Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
  • G11C—STATIC STORES
  • G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
  • G11C13/04—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam
  • G11C13/048—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam using other optical storage elements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
  • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
  • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
  • G06N10/40—Physical realisations or architectures of quantum processors or components for manipulating qubits, e.g. qubit coupling or qubit control
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
  • G02B6/107—Subwavelength-diameter waveguides, e.g. nanowires
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
  • G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
  • G02B6/2552—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding reshaping or reforming of light guides for coupling using thermal heating, e.g. tapering, forming of a lens on light guide ends

Definitions

• Quantum information storage device comprising a plurality of optical waveguides, in particular to form a multiplexed quantum memory, manufacturing method and use of such a device
• the present invention relates to the field of quantum memories intended to store and read on demand quantum states transmitted by light. It relates more particularly to a quantum information storage device comprising a plurality of waveguides and an atomic trap configured to trap a single atomic cloud around the waveguides, each waveguide making it possible to obtain a quantum memory independent.
• the invention also relates to a manufacturing method as well as a use of such a device.
• Prior art The storage of quantum information is an important process in the implementation of quantum computing processes, in particular communication or quantum calculation.
• Quantum memories store the quantum state of light without altering its properties and allow light to be released on demand. In other words, they store a photonic quantum bit in a material medium and make it possible to reread this quantum bit on demand.
• Applications of quantum memories cover the field of interconnection of quantum systems, and in particular the scaling up of quantum processors and their accessibility over long distances.
• the storage of quantum information allows, for example, the synchronization of quantum bits emitted by different quantum processors to effectively create quantum links between them and increase their calculation capacities. It also enables long-distance quantum communications via quantum repeaters.
• a major challenge consists of multiplexing quantum memories, that is to say controlling the storage of several quantum bits in parallel in a single system.
• a fibered quantum memory By coupling an atomic cloud and a nanoscopic waveguide, it is possible to create a fibered quantum memory whose performance in terms of efficiency and storage time is particularly advantageous.
• a first demonstration of fibered quantum memory was carried out with atoms cooled in a magneto-optical trap around a nanoscopic optical fiber. The corresponding device is described in the article “Demonstration of a Memory for Tightly Guided Light in an Optical Nanofiber”, Gouraud et al., Physical Review Letters, 114, 180503 (2015).
• a second demonstration was obtained with atoms trapped in a dipolar trap established in the evanescent field around such a fiber.
• Figure 1 represents a quantum information storage device 1 comprising a fibered quantum memory, as described in this last article.
• the storage device 1 comprises a vacuum chamber 2 having an inlet 3 configured to allow the introduction into the chamber of atoms.
• the atoms can in particular come from one or more dispensers, for example controlled by electric current to heat a source of atoms and thus generate a release of atoms, and are intended to be captured in a magneto-optical trap around the optical fiber 4, then trapped in a dipolar trap produced in the evanescent field around the optical fiber 4.
• the chamber also includes two sealed passages 5, 6 between the interior and exterior of the vacuum chamber allowing the entry and exit of the optical fiber 4.
• the optical fiber 4 is held in the chamber between a first support 7 and a second support 8, being fixed by gluing on these supports.
• the supports 7, 8 are themselves held by a plate 9 fixed in the chamber.
• the optical fiber 4 comprises, between the two supports 7, 8, a portion of reduced diameter, less than the wavelength of the light propagating in the optical fiber to control the quantum memory.
• lasers with wavelengths of the order of 686 nm and of the order of 935 nm, corresponding to particularly advantageous wavelengths for cesium atoms, are used to the evanescent dipole trap and the shrunken portion has a diameter of around 400 nm.
• atoms are cooled and trapped by means of a magneto-optical trap which covers the narrowed portion of the optical fiber 4.
• a large Part of the light's energy flows outside the fiber due to its reduced size.
• FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the passage 5 between the outside and the inside of the vacuum chamber.
• the watertight junction between the interior and the exterior is made by a connector 17.
• the latter comprises a part made of PTFE to make the watertight contact with the optical fiber 4.
• Figure 3 represents a drawing bench 10 of a fiber optical 4 used to create the narrowed portion of the optical fiber.
• the optical properties of the fiber during and after stretching can be controlled by a laser source 11 and a photodiode 12 configured respectively to inject a signal into the optical fiber 4 and to detect the signal output from the fiber.
