ES2819051T3 - Uso de composiciones que comprenden HFCO-1233zd - Google Patents

Uso de composiciones que comprenden HFCO-1233zd Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2819051T3
ES2819051T3 ES10014872T ES10014872T ES2819051T3 ES 2819051 T3 ES2819051 T3 ES 2819051T3 ES 10014872 T ES10014872 T ES 10014872T ES 10014872 T ES10014872 T ES 10014872T ES 2819051 T3 ES2819051 T3 ES 2819051T3
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hfco
compositions
composition
flame
compounds
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Rajiv R Singh
Hang T Pham
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Honeywell International Inc
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Honeywell International Inc
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    • C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
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Abstract

Uso de una composición que comprende 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd) en un método para sofocar una llama, comprendiendo dicho método poner en contacto dicha llama con dicha composición.

Description

DESCRIPCIÓN
Uso de composiciones que comprenden HFCO-1233zd
Campo de la invención
Esta invención se refiere al uso de una composición que comprende 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd) en un método para sofocar una llama, comprendiendo dicho método poner en contacto dicha llama con dicha composición. Esta invención se refiere además a un método para reducir la inflamabilidad de un fluido, comprendiendo el método la etapa de añadir una composición que comprende HFCO-1233zd a dicho fluido.
Antecedentes
Los fluidos a base de fluorocarbono han encontrado un uso extendido en muchas aplicaciones comerciales e industriales, incluido como fluido de trabajo en sistemas como climatización, sistemas de bomba de calor y refrigeración, como propelentes de aerosoles, como agentes de soplado, como medios de transferencia de calor y como dieléctricos gaseosos. Debido a ciertos supuestos problemas medioambientales, incluido el potencial calentamiento global relativamente alto, asociado con el uso de algunas de las composiciones que se han usado hasta ahora en estas aplicaciones, cada vez es más deseable usar fluidos con un potencial de agotamiento del ozono bajo o incluso cero, como los hidrofluorocarburos («los HFC»). Por tanto, es deseable el uso de fluidos que no contengan clorofluorocarbonos («los CFC») o hidroclorofluorocarbonos («los HCFC»). Más aún, algunos fluidos de HFC pueden presentar potenciales de calentamiento global relativamente altos asociados con ellos, y es deseable usar hidrofluorocarbonos u otros fluidos fluorados que tengan un potencial de calentamiento global tan bajo como sea posible si bien manteniendo el rendimiento deseado en propiedades de uso. Adicionalmente, el uso de fluidos de un solo componente o mezclas de tipo azeótropo, que no se fraccionan sustancialmente en la ebullición y evaporación, es deseable en ciertas circunstancias.
Algunos fluorocarbonos han sido un componente preferido en muchos fluidos de intercambio de calor, como refrigerantes, durante muchos años en muchas aplicaciones. Por ejemplo, los fluoroalcanos, como derivados de clorofluorometano y clorofluoroetano, han llegado a tener un uso extendido como refrigerantes en aplicaciones que incluyen aplicaciones de climatización y bombas de calor debido a su combinación única de propiedades físicas y químicas. Muchos de los refrigerantes usados comúnmente en sistemas de compresión de vapor son fluidos de componentes únicos o mezclas azeotrópicas.
