IT1249726B - Composizione polimerica atta a ridurre la perdita di scorrevolezza di una composizione cementizia. - Google Patents
Composizione polimerica atta a ridurre la perdita di scorrevolezza di una composizione cementizia.Info
- Publication number
- IT1249726B IT1249726B ITRM910835A ITRM910835A IT1249726B IT 1249726 B IT1249726 B IT 1249726B IT RM910835 A ITRM910835 A IT RM910835A IT RM910835 A ITRM910835 A IT RM910835A IT 1249726 B IT1249726 B IT 1249726B
- Authority
- IT
- Italy
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- loss
- sliding
- salt
- reduce
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 4
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 abstract 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B24/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B24/2664—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid polymers, e.g. maleic anhydride copolymers
- C04B24/267—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid polymers, e.g. maleic anhydride copolymers containing polyether side chains
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
- C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F216/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical
- C08F216/12—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal or ketal radical by an ether radical
- C08F216/14—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F216/1416—Monomers containing oxygen in addition to the ether oxygen, e.g. allyl glycidyl ether
- C08F216/1425—Monomers containing side chains of polyether groups
- C08F216/1433—Monomers containing side chains of polyethylene oxide groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/10—Esters
- C08F222/12—Esters of phenols or saturated alcohols
- C08F222/20—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L35/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical, and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L35/08—Copolymers with vinyl ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/30—Water reducers, plasticisers, air-entrainers, flow improvers
- C04B2103/308—Slump-loss preventing agents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
Abstract
Una composizione polimerica che riduce la perdita di scorrevolezza di una composizione cementizia comprende almeno un polimero sotto forma di un suo sale, avente la forma di un copolimero di:(a) un emiestere di anidride maleica con un composto della formula I:RO (AO)mH (I)in cui R é un gruppo C1-20- alchilico, A è un gruppo C2-4- alchilenico e m è un numero intero da 2 a 16;e (b) un monomero avente la formula II:CH2 = CHCH2-(OA)n OR (II)in cui n è un numero intero che va da 1 a 90.In una forma di realizzazione preferita è presente un sale policarbossilato che è almeno un polimero o copolimero comprendente almeno uno dei monomeri: acido acrilico, acido metacrilico, anidride maleica, acido maleico e monoestere di acido maleico, il polimero e il sale policarbossilato essendo miscelati nella proporzione di 0,1-10 parti in peso di polimero per parte di sale policarbossilato.Composizioni cementizie come ad esempio calcestruzzo in cui dette composizioni polimeriche sono incluse, mantengono le loro proprietà di assettamento.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2298960A JP2741630B2 (ja) | 1990-11-06 | 1990-11-06 | セメント組成物の流動性低下防止剤 |
| JP2298961A JP2741631B2 (ja) | 1990-11-06 | 1990-11-06 | 流動性低下防止型セメント分散剤 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ITRM910835A0 ITRM910835A0 (it) | 1991-11-06 |
| ITRM910835A1 ITRM910835A1 (it) | 1993-05-06 |
| IT1249726B true IT1249726B (it) | 1995-03-09 |
Family
ID=26561731
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ITRM910835A IT1249726B (it) | 1990-11-06 | 1991-11-06 | Composizione polimerica atta a ridurre la perdita di scorrevolezza di una composizione cementizia. |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5162402A (it) |
| CA (1) | CA2054950C (it) |
| CH (1) | CH683258A5 (it) |
| DE (1) | DE4135956C2 (it) |
