JP2017002075A - レチノイド代替物およびオプシンアゴニスト、ならびにそれらの使用法 - Google Patents
レチノイド代替物およびオプシンアゴニスト、ならびにそれらの使用法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017002075A JP2017002075A JP2016163549A JP2016163549A JP2017002075A JP 2017002075 A JP2017002075 A JP 2017002075A JP 2016163549 A JP2016163549 A JP 2016163549A JP 2016163549 A JP2016163549 A JP 2016163549A JP 2017002075 A JP2017002075 A JP 2017002075A
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- retinoid
- rpe65
- opsin
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Abstract
Description
本出願は2003年3月14日出願の米国仮特許出願第60/455,182号の利益を主張する。この開示は参考として本明細書に組み込まれる。
本研究は米国公衆衛生総局基金、およびNEI、ナショナル・インスティチュート・オブ・ヘルス基金からのEY01730、EY02048、EY08061、EY09339、EY11850、EY13385およびからのEY66388の後援を受けた。政府は本発明にある権利を有する。
視力の低下または完全失明は、眼の前方領域および/または眼の後方領域の組織または構造の機能異常によって生ずる多くの眼疾患または眼病によって起きる。眼は解剖学的に前部および後部に分けられる。前部は角膜、前眼房、虹彩および毛様体(前脈絡膜)、後眼房および水晶体を含む。後部は視神経を有する網膜、脈絡膜(後脈絡膜)および硝子体を含む。眼球の後部分は網膜、脈絡膜および関連組織を支持している。
本発明は脊椎動物視覚系の光受容体機能を回復または安定化する方法を提供する。合成レチノイドをヒトまたは非ヒト脊椎動物に投与して光受容体機能を回復または安定化し、および/またはレチノイドレベル不足の影響を改善することができる。
例えば、本発明は以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
脊椎動物の眼の光受容体機能を回復させる方法であって、内因性異常を有する脊椎動物に薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の有効量の合成レチノイドを投与する工程を包含し、ここで、該合成レチノイドは、該脊椎動物の眼の中のオプシンに結合し、機能性オプシン/合成レチノイド複合体を形成する、方法。
(項目2)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記内因性レチノイド異常が、加齢性黄斑変性、レーバー先天性黒内障、白点状網膜炎、先天性停在性夜盲または白点眼底に関連する、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記眼に局所投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記合成レチノイドが、点眼、眼内注射または眼周囲注射によって局所投与される、項目5に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記脊椎動物に経口投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目8)
脊椎動物の眼における、内因性レチノイドに対する要求をへらす方法であって、以下:
該眼に、薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の合成レチノイドを投与する工程であって、ここで、該合成レチノイドは該脊椎動物の眼のオプシンに結合し、機能性オプシン/合成レチノイド複合体を形成する、工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目9)
前記合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目8に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目8に記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記内因性レチノイドが、11−シス−レチナールである、項目8に記載の方法。
(項目12)
脊椎動物の眼の光受容体機能の喪失を回復させる方法であって、以下:
薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の有効量の合成レチノイドを該脊椎動物の眼に予防的に投与する工程であって、ここで、該合成レチノイドがオプシン蛋白に結合して、機能性オプシン/合成レチノイド複合体を形成する、工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目13)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記眼を備える脊椎動物に経口投与される、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記脊椎動物の眼に局所投与される、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目15)
前記合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目17)
低下した視力を有する被験体のための処置を選択する方法であって、以下:
該被験体が、標準被験体と比較した場合に内因性レチノイドレベルの欠乏を示しているか否かを決定する工程;および、
薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の有効量の合成レチノイドを該被験体に投与する工程であって、ここで、該合成レチノイドは、該被験体の眼のオプシンに結合する、工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目18)
