Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
  • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
  • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
  • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
  • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
  • F23N1/022—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply using electronic means
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
  • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
  • F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
  • F23N5/006—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties the detector being sensitive to oxygen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
  • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
  • F23N5/26—Details
  • F23N5/265—Details using electronic means
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
  • F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
  • F23N2223/04—Memory
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
  • F23N2233/00—Ventilators
  • F23N2233/06—Ventilators at the air intake
  • F23N2233/08—Ventilators at the air intake with variable speed

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to a closed-loop and/or open-loop control of a combustion device.
• it concerns such automation of a combustion device as a function of an oxygen concentration.
• the fuel-to-air ratio must be adjusted.
• the following adjustment options using characteristic curves are known.
• the air actuator characteristic curve(s) and fuel actuator characteristic curve(s) are determined via the power during the adjustment process. For example, the determination can be made from a low power to a maximum power or vice versa.
• the air ratio ⁇ is set for each power point.
• Air supply sensors can also be used to support this. Common air supply sensors are based on speed, mass flow, differential pressure, air volume flow, etc.
• the absolute power is then determined by measuring the fuel supply at at least one point or at several points. Using the calorific value H u of the currently fed fuel, the burner power is assigned to the respective characteristic curve points.
• the power values of the other characteristic curve points are determined by interpolation, preferably by linear interpolation. In addition, the power values of the other characteristic curve points can be determined by measurement.
• the air actuator characteristic curve and the fuel actuator characteristic curve are predefined. These characteristic curves are usually determined empirically in the laboratory. The burner output is fixed by a fixed function of one of the two characteristic curves. Different characteristic curves and/or sets of characteristic curves, which are also predefined, are used for different fuels.
• the change in fuel composition or air density is detected by a ⁇ sensor.
• a ⁇ sensor This can be, for example, an O 2 sensor in the exhaust gas, from which ⁇ is calculated directly. It can also be, for example, an ionization electrode, whose signal is evaluated accordingly.
• the air supply can be changed or the fuel supply can be corrected until the ⁇ sensor again measures the original value of the air ratio ⁇ . If at least one air supply signal is adjusted in order to keep the air ratio ⁇ constant, the burner output at this point on the characteristic curve almost always changes with the fuel composition. If the fuel supply signal is adjusted in order to keep the air ratio ⁇ constant, the burner output changes depending on the fuel. In order to adjust the output, a new characteristic curve of the air actuator must be selected or calculated manually or automatically in the event of a output correction.
• Common gas types used in burner systems are those from the E-gas group (according to EN 437:2009-09) and gases from the B/P-gas group (according to EN 437:2009-09).
• gases from the E-gas group contain methane as their main component.
• gases from the B/P-gas group are based on propane gas. The mixtures based on methane or propane ultimately represent mixtures of different gas sources that can be used to supply the combustion device.
• characteristic curves are provided for different gas types, which are selected on-site during commissioning according to the existing gas group.
• the setting is made, for example, by selecting one or more curves stored in the memory of a control unit.
• the setting can also be made using a parameter set stored in the memory of the control unit or using several parameter sets stored in the memory of the control unit.
• These characteristic curves represent the progression of the fuel quantity supplied to the combustion chamber in relation to the quantity of air supplied. Instead of the quantity of supplied air, the speed of a fan in the air supply of the combustion device can be plotted. Furthermore, the position and/or the control signal of an air damper can be used as a measure of the air supply.
• the air supply can be determined using a mass flow sensor, which can be arranged, for example, in a side duct.
• a mass flow sensor which can be arranged, for example, in a side duct.
• a device comprising a mass flow sensor in a side duct is described, for example, in European patent application EP3301363A1 revealed.
• the characteristic curves can be presented in tabular form using linear interpolation or with the help of polynomials as a mathematical function This form of characteristic curve assignment is described in the European patent EP3299718B1, which was published on 30 October 2019 An application EP3299718A1 to the European patent EP3299718B1 was published on 21 September 2016 The European patent EP3299718B1 does not claim priority.
• An air volume is suitable as a performance value when air temperature, air pressure, or humidity change only slightly or are measured.
• air temperature When measuring air volume with an air mass flow sensor, the influences of air temperature and air pressure are taken into account.
• the influence of air humidity plays a minor role, especially at lower temperatures.
• EP2682679A2 was filed on 1 July 2013 by VAILLANT GmbH The application was published on January 8, 2014. EP2682679A2 deals with a method for controlling and/or monitoring a fuel gas-operated burner. EP2682679A2 takes priority from 4 July 2012 in use.
• EP2682679A2 deals with approaching operating points below and above a target air ratio. A signal from a mass flow sensor located in a duct between an air line and a fuel gas line is then recorded. The signal is used to determine whether the system is correctly adjusted or not.
• DE68909260T2 deals with a device for measuring the heat capacity of a fuel flow. The calorific value of a fuel is determined based on the signals from a mass flow sensor and an ionization sensor. DE68909260T2 claims priority from 29 January 1988.
• DE102013106987A1 was filed on 3 July 2013 by Karl Dungs GmbH & Co. KG The application was published on January 8, 2015.
• DE102013106987A1 deals with a method and a device for determining a calorific value as well as a gas-fired device with such a device.
• the A calorific value sensor is present in the device, which comprises an ionization sensor and preferably a temperature sensor.
• DE102006051883A1 Another patent application was filed on 31 October 2006 by a Gas Heat Institute eV from Essen. The application was published on May 8, 2008.
• DE102006051883A1 deals with a device and method for adjusting, controlling, or regulating the fuel/combustion air ratio for operating a burner. During the adjustment, control, or regulation process, a calorific value or a Wobbe index is automatically determined.
• EP1467149A1 A European patent application EP1467149A1 was filed on 1 April 2004 by EON RUHRGAS AG. The application was published on October 13, 2004.
• EP1467149A1 deals with a method for monitoring combustion in a combustion device.
• a probe such as an oxygen probe, can be used in an exhaust duct of the combustion device. If the combustion air ratio falls outside a specified limit, the combustion device is shut down.
• EP1467149A1 claims priority from 11 April 2003 in use.
• EP4050258A1 A European patent application EP4050258A1 was filed on August 31, 2021 by SIEMENS AG The application was published on August 31, 2022.
• EP4050258A1 deals with the performance determination of a combustion device based on a fuel parameter. A fuel parameter is provided as part of the performance determination. The combustion device is controlled accordingly.
• EP4050258A1 takes priority from 26 February 2021 in use.
• the objective of the present disclosure is to achieve the most flexible automation of a combustion device, both with and without feedback from a sensor.
• the type and progression of combustion within the combustion device must be taken into account when regulating and/or controlling the device.
• the present disclosure relates to the automation of a combustion device based on an oxygen concentration in an exhaust gas path of the combustion device.
