ES2104359T3 - Silice modificada superficialmente. - Google Patents
Silice modificada superficialmente.Info
- Publication number
- ES2104359T3 ES2104359T3 ES94908738T ES94908738T ES2104359T3 ES 2104359 T3 ES2104359 T3 ES 2104359T3 ES 94908738 T ES94908738 T ES 94908738T ES 94908738 T ES94908738 T ES 94908738T ES 2104359 T3 ES2104359 T3 ES 2104359T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- surface modified
- modified silicon
- surfactant
- material treated
- silica
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical class O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/28—Compounds of silicon
- C09C1/30—Silicic acid
- C09C1/3063—Treatment with low-molecular organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/28—Compounds of silicon
- C09C1/30—Silicic acid
- C09C1/3072—Treatment with macro-molecular organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/43—Thickening agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/45—Anti-settling agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/02—Amorphous compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/50—Agglomerated particles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/10—Solid density
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/22—Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
- C08K3/36—Silica
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/02—Ingredients treated with inorganic substances
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Dental Preparations (AREA)
- Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
Abstract
UN NUEVO Y MEJORADO SILICE MODIFICADO SUPERFICIACTIVO Y UN METODO PARA FABRICARLO. EL SILICE MODIFICADO SUPERFICIACTIVO ESTA CARACTERIZADO COMO UN SILICE AHUMADO QUE TIENE UN MATERIAL SUPERFICIACTIVO TRATADO CON EL MISMO. TAMBIEN SE HA DESCUBIERTO UN PROCESO PARA ESPESAR SISTEMAS ACUOSOS QUE INCLUYE LA ADICION DE UNA CANTIDAD EFECTIVA DE SILICE AHUMADO QUE TIENE UN MATERIAL SUPERFICIACTIVO TRATADO CON EL MISMO.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US1721293A | 1993-02-12 | 1993-02-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2104359T3 true ES2104359T3 (es) | 1997-10-01 |
Family
ID=21781357
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES94908738T Expired - Lifetime ES2104359T3 (es) | 1993-02-12 | 1994-02-08 | Silice modificada superficialmente. |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5472493A (es) |
| EP (1) | EP0683809B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JPH08506611A (es) |
| KR (2) | KR960701155A (es) |
| CN (1) | CN1052742C (es) |
| AT (1) | ATE154064T1 (es) |
| AU (1) | AU673583B2 (es) |
| BR (1) | BR9405723A (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2155407C (es) |
| DE (1) | DE69403631T2 (es) |
| DK (1) | DK0683809T3 (es) |
| ES (1) | ES2104359T3 (es) |
| WO (1) | WO1994018277A1 (es) |
Families Citing this family (49)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PT725037E (pt) * | 1995-02-04 | 2001-07-31 | Degussa | Granulados a base de dioxido de silicio preparado pirogenicamente processo para a sua preparacao e sua utilizacao |
| CN1097453C (zh) * | 1995-02-15 | 2003-01-01 | 普罗克特和甘保尔公司 | 结晶羟基蜡作为水包油稳定剂用于洁肤液体组合物 |
| US6080707A (en) * | 1995-02-15 | 2000-06-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Crystalline hydroxy waxes as oil in water stabilizers for skin cleansing liquid composition |