• the bench 10 comprises two mechanical traction assemblies each comprising a high-precision plate 14 movable in translation and a press 13. The presses 13 hold the optical fiber 4 on supports 27, 28 positioned on the plates 14.
• a dihydrogen generator and of dioxygen 15 makes it possible to generate a flame 16 at high temperature intended to heat the optical fiber 4 between the two plates 14 to melt it.
• the heating of the optical fiber combined with the distancing of the two plates 14 causes the stretching of the optical fiber 4 which has the effect of reducing the diameter of the optical fiber in its heated part.
• the optical fiber is heated and stretched over a typical length of a few centimeters, until a nanofiber is obtained whose diameter is smaller than the wavelength of the light propagating in the nanofiber.
• the printing process is computer controlled.
• the trajectory of the plates 14 makes it possible to produce various drawing profiles, in particular to control the length of the shrunken portion.
• the drawing is preferably carried out so that the stretched fiber maintains an optical transmission greater than 99%.
• the optical fiber thus prepared is then transferred into the vacuum chamber 2 after having been fixed to the first support 7 and to the second support 8, preferably by gluing.
• the supports 7, 8 are fixed on the plate 9 which is installed in the vacuum chamber 2.
• a device as described with reference to Figure 1 offers excellent performance, particularly in terms of efficiency and storage time.
• the invention relates, according to one of its aspects, to a quantum information storage device comprising: - a vacuum chamber, - a plurality of waveguides configured to propagate light of wavelength O and each having a portion of reduced cross section having a smallest transverse dimension less than O, extending in the chamber vacuum, - an atomic trap configured to trap a single atomic cloud around the reduced section portion of the waveguides.
• vacuum chamber is meant a chamber configured to allow the establishment of a vacuum corresponding to pressures less than or equal to 10 -8 Torr.
• the invention advantageously makes it possible to preserve the performance of quantum memories of the prior art while parallelizing several independent memories in the same device.
• a single atomic trap is used to prepare a large number of independent memories. It is based on the placement in a vacuum chamber of a plurality of waveguides coupled to atoms, preferably cooled by laser, preferably having a temperature less than 100 ⁇ K, more preferably less than 20 ⁇ K.
• parallelizing fibered quantum memories the individual performance of the memories can be maintained. A single device thus makes it possible to obtain a large number of individually accessible memories.
• the portions of reduced cross section may in particular have a smaller dimension in their cross section of between 300 nm and 500 nm, advantageously between 350 nm and 450 nm.
• the plurality of waveguides is configured to transmit at least one light of wavelength O intended to produce a dipolar trap trapping part of the plurality of atoms.
• part of the plurality of atoms forming part of the atomic cloud obtained using the atomic trap which may in particular be a magneto-optical trap (“magneto-optical trap” or MOT) forms an atomic medium in the immediate vicinity of each narrowed portion of the waveguides.
• MOT magneto-optical trap
• the at least one light of wavelength O circulating in the narrowed portions and partly outside these portions makes it possible to create dipole traps trapping atoms of the atomic cloud in the evanescent field around these portions.
• O depends in particular on the composition of the atomic cloud.
• the wavelength O is for example between 400 and 1000 nm.
• Light propagating in the waveguides can be centered around one or more wavelengths.
• a dipole trap is typically produced using two lasers of different wavelengths, one being detuned in the red relative to a resonance frequency of the atoms and the other in the blue. Once the dipole trap is in place, other wavelengths can flow through the waveguides. In particular, another wavelength is used to store the quantum information in the memory.
• One or more other wavelengths can also be used to produce control fields, for example to produce an absorptive memory protocol such as based for example on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) or a protocol emissive memory such as based on the Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller protocol.
• an absorptive memory protocol such as based for example on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) or a protocol emissive memory such as based on the Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller protocol.
• a quantum information storage device may also have one or more of the following optional characteristics: - the portion of reduced section of each waveguide is arranged less than 250 ⁇ m from a portion of reduced section of an adjacent waveguide, preferably less than 100 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, and more than 1 ⁇ m, preferably more than 3 ⁇ m; - the waveguides are arranged, in a transverse section, according to the nodes of a grid or a hexagonal mesh, or according to concentric lines, preferably homothetic, in particular circular or polygonal, in particular hexagonal; - the portions of reduced section are parallel to each other; - the waveguides are optical fibers; - the waveguides are fixed in the vacuum chamber to a first support and to a second support, preferably by gluing, on either side of the reduced section portion of the waveguides; - the device comprises a plurality of first stacked supports and second stacked supports, the stacking of the supports making it possible to position the guides at different levels in the
• Such waveguides can in particular be made of silicon nitride SiN or of gallium-indium phosphide GaInP.