• an oxygen-related sensor is arranged in or on the exhaust gas path of the combustion device such that is exposed to an exhaust gas stream.
• the automation of the combustion device may include controlling and/or regulating combustion in the combustion device. This involves a transition from an initial controlled operation to a later regulated operation.
• the combustion device comprises a control and/or monitoring device.
• the control and/or monitoring device automates the combustion in the combustion device using at least one actuator.
• the actuator can be an air actuator or a fuel actuator and influences the supply of air or fuel to a combustion chamber of the combustion device.
• a first characteristic curve is stored in the control and/or monitoring device, primarily for controlled operation of the combustion device.
• the first characteristic curve relates to the aforementioned actuator of the combustion device. It indicates a speed and/or position of the actuator in relation to a power-related variable.
• the first characteristic curve for control operation is also used in open-loop operation. For this purpose, an operating point along the characteristic curve is shifted in open-loop operation such that combustion is ensured while avoiding harmful emissions. This enables a safe start of the combustion device.
• Open-loop operation is followed after some time by closed-loop operation.
• closed-loop operation the combustion device is controlled using the aforementioned sensor.
• This sensor provides a signal that is used as a feedback signal for the actuator's control.
• Mixed closed-loop and open-loop operation is possible. This means that a first actuator is controlled.
• a second actuator is controlled. When controlling the second actuator, there is preferably no operating point shift as at the beginning of combustion.
• control characteristic allows for emergency operation. Such emergency operation can occur, for example, if the sensor fails. Consequently, control is no longer possible. Safe operation of the combustion device is then enabled by using the control characteristic and shifting the operating point.
• FIG 1 shows a combustion device 1 such as a wall-mounted gas burner and/or an oil burner with a combustion chamber 2.
• the heat generator exchanges the thermal energy of the hot fuels and/or combustion gases into another fluid such as water.
• the warm water is used, for example, to operate a hot water heating system and/or to heat drinking water.
• the thermal energy of the hot combustion gases can be used to heat a product, for example, in an industrial process.
• the heat generator can be used to heat water in a plant for the extraction of lithium and/or lithium carbonate.
• the exhaust gases are discharged from the combustion chamber 2, for example, via a Exhaust gas stack and/or a flue gas stack and/or a chimney 10.
• the supply air 5 for the combustion process is supplied to the combustion chamber 2 of the combustion device 1 via a (motor-driven) fan 3.
• the control and/or monitoring device 13 specifies the air supply V ⁇ L to be delivered to the fan 3.
• the fan speed becomes a measure of the delivered air volume and/or the air supply V ⁇ L .
• the fan speed is fed back to the control and/or monitoring device 13 by the fan 3.
• the speed of the fan 3 can often be mapped to the supplied air volume.
• the air volume is adjusted via an air damper 4 and/or a valve, the damper and/or valve position and/or the measured value derived from the signal of a mass flow sensor 12 and/or volume flow sensor can be used as a measure of the air volume.
• the sensor is advantageously arranged in the duct for the air supply V ⁇ L.
• the sensor preferably provides a signal, which is converted into a flow measurement value using a suitable signal processing unit.
• a signal processing device ideally comprises at least one analog-to-digital converter.
• the signal processing device, in particular the analog-to-digital converter(s) is integrated into the control and/or monitoring device 13.
• control and/or monitoring device 13 comprises a delta-sigma converter.
• the delta-sigma converter enables the conversion of analog signals, for example, from the mass flow sensor 12, into digital values.
• the delta-sigma converter can be an integral component of the control and/or monitoring device 13.
• the delta-sigma converter and the control and/or monitoring device 13 can be parts of the same single-chip system.
• the measured value of a pressure sensor and/or a mass flow sensor 12 in a side channel can also be used as a measure of the air supply V ⁇ L.
• a combustion device with a supply channel and a side channel is described, for example, in the European patent EP3301364B1
• the European patent EP3301364B1 was published on 7 June 2017 filed and granted on August 7, 2019.
• a combustion device with a feed channel and a side channel is claimed, with a mass flow sensor projecting into the feed channel.
• Sensor 12 detects a signal corresponding to the pressure value dependent on the air supply V ⁇ L and/or the air flow (particle and/or mass flow) in the side channel.
• sensor 12 provides a signal that is converted into a measured value using a suitable signal processing device.
• the signals from multiple sensors are converted into a common measured value.
• a suitable signal processing device ideally comprises at least one analog-to-digital converter.
• the signal processing device, in particular the analog-to-digital converter(s) is integrated into the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13.
• the air supply V ⁇ L is the value of the current air flow rate.
• the air flow rate can be measured and/or specified in cubic meters of air per hour.
• the air supply V ⁇ L can be measured and/or specified in cubic meters of air per hour.
• the air supply V ⁇ L can also be measured and/or specified in cubic feet of air per minute.
• Mass flow sensors 12 allow measurements at high flow velocities, especially in conjunction with combustion devices 1 during operation. Typical values for such flow velocities are in the ranges between 0.1 meters per second and five meters per second, ten meters per second, fifteen meters per second, twenty meters per second, or even one hundred meters per second. Mass flow sensors that are suitable for the present disclosure are, for example, OMRON® D6F-W or SENSOR TECHNICS® WBA sensors. The usable range of these sensors typically begins at velocities between 0.01 meters per second and 0.1 meters per second and ends at a speed such as five meters per second, ten meters per second, fifteen meters per second, twenty meters per second, or even one hundred meters per second. In other words, lower limits such as 0.1 meters per second can be combined with upper limits such as five meters per second, ten meters per second, fifteen meters per second, twenty meters per second, or even one hundred meters per second.
• the fuel supply V ⁇ B is controlled by the control and/or monitoring device 13 with the aid of a fuel actuator and/or a (motorized) adjustable valve.
• the fuel comprises a fuel gas.
• a combustion device 1 can then be connected to various fuel gas sources, for example to sources with a high methane content and/or to sources with a high propane content.
• FIG 1 The amount of fuel gas is adjusted by a fuel actuator 7-9 of the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13.
• the fuel actuator 7-9 can, for example, comprise or be a (motor-controlled) fuel valve 9.
• the control value 19, for example, in the case of a pulse-width modulated signal, of the gas valve is a measure of the amount of fuel gas. In another embodiment, control is via a CAN bus.
• the fuel can also comprise an oil or an oil mixture.
• the control value is also a value for the fuel supply V ⁇ B .
• the fuel valve 9 is adjusted using a stepper motor.
• the step position of the stepper motor is a measure of the amount of fuel gas.
• the fuel valve 9 can also be integrated into a unit with at least one or both of the safety shut-off valves 7 or 8.
• the fuel valve 9 can be a valve controlled internally via a flow sensor, which receives a setpoint 19 and regulates the actual value of the flow sensor to the setpoint.