Como se sugirió anteriormente, en los últimos años ha aumentado la preocupación acerca del potencial daño a la atmósfera y al clima terrestres y se han identificado ciertos compuestos a base de cloro como particularmente problemáticos a este respecto. El uso de composiciones que contienen cloro (como los clorofluorocarburos (los CFC), los hidroclorofluorocarburos (los HCF) y similares) como el fluido de trabajo en sistemas de transferencia de calor, como en sistemas de refrigeración y de climatización, se ha desfavorecido debido a las propiedades de agotamiento del ozono asociadas con muchos de dichos compuestos. Ha habido, así, una creciente necesidad de nuevos compuestos de fluorocarburos e hidrofluorocarburos que fueran alternativas atractivas a las composiciones usadas hasta ahora en estas y en otras aplicaciones. Por ejemplo, se ha llegado a desear readaptar los sistemas de refrigeración que contienen cloro reemplazando los refrigerantes que contienen cloro con compuestos refrigerantes que no contengan cloro y que no agoten la capa de ozono, como los hidrofluorocarburos (los HFC). La industria en general y la industria de transferencia de calor, en particular, están buscando continuamente nuevas mezclas a base de fluorocarburos que ofrezcan alternativas a los CFC y a los HCFC, y que se consideren sustitutos medioambientalmente seguros de los mismos. En general se considera importante, sin embargo, al menos con respecto a los fluidos de transferencia de calor, que cualquier potencial sustituto también posea esas propiedades presentes en muchos de los fluidos más extensamente usados, como excelentes propiedades de transferencia de calor, estabilidad química, poca o ninguna toxicidad, incombustibilidad y/o compatibilidad del lubricante, entre otras.
Los solicitantes han logrado comprender que la compatibilidad del lubricante tiene particular importancia en muchas aplicaciones. Más en particular, es muy deseable que los fluidos de refrigeración sean compatibles con el lubricante utilizado en la unidad compresora, usado en la mayoría de los sistemas de refrigeración. Desafortunadamente, muchos fluidos de refrigeración que no contienen cloro, incluidos los HFC, son relativamente insolubles y/o inmiscibles en los tipos de lubricante usados tradicionalmente con los CFC y los HFC, incluidos por ejemplo, aceites minerales, alquilbencenos o poli(alfa-olefinas). Para que actúe una combinación de fluido de refrigeración-lubricante a un nivel deseado de eficiencia en un sistema de refrigeración por compresión, climatización y/o bomba de calor, el lubricante debe ser suficientemente soluble en el líquido de refrigeración por un amplio rango de temperaturas de operación. Dicha solubilidad disminuye la viscosidad de lubricante y permite que fluya más fácilmente por todo el sistema. En ausencia de dicha solubilidad, los lubricantes tienden a depositarse en los serpentines del evaporador del sistema de refrigeración, climatización o bomba de calor, así como en otras partes del sistema, y reducen, así, la eficacia del sistema.
Con respecto a la eficacia en el uso, es importante observar que una pérdida de rendimiento termodinámico del refrigerante o deficiencia energética puede tener impactos medioambientales secundarios por el aumento del uso de combustible fósil que surge del aumento de la demanda de energía eléctrica.
Además, se considera generalmente deseable que los sustitutos de los refrigerantes de CFC sean eficaces sin mayores cambios de ingeniería a la tecnología de compresión de vapor convencional usada en la actualidad con los refrigerantes de CFC.
La inflamabilidad es otra propiedad importante para muchas aplicaciones. Es decir, se considera importante o esencial en muchas aplicaciones, incluido en particular en aplicaciones de transferencia de calor, usar composiciones que no sean inflamables. Así, con frecuencia es beneficioso usar en dichas composiciones compuestos que no sean inflamables. Como se usa en la presente memoria, el término «no inflamable» se refiere a compuestos o composiciones que se determina que no son inflamables cuando se determina según la norma E-681 ASTM, con fecha de 2002, que se incorpora en la presente memoria por referencia. Desafortunadamente, muchos HFC que podría desearse usar, de otro modo, en composiciones de refrigerante no son no inflamables. Por ejemplo, el fluoroalcano difluoroetano (HFC-152a) y el fluoroalqueno 1,1,1-trifluoropropeno (HFO-1243zf) son inflamables y, por lo tanto, no es viable su uso en muchas aplicaciones.
Se han sugerido fluoroalquenos superiores, que son alquenos sustituidos con flúor que tienen al menos cinco átomos de carbono, para uso como refrigerantes. En la Patente de EE. UU. número 4,788,352 - Smutny hace referencia a la producción de compuestos C5 a Cs fluorados que tienen al menos algún grado de insaturación. En la patente de Smutny se identifican dichas olefinas superiores que se sabe que tienen utilidad como refrigerantes, pesticidas, fluidos dieléctricos, fluidos de transferencia de calor, disolventes y compuestos intermedios en varias reacciones químicas. (Véase la columna 1, líneas 11 -22).
