【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]
本発明は電子写真用感光の構造に関するもの
で、感光層と支持体の付着性を高め、且つ、電子
写真における画像において、干渉縞の発生を軽減
もしくは防止することを目的とするものである。
一般にアモルフアス感光体において、支持体と
してアルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金を使用
し、その上に例えばセレン又はセレンを主体とし
たTe、S、As合金を非晶質に約60μの厚さに真
空蒸着をして作成する。
この蒸着は金属にガラスが積層されるのでその
間の密着性が悪く各種の手段で密着性を高めてい
る。その一つは支持体表面を粗面化することであ
り例えば、サンドブラスト法あるいは液体ホーニ
ング法でいづれも砥粒を使用し、前者は空気に、
後者は水におのおの分散させて圧力をかけて基板
に噴射してその表面に凹凸を作り、粗面化させる
ものである。凹凸の高さ形状は砥粒の大きさ、形
状、種類と空気圧又は水圧を変えて0.5〜20μの高
さに加工出来る。一般に5μm以上ないと感光体層
と支持基板の付着性が良好でない。一方この山の
高さでは蒸着したセレン表面に凹凸が表われ、ト
ナーの付着が起り画像が悪く不都合である。又、
他の方法は基板と感光体層の間に中間層を設ける
方法がある。即ち支持体表面を所謂鏡面仕上げと
称する超精密施盤による加工を施し、0.1μm以下
の凹凸の鏡面に仕上げ光導電層との間に、中間層
として樹脂層を被覆する方法である。樹脂層は例
えば、塩ビ、ポリエチレン、ポリスチレン、ポリ
カーボネートが代表的なものである。
この中間層は有機溶媒に樹脂を溶解した溶液を
作り、支持体を浸し、被覆する方法である。この
方法によれば付着性の良い感光体を得ることが出
来るが、その反面下地が鏡面の為特に単色光を光
源とする記録装置においては、支持体鏡面からの
反射で干渉を起し、画像に縞模様を記録する欠点
がある。
本発明は上記の問題点を解消し、付着性を高め
且つ縞模様のない良質な画像特性を得る感光体を
提供するものである。本発明は表面が粗面に形成
された支持体に直接もしくは中間層を介して光導
電層を設けた電子写真用感光体において、前記粗
面はほぼ平目溝状の凹凸を有し且つ0.3μm〜2μm
の山の高さと山と山との相互距離が20μm以下で
ある凹凸形状であることを特徴とするものであ
る。
以下図面により説明する。第1図a,b,cは
本発明の一実施例による支持体の斜視図、同a図
A−A′断面図及び要部拡大図で図中1はアルム
ミニウム製円筒状支持体、1a,1bは前記支持
体1の粗面を形成するほぼ平目溝状の凹凸で夫々
円筒状支持体の一方向即ち半経方向にほぼ平行し
た規則性を保つて形成されている。そして山の高
さ即ち1a,1b間の距離を0.3μm乃至2μm、又
山と山の相互距離1a,1a′間)を20μm以下に
設定したものである。又第2図は本発明の他の実
施例構造を示す要部断面図で2は有機樹脂よりな
る中間層、3は光導電層(感光層)である。次に
第一表は感光層3の厚さをほぼ一定にした時の従
来例と本発明の実施例装置の付着性、干渉縞及び
蒸着外観の関係を比較したものである。
The present invention relates to a photosensitive structure for electrophotography, and its purpose is to improve the adhesion between a photosensitive layer and a support, and to reduce or prevent the occurrence of interference fringes in electrophotographic images. Generally, in an amorphous photoreceptor, aluminum or an aluminum alloy is used as a support, and selenium or a selenium-based Te, S, and As alloy is vacuum-deposited on the support to a thickness of approximately 60μ. create. In this vapor deposition, glass is laminated on metal, so the adhesion between them is poor and the adhesion is improved by various means. One method is to roughen the surface of the support. For example, sandblasting or liquid honing both use abrasive grains, and the former uses air to roughen the surface.