| FR (1) | FR2668773B1 (it) |
| GB (1) | GB2255096B (it) |
| IT (1) | IT1249726B (it) |
Families Citing this family (59)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU664812B2 (en) * | 1992-02-14 | 1995-11-30 | Nof Corporation | Cement admixture composition |
| CA2091310A1 (en) * | 1992-03-11 | 1993-09-12 | Hideo Koyata | Concrete composition having high flowability |
| JP2628486B2 (ja) * | 1992-09-30 | 1997-07-09 | 竹本油脂株式会社 | セメント用分散剤 |
| FR2699915B1 (fr) * | 1992-12-29 | 1995-03-10 | Prod Ind Cfpi Franc | Composition de matières améliorant les propriétés rhéologiques des produits à base de ciments. |
| AT399340B (de) * | 1993-02-01 | 1995-04-25 | Chemie Linz Gmbh | Copolymere auf basis von maleinsäurederivaten und vinylmonomeren, deren herstellung und verwendung |
| JP3420274B2 (ja) * | 1993-04-05 | 2003-06-23 | ダブリュー・アール・グレース・アンド・カンパニー−コーン | 流動性低下防止に優れた新規なセメント分散剤組成物 |
| CH689118A5 (de) * | 1993-06-11 | 1998-10-15 | Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind | Zusatzmittel zur Kontrolle des Fliessverhaltens von zementartigen Zusammensetzungen. |
| CA2117585C (en) * | 1993-09-14 | 2001-06-05 | Edward T. Shawl | Cement composition |
| IT1279390B1 (it) * | 1993-12-21 | 1997-12-10 | Sandoz Ag | Copolimeri di addizione utili come additivi fluidificanti per miscele cementizie |
| DE4421722A1 (de) * | 1994-06-21 | 1996-01-04 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Fließmittel für zementhaltige Bindemittelsuspensionen |
| DE19513126A1 (de) * | 1995-04-07 | 1996-10-10 | Sueddeutsche Kalkstickstoff | Copolymere auf Basis von Oxyalkylenglykol-Alkenylethern und ungesättigten Dicarbonsäure-Derivaten |
| US5703174A (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 1997-12-30 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Air controlling superplasticizers |
| US5670578A (en) * | 1996-12-10 | 1997-09-23 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Cement additives |
| US5614017A (en) * | 1996-03-26 | 1997-03-25 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Cement additives |
| JP3181226B2 (ja) * | 1996-06-28 | 2001-07-03 | 竹本油脂株式会社 | 水硬性セメント組成物用流動性低下防止剤及び水硬性セメント組成物の流動性低下防止方法 |
| US5912284A (en) * | 1996-12-26 | 1999-06-15 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Cement additive, its production process and use |
| AT404730B (de) * | 1997-04-07 | 1999-02-25 | Holderchem Ag | Acryl-copolymere und polymerzusammensetzungen sowie deren verwendung als additive oder beimischungen zur verbesserung der eigenschaften von dispersionen und baustoffen |
| BR9813009A (pt) * | 1997-08-25 | 2000-08-15 | Arco Chem Tech | Preparação de poliéteres funcionalizados |
| EP0930395A1 (en) * | 1998-01-20 | 1999-07-21 | Dow Europe S.A. | Low foaming paper surface sizing composition |
| US6087418A (en) * | 1998-01-22 | 2000-07-11 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Cement admixture and cement composition |
| US6908955B2 (en) * | 1999-07-09 | 2005-06-21 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Oligomeric dispersant |
| US6861459B2 (en) * | 1999-07-09 | 2005-03-01 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Oligomeric dispersant |
| US6133347A (en) | 1999-07-09 | 2000-10-17 | Mbt Holding Ag | Oligomeric dispersant |
| CA2393624A1 (en) | 1999-12-10 | 2001-06-14 | Mbt Holding Ag | Water-soluble air-controlling agents for cementitious compositions |
| US20030187100A1 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2003-10-02 | Mbt Holding Ag | Water soluble air controlling agents for cementitious compositions |
| JP2003516301A (ja) | 1999-12-10 | 2003-05-13 | エムビーティー ホールディング アーゲー | セメント組成物のための可溶化された消泡剤 |
| US6875801B2 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2005-04-05 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Solubilized defoamers for cementitious compositions |
| US8088842B2 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2012-01-03 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Solubilized defoamers for cementitious compositions |