• the flow sensor can be implemented as a volume flow sensor, for example as a turbine wheel meter, diaphragm meter and/or as a differential pressure sensor.
• the flow sensor can also be designed as a mass flow sensor, for example as a thermal mass flow sensor.
• a gas flap is used as actuator 9, the position of the flap can be used as a measure of the amount of fuel gas.
• a measured value derived from the signal of a mass flow sensor and/or a volume flow sensor can be used as a measure of the amount of fuel gas.
• This sensor is advantageously arranged in the fuel supply channel. This sensor generates a signal, which is converted into a flow measurement (measured value of the particle and/or mass flow and/or volume flow) using a suitable signal processing device.
• a suitable signal processing device ideally comprises at least one analog-to-digital converter. According to one embodiment, the signal processing device, in particular the analog-to-digital converter(s), is integrated into the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13.
• control and/or monitoring device 13 comprises a delta-sigma converter.
• the delta-sigma converter enables the conversion of analog signals, for example, from the mass flow sensor or volume flow sensor for fuel gas, into digital values.
• the delta-sigma converter can be an integral component of the control and/or monitoring device 13.
• the delta-sigma converter and the control and/or monitoring device 13 can be parts of the same single-chip system.
• the combustion device 1 from FIG 1 can be operated without regulation of an oxygen-related quantity such as the O 2 concentration in the exhaust gas.
• FIG 2 Positions and/or speeds 22 of various actuators are plotted against the burner output 23.
• the burner output 23 is preferably a current output of the combustion device 1. Ideally, the burner output 23 is a current heating output of the combustion device.
• characteristic curve 24 for the motor-driven fan 3 is shown.
• characteristic curve 24 illustrates a speed of the motor-driven fan 3 versus the burner output 23.
• characteristic curve 24 illustrates a speed of the motor-driven fan 3 versus a current burner output 23.
• characteristic curve 25 for a fuel actuator 7-9 is shown.
• characteristic curve 25 illustrates a position of the fuel actuator 7-9 relative to the burner output 23.
• characteristic curve 25 illustrates a position of the fuel actuator 7-9 relative to a current burner output 23.
• the fuel actuator 7-9 may include or be a fuel flap.
• characteristic curve 25 illustrates a position of the fuel flap relative to the burner output 23.
• characteristic curve 25 illustrates a position of the fuel flap relative to a current burner output 23.
• a characteristic curve 26 for an air damper 4 is shown.
• the characteristic curve 26 indicates a position of the air damper 4 relative to the burner output 23.
• the characteristic curve 26 illustrates a position of the air damper 4 relative to a current burner output 23.
• the actuators 3, 4, 7 - 9 are each controlled to their speeds and/or positions.
• FIG 2 The actuators 3, 4, 7 - 9 are controlled to their speeds and/or positions for a current burner output 23.
• the actuators 3, 4, 7 - 9 are each controlled to their speeds and/or positions.
• FIG 2 The actuators 3, 4, 7 - 9 are controlled to their speeds and/or positions for a current burner output 23.
• FIG 3 shows a combustion device 1 with a sensor 20 for detecting an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure.
• the sensor 20 can detect or indicate a residual oxygen content.
• the sensor 20 comprises, for example, an O 2 sensor.
• the sensor 20 is an O2 sensor.
• the sensor 20 can be arranged, for example, in an exhaust gas stack and/or a flue gas stack and/or a chimney 10.
• the senor 20 is a gas sensor for recording a signal indicating an oxygen concentration and/or a partial pressure of oxygen.
• the sensor 20 can also be configured to record a signal corresponding to at least one further gas.
• the further gas comprises, for example, an oxidizable gas in an exhaust gas stack and/or a flue gas stack and/or a chimney 10 of the combustion device 1.
• the senor 20 can also be configured to record a signal corresponding to a carbon monoxide concentration. Furthermore, the sensor 20 can be configured to record a signal corresponding to a temperature.
• the exemplary sensor 20 comprises at least three electrodes, including two electrodes made of doped platinum.
• the doped platinum comprises between one-half and fifteen percent zirconium dioxide by weight.
• One of the three electrodes comprises a gold alloy.
• One of the doped platinum electrodes and the electrode comprising a gold alloy are arranged on a first side of the disk.
• Another of the doped platinum electrodes is arranged on a second side of the disk, the second side being different from the first side.
• the second side of the disk is opposite the first side of the disk.
• the second side of the disk borders a sealed chamber of the sensor 20.
• the sensor 20 for recording a signal which indicates a partial pressure of oxygen and/or a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration generates a signal 21.
• the signal 21 is read in by the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13 and suitably processed.
• a setpoint With the aid of the signal 21, for each fan speed and/or for each air supply V ⁇ L and/or for each burner output, a setpoint.
• the setpoint relates to a partial pressure of oxygen and/or a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration.
• the setpoint can relate to a partial pressure of oxygen and/or a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration in a flue gas chimney.
• the setpoint can relate to a partial pressure of oxygen and/or a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration in a flue gas chimney. Furthermore, the setpoint can relate to a partial pressure of oxygen and/or a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration in a chimney 10.
• a suitable signal processing device for detecting and evaluating the signal 21 of the sensor 20 ideally comprises at least one analog-to-digital converter.
• the signal processing device in particular the analog-to-digital converter(s), is integrated into the control and/or monitoring device 13.
• control and/or monitoring device 13 comprises a delta-sigma converter.
• the delta-sigma converter enables the conversion of analog signals, for example, from sensor 20, into digital values.
• the delta-sigma converter can be an integral component of the control and/or monitoring device 13.
• the delta-sigma converter and the control and/or monitoring device 13 can be parts of the same single-chip system.
• FIG 4 illustrates a curve of a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure versus a burner output 23.
• FIG 4 a curve of a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure compared to a current burner output 23.
• FIG 4 Values 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure are plotted between a minimum value and a maximum value.
• the minimum value of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure marks the lowest end of the vertical axis.
• the maximum value of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure marks the upper end of the vertical axis.
• the minimum value of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can, for example, be zero percent.
• the maximum value of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can, for example, be between five and ten percent.
• the maximum value of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can be between six and nine percent.
• the maximum value of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can be between six and eight percent, for example, six percent.
• the 23 values are plotted from a minimum value of the performance-related variable to a maximum value of the performance-related variable.
• the 23 values of the performance-related variable increase from left to right.
• the minimum value of the performance-related variable marks the left end of the horizontal axis.
• the maximum value of the performance-related variable marks the right end of the horizontal axis.