The latter is a method in which each component is dispersed in water and sprayed onto the substrate under pressure to create irregularities on the surface and roughen the surface. The height shape of the unevenness can be processed to a height of 0.5 to 20μ by changing the size, shape, type of abrasive grains, and air or water pressure. Generally, if the thickness is less than 5 μm, the adhesion between the photoreceptor layer and the supporting substrate is not good. On the other hand, at this mountain height, irregularities appear on the surface of the deposited selenium, and toner adhesion occurs, resulting in poor images. or,
Another method is to provide an intermediate layer between the substrate and the photoreceptor layer. That is, the surface of the support is processed using an ultra-precision lathe, so-called mirror finishing, to give a mirror surface with irregularities of 0.1 μm or less, and a resin layer is coated as an intermediate layer between the support and the photoconductive layer. Typical examples of the resin layer include vinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. This intermediate layer is formed by preparing a solution in which a resin is dissolved in an organic solvent, and dipping the solution into the solution to coat the support. According to this method, it is possible to obtain a photoreceptor with good adhesion, but on the other hand, since the base is a mirror surface, especially in a recording device that uses monochromatic light as a light source, interference occurs due to reflection from the mirror surface of the support, resulting in image formation. has the disadvantage of recording striped patterns. The present invention solves the above problems and provides a photoreceptor that has improved adhesion and provides good image characteristics without stripes. The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a photoconductive layer is provided directly or via an intermediate layer on a support having a rough surface, and the rough surface has roughness approximately in the form of flat grooves and has a roughness of 0.3 μm. ~2μm
It is characterized by an uneven shape in which the height of the peaks and the mutual distance between the peaks are 20 μm or less. This will be explained below with reference to the drawings. Figures 1a, b, and c are perspective views of a support according to an embodiment of the present invention, a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A' in Figure 1, and an enlarged view of essential parts. , 1b are substantially flat groove-like unevenness forming the rough surface of the support 1, and are formed with regularity substantially parallel to one direction, that is, the semi-longitudinal direction, of the cylindrical support. The height of the peaks, that is, the distance between 1a and 1b, is set to 0.3 μm to 2 μm, and the mutual distance between the peaks (between 1a and 1a') is set to 20 μm or less. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a main part showing the structure of another embodiment of the present invention, in which numeral 2 represents an intermediate layer made of an organic resin, and numeral 3 represents a photoconductive layer (photosensitive layer). Next, Table 1 compares the relationship between the adhesion, interference fringes, and deposition appearance of the conventional apparatus and the apparatus of the embodiment of the present invention when the thickness of the photosensitive layer 3 is kept approximately constant.