前記被験体が、レーバー先天性黒内障、白点状網膜症、先天性定常的夜盲、白点眼底または加齢性黄斑変性を有する、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目19)
前記内因性レチノイドが、11−シス−レチナールである、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目20)
前記眼を備える前記脊椎動物に合成レチノイドが経口投与される、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目21)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記脊椎動物の眼に局所投与される、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目22)
前記合成レチノイドが式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目23)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目24)
薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の合成レチノイドを含む、眼科用組成物。
(項目25)
前記合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目24に記載の組成物。
(項目26)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目24に記載の組成物。
(項目27)
前記眼科用組成物が、点眼剤、眼内注射溶液または眼周囲注射溶液を含む、項目24に記載の組成物。
(項目28)
薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中にオプシン結合性合成レチノイドを含む、経口投与形態。
(項目29)
前記オプシン結合性合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目28に記載の組成物。
(項目30)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目28に記載の組成物。
(項目31)
脊椎動物被験体のレーバー先天性黒内障を処置する方法であって、以下:
薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の有効量の合成レチノイドを該被験体に投与する工程であって、ここで、該合成レチノイドは、該脊椎動物の眼のオプシンに結合し、機能性オプシン/合成レチノイド複合体を形成する、工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目32)
前記合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目31に記載の方法。
(項目33)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目31に記載の方法。
(項目34)
前記合成レチナールが、前記眼に局所投与される、項目31に記載の方法。
(項目35)
前記合成レチノイドが、点眼、眼内注射または眼周囲注射によって局所投与される、項目34に記載の方法。
(項目36)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記被験体に経口投与される、項目31に記載の方法。
(項目37)
脊椎動物被験体の白点状網膜炎、先天性停在性夜盲または白点眼底を処置する方法であって、以下:、
薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の有効量の合成レチノイドを該被験体に投与する工程であって、ここで、該合成レチノイドは、該脊椎動物の眼のオプシンに結合し、機能性オプシン/合成レチノイド複合体を形成する、工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目38)
前記合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目39)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目40)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記眼に局所投与される、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目41)
前記合成レチノイドが、点眼、眼内注射または眼周囲注射によって局所投与される、項目40に記載の方法。
(項目42)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記被験体に経口投与される、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目43)
脊椎動物被験体の加齢性黄斑変性を処置する方法であって、以下:
薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の有効量の合成レチノイドを該被験体に投与する工程であって、ここで、該合成レチノイドは該脊椎動物の眼のオプシンに結合し、オプシン/合成レチノイド複合体を形成する、工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目44)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記眼の遊離オプシンに結合する、項目43に記載の方法。
(項目45)
前記合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目43に記載の方法。
(項目46)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目43に記載の方法。
