ES2074002R - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number: ES2074002R
Authority: ES; Spain
Prior art keywords: moisture; patient; hydrophobic; layer; hydrophilic
Prior art date: 1992-06-11
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Granted

Application number

ES9301272A

Other languages

English (en)

Spanish (es)

Other versions

ES2074002A2 (es

ES2074002B1 (es

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

1992-06-11

Filing date

1993-06-10

Publication date

1997-12-16

1993-06-10 Application filed filed Critical

1995-08-16 Publication of ES2074002A2 publication Critical patent/ES2074002A2/es

1997-12-16 Publication of ES2074002R publication Critical patent/ES2074002R/es

1998-07-01 Application granted granted Critical

1998-07-01 Publication of ES2074002B1 publication Critical patent/ES2074002B1/es

2013-06-10 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Status Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 4
230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 abstract 3
XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 3
239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract 2
244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 abstract 1
230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 abstract 1
230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1

Classifications

- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/52—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material
- B01D46/521—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material using folded, pleated material
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
- A61M16/1045—Devices for humidifying or heating the inspired gas by using recovered moisture or heat from the expired gas
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
- A61M16/105—Filters
- A61M16/1055—Filters bacterial
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
- A61M16/105—Filters
- A61M16/106—Filters in a path
- A61M16/1065—Filters in a path in the expiratory path
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
- A61M16/105—Filters
- A61M16/106—Filters in a path
- A61M16/107—Filters in a path in the inspiratory path
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
- B01D39/18—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being cellulose or derivatives thereof
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
- B01D39/2068—Other inorganic materials, e.g. ceramics
- B01D39/2082—Other inorganic materials, e.g. ceramics the material being filamentary or fibrous
- B01D39/2089—Other inorganic materials, e.g. ceramics the material being filamentary or fibrous otherwise bonded, e.g. by resins
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/0027—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions
- B01D46/003—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions including coalescing means for the separation of liquid
- B01D46/0031—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions including coalescing means for the separation of liquid with collecting, draining means
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/10—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filter plates, sheets or pads having plane surfaces
- B01D46/16—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filter plates, sheets or pads having plane surfaces arranged on non-filtering conveyors or supports
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
- A61M16/08—Bellows; Connecting tubes ; Water traps; Patient circuits
- A61M16/0816—Joints or connectors
- A61M16/0833—T- or Y-type connectors, e.g. Y-piece
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2273/00—Operation of filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D2273/18—Testing of filters, filter elements, sealings
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2275/00—Filter media structures for filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D2275/10—Multiple layers

Landscapes

Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
Biomedical Technology (AREA)
Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
Hematology (AREA)
Pulmonology (AREA)
Emergency Medicine (AREA)
General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
Public Health (AREA)
Anesthesiology (AREA)
Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
Geology (AREA)
Filtering Materials (AREA)
External Artificial Organs (AREA)
Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

ES09301272A 1992-06-11 1993-06-10 Filtros de intercambio de calor y de humedad. Expired - Fee Related ES2074002B1 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
GB929212399A GB9212399D0 (en)	1992-06-11	1992-06-11	Heat and moisture exchanging filters

Publications (3)

Publication Number	Publication Date
ES2074002A2 ES2074002A2 (es)	1995-08-16
ES2074002R true ES2074002R (it)	1997-12-16
ES2074002B1 ES2074002B1 (es)	1998-07-01

Family

ID=10716927

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
ES09301272A Expired - Fee Related ES2074002B1 (es)	1992-06-11	1993-06-10	Filtros de intercambio de calor y de humedad.

Country Status (16)

Country	Link
JP (1)	JPH0663141A (it)
AT (1)	AT403657B (it)
AU (1)	AU667538B2 (it)
CA (1)	CA2098132C (it)
CH (1)	CH687297A5 (it)
DE (1)	DE4319458B4 (it)
DK (1)	DK174117B1 (it)
ES (1)	ES2074002B1 (it)
FI (1)	FI110236B (it)
FR (2)	FR2692153A1 (it)
GB (2)	GB9212399D0 (it)
GR (1)	GR930100236A (it)
IT (1)	IT1260845B (it)
NL (1)	NL194750C (it)
NO (1)	NO302861B1 (it)
SE (1)	SE510976C3 (it)

