JPH08512229A - 電気外科用の発電機 - Google Patents

電気外科用の発電機

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JPH08512229A
JPH08512229A JP7504399A JP50439995A JPH08512229A JP H08512229 A JPH08512229 A JP H08512229A JP 7504399 A JP7504399 A JP 7504399A JP 50439995 A JP50439995 A JP 50439995A JP H08512229 A JPH08512229 A JP H08512229A
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ゴーブル,コリン,チャールズ,オーウェン
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    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636—Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/0066—Sensing and controlling the application of energy without feedback, i.e. open loop control

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Abstract

(57)【要約】 切り替え装置(10)と、切り替え装置(10)と電源供給レール(V+)との間に結合された共振出力回路網(12)とを含む自己同調発振器を具備する電気外科用の発電機において、発振器帰還回路(26,28,30,32,34,38)は、前記切り替え装置(10)の両端の電圧が低減している間に、切り替え回路(10)に、切り替え装置(10)を”オン”状態に独立に切り換えるための切り替え制御パルス信号を供給し、前記装置(10)の”オン”時間がその両端の電圧の振幅を調整するように調節されている”オン”点の位相は、動的に可変である。これにより、切り替え装置(10)の逆方向の伝導が回避され、改善された効率を与える。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 電気外科用の発電機 この発明は、電気外科用の発電機に関する。 電気外科のためのラジオ周波数発電機は、従来、前記直列結合キャパシターは 、直列結合キャパシターを介して前記装置の出力端子に結合された出力絶縁変圧 器を具備しており、低い周波数の出力成分が治療を受ける患者に神経の刺激を起 こすのを防止する機能を有している。 電気外科においては、発電機の出力端子に与えられるインピーダンスは、出力 段がめったに整合しないほどに広い範囲で変化する傾向があり、その結果、かな り低い効率と望ましくない熱の浪費とを伴って、出力段に戻される電力反射を生 じる。この文脈に関して、”整合された(”matched”)”は、出力段の出力イン ピーダンスの負荷インピーダンス、すなわち、Zout=Zloadへの整合を意味す る。この影響は、公告された英国特許出願番号2214430Aに記載されてい るように、出力周波数が負荷抵抗の大きさに従って変化するようにすることによ り、おおいに克服され得る。 この開示内容については本明細書中で引用し報告する。この先行装置は、装置 の出力端子に結合された共振出力回路網を駆動する電力MOSFETを備えた自 己同調ラジオ周波数発振器からなる出力段を具備する。 この回路網は、2次巻線が並列キャパシターと、その巻線の一端と前記端子の 一つとの間に結合された直列結合キャパシターとによって同調される変圧器から 構成されている。 発振周波数は、負荷インピーダンスとともに変化し、発電機に戻される反射電 力は、負荷インピーダンスの広い範囲に渡って相当低いレベルに維持され得ると いうことが認識されるであろう。 これは電力出力容量が限られているバッテリ電力供給の発電機にとって特に有 益なことである。発電機の負荷への接続からもたらされる浮遊容量は、整合には ほとんど、あるいはまったく影響を与えない。しかしながら、先行公開された装 置には欠点がある。欠点の一つは、極端な負荷条件の下では、共振出力回路の中 に構築されるエネルギへの唯一の制限が、その回路自身のQだということである 。 もし例えば、感知されたドレイン電流と供給電圧とに従って、可変のマーク対ス ペース比で発振器にパルスを送ることにより、発電機が一定の電力出力を生成す るように設計されているとしたら、極端な負荷条件の下では、要求された一定の 電力における発振器エネルギは、主に共振出力回路によって浪費される。したが って、出力段は、最大の設計出力電力を浪費できる必要があり、主発振装置は、 そのような電力を達成するのに必要な電圧レベルに耐えることができなければな らない。実際、2極性の電気外科においては、組織のインピーダンスは、10Ω と1KΩとの間になる傾向があり、他方、単極性の適用においては、それは、1 00Ωと10KΩとの間になる傾向がある。電力は、共振時に、P=V2/Rで あるから、出力装置に印加される電圧は、Pが発電機の設計電力であって、√( PR)であり得る。低電力発電機(典型的には、10Wの電力出力をもつ)にお いては、このことは、なんら特別の問題をもたらさない。しかし、高められた電 力出力(例えば、300Wまで)に対して、共振出力回路は、堅固な構造でなけ ればならず、また、出力装置を保護するために特別な対策が採られなければなら ない。 もう一つの難点は発振器装置の制御、特に、発振を維持するために装置の制御 端子に印加される帰還に関するものである。より高い電力レベルにおいて、その ような制御は、出力電流が入力電圧あるいは入力電流に比例するように、その装 置を増幅器として動作させるという意味において直線的ではあり得ない。なぜな らば、その装置は、発振電力の一部を浪費しなければならないからである。そこ で、発振器装置は、完全に”オン”および完全に”オフ”の間で切り換えられる のが好ましい。そのような切り替えは、共振出力回路によって繋がれている(shu nt)発振器装置によって、より高い高調波の問題をもたらす。 