• the minimum value of the performance-related quantity along the horizontal axis in FIG 4 can, for example, be zero percent of a nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the nominal power of the combustion device 1 refers to a nominal heating power of the combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable along the horizontal axis can, for example, be between one hundred and one hundred and fifty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable along the horizontal axis can, for example, be between one hundred and ten and one hundred and thirty percent of the nominal power of the Combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable along the horizontal axis can be, for example, between one hundred fifteen and one hundred twenty-five percent of the nominal power of combustion device 1, for example one hundred twenty percent.
• FIG 4 shows three characteristic curves and/or profiles 28 - 30 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure for combustion devices 1.
• a first characteristic curve and/or a first profile 28 indicates maximum residual oxygen contents and/or maximum oxygen concentrations and/or maximum oxygen partial pressures.
• the oxygen concentrations of the first profile 28 are in FIG 4 as a percentage of a total of molecules.
• the partial pressures of the first curve 28 are in FIG 4 expressed as a percentage of a total pressure. The same applies to the vertical axis.
• a minimum value of the power-related variable belongs to the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28. All other values of the power-related variable along the first characteristic curve and/or along the first profile 28 are greater than that minimum value of the power-related variable.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28 is generally not identical to the corresponding minimum value along the horizontal axis.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28 can, for example, be between ten and thirty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28 can be twenty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the minimum value of the power-related quantity of the first characteristic curve and/or the first curve 28 is twenty percent of the nominal power.
• a maximum value of the power-related variable belongs to the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28. All other values of the power-related variable along the first characteristic curve and/or along the first profile 28 are lower and/or smaller than that maximum value of the power-related variable.
• the maximum value of the power-related quantity of the first characteristic curve and/or the first curve 28 is generally not identical with the corresponding maximum value along the horizontal axis.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28 can, for example, be between ninety and one hundred and ten percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the nominal power of the combustion device 1 refers to a nominal heating power of the combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28 can be one hundred percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related quantity of the first characteristic curve and/or the first curve 28 is one hundred percent of the nominal power.
• additional points are plotted along the first characteristic curve and/or along the first profile 28. These additional points are points and/or values 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure relative to the performance-related variable 23.
• the point corresponding to the minimum value of the performance-related variable is a point and/or value 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure relative to the performance-related variable 23.
• the point corresponding to the maximum value of the performance-related variable is a point and/or value 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure relative to the performance-related variable 23.
• Interpolation can be performed between the points of the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28.
• linear interpolation can be performed between the points of the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28.
• maximum values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can be determined using cubic splines for values 23 of the power-related variable.
• maximum values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can be calculated using cubic splines for values 23 of the power-related variable.
• the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28 can also be a mathematical relationship such as a polynomial. Based on the mathematical relationship, maximum values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure are calculated for values 23 of the performance-related variable. In particular, Using a polynomial for values 23 of the performance-related variable, maximum values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure are calculated. The polynomial corresponds to the first characteristic curve and/or the first profile 28.
• a second characteristic curve and/or a second profile 29 indicates target values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure.
• the oxygen concentrations of the second profile 29 are in FIG 4 as a percentage of a total of molecules.
• the partial pressures of the second curve 29 are in FIG 4 given as a percentage of a total pressure.
• a minimum value of the power-related variable belongs to the second characteristic curve and/or the second profile 29. All other values of the power-related variable along the second characteristic curve and/or along the second profile 29 are greater than that minimum value of the power-related variable.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 is generally not identical to the corresponding minimum value along the horizontal axis.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 can, for example, be between ten and thirty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 can be twenty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 is equal to the corresponding minimum value of the first characteristic curve and/or the first curve 28.
• the minimum value of the power-related quantity of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 is twenty percent of the nominal power.
• a maximum value of the power-related variable belongs to the second characteristic curve and/or the second profile 29. All other values of the power-related variable along the second characteristic curve and/or along the second profile 29 are lower and/or smaller than that maximum value of the power-related variable.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 is generally not identical to the corresponding maximum value along the horizontal axis.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 can, for example, be between ninety and one hundred and ten percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 can be one hundred percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 is equal to the corresponding maximum value of the first characteristic curve and/or the first curve 28.
• the maximum value of the power-related quantity of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 is one hundred percent of the nominal power.
• additional points are plotted along the second characteristic curve and/or the second profile 29. These additional points are points and/or values 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure relative to the performance-related variable 23.
• the point corresponding to the minimum value of the performance-related variable is a point and/or value 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure relative to the performance-related variable 23.
• the point corresponding to the maximum value of the performance-related variable is a point and/or value 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure relative to the performance-related variable 23.
• Interpolation can be performed between the points of the second characteristic curve and/or the second profile 29.
• linear interpolation can be performed between the points of the second characteristic curve and/or the second profile 29.
• target values 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can be determined using cubic splines for values 23 of the power-related variable.
• target values 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can be calculated using cubic splines for values 23 of the power-related variable.
• the second characteristic curve and/or the second profile 29 can furthermore be a mathematical relationship such as a polynomial. Based on the mathematical relationship, target values 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure are calculated for values 23 of the power-related variable. In particular, based on a polynomial, target values 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the The oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure are calculated. The polynomial corresponds to the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29.
• the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 represents a setpoint characteristic curve and/or a setpoint curve of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure.
• the change in the combustion size ideally occurs in such a way that subsequent measured values, which are determined from subsequently received signals indicating the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure, approach the target value 27.
• a third characteristic curve and/or a third profile 30 indicates minimum residual oxygen contents and/or minimum oxygen concentrations and/or minimum oxygen partial pressures.
• the oxygen concentrations of the third profile 30 are in FIG 4 as a percentage of a total of molecules.
• the partial pressures of the third curve 30 are in FIG 4 given as a percentage of a total pressure.
• a minimum value of the performance-related variable belongs to the third characteristic curve and/or the third profile 30. All other values of the performance-related variable along the third characteristic curve and/or along the third profile 30 are greater than that minimum value of the performance-related variable.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is generally not identical with the corresponding minimum value along the horizontal axis.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 can, for example, be between ten and thirty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the nominal power of the combustion device 1 refers to a nominal heating power of the combustion device 1.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is twenty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is equal to the corresponding minimum value of the first characteristic curve and/or the first curve 28.
• the minimum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is equal to the corresponding minimum value of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29.
• the minimum value of the power-related quantity of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is twenty percent of the nominal power.
• a maximum value of the performance-related variable belongs to the third characteristic curve and/or the third profile 30. All other values of the performance-related variable along the third characteristic curve and/or along the third profile 30 are lower and/or smaller than that maximum value of the performance-related variable.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is generally not identical to the corresponding maximum value along the horizontal axis.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 can, for example, be between ninety and one hundred and ten percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 can be one hundred percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is equal to the corresponding maximum value of the first characteristic curve and/or the first curve 28.
• the maximum value of the power-related variable of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is equal to the corresponding maximum value of the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29.