【表】
上記一表において試料(A)〜(D)は従来例、(E)(F)は
実施例装置を示し、試料A、Bは液体ホーニング
法で山の高さ0.5μmとした。樹脂層がないと(B)付
着性が悪く、樹脂層が有ると(A)つきささつた砥粒
のため、蒸着外観においてフクレを生ずる。又試
料C、Dは鏡面仕上げのもので山の高さは0.1μm
以下であり、樹脂層の有(C)において、付着性は良
いが、干渉縞が発生する。樹脂層のない(D)は、付
着性も悪い。一方、本発明の実施例(E),(F)は溝状
凹凸の山の高さ0.3μm、山と山の相互距離20μm
以下である。樹脂(中間)層のない試料(F)は付着
性において感光層3が高温で蒸着されるAs−Se
系のものでは比較的良い低温蒸着するSe−Te、
Se−S系については十分ではない。しかし乍ら
樹脂層を被覆したものは、(E)付着性も良く、干
渉、縞も表われず蒸着後の表面も良好であつた。
なお、表面仕上(粗面化)において高さを変える
パラメータは砥石の粒度と押え圧で決定される。
又山と山との距離は砥石の送り速度により決定さ
れる。即ち送りが早いと距離は長く、遅いと距離
は短くなる。因みに山の高さが高くなる方は付着
性も良くなる。又干渉縞の発生も乱反射が多くな
るので少くなるが、2.0μm以上になると蒸着した
セレン表面に凹凸が表われ、トナーの付着が起り
画像が悪く不都合である。又、山と山の距離(ピ
ツチ)はこれが短いと密な山を作り付着性は向上
するあまり短い(0.1μm程度)と上述の如く干渉
縞発生の原因となると同時に凹凸溝の規則性(整
列性)が悪く、中間層を利用する場合に該中間層
の厚さが均一にならない。従つて加工性能等を勘
案すると0.3μm乃至20μmが適当である。又、干
渉縞の発生については0.3μm程度の凹凸で、発生
は無かつたが、仮に発生するような場合、
NaOHの水溶液でエツチングし、該凹凸面を更
に微細な粗面にすることにより容易に防ぐことが
出来る。以下本発明を実施例により説明する。
<実施例>
120φアルミニウムドラム(JIS、H40803003材
使用)を所定の長さ(例えば300mm)に切断し、
両端部のインロ−加工を行う。次に外経寸法を出
すため通称、荒びきと云われる施盤加工を行い、
次に仕上げを行う。この状態での表面粗さは高さ
が3μmあり、山と山との距離は40μmである。
次に工作物を施盤から外すことなく、砥石を押
し当てて表面仕上を行う。加工条件は次の通りで
ある。
ドラム回転数:250〜300rpm
砥石の送り速度:0.4m/min〜0.48m/min
砥石の押え圧:0.8〜1.2Kg/cm2
砥石の粒度:1000#
上記の条件で山の高さ0.5μmRmax、又山と山
の相互距離が2μmのの溝状凹凸形状を持つ表面の
基板を形成し、この基板を重量で10%の、
NaOH水溶液を40℃に加温した中に浸し、15秒
のエツチングを行う。前処理としてエツチングの
前に表面活性剤で表面を洗滌し、エツチングの均
一化を計る。エツチング後は脱塩工程として硝酸
に浸し後水洗乾燥を行う。次いで、樹脂層として
ポリカーボネイト1%アセトン溶液に浸し、樹脂
層を被覆する。真空中で溶媒を完全に蒸発させ、
セレン、テルル合金の場合基板温度78℃で60μm
の厚さに蒸着し、感光体を作成した。この感光体
を単色光を光源とし、ブレード、クリーニング方
法の電子写真装置で35℃の雰囲気中で連続5万枚
のコピーの寿命試験を行つた結果、感光体の表面
のセレン剥離も発生せず、又画像においても干渉
縞の模様も発生せず、その他の異常も認められず
良好な結果が得られた。
以上の実施例では支持体として円筒(ドラム)
状支持体を用いた例について説明したが平板状の
ものでもよく、又フレキシブル支持体でも同様に
実施できることは明白である。以上の説明から明
らかなように本発明によれば感光層の付着性が向
上でき、しかも干渉縞の発生の少い良好な画質が
得られる等実用上の効果は大きい。[Table] In the above table, samples (A) to (D) are conventional examples, (E) and (F) are example devices, and samples A and B were made to have a peak height of 0.5 μm by the liquid honing method. Without the resin layer (B) the adhesion is poor, and with the resin layer (A) the abrasive grains are stuck, causing blisters in the appearance of the vapor deposition. Also, samples C and D have a mirror finish and the height of the peaks is 0.1 μm.
In case (C) with the resin layer, the adhesion is good, but interference fringes occur. (D) without a resin layer also has poor adhesion. On the other hand, in Examples (E) and (F) of the present invention, the height of the ridges of the groove-like unevenness is 0.3 μm, and the mutual distance between the ridges is 20 μm.
It is as follows. The sample (F) without a resin (intermediate) layer has an As-Se layer in which the photosensitive layer 3 is deposited at high temperature.