Families Citing this family (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
BE1009575A3 (nl) *	1995-08-28	1997-05-06	Anthony Jean M	Toestel om warmte- en vochtverlies te compenseren in een inrichting die lucht aan een patient toedient of restitueert.
US5575279A (en) *	1996-01-02	1996-11-19	Emergency Filtration Products, Inc.	Dual-filtered rotary isolation valve for resusciation
GB9704241D0 (en) *	1997-02-28	1997-04-16	Smiths Industries Plc	Gas-treatment devices
WO1999003525A1 (en)	1997-07-16	1999-01-28	Pall Corporation	Breathing filter
FR2770137B1 (fr) *	1997-10-27	2000-01-28	Georges Boussignac	Dispositif d'assistance respiratoire
NL1007699C2 (nl) *	1997-12-04	1999-06-09	Medisize Bv	Beademingssysteem.
DE19903732B4 (de)	1999-01-30	2007-12-13	Gottlieb Weinmann - Geräte für Medizin und Arbeitsschutz - GmbH + Co KG	Vorrichtung zur Beatmung sowie Verfahren zur Aufbereitung eines Beatmungsgases
EP1068889A1 (en)	1999-07-16	2001-01-17	3M Innovative Properties Company	High efficiency medical breathing system filter based on a filtration medium of a nonwoven web of thermoplastic resin fibers
DE19950717B4 (de) *	1999-10-21	2004-06-24	DRäGER AEROSPACE GMBH	Atemmaske
JP4358507B2 (ja) *	2000-12-01	2009-11-04	ミリポア・コーポレイション	多機能バリヤフィルターを備えた化学プロセスシステム
KR100436438B1 (ko) *	2001-11-06	2004-06-16	김유복	숯이 함유된 엠보싱 멀칭비닐의 제조방법
DE10238683A1 (de) *	2002-08-19	2004-03-11	Rist, Max, Dr.	Vorrichtung zur Beeinflussung von Gasflüssen
WO2008044792A1 (en) *	2006-10-10	2008-04-17	Furrex Co., Ltd.	Heat and moisture exchanger for patient breathing
US8567391B2 (en)	2006-10-10	2013-10-29	Furrex Co., Ltd.	Heat and moisture exchanger, heat and moisture exchanging device, and mask
US8079574B2 (en)	2007-05-16	2011-12-20	ZenPure Corp.	Membrane based contactor module for mass and heat transfer
US8105410B2 (en) *	2007-07-17	2012-01-31	Teleflex Medical Incorporated	Water dissipation device with capillary action
US8236081B2 (en)	2007-07-17	2012-08-07	Teleflex Medical Incorporated	Permeable membrane water dissipation device
US8252081B2 (en)	2007-07-17	2012-08-28	Teleflex Medical Incorporated	Water dissipation device and method
DE102008049177B3 (de) *	2008-09-26	2010-02-04	Dräger Medical AG & Co. KG	Vorrichtung zur Steuerung des Atemgasflusses
GB0919903D0 (en) *	2009-11-13	2009-12-30	Cambridge Design Res Llp	Ventilator gas humidification device
GB2539121B (en)	2012-03-15	2017-03-22	Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd	Respiratory gas humidification system
EP2647401A1 (en) *	2012-04-04	2013-10-09	Covidien AG	A filter of absorbing, retaining and releasing heat and/or moisture of exhaled and inhaled gas and method of forming such a filter
BR112014026771B1 (pt)	2012-04-27	2022-03-15	Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited	Aparelho de umidificação para sistema de umidificação respiratória
GB2514477A (en)	2013-04-04	2014-11-26	Forderung Von Medizin Bio Und Umwelttechnologien E V Fachsektion Dresden Ges	A particle filtering material
GB2580554B (en)	2013-09-13	2020-12-30	Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Ltd	Connections for humidification system
US10449319B2 (en)	2014-02-07	2019-10-22	Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited	Respiratory humidification system
BR112016026576B1 (pt) *	2014-05-12	2022-06-14	Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation	Filtro de recuperação de líquido
EP4670770A3 (en)	2014-06-03	2026-01-07	Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited	A humidification chamber for a respiratory therapy apparatus
US20170189727A1 (en) *	2014-06-04	2017-07-06	Free Air, Inc.	Systems and methods for removing ultra-fine particles from air
EP3551978B1 (en)	2016-12-07	2022-01-26	Fisher&Paykel Healthcare Limited	Sensing arrangements for medical devices
WO2021176291A1 (en) *	2020-03-06	2021-09-10	3M Innovative Properties Company	Counterflow energy recovery ventilator core comprising seamless pleated support media
US10926209B1 (en)	2020-06-05	2021-02-23	Celios Corporation	Air filtration system, air filtration device, and air filtration module for use therewith
US10870076B1 (en)	2020-06-05	2020-12-22	Celios Corporation	Air filtration system, air filtration device, and air filtration module for use therewith
CN115769057A (zh) *	2020-07-02	2023-03-07	菲利普莫里斯生产公司	用于评估过滤介质的测试室设备

