IT8320382A0 - Saldafili per saldare fili sottili di metallo facilmente ossidabile con vincolo per termocompressori. - Google Patents

Saldafili per saldare fili sottili di metallo facilmente ossidabile con vincolo per termocompressori.

Info

Publication number
IT8320382A0
IT8320382A0 IT8320382A IT2038283A IT8320382A0 IT 8320382 A0 IT8320382 A0 IT 8320382A0 IT 8320382 A IT8320382 A IT 8320382A IT 2038283 A IT2038283 A IT 2038283A IT 8320382 A0 IT8320382 A0 IT 8320382A0
Authority
IT
Italy
Prior art keywords
wire
compressors
thermo
constraint
welder
Prior art date
Application number
IT8320382A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
IT1161808B (it
Inventor
Susumu Okikawa
Original Assignee
Hitachi Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Ltd filed Critical Hitachi Ltd
Publication of IT8320382A0 publication Critical patent/IT8320382A0/it
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of IT1161808B publication Critical patent/IT1161808B/it

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10PGENERIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10P95/00Generic processes or apparatus for manufacture or treatments not covered by the other groups of this subclass
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/002Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K20/004Wire welding
    • B23K20/005Capillary welding
    • B23K20/007Ball bonding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/32Accessories
    • B23K9/325Devices for supplying or evacuating shielding gas
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K28/00Welding or cutting not covered by groups B23K5/00 - B23K26/00
    • B23K28/02Combined welding or cutting procedures or apparatus
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K31/00Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by any single one of main groups B23K1/00 - B23K28/00
    • B23K31/02Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by any single one of main groups B23K1/00 - B23K28/00 relating to soldering or welding
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/01Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W72/015Manufacture or treatment of bond wires
    • H10W72/01551Changing the shapes of bond wires
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/0711Apparatus therefor
    • H10W72/07125Means for controlling the bonding environment, e.g. valves or vacuum pumps
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/0711Apparatus therefor
    • H10W72/07141Means for applying energy, e.g. ovens or lasers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/073Connecting or disconnecting of die-attach connectors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/073Connecting or disconnecting of die-attach connectors
    • H10W72/07331Connecting techniques
    • H10W72/07336Soldering or alloying
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/075Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/075Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
    • H10W72/07502Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires using an auxiliary member
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/075Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
    • H10W72/07511Treating the bonding area before connecting, e.g. by applying flux or cleaning
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/075Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
    • H10W72/07531Techniques
    • H10W72/07532Compression bonding, e.g. thermocompression bonding
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/075Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
    • H10W72/07531Techniques
    • H10W72/07532Compression bonding, e.g. thermocompression bonding
    • H10W72/07533Ultrasonic bonding, e.g. thermosonic bonding
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/075Connecting or disconnecting of bond wires
    • H10W72/07541Controlling the environment, e.g. atmosphere composition or temperature
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/30Die-attach connectors
    • H10W72/351Materials of die-attach connectors
    • H10W72/352Materials of die-attach connectors comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. solders
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/50Bond wires
    • H10W72/531Shapes of wire connectors
    • H10W72/536Shapes of wire connectors the connected ends being ball-shaped
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/50Bond wires
    • H10W72/531Shapes of wire connectors
    • H10W72/5363Shapes of wire connectors the connected ends being wedge-shaped
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/50Bond wires
    • H10W72/551Materials of bond wires
    • H10W72/552Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver
    • H10W72/5522Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver comprising gold [Au]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/50Bond wires
    • H10W72/551Materials of bond wires
    • H10W72/552Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver
    • H10W72/5524Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver comprising aluminium [Al]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/50Bond wires
    • H10W72/59Bond pads specially adapted therefor
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/851Dispositions of multiple connectors or interconnections
    • H10W72/874On different surfaces
    • H10W72/884Die-attach connectors and bond wires
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/90Bond pads, in general
    • H10W72/931Shapes of bond pads
    • H10W72/934Cross-sectional shape, i.e. in side view
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/90Bond pads, in general
    • H10W72/951Materials of bond pads
    • H10W72/952Materials of bond pads comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. PbSn, Ag or Cu
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W74/00Encapsulations, e.g. protective coatings
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W90/00Package configurations
    • H10W90/701Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts
    • H10W90/731Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts of die-attach connectors
    • H10W90/736Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts of die-attach connectors between a chip and a stacked lead frame, conducting package substrate or heat sink
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10WGENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W90/00Package configurations
    • H10W90/701Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts
    • H10W90/751Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts of bond wires
    • H10W90/756Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts of bond wires between a chip and a stacked lead frame, conducting package substrate or heat sink

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Wire Bonding (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)
IT2038283A 1982-03-31 1983-03-30 Saldafili per saldare fili sottili di metallo facilmente ossidabile con voncolo per termocompressori IT1161808B (it)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP57051237A JPS58169918A (ja) 1982-03-31 1982-03-31 ワイヤボンダ

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
IT8320382A0 true IT8320382A0 (it) 1983-03-30
IT1161808B IT1161808B (it) 1987-03-18

Family

ID=12881333

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
IT2038283A IT1161808B (it) 1982-03-31 1983-03-30 Saldafili per saldare fili sottili di metallo facilmente ossidabile con voncolo per termocompressori

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4564734A (it)
JP (1) JPS58169918A (it)
KR (1) KR920005630B1 (it)
FR (1) FR2524704B1 (it)
GB (2) GB2117299B (it)
IT (1) IT1161808B (it)