• Optical and electronic lithography techniques can be used to obtain these waveguides;
• - the atomic trap comprises two coils, called longitudinal, arranged outside the chamber and extending along the longitudinal axis of the waveguides on either side of them, the longitudinal coils being configured to produce a gradient magnetic field trapping the atomic cloud;
• the atomic trap comprises two coils, called additional coils, arranged outside the chamber in a plane perpendicular to a plane containing the two longitudinal coils and extending along the longitudinal axis of the wave guides on either side of those -here, the additional coils being configured to produce a magnetic field gradient trapping the atomic cloud;
• - the longitudinal coils and/or the additional coils are rectangular coils;
• - the atomic trap comprises one or more lasers configured to cool the atomic cloud, preferably to a temperature less than or equal to 100
• the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a quantum information storage device according to the invention, comprising the steps consisting of: (a) hot stretching and fixing after stretching between two supports a plurality of optical fibers, so as to obtain the plurality of optical fibers having a portion of reduced section; (b) disposing the plurality of optical fibers in the vacuum chamber.
• the invention finally relates to the use of a quantum information storage device according to the invention, comprising the steps consisting of: (a1) creating a vacuum in the vacuum chamber; (b1) introducing a plurality of atoms, preferably cesium or rubidium, into the vacuum chamber; (c1) trapping the plurality of atoms around the reduced section portions of the waveguides by means of the atomic trap to form the atomic cloud.
• the use comprises after step (c1) a step (d1) consisting of propagating in each waveguide a light of wavelength greater than the smallest transverse dimension of the portion of reduced cross section of the guides waves so as to create a dipole trap around each waveguide. More preferably, the use comprises after step (d1) a step (e1) consisting of transferring quantum information between laser lights propagating in each of the waveguides and a part of the atomic cloud trapped around the reduced section portion of each of the waveguides, carrying out multiplexing of quantum memories.
• Figure 1 represents a quantum information storage device comprising a fibered quantum memory according to the state of the art.
• FIG 2 Figure 2 is a detailed view of a passage for optical fiber between the exterior and the interior of the ultrahigh vacuum chamber of the device of Figure 1.
• Figure 3 represents a bench of pulling an optical fiber according to the state of the art.
• Figure 4 represents a quantum information storage device according to the invention.
• Figure 5 Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of a stack of first supports on which optical fibers are fixed.
• Figure 6 [Fig 7]
• Figures 5 to 8 are cross-sectional views of different arrangements of a plurality of optical fibers that can be implemented in a storage device according to the invention.
• Figure 9 represents a vacuum chamber of a device comprising cooling laser beams.
• FIG. 4 A device 100 for storing quantum information is illustrated in Figure 4.
• This device 100 comprises a vacuum chamber 2, which is preferably made of metal, glass or a combination of these two materials.
• the vacuum chamber 2 has an inlet 3 configured to allow the entry of a plurality of atoms into the chamber when the vacuum is achieved.
• the plurality of atoms is intended to form an atomic cloud within the chamber.
• Chamber 2 further comprises sealed passages 5, 6 allowing the entry and exit of a plurality of waveguides.
• the waveguides are optical fibers 4.
• the optical fibers 4 are stretched fibers, that is to say comprising a narrowed portion, of reduced diameter, extending within the chamber empty 2.
• the diameter of the optical fibers in the non-constricted portions is typically between 100 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m.
• the shrunken portions are configured to have a diameter smaller than the wavelengths of light propagating in the optical fibers to charge dipole traps trapping part of the atomic cloud and to control quantum memories.
• the diameter of the narrowed portions is between 25% and 75% of these wavelengths.
• This diameter is for example between 300 nm and 500 nm, the light sources used having for example wavelengths between 600 nm and 1000 nm.
• the shrunken portions advantageously have a length greater than or equal to 0.1 cm, 0.5 cm or 1 cm and less than or equal to 5 cm, 3 cm or 1 cm. In one embodiment, lasers having wavelengths of 686 nm and 935 nm are used.