Si bien las olefinas fluoradas descritas por Smutny pueden presentar algún nivel de eficacia en aplicaciones de transferencia de calor, se cree que dichos compuestos también pueden presentar ciertas desventajas. Por ejemplo, algunos de estos compuestos pueden tender a atacar sustratos, en particular plásticos de propósito general como resinas acrílicas y resinas ABS. Además, los compuestos olefínicos superiores descritos por Smutny también pueden ser indeseables en ciertas aplicaciones debido al potencial nivel de toxicidad de dichos compuestos que puede surgir como resultado de la actividad pesticida observada por Smutny. También, dichos compuestos pueden tener un punto de ebullición que sea demasiado alto para hacerlos útiles como refrigerante en ciertas aplicaciones.
Los derivados de bromofluorometano y bromoclorofluorometano, en particular bromotrifluorometano (Halon 1301) y bromoclorodifluorometano (Halon 1211) han alcanzado un uso extendido como agentes extintores de incendios en áreas cerradas como cabinas de aviones y salas de ordenadores. Sin embargo, el uso de diversos haloalcanos se está eliminando gradualmente debido al gran agotamiento del ozono. Además, como los haloalcanos se usan frecuentemente en áreas donde hay seres humanos, los reemplazos adecuados también deben ser seguros para los seres humanos a las concentraciones necesarias para sofocar o extinguir el incendio.
En la Patente Internacional WO2004/037913 se describe el uso de HFO-1225 y HFO-1234 en equipo de refrigeración.
En la Patente de EE. UU. US 5,710,352 se describe un método para la preparación de HFC-245fa y HCFC-1233.
Los solicitantes han logrado comprender, así, la necesidad de composiciones, y en particular composiciones para extinguir/sofocar incendios, que sean potencialmente útiles en numerosas aplicaciones, si bien evitando una o más de las desventajas indicadas anteriormente.
Sumario
Los solicitantes han encontrado que la necesidad ya indicada, y otras necesidades, pueden satisfacerse mediante el uso de composiciones que comprendan 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd).
El término HFCO-1233zd se usa en la presente memoria de manera genérica para referirse al 1,1,1 -trifluoro-3-cloropropeno, independientemente de que se sea la forma cis o la forma trans. Los términos «cisHFCO-1233zd» y «transHFCO-1233zd» se usan en la presente memoria para describir las formas cis y trans del 1, 1, 1-trifluoro,3-clororopropeno, respectivamente. El término «HFCO-1233zd» incluye, por lo tanto, dentro de su alcance cisHFCO-1233zd, transHFCO-1233zd, y todas las combinaciones y las mezclas de estos.
Descripción detallada
Las composiciones
En la presente memoria se describen composiciones que comprenden 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd).
Se cree que las composiciones descritas en la presente memoria poseen propiedades que son ventajosas por una serie de razones importantes. Por ejemplo, los solicitantes creen, basándose al menos en parte en modelos matemáticos, que las fluoroolefinas descritas en la presente memoria no afectarán de manera sustancialmente negativa a la química atmosférica, siendo contribuyentes despreciables al agotamiento del ozono en comparación con algunas otras especies halogenadas. Las composiciones descritas en la presente memoria presentan, así, la ventaja de no contribuir sustancialmente al agotamiento del ozono. Las composiciones tampoco contribuyen sustancialmente al calentamiento global en comparación con muchos de los hidrofluoroalcanos que se usan actualmente.
Por supuesto, otros compuestos y/o componentes que modulan una propiedad particular de las composiciones (como el coste, por ejemplo) también pueden estar incluidos en las composiciones y la presencia de todos esos compuestos y componentes se considera en la presente memoria.