• the maximum value of the power-related quantity of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30 is one hundred percent of the nominal power.
• three (30) additional points are plotted along the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve. These additional points are points and/or values 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure compared to the performance-related quantity 23.
• the point that the minimum value of the performance-related quantity is a point and/or value 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure compared to the performance-related quantity 23.
• the point that corresponds to the maximum value of the performance-related quantity is a point and/or value 27 of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure compared to the performance-related quantity 23.
• Interpolation can be performed between the points of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30.
• linear interpolation can be performed between the points of the third characteristic curve and/or the third curve 30.
• minimum values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can be determined using cubic splines for values 23 of the performance-related variable.
• minimum values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure can be calculated using cubic splines for values 23 of the performance-related variable.
• the third characteristic curve and/or the third profile 30 can also be a mathematical relationship, such as a polynomial. Based on the mathematical relationship, minimum values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure are calculated for values 23 of the performance-related variable. In particular, minimum values of the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure are calculated for values 23 of the performance-related variable using a polynomial. The polynomial corresponds to the third characteristic curve and/or the third profile 30.
• the FIG 2 The regulation and/or control illustrated is in principle also possible without a sensor 20. This means that the regulation and/or control according to FIG 2 is in principle also possible without a signal indicating a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure.
• FIG 5 and FIG 6 Reduced characteristic curves 35 and 36 for the air actuators 3, 4. This applies to combustion devices 1 with combustion in the presence of a flame. For combustion devices 1 for combustion while avoiding emissions of nitrogen oxides, the characteristic curves 35 and 36 would be reduced compared to the corresponding characteristic curves from FIG 2 increased.
• At least one signal is recorded by the sensor 20.
• the at least one signal from the sensor 20 indicates a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure.
• the at least one signal from sensor 20 is sent to the control and/or regulating and/or monitoring device 13.
• the control and/or regulating and/or monitoring device 13 receives the at least one signal from sensor 20.
• the control and/or regulating and/or monitoring device 13 determines a measured value from the at least one signal. This is preferably a measured value of a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure.
• the control and/or monitoring device 13 determines a burner output 23.
• the burner output 23 is a heating output of the combustion device 1.
• the burner output 23 can be determined from a request signal. This means that a burner output 23 is requested from the combustion device 1, and a corresponding request signal is sent to the control and/or monitoring device 13.
• the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13 can determine a current burner output 23 of the combustion device 1.
• the current burner output 23 is a current heating output of the combustion device 1.
• the current burner output 23 can be determined from a request signal. This means that a current burner output 23 is requested from the combustion device 1, and a corresponding request signal is sent to the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13.
• the current burner output 23 in the present, controlled operation is referred to below as the first, current value of the output-related quantity 23.
• the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32 is a relative fuel power characteristic curve. If the at least one actuator is a fan 3, the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32 is a relative air power characteristic curve. If the at least one actuator is an air damper 4, the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32 is also a relative air power characteristic curve.
• the fluid performance characteristic curve 32 would be in the negative range of the FIG 5 .
• the change characteristic curve 32 and/or the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32 from FIG 5 applicable.
• the statements from FIG 4 to curves 24 - 26 in the form of polynomials are correspondingly applied to the change characteristic curve 32 and/or the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32 from FIG 5 applicable.
• This means that the change characteristic curve 32 and/or the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32 can be stored as a polynomial in the control and/or monitoring device 13.
• the storage can be carried out in a memory such as a non-volatile memory.
• the shift of the operating point means that, for a burner output 23, a new operating point of the at least one actuator 3, 4, 7 - 9 is determined based on the relative fluid output 31.
• the new operating point of the at least one actuator 3, 4, 7 - 9 indicates a power that is different from the burner output 23.
• the shift of the operating point can also mean that a new operating point of at least one actuator 3, 4, 7 - 9 is determined for a current burner output 23 based on the relative fluid output 31.
• the new operating point of at least one actuator 3, 4, 7 - 9 indicates a power which is different from the current burner power 23.
• the at least one actuator is a fuel actuator 7 - 9
• the operating point of the at least one actuator 7 - 9 is shifted towards a lower power.
• the shift in the operating point of the fuel actuator 7-9 can occur within five seconds of the start of the combustion device 1.
• the shift in the operating point of the fuel actuator 7-9 can occur within one second or within two seconds of the start of the combustion device 1.
• the shift in the operating point of the fuel actuator 7-9 can occur instantaneously with the start of the combustion device 1. This means that the shift in the operating point of the fuel actuator 7-9 occurs shortly after or with the start of combustion in the combustion device 1.
• the timely shift of the operating point avoids combustion with harmful emissions when starting the combustion device 1.
• the timely shift of the operating point enables a safe start of the combustion device 1 with acceptable emissions.
• the shift of the operating point of the fuel actuator 7 - 9 is in FIG 5 illustrated by arrow 33.
• the operating point of the fuel actuator 7-9 is shifted toward a lower power using arrow 33.
• the shift is based on the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32. Instead of a characteristic curve 32, the shift of the operating point can also be achieved by a constant.
• the operating point of the fuel actuator 7-9 can be shifted toward a lower power using arrow 33.
• the shift is based on the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32.
• the at least one actuator is a fan 3 and/or an air damper 4, the operating point of the at least one actuator 7 - 9 is shifted towards a higher power.
• the shift of the operating point of the fan 3 can be made within five seconds after the start of the combustion device 1.
• the shift of the operating point of the fan 3 can be made within one Second or within two seconds after the start of the combustion device 1.
• the shift in the operating point of the fan 3 can occur instantaneously with the start of the combustion device 1. This means that the shift in the operating point of the fan 3 occurs shortly after or with the start of combustion in the combustion device 1.
• the shift of the operating point of the air damper 4 can occur within five seconds of the start of the combustion device 1.
• the shift of the operating point of the air damper 4 can occur within one second or within two seconds of the start of the combustion device 1.
• the shift of the operating point of the air damper 4 can occur instantaneously with the start of the combustion device 1. This means that the shift of the operating point of the air damper 4 occurs shortly after or with the start of combustion in the combustion device 1.
• the timely shift of the operating point avoids combustion with harmful emissions when starting the combustion device 1.
• the timely shift of the operating point enables a safe start of the combustion device 1 with acceptable emissions.
• the shift of the operating point of the fan 3 or the air flap 4 is in FIG 5 This is illustrated by arrow 34.
• the operating point of the fan 3 and/or the air damper 4 is shifted toward a higher output using arrow 34.
• the shift is based on the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32. Instead of a characteristic curve 32, the shift of the operating point can also be achieved by a constant.
• the operating point of the fan 3 and/or the air damper 4 can be shifted toward a higher output using arrow 34.
• the shift is based on the relative fluid power characteristic curve 32.