• the device 100 comprises a single atomic cloud 20 enveloping the optical fibers 4 at least in their narrowed portion. Particularly advantageously, the device 100 makes it possible to use a single atomic trap to form the atomic cloud and charge a large number of dipole traps.
• the atomic cloud 20 comprises alkali metal atoms, advantageously cesium or rubidium. Preferably, it comprises only cesium atoms or only rubidium atoms.
• the atomic cloud 20 is preferably cold, that is to say having a temperature below 100 ⁇ K.
• the atomic cloud 20 extends along the longitudinal axis of the waveguides and preferably has a length of between 0.5 cm and 5 cm and an extension in a transverse direction of between 1 mm and 5 mm.
• the atomic cloud may have an ovoid shape, the extension in the transverse direction being maximum at mid-length and minimum at its axial ends. In order to cover a large volume and therefore to maximize the number of reduced sections of waveguides located in the cloud, it is advantageous to maximize the elongation of the atomic cloud as well as its transverse size.
• the device 100 comprises an atomic trap configured to trap the atoms introduced into the vacuum chamber to form the atomic cloud 20 around the narrowed portion of the waveguides 4.
• the atomic trap is a magneto-optical trap and comprises two longitudinal coils 24, preferably rectangular, elongated in the direction in which the waveguides 4 extend and arranged on either side of the vacuum chamber.
• it also includes two additional rectangular coils elongated in the direction in which the waveguides 4 extend, arranged on either side of the vacuum chamber in a plane perpendicular to the plane containing the two longitudinal coils 24.
• the additional rectangular coils advantageously make it possible to increase the elongation of the atomic cloud.
• the rectangular nature of all the coils also favors the elongation of the atomic cloud.
• the atomic trap advantageously comprises one or more cooling lasers configured to cool the atomic cloud.
• the initial atomic trap could also be another type of trap, in particular a magnetic trap or a dipolar trap produced using at least one additional laser beam.
• This additional laser beam has a wavelength detuned with respect to the atomic resonance and propagates in free space towards the reduced sections of the waveguides.
• the circulation of light of well-chosen wavelength depending on the composition of the atomic cloud makes it possible to create dipole traps around the narrowed portions of the waveguides. and to manipulate the properties of the atomic medium in these dipolar traps.
• the waveguides are independent of each other. We thus obtain a multiplexed quantum memory comprising as many individual quantum memories as waveguides.
• a single atomic cloud is used to charge all of the dipole traps: this represents a significant gain in terms of resources necessary to produce the multiplexed quantum memory.
• Drawing of the optical fibers The optical fibers 4 can be stretched individually on a drawing bench 10 according to the drawing method described with reference to Figure 3. Micro-positioning of the supports and fixing of the fibers Once stretched on the drawing bench, the optical fiber 4 is positioned and fixed on a first support 7 and on a second support 8, the reduced section portion of the fiber being arranged between the supports 7, 8. Before positioning a fiber, the supports 7, 8 can be arranged on high-precision translation stages to achieve micro-positioning of the supports.
• the supports 7, 8 of the optical fiber comprise V-shaped notches 21 in which the optical fiber is positioned, as visible in Figure 5.
• a shaped notch of V improves the precision of the positioning of the fiber, since the fiber fits against the sides of the notch, independently of its manufacturing tolerances.
• the optical fiber 4 on the supports 7 and 8 is fixed to each of these, preferably by gluing.
• the portions of the optical fiber which are fixed to the supports 7, 8 are not stretched portions and have an unreduced diameter typically between 100 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m.
• the positioning of the optical fibers on the supports 7, 8 is controlled by a camera using a microscope objective.
• a support 7, 8 may include a plurality of V-shaped notches 21 allowing a plurality of optical fibers to be positioned thereon.
• a plurality of supports can be stacked vertically to form several stages and thus allow the positioning of a greater number of optical fibers in the vacuum chamber. To do this, optical fibers are successively stretched and fixed on the first support 7 and on the second support 8. A first additional support 7 and a second additional support 8 are then fixed on the first and second supports 7, 8, of preferably by gluing, then stretched optical fibers are successively fixed on the additional supports.
• Figure 5 represents a stack of two first supports 7 comprising a plurality of V-shaped notches 21 in which the optical fibers 4 are arranged.