En ciertas formas preferidas, las composiciones descritas en la presente memoria presentan un potencial de calentamiento global (GWP, por sus siglas en inglés) no mayor que aproximadamente 1000, más preferiblemente no mayor que aproximadamente 500, e incluso más preferiblemente no mayor que aproximadamente 150. El GWP de las composiciones descritas en la presente memoria puede ser no mayor que aproximadamente 100, e incluso más preferiblemente no mayor que aproximadamente 75. Como se usa en la presente memoria, el «GWP» se mide respecto al del dióxido de carbono y sobre un horizonte de tiempo de 100 años, como se define en «The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project».
En ciertas formas preferidas, las composiciones también presentan preferiblemente un potencial de agotamiento del ozono (ODP, por sus siglas en inglés) no mayor que 0,05, más preferiblemente no mayor que 0,02 e incluso más preferiblemente aproximadamente cero. Como se usa en la presente memoria, «ODP» es como se define en «The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project».
La cantidad del 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd), puede variar extensamente, dependiendo de la aplicación particular, y se consideran en la presente memoria las composiciones que contienen más que cantidades traza y menos que el 100 % del compuesto. Además, las composiciones pueden ser azeótropas, de tipo azeótropo o no azeótropas. Preferiblemente, las composiciones descritas en la presente memoria comprenden 1,1,1 -trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd), en cantidades de aproximadamente el 5 % en peso a aproximadamente el 99 % en peso e incluso más preferiblemente de aproximadamente el 5 % a aproximadamente el 95 %. Muchos compuestos o componentes adicionales, incluidos lubricantes, estabilizantes, pasivadores de metales, inhibidores de la corrosión, supresores de la inflamabilidad, y otros compuestos y/o componentes que modulan una propiedad particular de las composiciones (como el coste, por ejemplo) pueden incluirse en las composiciones descritas en la presente memoria y la presencia de todos esos compuestos y componentes se considera en la presente memoria. Las composiciones pueden incluir, además del 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd), uno o más de los siguientes:
Triclorofluorometano (CFC-11)
Diclorodifluorometano (CFC-12)
Difluorometano (HFC-32)
Pentafluoroetano (HFC-125)
1.1.2.2- tetrafluoroetano (HFC-134)
1.1.1.2- tetrafluoroetano (HFC-134a)
Difluoroetano (HFC-152a)
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropano (HFC-227ea)
1.1.1.3.3.3- hexafluoropropano (HFC-236fa)
1.1.1.3.3- pentafluoropropano (HFC-245fa)
1.1.1.3.3- pentafluorobutano (HFC-365mfc)
Agua
CO2
La cantidad relativa de cualquiera de los compuestos indicados anteriormente, así como cualquier componente adicional que pueda estar incluido en las composiciones, puede variar extensamente de acuerdo con la aplicación particular para la composición, y todas esas cantidades relativas se consideran dentro del alcance de esto.
Las composiciones descritas en la presente memoria son útiles generalmente como reemplazos para los CFC, como diclorodifluorometano (CFC-12), los HCFC, como clorodifluorometano (HCFC22), los HFC, como tetrafluoroetano (HFC-134a), y combinaciones de los HFC y los CFC, como la combinación de CFC-12 y 1,1-difluoretano (HFC-152a) (la combinación CFC-12 : HFC-152a en una relación en peso 73,8 : 26,2 que es conocida como R-500) en aplicaciones como refrigerante, aerosol y en otras aplicaciones.
Métodos y sistemas
Se describen métodos para extinguir y sofocar incendios y métodos para reducir la inflamabilidad de un fluido.
Métodos de reducción de la inflamabilidad
La presente invención proporciona métodos para reducir la inflamabilidad de los fluidos, comprendiendo dichos métodos añadir un compuesto o una composición descritos en la presente memoria a dicho fluido. La inflamabilidad asociada a cualquiera de una gran variedad de fluidos inflamables, de otro modo, puede reducirse de acuerdo con la presente invención. Por ejemplo, la inflamabilidad asociada a los fluidos como el óxido de etileno, los hidrofluorocarbonos e hidrocarburos inflamables, incluyendo: HFC-152a, 1,1,1-trifluoroetano (HFC-143a), difluorometano (HFC-32), propano, hexano, octano y similares puede reducirse de acuerdo con la presente invención. Para los propósitos de la presente invención, un fluido inflamable puede ser cualquier fluido que presente rangos de inflamabilidad en el aire cuando se mide mediante cualquier método de ensayo convencional patrón como ASTM E-681, y similares.