Among the systems, Se-Te, which can be deposited at a relatively low temperature,
This is not sufficient for the Se-S system. However, those coated with a resin layer (E) had good adhesion, no interference or stripes, and the surface after vapor deposition was also good.
Note that the parameters for changing the height in surface finishing (roughening) are determined by the grain size of the grindstone and the pressure of the presser foot.
Further, the distance between the crests is determined by the feed speed of the grindstone. That is, the faster the feed, the longer the distance, and the slower the feed, the shorter the distance. Incidentally, the higher the height of the mountain, the better the adhesion. The occurrence of interference fringes is also reduced because of the increase in diffused reflection, but if the thickness exceeds 2.0 μm, irregularities appear on the surface of the deposited selenium, causing toner adhesion, which is inconvenient and results in poor images. In addition, if the distance between the peaks (pitch) is short, it will create dense peaks and improve adhesion, but if it is too short (approximately 0.1 μm), it will cause interference fringes as mentioned above, and at the same time it will affect the regularity (alignment) of the uneven grooves. However, when an intermediate layer is used, the thickness of the intermediate layer is not uniform. Therefore, considering processing performance, etc., 0.3 μm to 20 μm is appropriate. Also, regarding the occurrence of interference fringes, there were no irregularities of about 0.3 μm, but if they were to occur,
This can be easily prevented by etching with an aqueous solution of NaOH to make the uneven surface even finer. The present invention will be explained below with reference to Examples. <Example> Cut a 120φ aluminum drum (using JIS, H40803003 material) to a specified length (for example, 300 mm),
Perform pilot machining on both ends. Next, in order to obtain the outer dimension, we perform a lathe process commonly known as roughing.
Next, do the finishing touches. In this state, the surface roughness is 3 μm in height, and the distance between the peaks is 40 μm. Next, the surface is finished by pressing a grindstone against the workpiece without removing it from the lathe. The processing conditions are as follows. Drum rotation speed: 250 ~ 300 rpm Grinding wheel feed speed: 0.4 m / min ~ 0.48 m / min Grinding wheel presser pressure: 0.8 ~ 1.2 Kg / cm 2 Grinding wheel particle size: 1000# Under the above conditions, the height of the peak is 0.5 μm Rmax, In addition, a substrate with a surface having groove-like unevenness with a mutual distance of 2 μm between the peaks was formed, and this substrate was
Immerse in NaOH aqueous solution heated to 40℃ and perform etching for 15 seconds. As a pretreatment, the surface is washed with a surfactant before etching to ensure uniform etching. After etching, as a desalination step, the material is soaked in nitric acid, washed with water, and dried. Next, the resin layer is coated by immersing polycarbonate in a 1% acetone solution. Evaporate the solvent completely in vacuo,
For selenium and tellurium alloys, 60μm at a substrate temperature of 78℃
A photoreceptor was prepared by vapor-depositing it to a thickness of . Using monochromatic light as a light source, this photoreceptor was subjected to a life test of 50,000 continuous copies in an atmosphere of 35°C using an electrophotographic machine with a blade and cleaning method, and as a result, no selenium peeling occurred on the surface of the photoreceptor. Also, no interference fringes were observed in the images, and no other abnormalities were observed, so good results were obtained. In the above embodiments, a cylinder (drum) is used as the support.
Although an example using a shaped support has been described, it is clear that a flat support may be used, or a flexible support can be used in the same manner. As is clear from the above description, the present invention has great practical effects, such as improved adhesion of the photosensitive layer and good image quality with fewer interference fringes.
【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]
第1図、第2図は本発明の実施例構造図であ
る。図において1は支持体、1a,1a′、1bは
凹凸部、2は中間層、3は光導電(感光)層であ
る。
FIGS. 1 and 2 are structural diagrams of an embodiment of the present invention. In the figure, 1 is a support, 1a, 1a', and 1b are uneven parts, 2 is an intermediate layer, and 3 is a photoconductive (photosensitive) layer.