• the supports 7 are fixed together by glue 22.
• the second supports 8 can be stacked in the same way.
• the supports 7, 8 or in the case of stacking, the sets of stacked supports 7, 8, are then fixed on a plate 9, preferably metallic.
• the plate 9 is then installed in the vacuum chamber 2. A very precise positioning of the plurality of optical fibers 4 is thus obtained within the vacuum chamber 2.
• Arrangement of waveguides Different possible configurations for the arrangement of optical fibers 4 are illustrated in Figures 6 to 8.
• each waveguide is preferably greater than 1 ⁇ m, more preferably greater than 10 ⁇ m.
• the spacing between each waveguide may, however, be less than or equal to 250 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m or 2 ⁇ m.
• the atomic cloud has a transverse extension of at least 2 mm around the narrowed portions of the waveguides
• a greater density of waveguides, of the order of 100 x 100 waveguides in the atomic cloud can be obtained with other types of waveguides or with an atomic cloud of increased transverse extension .
• the optical fibers 4 can be assembled so as to be arranged, in a transverse section, according to the nodes of a grid of L lines comprising N fibers included in the atomic cloud 20.
• the fibers 4 can be arranged in a transverse section along homothetic concentric lines, as illustrated in Figure 7.
• the fibers 4 are arranged in a transverse section according to the nodes of a hexagonal mesh, as illustrated in Figure 8 .
• a preferably compact configuration is obtained, for example in the form of a matrix of N x L nanofibers fixed on the supports 7, 8 or on the stack of supports 7 , 8.
• the supports 7, 8 are fixed on a plate 9, for example metallic, allowing their transport between the drawing bench 10 and the vacuum chamber 2.
• the plate 9 is then installed inside the vacuum chamber 2.
• Preparation of the atomic cloud In the context of the invention, the single atomic cloud 20 is advantageously prepared using an atomic trap configured to trap near the waveguides of the atoms introduced into the vacuum chamber by entry 3. The configuration of the atomic trap determines the dimensions of the atomic cloud.
• the atomic trap is a magneto-optical trap and comprises at least two longitudinal rectangular coils 24 arranged on either side of the vacuum chamber 2 and extending in the longitudinal direction of the waveguides 4.
• the coils longitudinal rectangular coils 24 produce a magnetic field gradient configured to trap the atoms of the atomic cloud 20.
• the length of the magneto-optical trap can be increased by using a configuration further comprising at least two additional rectangular coils arranged on either side other part of the vacuum chamber in a plane perpendicular to the plane formed by the transverse coils 24.
• the additional rectangular coils extend in a direction parallel to the coils 24.
• a compression phase by increasing the magnetic field gradient may also be present.
• the atomic cloud can be compressed to facilitate the creation of the dipole traps around each waveguide by increasing the number of atoms near the waveguides.
• One or more cooling laser beams are advantageously implemented in combination with the coils.
• three laser beams are oriented towards the reduced portion of the waveguides.
• Mirrors are arranged perpendicular to the beams on the opposite side of the chamber in order to reflect the laser beams: we then obtain three retroreflected laser beams.
• two of the laser beams propagate in the same plane forming an angle for example of 90° at their intersection and the third laser beam propagates perpendicular to the plane of the first two laser beams passing through the intersection of the latter.
• the atomic cloud 20 has a maximum extension in the transverse direction of between 1 mm and 5 mm, and a length between 0.5 cm and 5 cm, preferably being of the order of 2 cm.
• the dimensions of the atomic cloud 20 are chosen so that the atomic cloud covers the entirety of the narrowed portions of the waveguides, so that a single atomic cloud is sufficient to produce the multiplexed quantum memory.
• dipole traps made in the evanescent field of each waveguide are loaded.
• these are dipole traps with two optical frequencies, detuned in the blue and in the red of the atomic transition of the atoms constituting the atomic cloud, produced by injection of laser beams directly into the waveguides.
• Dipolar traps make it possible to optically trap the atoms in the evanescent field of each waveguide by means of laser beams propagating in the waveguides.
• Each waveguide then represents an independent quantum memory. We therefore carried out multiplexing of quantum memories.
• the atoms in the atomic cloud may be atoms of an atomic element other than cesium, in particular rubidium.

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• 2022
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