| CN1092040C (zh) | 1995-03-14 | 2002-10-09 | 普罗克特和甘保尔公司 | 分散的无定形二氧化硅作为水包油稳定剂用于洁肤液体组合物 |
| EP0814768B1 (en) * | 1995-03-14 | 2002-11-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Dispersed smectite clay as oil in water stabilizer for skin cleansing liquid composition |
| US6051320A (en) * | 1995-08-30 | 2000-04-18 | Audra International, L.L.C. | Thin-walled natural rubber latex material substantially free of sulfur and nitrosamines |
| US6383552B1 (en) | 1995-08-30 | 2002-05-07 | Audra Noecker | Thin-walled natural rubber latex material substantially free of sulfur and nitrosamines, and method of making same |
| WO1997012945A1 (en) * | 1995-10-06 | 1997-04-10 | Cabot Corporation | Aqueous thixotropes for waterborne systems |
| WO1998056906A1 (en) | 1997-06-11 | 1998-12-17 | Thoegersen Hans Christian | Trimerising module |
| EP0999231B1 (en) * | 1997-07-16 | 2006-01-18 | Maruo Calcium Company Limited | Glycoldispersion of anorganic powder, process for producing the same, and polyester composition containing the dispersion |
| HUP0101147A3 (en) | 1998-01-16 | 2002-10-28 | Cabot Corp | Powder coating composition |
| US6084767A (en) * | 1998-09-29 | 2000-07-04 | General Electric Company | Ultracapacitor separator |
| DE19910521A1 (de) * | 1999-03-10 | 2000-09-28 | Kronos Titan Gmbh & Co Ohg | Organisch nachbehandelte Pigmente für Lacksysteme |
| US6887566B1 (en) | 1999-11-17 | 2005-05-03 | Cabot Corporation | Ceria composition and process for preparing same |
| US6303685B1 (en) | 2000-04-25 | 2001-10-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Water dispersed primers |
| US6455613B1 (en) * | 2000-08-18 | 2002-09-24 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Tire with component of rubber composition which contains modified fumed silica reinforcement |
| US6679945B2 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2004-01-20 | Degussa Ag | Pyrogenically prepared silicon dioxide |
| US20030166758A1 (en) * | 2002-02-20 | 2003-09-04 | Barkac Karen A. | Curable powder film-forming composition exhibiting improved flow and leveling |
| US6790904B2 (en) * | 2002-06-03 | 2004-09-14 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Liquid coating of film-forming resin and particles chemically modified to lower surface tension |
| US7141618B2 (en) * | 2002-06-03 | 2006-11-28 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Coating compositions with modified particles and methods of using the same |
| AU2003286153A1 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2004-07-09 | Degussa Ag | Structurally modified silica |
| EP1599258B1 (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2008-08-06 | Micro Therapeutics, Inc. | Fumed silica embolic compositions |
| US20050025707A1 (en) * | 2003-02-27 | 2005-02-03 | Patterson William R. | Fumed silica embolic compositions |
| CN100339445C (zh) * | 2003-04-07 | 2007-09-26 | 章浩龙 | 一种纳米二氧化硅乳液及其制造方法和用途 |
| US8287843B2 (en) * | 2003-06-23 | 2012-10-16 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Antiplaque oral care compositions |
| US8865135B2 (en) * | 2003-06-23 | 2014-10-21 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Stable dentifrice compositions |
| JP3908718B2 (ja) * | 2003-11-06 | 2007-04-25 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | インクジェット記録媒体のインク受容層用塗布液、インクジェット記録媒体及びインクジェット記録媒体の製造方法 |
| CN100457833C (zh) * | 2005-10-26 | 2009-02-04 | 太原理工大学 | 一种纳米SiO2粉体材料表面改性的方法 |
