.RA118.007257 (2019). 33 Rice, A. P. & Carlotti, F. Structural analysis of wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat proteins. J Virol 64, 6018-6026 (1990). 34 Rice, A. P.
  • the invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. ⁇ [00230] Furthermore, the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group.

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Abstract

La présente divulgation concerne des composés de formules (I), (II) et (III), et des sels pharmaceutiquement acceptables, des solvates, des hydrates, des polymorphes, des co-cristaux, des tautomères, des stéréoisomères, composés marqués isotopiquement et des promédicaments de ceux-ci, qui peuvent favoriser la dégradation de la protéine Tat du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1). La présente divulgation concerne également des compositions pharmaceutiques et des kits comprenant les composés, ou des sels pharmaceutiquement acceptables, des solvates, des hydrates, des polymorphes, des co-cristaux, des tautomères, des stéréoisomères, des composés marqués isotopiquement ou des promédicaments de ceux-ci, et des procédés de traitement ou de prévention de maladies (par exemple, le VIH) par l'administration à un sujet en ayant besoin des composés, ou des sels pharmaceutiquement acceptables, des solvates, des hydrates, des polymorphes, des co-cristaux, des tautomères, des stéréoisomères, des composés marqués isotopiquement ou promédicaments de ceux-ci, ou des compositions pharmaceutiques de ceux-ci.
EP23873880.1A 2022-09-27 2023-09-27 Agents de dégradation à petites molécules de la protéine tat du vih-1 Pending EP4593820A2 (fr)

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