(項目47)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記眼に局所投与される、項目43に記載の方法。
(項目48)
前記合成レチノイドが、点眼、眼内注射または眼周囲注射によって局所投与される、項目47に記載の方法。
(項目49)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記被験体に経口投与される、項目43に記載の方法。
(項目50)
加齢脊椎動物被験体における夜間視力またはコントラスト感度の喪失を処置または予防する方法であって、以下:
薬学的に受容可能なビヒクル中の有効量の合成レチノイドを該被験体に投与する工程であって、ここで、該合成レチノイドは該脊椎動物の眼のオプシンに結合し、オプシン/合成レチノイド複合体を形成する、工程、
を包含する、方法。
(項目51)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記眼の遊離オプシンに結合する、項目50に記載の方法。
(項目52)
前記合成レチノイドが、式I、II、III、IV、V、VI、VII、VIII、IX、X、XI、XIIまたはXIIIの合成レチノイドを含む、項目50に記載の方法。
(項目53)
前記合成レチノイドが、9−シス−レチナールである、項目50に記載の方法。
(項目54)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記眼に局所投与される、項目50に記載の方法。
(項目55)
前記合成レチノイドが、点眼、眼内注射または眼周囲注射によって局所投与される、項目54に記載の方法。
(項目56)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記被験体に経口投与される、項目50に記載の方法。
(項目57)
前記合成レチノイドが、前記被験体に予防的に投与される、項目50に記載の方法。
(項目58)
前記被験体がヒトである、項目50に記載の方法。
本発明は脊椎動物の視覚系における光受容体機能を回復または安定化する方法を提供する。合成レチノイド類を投与して光受容体機能を回復または安定化し、および/またはレチノイドレベル不足の影響を改善することができる。例えば合成レチノイドを11−シス−レチノイド代替物および/またはオプシンアゴニストとして作用させることによって、光受容体機能を回復または安定化することができる。合成レチノイドは脊椎動物視覚系に対するレチノイド不足の影響を改善することもできる。合成レチノイドを脊椎動物に予防的または治療的に投与することができる。適切な脊椎動物としては例えばヒトおよび非ヒト脊椎動物が含まれる。適切な非ヒト脊椎動物としてはイヌ、ネコ、ウマおよびその他の家畜が含まれる。
視プロセスは11−シス−レチナールの全トランスーレチナールへの光異性化によって開始する。持続的視力を得るためには11−シス−発色団が全トランス−レチナールから再生しなければならない。これには主要な網膜色素上皮蛋白であるRPE65が必要である。RPE65遺伝子の破壊は網膜色素上皮における全トランス−レチニルエステルの大量蓄積、11−シス−レチナールの欠乏、したがってロドプシンの欠乏、および究極的には失明を起こす。Rpe65−/−マウスにおいて、9−シス−レチナールの経口投与はイソロドプシン(杆体の光色素)を生成し、エレクトロレチノグラムにおいて光感受性を回復することが以前報告された(Van Hooser et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 97:8623−28(2000))。この研究において、9−シス−レチナール投与による早期介入は、レチナールエステル蓄積を著しく減少し、処置後6カ月より長く、杆体網膜機能を維持した。単一細胞の記録において、杆体の光感受性は再生したイソロドプシン量の関数であることが示された;多量は正常な感受性および動態を有する杆体反応を回復した。未処置Rpe65−/−マウスでは残留杆体機能の著しい低下が認められた。この杆体機能は、レチノイド分析によって示されるように、網膜における全トランス−レチナールの光変換による11−シス−レチナールの生産が低効率であるためらしい。これらの研究は、薬学的介入により、暗所で飼育されたRpe65−/−マウスの視機能の長期持続的保持が引き起こされ、遺伝的早発性盲目および網膜変性の一群であるRPE65遺伝子の突然変異による、レーバー先天性黒内障と診断されたヒトの視力を回復させる有用な治療法が得られることを示す。
レーバー先天性黒内障(LCA)は、出生時からの盲目または重度視覚障害を起こす一群の疾患である。全ては杆体および錐体両方の機能異常、微弱な(記録不能の)エレクトロレチノグラム(ERG)、および眼振を示す。彼らは早発性網膜萎縮を起こし、時が経つにつれて網膜の色素性変化、したがって「黒内障」を伴い得る。LCAは種々の異なる細胞機能を破壊する少なくとも5つの異なる遺伝子の欠陥によって起きる。
動物:動物試験の全ては、ワシントン大学動物保護委員会によって承認され、米国獣医学会安楽死委員会の勧告にしたがう手順を使用した。動物は完全な暗所で飼育され、全操作は全てコダックNo.1セーフライト・フィルタ(透過率、>560nm)を用いて、暗赤色光のもとで行われた。一般的に全研究に齢2−3カ月のマウスが使用された。RPE65欠乏マウスはDr.M.Redmond(NEI、ナショナル・インスチチュート・オブ・ヘルス(National Institute of Health))から入手し、既述(Redmond et al.,Nat.Genet.20:344−51(1998);Redmond et al.,Methods Enzymol.316:705−24(2000))のように遺伝子型を決定した。網膜G蛋白共役受容体−欠乏マウスを生成し、既述(Chen et al.,Nat.Genet.28:256−60(2001))のように遺伝子型を決定した。一重Rpe65−/−マウスと一重Rgr−/−マウスとを遺伝的に均質になるまで交雑育種させることによって、二重ノックアウト・マウスRpe65−/−Rgr−/−を作成した。