Families Citing this family (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4476365A (en) * 1982-10-08 1984-10-09 Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp. Cover gas control of bonding ball formation
US4549059A (en) * 1982-11-24 1985-10-22 Nec Corporation Wire bonder with controlled atmosphere
EP0169574B1 (en) * 1984-07-27 1990-04-25 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Apparatus for manufacturing semiconductor device
GB2165178A (en) * 1984-10-05 1986-04-09 Hitachi Ltd Method and apparatus for wire bonding
US4705204A (en) * 1985-03-01 1987-11-10 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Method of ball forming for wire bonding
FR2586599B1 (fr) * 1985-09-03 1990-01-12 Thomson Csf Dispositif de soudage par thermocompression
US4976393A (en) * 1986-12-26 1990-12-11 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor device and production process thereof, as well as wire bonding device used therefor
US5285949A (en) * 1987-01-26 1994-02-15 Hitachi, Ltd. Wire-bonding method, wire-bonding apparatus, and semiconductor device produced by the wire-bonding method
DE3851901T2 (de) * 1987-01-26 1995-04-13 Hitachi Ltd Anschweissen eines Drahtes.
US5031821A (en) * 1988-08-19 1991-07-16 Hitachi, Ltd. Semiconductor integrated circuit device, method for producing or assembling same, and producing or assembling apparatus for use in the method
JPH0737889A (ja) * 1993-07-16 1995-02-07 Nec Corp 半導体製造装置
JP3455626B2 (ja) * 1996-03-13 2003-10-14 株式会社東芝 半導体装置の製造方法および製造装置
DE29608277U1 (de) * 1996-04-30 1996-09-19 F&K Delvotec Bondtechnik GmbH, 85521 Ottobrunn Vorrichtung zum Ball-Bonden
JP3407275B2 (ja) 1998-10-28 2003-05-19 インターナショナル・ビジネス・マシーンズ・コーポレーション バンプ及びその形成方法
US6337453B1 (en) * 1999-06-25 2002-01-08 West Bond, Inc. Method and apparatus for arc-forming a bonding wire ball with attenuated electro-magnetic interference
US6234376B1 (en) * 1999-07-13 2001-05-22 Kulicke & Soffa Investments, Inc. Supplying a cover gas for wire ball bonding
US6450713B2 (en) * 1999-09-10 2002-09-17 Hewlett-Packard Company Print media ejection system
TWI222388B (en) * 2002-07-19 2004-10-21 Esec Trading Sa Device with an electrode for the formation of a ball at the end of a wire
JP4749177B2 (ja) * 2006-02-15 2011-08-17 パナソニック株式会社 接続構造体および接続構造体の製造方法
US7628307B2 (en) * 2006-10-30 2009-12-08 Asm Technology Singapore Pte Ltd. Apparatus for delivering shielding gas during wire bonding
US8357998B2 (en) * 2009-02-09 2013-01-22 Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc. Wirebonded semiconductor package
US8096461B2 (en) * 2009-09-03 2012-01-17 Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc. Wire-bonding machine with cover-gas supply device
JP5916814B2 (ja) * 2014-08-06 2016-05-11 株式会社カイジョー ボンディング方法及びボンディング装置

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL259859A (it) * 1960-01-14 1900-01-01
GB1536872A (en) * 1975-05-15 1978-12-20 Welding Inst Electrical inter-connection method and apparatus
GB1600021A (en) * 1977-07-26 1981-10-14 Welding Inst Electrical inter-connection method and apparatus
JPS55123198A (en) * 1979-03-16 1980-09-22 Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Method of forming ball of aluminum wire end
DE2923440A1 (de) * 1979-06-09 1980-12-11 Itt Ind Gmbh Deutsche Verfahren zum befestigen und/oder elektrischen verbinden von halbleiterkoerpern und/oder von deren elektrisch leitenden metallteilen
JPS5623750A (en) * 1979-08-01 1981-03-06 Hitachi Ltd Ultrasonic wire bonding apparatus
DE3037735A1 (de) * 1980-10-06 1982-05-13 TS-Electronic Vertriebs-GmbH, 8000 München Kontaktierverfahren und kontaktiermaschine zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
US4388512A (en) * 1981-03-09 1983-06-14 Raytheon Company Aluminum wire ball bonding apparatus and method
US4390771A (en) * 1981-05-11 1983-06-28 Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp. Bonding wire ball forming method and apparatus
US4387283A (en) * 1981-08-03 1983-06-07 Texas Instruments Incorporated Apparatus and method of forming aluminum balls for ball bonding
JPS58154241A (ja) * 1982-03-10 1983-09-13 Hitachi Ltd 半導体装置及びその製法
US4476365A (en) * 1982-10-08 1984-10-09 Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp. Cover gas control of bonding ball formation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2137914A (en) 1984-10-17
GB8412000D0 (en) 1984-06-13
GB2117299B (en) 1986-05-21
KR840004306A (ko) 1984-10-10
GB8308622D0 (en) 1983-05-05
IT1161808B (it) 1987-03-18
GB2117299A (en) 1983-10-12
JPH0474859B2 (it) 1992-11-27
JPS58169918A (ja) 1983-10-06
KR920005630B1 (ko) 1992-07-10
FR2524704A1 (fr) 1983-10-07
FR2524704B1 (fr) 1987-03-06
US4564734A (en) 1986-01-14

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