| EP2361679A3 (en) * | 2005-12-12 | 2011-09-07 | ETH Zurich | Ultrastable particle-stabilized emulsions |
| JP2008038090A (ja) * | 2006-08-09 | 2008-02-21 | Kao Corp | インクジェット記録用水系インク |
| US7691287B2 (en) * | 2007-01-31 | 2010-04-06 | Dupont Air Products Nanomaterials Llc | Method for immobilizing ligands and organometallic compounds on silica surface, and their application in chemical mechanical planarization |
| CN101279240B (zh) * | 2008-01-09 | 2010-06-09 | 浙江大学 | 有机改性纳米氧化硅吸附材料的制备方法 |
| DE102009045116A1 (de) * | 2009-09-29 | 2011-03-31 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Niederdruckvermahlungsverfahren |
| CN102191680B (zh) * | 2011-03-15 | 2012-07-11 | 深圳航天科技创新研究院 | 一种基于SiO2微纳米球的剪切增稠流体的制备方法 |
| JP5685465B2 (ja) * | 2011-03-28 | 2015-03-18 | 株式会社Adeka | 溶剤型塗料組成物 |
| US9528010B2 (en) | 2011-03-28 | 2016-12-27 | Adeka Corporation | Silica composition |
| JP5685466B2 (ja) * | 2011-03-28 | 2015-03-18 | 株式会社Adeka | シリカ組成物 |
| CN102702798B (zh) * | 2012-06-18 | 2014-04-02 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所 | 一种改性二氧化硅填料及其制备方法 |
| US20140249256A1 (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2014-09-04 | Homax Products, Inc. | Texture Material for Covering a Repaired Portion of a Textured Surface |
| JP5992251B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-21 | 2016-09-14 | 株式会社Adeka | 変性シリカ組成物からなる自動車塗料用添加剤 |
| UA119331C2 (uk) * | 2013-11-08 | 2019-06-10 | Новозімес Біоаґ А/С | Композиції та способи для обробки від шкідників |
| JP2016183263A (ja) * | 2015-03-26 | 2016-10-20 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | シリカ組成物 |
| DE202016003070U1 (de) | 2016-05-09 | 2016-06-07 | Clariant International Ltd. | Stabilisatoren für Silikatfarben |
| EP3467052B1 (de) * | 2017-10-06 | 2022-04-13 | Evonik Operations GmbH | Wässrige dispersion enthaltend siliziumdioxid und trimethyl 1,6-hexamethylendiamin |
| CN109251580A (zh) * | 2018-09-06 | 2019-01-22 | 明光市飞洲新材料有限公司 | 一种建筑外墙水性涂料防沉增稠剂及其制备工艺 |
| CN110845979B (zh) * | 2019-11-20 | 2021-12-03 | 北京市建筑工程研究院有限责任公司 | 一种改性缓凝粘结剂及其制备方法 |
| CN110821046B (zh) * | 2019-11-20 | 2021-12-03 | 北京市建筑工程研究院有限责任公司 | 一种缓粘结预应力筋及其制备方法 |
| CN113088232B (zh) * | 2021-05-14 | 2023-04-18 | 河北星辰工程科技有限公司 | 一种缓粘结剂及缓粘结预应力钢棒 |
| CN117004233B (zh) * | 2023-08-28 | 2024-03-08 | 青岛国进电子有限公司 | 硅胶夜光钓坠及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2028702A1 (de) * | 1969-06-13 | 1970-12-17 | Cabot Corp., Boston, Mass. (V.St.A.)j | Verfahren zur Herstellung von oberflächenmodifizierten Metall- oder Nichtmetalloxyden |
| US4443357A (en) * | 1981-01-12 | 1984-04-17 | Economics Laboratory, Inc. | Hydrophobic silica or silicate, compositions containing the same and methods for making and using the same |
| US4548646A (en) * | 1982-11-15 | 1985-10-22 | Sermatech International Incorporated | Thixotropic coating compositions and methods |
| JPS6039169A (ja) * | 1983-08-12 | 1985-02-28 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | 親水性金属表面処理剤 |
| US4477607A (en) * | 1983-08-31 | 1984-10-16 | Loctite Corporation | Thixotropic cyanoacrylate compositions |
| US4554147A (en) * | 1984-04-02 | 1985-11-19 | General Electric Company | Method for treating fumed silica |
| US4798766A (en) * | 1985-02-08 | 1989-01-17 | E.C.C. America Inc. | Surface modified clays and process of manufacture |
| US4677158A (en) * | 1985-11-12 | 1987-06-30 | United Catalysts Inc. | Paint thickener |