9−シス−レチナールによる早期処置はRpe65−/−マウスの油様構造を除去する;ROSとRPEとの間の界面異常である光受容体の喪失に加えて、Rpe65−/−マウスのRPE細胞は多数の脂質様小滴を含んでいた。若い動物では、Rpe65−/−マウスからのRPEの固定電子顕微鏡切片に空の小胞が認められたが、対照には認められなかった。加齢につれて(>PND21)、それらには光回折物質が充満した。それらの物質は電子顕微鏡切片作製中保持された。この考察はRpe65−/−マウスにおける全トランス−レチニルエステルの過剰蓄積に関連する(図1A、白丸)。Rpe65−/−マウスより低レベルであったとはいえ、レチニルエステルは加齢につれて、Rpe65+/+マウスにも蓄積した。PND21までに、眼1つにレチニルエステル約800pmolが蓄積していた。これに対しRpe65+/+マウスでは約40pmolであった。Rpe65+/+マウスにおいては、ロドプシンレベルは、最初はレチニルエステル量の数倍を超えていた。
RPE65の役割およびLCA:LCAの動物モデルであるRpe65−/−マウスを病的状態に導く事象の因果的連鎖は確立されていないとはいえ、その主な欠陥はレチノイドサイクルの中断であると考えられる。このサイクルは、RPEにおいて全トランス−レチナールが11−シス−レチナールへと酵素的に変換されることおよび光受容体細胞へとそれが戻ることによって視物質を再生させる。RPEと光受容体との間の正常なレチノイド流の破壊が、RPEにおけるレチナールエステル類の過剰蓄積を説明し得る。さらに、ロドプシン再生の失敗は杆体および錐体の光感受性の低下を説明し得る。11−シス−レチナールの欠如は光受容体中の遊離オプシンも増加させる。高レベルの遊離オプシンは連続的光曝露の影響に似た光変換カスケードの実質的活性化をもたらす。こうして高まった活性は、ROS層の厚さの減少および光受容体の変性を起こし得る。これらは連続的光にさらされた動物にも起こる効果である。この一連の事象は遊離オプシンの燐酸化によってさらに悪化するかも知れない。これは網膜変性に導くことが他の諸研究において証明されている。
光変換はロドプシン(Rh)発色団11−シス−レチニリデンの、全トランス−レチニリデンへの光異性化によって開始する。ここで、異なる環サイズを有するレチナール同族体で再生したロドプシン(これはC11=C12二重結合の周りの異性化を阻止する)を使用して、このG−蛋白共役受容体の活性化メカニズムを研究した。11−シス−7−環−ロドプシンはインビボでもインビトロでもG−蛋白を活性化しないし、その他の二重結合に沿って異性化しない;これはそれがオプシンの結合部位にきっちりとフィットしていることを示唆する。これに対して、退色11−シス−6−環−ロドプシンはインビボで、および低pH、インビトロで光変換を軽度に活性化する。これらの結果は、より硬い6位固定(6−locked)レチナール異性体ではその他の二重結合に沿った異性化によって、および11−シス−6−環−ロドプシンではpHを低くすることによって鍵となる残基のフォトン化によって部分的活性化が起きることを明らかにする。完全な活性化は得られない、なぜならば異性化はロドプシンのコンホメーション再配列の完全な1組を誘発しないからである。6−および7−環−束縛−レチノイドに関するこれらの結果はロドプシン活性化への新しい洞察を与え、固定されたレチナール類、特に11−シス−7−環−レチナールの利用を示す。
11−シス−7−環−レチナールの合成:11−シス−7−環−レチナールを公表された手順によって合成した(Akita et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.102:6372−6376(1980);Fujimoto et al.,Chirality 14:340−46(2002):Caldwell et al.,J.Org.Chem.58:3533−37(1993))。(異性体1−4(化合物1−4としても記載されている)の同定には図4Aを参照されたい。)
11−シス−7−環−レチナールで再生されたロドプシンの光異性化:杆体外側部分、オプシンの調製、レチナールによるロドプシン再生、およびコンカナバリンA−セファローズ4Bカラム上でのロドプシンの精製を既述(Jang et al.,J.Biol.Chem.276:26148−53(2001))のように行った。
3000))(UTAS E−3000)(LKC テクノロジー社(LKC Technologies,Inc.))で記録した。マウスをガンツフィールド・チェンバに入れ、フラッシュ刺激に対する反応を両眼から同時に得た。フラッシュ刺激は強度範囲(0.00020−41candela s/m2)を有し、白色光フラッシュ持続時間は10msであった。2回から4回の記録を10秒よりも長い間隔で行った。全条件における各点の記録には一般的に4−8匹の動物を使用した。全てのERG測定は麻酔後10−40分以内に行われた。
11−シス−7−環−レチナールの合成およびロドプシンの活性部位のモデリング:7員環を組み込んだ11−シス−固定−レチナール同族体の全体的合成が最近報告された(Fujimoto et al.,Chirality 14:340−46(2002))。この方法は11−シス−7−環−レチナールを合成する変法で行われた。化合物は4種類の異性体の混合物として製造された。これらの異性体は標準相HPLCによってよく分離され、前に「方法および材料」の部分(上記)に記載されたものと一致するUV−可視および1H NMRスペクトルを有する(Caldwell et al.,J.Org.Chem.58:3533−37(1993);Akito et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.102:6370−72(1980))。異性体3,11−シス−7−環−レチナールのコンホメーションは11−シス−レチナールと高度に重なる。全ての異性体はロドプシンのX線構造を使用する分子モデリング(Palczewski et al.,Science 289:739−45(2000);Teller et al.,Biochemistry 40:7761−72(2001))およびエネルギー最小化アルゴリズムによって示されるように、ロドプシンの結合部位にフィットする。
本研究の結果から、異なる、ただし関連する2つの論題、すなわちロドプシンの活性化メカニズムおよびレチノイド同族体のインビボ利用、に関する結論が導かれる。
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