| FR2815342B1 (fr) | 2000-10-13 | 2003-08-01 | Francais Ciments | Composition cimentaire, son utilisation pour la realisation de chape liquide autonivelante et chape ainsi obtenue |
| CN1318344C (zh) * | 2001-05-28 | 2007-05-30 | 株式会社日本触媒 | 水泥掺合料和水泥组合物 |
| US6858074B2 (en) * | 2001-11-05 | 2005-02-22 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | High early-strength cementitious composition |
| US20040149174A1 (en) * | 2003-02-05 | 2004-08-05 | Mbt Holding Ag | Accelerating admixture for concrete |
| WO2004076376A2 (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2004-09-10 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Strength improvement admixture |
| US6850699B2 (en) | 2003-02-28 | 2005-02-01 | Valeo Electrical Systems, Inc. | Fluid heater temperature control apparatus and method |
| MXPA05010352A (es) | 2003-03-27 | 2006-03-08 | Constr Res & Tech Gmbh | Suspension colorante liquida. |
| US20040211342A1 (en) * | 2003-04-25 | 2004-10-28 | Mbt Holding Ag | Rheology stabilizer for cementitious compositions |
| US7556684B2 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2009-07-07 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Amine containing strength improvement admixture |
| EP1758836B1 (en) | 2004-06-15 | 2013-08-14 | Construction Research & Technology GmbH | Providing freezing and thawing resistance to cementitious compositions |
| NZ562556A (en) | 2005-06-14 | 2011-03-31 | Constr Res & Tech Gmbh | Providing freezing and thawing resistance to cementitious compositions |
| US7815731B2 (en) | 2006-06-13 | 2010-10-19 | Sekisui Specialty Chemicals America, Llc | Polyvinyl alcohol fluid loss additive with improved rheological properties |
| EP2178807A1 (en) | 2007-08-10 | 2010-04-28 | Construction Research and Technology GmbH | Rheology modifying additive for dry cast cementitious compositions |
| EP2090596A1 (de) * | 2008-02-13 | 2009-08-19 | Construction Research and Technology GmbH | Copolymer mit Polyetherseitenketten und Hydroxyalkyl- und Säurebausteinen |
| US7973110B2 (en) | 2008-06-16 | 2011-07-05 | Construction Research & Technology Gmbh | Copolymer synthesis process |
| DE102011089535A1 (de) | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-27 | Evonik Industries Ag | Entschäumerzusammensetzungen für Baustoffmischungen |
| US8845940B2 (en) | 2012-10-25 | 2014-09-30 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Carbon dioxide treatment of concrete upstream from product mold |
| BR112015018518A2 (pt) | 2013-02-04 | 2017-07-18 | Coldcrete Inc | sistema e método para aplicar dióxido de carbono durante a produção de concreto |
| US10927042B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 | 2021-02-23 | Carboncure Technologies, Inc. | Methods and compositions for concrete production |
| US9376345B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 | 2016-06-28 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Methods for delivery of carbon dioxide to a flowable concrete mix |
| US9108883B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 | 2015-08-18 | Carboncure Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus for carbonation of a cement mix |
| US20160107939A1 (en) | 2014-04-09 | 2016-04-21 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Methods and compositions for concrete production |
| US9388072B2 (en) | 2013-06-25 | 2016-07-12 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Methods and compositions for concrete production |
| WO2015123769A1 (en) | 2014-02-18 | 2015-08-27 | Carboncure Technologies, Inc. | Carbonation of cement mixes |
| WO2015154174A1 (en) | 2014-04-07 | 2015-10-15 | Carboncure Technologies, Inc. | Integrated carbon dioxide capture |
| CN104710310B (zh) * | 2015-01-23 | 2016-11-23 | 四川同舟化工科技有限公司 | O-马来酰基乳酸酯化合物及其制备方法和在聚羧酸减水剂合成中的应用 |
| SG11201810010PA (en) | 2016-04-11 | 2018-12-28 | Carboncure Tech Inc | Methods and compositions for treatment of concrete wash water |
| CN106946494A (zh) * | 2017-04-15 | 2017-07-14 | 青岛理工大学 | 一种聚羧酸减水剂 |