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
FR1261247A (fr) *	1960-03-25	1961-05-19	Saint Gobain	Matériau incombustible filtrant, notamment pour la filtration des gaz
GB933852A (en) *	1961-07-10	1963-08-14	Fram Corp	Separator for immiscible fluids
JPS4936904A (it) *	1972-08-15	1974-04-05
GB1485128A (en) *	1974-12-17	1977-09-08	Marshall D	Bonded two-stage high efficiency filter
JPS523911Y2 (it) *	1975-03-20	1977-01-27
DE2851564A1 (de) *	1978-11-29	1980-06-04	Siemens Ag	Vorrichtung zum anwaermen und befeuchten eines beatmungsgases
US4360018A (en) *	1979-12-20	1982-11-23	American Hospital Supply Corporation	Anesthesia system and method of filtering respiratory gas
US4344999A (en) *	1980-04-22	1982-08-17	W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.	Breathable laminate
US4459139A (en) *	1981-09-14	1984-07-10	Gelman Sciences Inc.	Disposable filter device and liquid aspirating system incorporating same
JPS6068093A (ja) *	1983-09-21	1985-04-18	Mitsubishi Rayon Co Ltd	水処理システム
SU1342514A1 (ru) *	1984-11-26	1987-10-07	Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт горноспасательного дела	Влаготеплообменное устройство дыхательного аппарата на химически св занном кислороде
EP0246917B1 (en) *	1986-05-23	1992-07-22	W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc.	High performance gas filter
AU7943387A (en) *	1986-10-16	1988-04-21	Intertech Resources Inc.	Heat and moisture exchanger for respiratory gases
US5022394A (en) *	1988-10-11	1991-06-11	Homecare Of Dearborn	Heat and moisture exchanger device for tracheostomy patients
DD278501A1 (de) *	1988-12-27	1990-05-09	Medizin Labortechnik Veb K	Vorrichtung zum anwaermen und befeuchten von beatmungsgasen
GB8916361D0 (en) *	1989-07-18	1989-09-06	Smiths Industries Plc	Filters
DE3942813A1 (de) *	1989-12-23	1991-06-27	Akzo Gmbh	Laminat