• the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13 is communicatively connected or connectable to a sensor 20, for example, an oxygen sensor 20, of the combustion device 1.
• the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13 is communicatively connected to at least one actuator 3, 4, 7 - 9 of the
• the aforementioned scaling preferably involves a multiplication.
• the aforementioned scaling is a multiplication.
• the scale factor is greater than one.
• the aforementioned scaling preferably involves a multiplication.
• the aforementioned scaling is ideally a multiplication.
• the scale factor is less than one.
• characteristic curves 24-26 illustrated combustion can be controlled during the start-up of the combustion device 1 such that a sufficient excess of air is present. This means that characteristic curves 24 and 26 for air, and characteristic curve 25 for fuel, imply an excess of air.
• Such a control system prevents combustion with harmful emissions during the start-up of the combustion device 1. Such a control system also enables a safe start-up of the combustion device 1 with acceptable emissions. Such a control system further prevents combustion with harmful emissions during an emergency operation of the combustion device 1. Such a control system also enables an emergency operation of the combustion device 1 with acceptable emissions. Such an emergency operation can be caused, for example, by a failure of an O2 control system.
• FIG 5 and FIG 6 reduced characteristic curves 35 and 36 for the air actuators 3, 4.
• FIG 6 a regulation and/or control using a signal from the sensor 20.
• a signal indicating a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure is included.
• characteristic curve 35 for the motor-driven fan 3 is shown.
• characteristic curve 35 illustrates a speed of the motor-driven fan 3 versus the burner output 23.
• characteristic curve 35 illustrates a speed of the motor-driven fan 3 versus a current burner output 23.
• the characteristic curve 35 is in FIG 5 and in FIG 6 compared to the characteristic curve 24 in FIG 2 This means that the characteristic curve 35 in FIG 5 and in FIG 6 compared to the characteristic curve 24 in FIG 2 is shifted towards lower values of the positions and/or speeds 22.
• the characteristic curve 35 for the motor-driven fan 3 from FIG 5 and from FIG 6 applicable.
• the statements from FIG 4 to curves 24 - 26 in the form of polynomials are correspondingly applied to the characteristic curve 35 for the motor-driven fan 3 from FIG 5 and FIG 6
• the storage can be done in a memory such as a non-volatile memory.
• characteristic curve 36 illustrates a position of the air damper 4 relative to the burner output 23.
• characteristic curve 36 illustrates a position of the air damper 4 relative to a current burner output 23.
• the characteristic curve 36 is in FIG 5 and in FIG 6 compared to the characteristic curve 26 in FIG 2 This means that the characteristic curve 36 in FIG 5 and in FIG 6 compared to the characteristic curve 26 in FIG 2 is shifted towards lower values of positions 22.
• the characteristic curve 36 for the air damper 4 from FIG 5 and from FIG 6 applicable.
• the statements from FIG 4 to curves 24 - 26 in the form of polynomials are accordingly to the characteristic curve 36 for the air damper 4 FIG 5 and from FIG 6
• the storage can be done in a memory such as a non-volatile memory.
• characteristic curves 25, 35, 36 from FIG 5 and FIG 6 When starting the combustion device 1, combustion cannot always be controlled in such a way that a sufficient excess air is present. This means that characteristic curves 35 and 36 for air and characteristic curve 25 for fuel do not imply a sufficient excess air under all ambient conditions. Control based exclusively on characteristic curves 25, 35, and 36 does not enable a safe start of the combustion device 1 with acceptable emissions under all ambient conditions. Such control does not enable emergency operation of the combustion device 1 with acceptable emissions under all ambient conditions. Such emergency operation can be caused, for example, by a failure of an O2 control system.
• an additional excess air can be used during start-up of the combustion device 1 or in emergency operation.
• the air actuators 3, 4 can be controlled to a slightly higher air supply value V ⁇ L.
• the air actuators 3, 4 can be controlled to a slightly higher air supply value V ⁇ L.
• the additional power ⁇ P can, for example, be between five and thirty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the additional power ⁇ P can be between ten and twenty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1. This control to the higher burner power ideally occurs independently of the signal from sensor 20.
• the additional power ⁇ P is a function of the burner power 23.
• the additional power ⁇ P is constant.
• the additional power ⁇ P can, for example, be between five and thirty percent.
• the additional power ⁇ P can be between ten and twenty percent. This control to the higher current burner power ideally occurs independently of the signal from sensor 20.
• the additional power ⁇ P is a function of the current burner power 23.
• the additional power ⁇ P is constant.
• the relative air output relAir can be controlled as part of a scale factor (1 + relAir ), for example, between five and thirty percent.
• the relative air output relAir can be between ten and twenty percent. This control to the higher burner output ideally occurs independently of the signal from sensor 20.
• the relative air output relAir is a function of the burner output 23.
• the relative air output relAir is constant.
• the relative air output relAir can be controlled as part of a scale factor (1 + relAir) , for example, between five and thirty percent.
• the relative air output relAir can be between ten and twenty percent. This control to the higher burner output ideally occurs independently of the signal from sensor 20.
• the relative air output relAir is a function of the current burner output 23.
• the relative air output relAir is constant.
• the air actuators 3, 4 can be controlled in such a way that an additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L is added to an air supply V ⁇ L for a burner output 23:
• V ⁇ L 3,4 V ⁇ L + ⁇ V ⁇ L
• the additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L can, for example, be between five and thirty percent of a nominal value of the air supply V ⁇ L.
• the additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L can be between ten and twenty percent of the nominal value of the air supply V ⁇ L.
• the nominal value of the air supply V ⁇ L corresponds to the nominal power of the combustion device 1. This control of the additional air supply ideally takes place independently of the signal from the sensor 20.
• the additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L is a function of the burner power 23.
• the additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L is constant.
• the air actuators 3, 4 can be controlled in such a way that an additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L is added to an air supply V ⁇ L for a current burner output 23:
• V ⁇ L 3,4 V ⁇ L + ⁇ V ⁇ L
• the additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L can, for example, be between five and thirty percent of a nominal value of the air supply V ⁇ L.
• the additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L can be between ten and twenty percent of the nominal value of the air supply V ⁇ L.
• the nominal value of the air supply V ⁇ L corresponds to the nominal power of the combustion device 1. This control of the additional air supply ideally takes place independently of the signal from the sensor 20.
• the additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L is a function of the current burner power 23.
• the additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L is constant.
• the air actuators 3, 4 can be controlled so that an additional air supply is added to an air supply V ⁇ L for a burner output 23:
• V ⁇ L 3,4 V ⁇ L ⁇ 1 + relLuft
• the relative air output relAir as part of a scale factor (1 + relAir) can, for example, be between five and thirty percent. Preferably, the relative air output relAir can be between ten and twenty percent. This control to the higher burner output ideally occurs independently of the signal from sensor 20. According to one embodiment, the relative air output relAir is a function of the Burner power 23. According to another embodiment, the relative air power relLuft is constant.