Cualquier cantidad adecuada de los compuestos o las composiciones descritos en la presente memoria puede añadirse para reducir la inflamabilidad de un fluido de acuerdo con la presente invención. Como reconocerán los expertos en la técnica, la cantidad añadida dependerá, al menos en parte, del grado en que sea inflamable el fluido objeto y el grado al que se desee reducir la inflamabilidad del mismo. En ciertas realizaciones preferidas, la cantidad de compuesto o de composición añadida al fluido inflamable es eficaz para hacer al fluido resultante sustancialmente no inflamable.
Métodos de supresión de la llama
La presente invención proporciona además métodos para sofocar una llama, comprendiendo dichos métodos poner en contacto una llama con un fluido que comprende un compuesto o una composición descritos en la presente memoria. Cualquier método adecuado para poner en contacto la llama con la composición puede usarse. Por ejemplo, una composición puede pulverizarse, verterse, y similares, sobre la llama, o al menos una porción de la llama puede sumergirse en la composición. A la luz de las explicaciones en la presente memoria, los expertos en la técnica podrán adaptar fácilmente diversos aparatos y métodos convencionales para sofocar una llama para uso en la presente invención.

Claims (9)

REIVINDICACIONES
1. Uso de una composición que comprende 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd) en un método para sofocar una llama, comprendiendo dicho método poner en contacto dicha llama con dicha composición.
2. Uso según la reivindicación 1, en donde el HCFO-1233zd es cis-HFCO-1233zd, trans-HFCO-1233zd o una combinación de los mismos, preferiblemente trans-HFCO-1233zd.
3. Uso según cualquier reivindicación precedente, en donde la composición presenta un potencial de calentamiento global (GWP) no mayor que 1000, preferiblemente no mayor que 500, más preferiblemente no mayor que 150, más preferiblemente no mayor que 100, más preferiblemente no mayor que 75.
4. Uso según cualquier reivindicación precedente, en donde la composición comprende de aproximadamente el 5 % a aproximadamente el 99 %, y preferiblemente de aproximadamente el 5 % a aproximadamente el 95 %, en peso del HFCO-1233zd.
5. Uso según cualquier reivindicación precedente, en donde la composición se pulveriza o se vierte sobre la llama o en donde al menos una porción de la llama se sumerge en la composición.
6. Un método para reducir la inflamabilidad de un fluido, comprendiendo el método la etapa de añadir una composición que comprende HFCO-1233zd a dicho fluido.
7. El método de la reivindicación 6, en donde el HCFO-1233zd es cis-HFCO-1233zd, trans-HFCO-1233zd o una combinación de los mismos, preferiblemente trans-HFCO-1233zd.
8. El método de las reivindicaciones 6 o 7, en donde la composición presenta un potencial de calentamiento global (GWP) no mayor que 1000, preferiblemente no mayor que 500, más preferiblemente no mayor que 150, más preferiblemente no mayor que 100, más preferiblemente no mayor que 75.
9. El método de las reivindicaciones 6 a 8, en donde la composición comprende de aproximadamente el 5 % a aproximadamente el 99 %, y preferiblemente de aproximadamente el 5 % a aproximadamente el 95 %, en peso del HFCO-1233zd.
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ES06785612.0T Active ES2527746T3 (es) 2005-06-24 2006-06-26 Método de extracción con disolventes usando trifluoro, monocloropropeno
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ES10014923T Active ES2761950T3 (es) 2005-06-24 2006-06-26 Uso de composiciones que comprenden 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-cloropropeno (HFCO-1233zd) como disolvente
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