| EP3642170B1 (en) | 2017-06-20 | 2025-01-15 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Methods for treatment of concrete wash water |
| US12421169B2 (en) | 2019-04-26 | 2025-09-23 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Carbonation of concrete aggregates |
| US12521908B2 (en) | 2020-06-12 | 2026-01-13 | Carboncure Technologies Inc. | Methods and compositions for delivery of carbon dioxide |
Family Cites Families (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2415400A (en) * | 1943-08-27 | 1947-02-11 | Us Rubber Co | Polymerization of maleic anhydride and methallyl alkyl ethers |
| US2524921A (en) * | 1946-08-30 | 1950-10-10 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Unsaturated esters and synthetic resinous products produced therewith |
| NL255884A (it) * | 1959-09-14 | |||
| NL129048C (it) * | 1960-06-02 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| GB963943A (en) * | 1960-06-02 | 1964-07-15 | Dow Chemical Co | Clear,transparent alkenyl aromatic copolymer compositions |
| US3278469A (en) * | 1960-12-29 | 1966-10-11 | Du Pont | Interpolymers containing units from a monocarboxylic half ester of an alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated, alpha, beta-dicarboxylic acid and coating compositions formulated with these interpolymers |
| US3392155A (en) * | 1961-08-08 | 1968-07-09 | Sinclair Research Inc | Low molecular weight maleic compound copolymers partially esterified with monohydric polyether alcohols |
| NL281797A (it) * | 1961-08-08 | |||
| US3436378A (en) * | 1966-06-14 | 1969-04-01 | Gaf Corp | Novel interpolymers useful as thickening agents |
| US3499876A (en) * | 1967-04-21 | 1970-03-10 | Gaf Corp | Novel anhydride interpolymers |
| US3544344A (en) * | 1968-04-18 | 1970-12-01 | Sinclair Research Inc | Set retarded plaster composition |
| US3839269A (en) * | 1971-12-23 | 1974-10-01 | C Comegys | Self supporting cement |
| US4654050A (en) * | 1985-01-18 | 1987-03-31 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Esters of carboxy-containing interpolymers |
| DE3514878A1 (de) * | 1985-04-25 | 1986-11-06 | Henkel KGaA, 4000 Düsseldorf | Oelloesliche ester von copolymeren des maleinsaeureanhydrids |
| US4808641A (en) * | 1986-07-31 | 1989-02-28 | Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Concrete admixture |
| JP2541218B2 (ja) * | 1987-05-15 | 1996-10-09 | 日本油脂株式会社 | セメント用添加剤 |
| DE3800091A1 (de) * | 1987-08-28 | 1989-07-13 | Sandoz Ag | Copolymere verbindungen, deren herstellung und verwendung |
| JP2676854B2 (ja) * | 1988-12-16 | 1997-11-17 | 日本油脂株式会社 | ポリオキシアルキレン不飽和エーテルーマレイン酸エステル共重合体およびその用途 |
| US5064897A (en) * | 1990-08-30 | 1991-11-12 | Isp Investments Inc. | Process for making ethanol solutions of alkyl half-esters of copolymers of maleic anhydride and a C1 -C4 alkyl vinyl ether |
| JP2954913B2 (ja) * | 1998-01-28 | 1999-09-27 | セイレイ工業株式会社 | 旋回式掘削作業車 |
-
1991
- 1991-10-31 DE DE4135956A patent/DE4135956C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-11-04 CH CH3211/91A patent/CH683258A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-11-04 US US07/787,191 patent/US5162402A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-11-04 GB GB9123349A patent/GB2255096B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-11-05 CA CA002054950A patent/CA2054950C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-11-05 FR FR9113725A patent/FR2668773B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-11-06 IT ITRM910835A patent/IT1249726B/it active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2054950A1 (en) | 1992-05-07 |
| DE4135956C2 (de) | 2001-10-18 |
| GB9123349D0 (en) | 1991-12-18 |
| ITRM910835A0 (it) | 1991-11-06 |
| FR2668773A1 (fr) | 1992-05-07 |
| FR2668773B1 (fr) | 1995-03-10 |
| ITRM910835A1 (it) | 1993-05-06 |
| GB2255096A (en) | 1992-10-28 |
| CH683258A5 (de) | 1994-02-15 |
| US5162402A (en) | 1992-11-10 |
| GB2255096B (en) | 1994-03-23 |
| DE4135956A1 (de) | 1992-05-07 |
| CA2054950C (en) | 2003-05-06 |
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