• the air actuators 3, 4 can be controlled in such a way that an additional air supply is added to an air supply V ⁇ L at a current burner output 23:
• V ⁇ L 3,4 V ⁇ L ⁇ 1 + relLuft
• the relative air output relAir can, for example, be between five and thirty percent as part of a scale factor (1 + relAir) .
• the relative air output relAir can be between ten and twenty percent. This control to the higher burner output ideally occurs independently of the signal from sensor 20.
• the relative air output relAir is a function of the current burner output 23.
• the relative air output relAir is constant.
• the power to be subtracted ⁇ P can, for example, be between five and thirty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the power to be subtracted ⁇ P can be between ten and twenty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1. This control to the lower burner power ideally occurs independently of the signal from the sensor 20.
• the power to be subtracted ⁇ P is a function of the burner power 23.
• the power to be subtracted ⁇ P is constant.
• the power ⁇ P to be deducted can, for example, be between five and thirty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• the power ⁇ P to be deducted can be between ten and twenty percent of the nominal power of the combustion device 1.
• This control to the lower current burner power is ideally carried out independently of the signal from the sensor 20.
• the power ⁇ P to be deducted is a function of the current Burner power 23.
• the power to be deducted ⁇ P is constant.
• the relative air output relAir can be controlled as part of a scale factor (1 - relAir) , for example, between five and thirty percent.
• the relative air output relAir can be between ten and twenty percent. This control to the lower burner output ideally occurs independently of the signal from sensor 20.
• the relative air output relAir is a function of the burner output 23.
• the relative air output relAir is constant.
• the relative air output relAir can be controlled as part of a scale factor (1 - relAir) , for example, between five and thirty percent.
• the relative air output relAir can be between ten and twenty percent. This control to the lower current burner output ideally occurs independently of the signal from sensor 20.
• the relative air output relAir is a function of the current burner output 23.
• the relative air output relAir is constant.
• V ⁇ B 9 V ⁇ B ⁇ ⁇ V ⁇ B
• the fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B to be deducted can, for example, be between five and thirty percent of a nominal value of the fuel supply V ⁇ B.
• the fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B to be deducted can be between ten and twenty percent of the nominal value of the fuel supply V ⁇ B.
• the nominal value of the fuel supply V ⁇ B corresponds to the nominal power of the combustion device 1. This control to the lower fuel supply V ⁇ B is ideally carried out independently of the signal of the sensor 20.
• the fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B to be deducted is a Function of the burner power 23.
• the fuel supply to be withdrawn ⁇ V ⁇ B is constant.
• the fuel actuator 7 - 9 can be controlled in such a way that a fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B is deducted from a fuel supply V ⁇ B to a current burner power 23:
• V ⁇ B 9 V ⁇ B ⁇ ⁇ V ⁇ B
• the fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B to be withdrawn can, for example, be between five and thirty percent of a nominal value of the fuel supply V ⁇ B .
• the fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B to be withdrawn can be between ten and twenty percent of the nominal value of the fuel supply V ⁇ B.
• the nominal value of the fuel supply V ⁇ B corresponds to the nominal power of the combustion device 1. This control to the lower fuel supply V ⁇ B ideally takes place independently of the signal from the sensor 20.
• the fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B to be withdrawn is a function of the current burner power 23.
• the fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B to be withdrawn is constant.
• the controlled operation at the start of the combustion device 1 is followed by a regulated operation of the combustion device 1.
• the controlled operation ideally takes place independently of a signal from the sensor 20.
• the control can, for example, be carried out using the sensor 20 from FIG 3
• the transition between controlled and regulated operation can, for example, occur at least ten seconds, at least twenty seconds, or at least thirty seconds after the start of the combustion device 1.
• the time of the transition between controlled and regulated operation depends on the dead times of the control of the combustion device 1. This means that the controlled operation of the combustion device 1 occurs after the start of combustion in the combustion device 1.
• the control and/or monitoring device 13 determines as in FIG 4 shown a setpoint 27.
• the setpoint indicates a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure.
• the burner output 23 is determined based on the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 from FIG 4 mapped to the setpoint 27.
• control and/or monitoring device 13 can be adjusted to the current burner output 23 as shown in FIG 4 shown determine a setpoint 27.
• the setpoint 27 indicates a residual oxygen content and/or an oxygen concentration and/or an oxygen partial pressure.
• the current burner output 23 is determined from the second characteristic curve and/or the second curve 29 FIG 4 mapped to the setpoint 27.
• the current burner output 23 in controlled operation is referred to below as the second, current value of the output-related quantity 23.
• a first actuator such as an air actuator 3, 4, is controlled.
• a second actuator such as the fuel actuator 7 - 9, is controlled while the first actuator is controlled.
• the second actuator is different from the first actuator.
• the second actuator is then controlled using one of the characteristic curves 35, 36, 25 from FIG 5 and FIG 6 .
• controlled operation can be temporarily carried out in the case of a requested reduction or increase, for example, of the burner output 23 or the current burner output 23, taking into account a relative fluid output.
• the relative fluid output is usually a function of the burner output 23 or the current burner output 23.
• the combustion device 1 is operated in controlled operation taking into account a relative fluid output until the control is sufficiently stable again after the reduction or increase.
• the shifted characteristic curves 35 and 36 prove to be advantageous for the air actuators 3, 4.
• These characteristic curves 35, 36 correspond to a lower air surplus, as is typically regulated in controlled operation. This means that the control in the ideal case and in contrast to the control from FIG 2 the operating points of actuators 3, 4, 7 - 9 do not need to be adjusted or only slightly.
• the above statements regarding an additional or subtracted power ⁇ P can refer to an emergency operation of the combustion device 1.
• the above statements regarding scaled powers can refer to an emergency operation of the combustion device 1.
• the above statements regarding an additional air supply ⁇ V ⁇ L or a subtracted fuel supply ⁇ V ⁇ B can refer to the emergency operation of the combustion device 1.
• the above statements regarding scaled air or fuel supplies can refer to a Emergency operation of the combustion device 1. This prevents combustion with harmful emissions during emergency operation of the combustion device 1. Safe emergency operation of the combustion device 1 with acceptable emissions is enabled. Such emergency operation can be caused, for example, by a failure of an O2 control system.
• the current burner output 23 in emergency operation is referred to below as the third, current value of the output-related quantity 23.
• the at least one first actuator (3, 4, 7 - 9) and the at least one sensor (20) and the memory are each communicatively connected to the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device (13).
• the determination of the first input value independently of an oxygen-related signal from the at least one sensor (20) is a determination excluding an oxygen-related signal from the at least one sensor (20).