1992
- 1992-06-11 GB GB929212399A patent/GB9212399D0/en active Pending
1993
- 1993-06-08 GR GR930100236A patent/GR930100236A/el unknown
- 1993-06-09 GB GB9311889A patent/GB2267661B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-06-09 AT AT0112593A patent/AT403657B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-09 SE SE9301970A patent/SE510976C3/sv unknown
- 1993-06-10 CA CA002098132A patent/CA2098132C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-06-10 IT ITTO930424A patent/IT1260845B/it active IP Right Grant
- 1993-06-10 FI FI932661A patent/FI110236B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-10 ES ES09301272A patent/ES2074002B1/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-06-10 NO NO932126A patent/NO302861B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-11 JP JP5140876A patent/JPH0663141A/ja active Pending
- 1993-06-11 AU AU40184/93A patent/AU667538B2/en not_active Expired
- 1993-06-11 DK DK199300701A patent/DK174117B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-11 NL NL9301022A patent/NL194750C/nl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-11 FR FR9307091A patent/FR2692153A1/fr active Pending
- 1993-06-11 CH CH01755/93A patent/CH687297A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-06-11 DE DE4319458A patent/DE4319458B4/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
1997
- 1997-06-18 FR FR9707568A patent/FR2749173B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
ITTO930424A1 (it)	1994-12-10
GB2267661A (en)	1993-12-15
GB9311889D0 (en)	1993-07-28
SE510976C2 (sv)	1999-07-19
GR930100236A (el)	1994-02-28
AT403657B (de)	1998-04-27
FR2692153A1 (fr)	1993-12-17
JPH0663141A (ja)	1994-03-08
FR2749173B1 (fr)	1998-11-06
FR2749173A1 (fr)	1997-12-05
FI932661A0 (fi)	1993-06-10
ATA112593A (de)	1997-09-15
AU667538B2 (en)	1996-03-28
AU4018493A (en)	1993-12-16
DE4319458A1 (de)	1993-12-16
IT1260845B (it)	1996-04-23
SE510976C3 (sv)	1999-08-30
CA2098132C (en)	2000-10-17
FI110236B (fi)	2002-12-31
DE4319458B4 (de)	2005-06-09
FI932661L (fi)	1993-12-12
NL194750B (nl)	2002-10-01
NO932126L (no)	1993-12-13
ES2074002A2 (es)	1995-08-16
NO932126D0 (no)	1993-06-10
DK174117B1 (da)	2002-07-01
NL194750C (nl)	2003-02-04
NO302861B1 (no)	1998-05-04
GB9212399D0 (en)	1992-07-22
SE9301970L (sv)	1993-12-12
ITTO930424A0 (it)	1993-06-10
SE9301970D0 (sv)	1993-06-09
CH687297A5 (de)	1996-11-15
DK70193D0 (da)	1993-06-11
ES2074002B1 (es)	1998-07-01
CA2098132A1 (en)	1993-12-12
DK70193A (da)	1993-12-12
GB2267661B (en)	1995-10-18
NL9301022A (nl)	1994-01-03

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
2014-11-20	FD2A	Announcement of lapse in spain	Effective date: 20141120

Publication	Publication Date	Title
ES2074002B1 (es)	1998-07-01	Filtros de intercambio de calor y de humedad.
ES2026959T3 (es)	1992-05-16	Aparato de anestesia por inhalacion.
US20070106382A1 (en)	2007-05-10	Nose mask
DE3376253D1 (de)	1988-05-19	Inhalateur de vapeur
SE8800203D0 (sv)	1988-01-22	Andningsventil
AR006269A1 (es)	1999-08-11	Articulo absorbente que tiene un gradiente de respirabilidad
ES524853A0 (es)	1984-05-01	Perfeccionamientos en los aparatos para la adicion de medios narcoticos yno anestesicos al gas de respiracion que se debe administrar a un paciente
CA2343123A1 (en)	2000-04-27	Active substance concentrate with formoterol, suitable for storage
ATE183920T1 (de)	1999-09-15	Therapeutisches inhalationspräparat
DK160230C (da)	1991-07-22	Fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af steril luft til medicinsk anvendelse og anlaeg til brug ved fremgangsmaaden
ATE182475T1 (de)	1999-08-15	Vorrichtung zur rückgewinnung von narkosemittel
ES2081968T3 (es)	1996-03-16	Equipo para la purificacion de sangre.
US4128407A (en)	1978-12-05	Sterile oxygen system and replaceable filter therefore
Shaw et al.	1977	Penetrating airgun injuries of the head
ES2075008T3 (es)	1995-10-01	Capa filtrante de carbon activo para mascaras de gas, y mascara de gas que contiene esta capa filtrante de carbon activo.
FI863841L (fi)	1988-03-24	Stroemningsindikator foer respiratoranordningar.
ATE154934T1 (de)	1997-07-15	Aminocyclohexylamide für antiarrhythmische und anästhetische verwendungen
EP0391726A3 (en)	1992-03-25	Improved filtration medium and face mask containing the same
DE20302580U1 (de)	2003-04-24	Feucht-Wärme-Austauschvorrichtung für die Atemluft
IT1318615B1 (it)	2003-08-27	Casco per la respirazione artificiale senza l'ausilio di maschere otubi tracheali.
WO1986004249A1 (fr)	1986-07-31	Capsules nasales
KR200350026Y1 (ko)	2004-05-08	긴급구난용 마우스피스
SU41639A1 (ru)	1935-02-28	Респиратор
Behnke	1966	Atmospheric Ecology III: Remedial Atmospheres
Chin et al.	1971	Neuritis and arthritis following rubella immunization