| DE3542240A1 (de) * | 1985-11-29 | 1987-06-04 | Degussa | Verfahren zur verstaerkung der verdickenden wirkung von auf pyrogenem wege hergestelltem siliciumdioxid |
| US4866018A (en) * | 1987-03-26 | 1989-09-12 | United Catalyst | Organophilic clay modified with zirconium aluminum organic complexes |
| US4874728A (en) * | 1987-03-26 | 1989-10-17 | United Catalyst Inc. | Organophilic clay modified with silane compounds |
| US4769078A (en) * | 1988-03-07 | 1988-09-06 | United Catalysts, Inc. | Organophilic clay modified with betaine type compounds |
| US5028267A (en) * | 1988-12-23 | 1991-07-02 | Axim Concrete Technologies, Inc. | Aqueous dispersion of microsilica having a delayed thixotropic reaction |
| JPH07119365B2 (ja) * | 1989-03-29 | 1995-12-20 | 東レ・ダウコーニング・シリコーン株式会社 | シリコーンゴム組成物 |
| US5034556A (en) * | 1989-04-03 | 1991-07-23 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Reaction products of alpha-aminomethylene phosphonic acids and epoxy compounds and their use in coating compositions |
| ES2062167T3 (es) * | 1989-05-23 | 1994-12-16 | Basf Corp | Aditivo controlador reologico en productos de recubrimiento acuosos. |
| JP2941359B2 (ja) * | 1990-05-29 | 1999-08-25 | 水澤化学工業株式会社 | 分散性に優れた非晶質シリカ系填料 |
| CN1027251C (zh) * | 1990-06-29 | 1995-01-04 | 中国科学院感光化学研究所 | 制备高纯度、单分散憎水超细二氧化硅颗粒的方法 |
| US5137639A (en) * | 1991-05-09 | 1992-08-11 | Ppg Industries, Inc. | Method for purifying waste water using surface modified silica |
| JP2894526B2 (ja) * | 1992-02-28 | 1999-05-24 | 東レ・ダウコーニング・シリコーン 株式会社 | ロール用導電性シリコーンゴム組成物 |
-
1994
- 1994-02-08 JP JP6518307A patent/JPH08506611A/ja active Pending
- 1994-02-08 EP EP94908738A patent/EP0683809B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-02-08 DK DK94908738.1T patent/DK0683809T3/da active
- 1994-02-08 KR KR1019950703402A patent/KR960701155A/ko active Granted
- 1994-02-08 AU AU61604/94A patent/AU673583B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-02-08 BR BR9405723A patent/BR9405723A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-08 WO PCT/US1994/001397 patent/WO1994018277A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-02-08 DE DE69403631T patent/DE69403631T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-02-08 AT AT94908738T patent/ATE154064T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-08 KR KR1019950703402A patent/KR0150096B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-02-08 CA CA002155407A patent/CA2155407C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-02-08 ES ES94908738T patent/ES2104359T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-02-08 CN CN94191347A patent/CN1052742C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-01-09 US US08/370,335 patent/US5472493A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR0150096B1 (ko) | 1998-10-01 |
| ATE154064T1 (de) | 1997-06-15 |
| DK0683809T3 (da) | 1997-12-15 |
| CN1052742C (zh) | 2000-05-24 |
| KR960701155A (ko) | 1996-02-24 |
| BR9405723A (pt) | 1995-11-28 |
| AU6160494A (en) | 1994-08-29 |
| EP0683809B1 (en) | 1997-06-04 |
| US5472493A (en) | 1995-12-05 |
| CN1118605A (zh) | 1996-03-13 |
| AU673583B2 (en) | 1996-11-14 |
| JPH08506611A (ja) | 1996-07-16 |
| WO1994018277A1 (en) | 1994-08-18 |
| DE69403631D1 (de) | 1997-07-10 |
| DE69403631T2 (de) | 1997-10-16 |
| EP0683809A1 (en) | 1995-11-29 |
| CA2155407A1 (en) | 1994-08-18 |
| CA2155407C (en) | 1999-07-20 |
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