• the determination of the first input value independently of an oxygen-related signal from the at least one sensor (20) can also be a determination omitting an oxygen-related signal from the at least one sensor (20).
• the oxygen-related signal from the at least one sensor (20) is advantageously an oxygen-related signal from the at least one sensor (20).
• the input value of the power-related variable (23) for control operation is transferred to the controller as input.
• the controller determines a speed and/or position from the input value.
• the input value is an operating point for the controller.
• the determination of the first input value of the power-related variable (23) for the control operation as a function of the first, current value of the power-related variable (23) and as a function of the change is ideally carried out independently of the at least one sensor (20).
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods, the method comprising the step: Sending the first control signal to the at least one first actuator (3, 4, 7 - 9), wherein the first control signal causes the at least one first actuator (3, 4, 7 - 9) to change at least one combustion variable selected from the air supply V ⁇ L or the fuel supply V ⁇ B.
• the change is preferably a first, performance-related change.
• the change ideally has the unit of a power.
• the power-related variable (23) and the input value of the power-related variable (23) for the control operation each also have the unit of a power.
• the start of combustion in the combustion device (1) can in particular be a start of combustion in the combustion chamber (2) of the combustion device (1).
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods, wherein the change is non-zero and constant, the method comprising the step: Determining the first input value of the power-related variable (23) for the control operation as a function of the first, current value of the power-related variable (23) and as a function of the first, constant change, wherein the determination is made independently of the oxygen-related signal of the at least one sensor (20).
• the determination of the first input value of the power-related variable (23) for the control operation as a function of the first, current value of the power-related variable (23) and as a function of the first, constant change ideally takes place independently of the at least one sensor (20).
• the current value of the power-related variable (23) is ideally independent of the at least one sensor (20).
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods, the method comprising the step: Determining the first input value of the power-related variable (23) for the control operation as an exclusive function of the first, current value of the power-related variable (23) and the change.
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods, the method comprising the step: Determining the first input value of the power-related variable (23) for the control operation as the sum of the first, current value of the power-related variable (23) and the change, wherein the determination is made independently of the oxygen-related signal of the at least one sensor (20).
• the determination of the first input value of the power-related variable (23) for the control operation as the sum of the first, current value of the power-related variable (23) and the change is ideally carried out independently of the at least one sensor (20).
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods, the method comprising the step: Determining the first input value of the power-related variable (23) for the control operation as the difference between the first, current value of the power-related variable (23) and the change, wherein the determination is made independently of the oxygen-related signal of the at least one sensor (20).
• the determination is ideally carried out independently of the at least one sensor (20).
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods including at least one setpoint characteristic curve (29), the method comprising the step: at least thirty seconds after the first control signal has been sent, recording at least one oxygen-related signal which indicates the residual oxygen content and/or the oxygen concentration and/or the oxygen partial pressure by the at least one sensor (20).
• the at least one first actuator (3, 4, 7 - 9) and the at least one second actuator (7 - 9, 3, 4) and the at least one sensor (20) and the Storage devices are each communicatively connected to the control and/or monitoring device (13).
• the mixed controlled and regulated operation enables a timely response of the combustion device (1) to changing ambient conditions.
• the controlled operation occurs independently of the at least one oxygen-related signal from the at least one sensor (20).
• the regulated operation takes into account at least one oxygen-related signal from the at least one sensor (20).
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods involving a control signal, the method comprising the step: Determining a second, current value of the performance-related variable (23) from the first, current value of the performance-related variable (23).
• the power requirement of the combustion device (1) does not change during the transition from controlled operation to regulated operation.
• the first, current value of the power-related variable (23) is equal to the second, current value of the power-related variable (23).
• the combustion device (1) can therefore optimize combustion to the initial power requirement during controlled operation.
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods involving a control signal, the method comprising the step: Determining a second, current value of the power-related variable (23) after the first control signal has been sent.
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods including a setpoint characteristic curve (29), the method comprising the step: Determining a second, current value of the power-related variable (23) at least thirty seconds after the first control signal has been sent.
• the present disclosure also teaches one of the aforementioned methods including a setpoint characteristic curve (29), the method comprising the step: Determining a second, current value of the power-related variable (23) at least twenty seconds after the first control signal has been sent.
• the present disclosure further teaches one of the aforementioned methods including a setpoint characteristic curve (29), the method comprising the step: Determining a second, current value of the power-related variable (23) at least ten seconds after the first control signal has been sent.
• the second, current value of the power-related variable (23) is different from the first, current value of the power-related variable (23). It is possible that the power requirement for the combustion device (1) changes during the transition from controlled operation to regulated operation. The combustion device (1) can thus respond to changed power requirements.
• Incorrect measured values can include, for example, negative residual oxygen levels and/or negative oxygen concentrations and/or negative oxygen partial pressures.
• the limit value can be zero.
• the at least one sensor (20) comprises a digital interface.
• the at least one sensor (20) can transmit at least one error signal to the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device (13) via the digital interface. Based on the at least one error signal, the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device (13) determines a measured value that indicates the at least one error.
• a residual oxygen content greater than 100 percent indicates at least one fault.
• Residual oxygen content greater than twenty-one percent indicates at least one fault.
• the present disclosure further teaches a combustion device (1) comprising a combustion chamber (2), an air supply duct (11) leading to the combustion chamber (2), a fuel supply duct leading to the combustion chamber (2), at least one first actuator (3, 4, 7 - 9) selected from at least one air actuator (3, 4) acting on an air supply V ⁇ L through the air supply duct (11), and at least one fuel actuator (7 - 9) acting on a fuel supply V ⁇ B through the fuel supply duct, the combustion device (1) comprising at least one second actuator (7 - 9, 3, 4) selected from the at least one fuel actuator (7 - 9) and the at least one air actuator (3, 4), wherein the at least one second actuator (7 - 9, 3, 4) is different from the at least one first actuator (3, 4, 7 - 9), the combustion device (1) comprising an exhaust gas path (10), at least one oxygen-related Sensor (20) in the exhaust gas path (10) and a control and/or regulating and/or monitoring device (13) with a memory in which at least one first characteristic curve (25, 35, 36) indicating
• the present disclosure further teaches a computer program comprising instructions which cause the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device (13) of one of the aforementioned combustion devices (1) to carry out the method steps according to one of the aforementioned methods.
• the present disclosure further teaches a computer-readable medium on which the aforementioned computer program or one of the aforementioned computer programs is stored.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)

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Citations (10)

• 2024
  • 2024-03-11 EP EP24162652.2A patent/EP4617566A1/fr active Pending
• 2025
  • 2025-03-10 US US19/074,653 patent/US20250283598A1/en active Pending
  • 2025-03-11 CN CN202510281889.3A patent/CN120627120A/zh active Pending

Patent Citations (14)

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