このことは、共振出力波形に関連して90°位相を進めて前記装置を切り換え ることにより、ある程度、軽減され得る。それにも拘わらず、共振出力回路で非 常に高いQを与える極端な負荷条件においては、発振器装置が変圧器1次巻線と グランドとの間に結合されるものとして、90°進み切り替え点は、切り替え電 位よりも低く1次電圧を振れさせる。このことは、”オン”の瞬間に直ぐに続く 電流流し込みが非常に高いために起こり、90°進んでいる1次電圧は、通常、 切り替え供給電圧より高い。共振出力回路により多くのエネルギが流し込まれる と、オン切り替え点における1次電圧が、ますます高くなり、その結果、ピーク 切り替え電流もより高くなるため、一定の電力帰還制御に関し、この状態も不安 定な一つである。このことは、発振器装置の逆バイアスを生じさせ、非効率や時 には装置の損傷をも引き起こす。前記装置が電力型MOSFETであるときには 、この逆電流の流れは、比較的に遅い装置であり、ラジオ周波数における電力の 相当のレベルを浪費する真性の(intrnsic)ダイオードの順方向バイアスを発生さ せる。逆バイアス動作は、追加の高速リカバリダイオード(fast recovery diode )を真性のダイオードと並列に結合させることにより改善され得る一方、切り替 え電圧よりも低下する変圧器1次電圧の結果としての伝導は無効となる。 本発明の目的は、改善された効率の発電機を提供することである。 本発明によれば、電気外科用の発電機は、ラジオ周波数発振器を備え、このラ ジオ周波数発振器は少なくとも一つの切り替え装置と、反対極性の電力供給レー ルの間のパスにある前記切り替え装置に直列接続された共振出力回路網と、前記 切り替え装置の両端の電圧(the voltage across the switching device)が低減 している間に、前記切り替え装置が”オン”状態に循環的に切り換えられるよう に、発振帰還信号として切り替え制御パルス信号を、前記切り替え装置に供給す るように動作可能な発振器帰還回路とを備え、発振器帰還回路において”オン” 点の位相は、切り替え装置の”オン”時間が調節されるように、自動的かつ動的 に可変である。前記発振器帰還回路は、前記発電機の負荷インピーダンス範囲の 一方あるいは両方の極端における”オン”点を遅延させるように動作可能で、共 振出力回路網からの出力信号電圧の正極性あるいは負極性のピークを、0°と1 20°との間で遅らせるように、”オン”点の位相が可変に遅延させられること が望ましい。諸条件が要求するときに、”オン”点の位相が遅延させられること を許可することによって、切り替え装置が”オン”状態に切り換えられるときに 発生する電流の急激な増加は、切り替え装置の両端の電圧(一般には、出力回路 網変圧器の1次電圧)がより低くなることにより激しさが低減する。このように 、1次電圧振幅を制限することは可能であり、それにより切り替え装置の逆方向 の伝導(reverse conduction)は大部分避けられる。 帰還回路は、切り替え装置に電力を与える電力供給源の電源供給レールの間の 電位差と同じかそれよりも大きい、予め定められた閾値まで低下する切り替え装 置の両端の電圧と”オン”点が一致するようにされていてもよい。切り替え装置 の両端の電圧は、相当の余裕分だけ電源供給電圧を越えてもよく、また、閾値が 前記ピーク電圧よりも電源供給電圧により近いことが好ましい。 切り替え回路に直列に結合された1次巻線を具備する変圧器を含む共振出力回 路網の場合、帰還回路は、予め定められた閾値を過ぎる1次巻線の両端の電圧に 応答してタイミング信号を生成するようにされていてもよい。このように、前記 1次巻線は、電源供給レールの一つに結合された一端を具備し、前記帰還回路は 、1次巻線の他端の電圧を、前記一つの電源供給レールの電圧に等しいあるいは ほぼ等しい閾値電圧と比較するように配置された比較器を含んでもよい。 前記帰還回路は、”オン”状態への切り替えの後の0°と180°の間で発生 する共振回路網からの出力信号電圧の正極性あるいは負極性のピークの領域にお いて、切り替え装置が循環的に”オフ”状態に切り換えられるようになっている のが望ましい。このように、”オフ”点に関して”オン”への切り替えの位相を 遅延させることにより、切り替え装置の”オン”時間が低減され、その結果、極 端な負荷条件の下での共振出力回路網への入力ネルギが低減する。与えられた出 力電力の定格(output power rating)に対して、切り替え装置の出力電圧と同様 に、共振出力回路網の電力処理能力は低減され得る。 本発明の好ましい実施例において、前記帰還回路は、上述の正極性あるいは負 極性の出力信号電圧ピークの領域においてパルスエッジをもつ位相シフトされた パルス信号を獲得するための、前記共振出力回路網に結合された手段を含む。こ れらの獲得手段は、位相シフトされたパルス信号を受け取るための前記獲得手段 の出力に結合された一方の入力と、1次巻線の両端の電圧が前記閾値電圧と等し いということを前記比較器が示すときに始まり、前記位相シフトされたパルス信 号の前記パルスエッジにおいて終了するパルスを有する切り替え制御パルス信号 を生成するために比較器の出力に結合された他方の入力とを具備する論理回路に 接続されている。前記獲得手段は、約90°だけシフトされた共振回路網からの 出力信号電圧の矩形に表されたものとしてのパルス信号を生成するために一緒に 動作可能である容量性フィルタと矩形化回路とを有していてもよい。前記論理回 路は、前記入力の両方が、予め定められた同じ論理状態にあるときに、”オン” 信号を生成することが望ましい。 発振器の始動を助けるために、前記比較器は、切り替え装置が”オフ”状態に あり、発振器が無活動であるとき、比較器出力が、スタート信号の存在下におい て、前記切り替え装置を”オン”状態に切り換えさせる論理状態となるように、 バイアスされていてもよい。前記論理回路は、前記スタート信号を受け取るよう に結合された第3の入力を具備していてもよい。 前記共振回路網は、切り替え装置と電源供給レールおよび/またはACアース との間に結合された1次巻線と、発振器の出力端子に結合された2次巻線とを具 備する単巻変圧器を含んでいてもよい。この場合、前記帰還回路は、約90°だ け位相シフトされた出力信号電圧を表す位相シフト信号を獲得するために2次巻 線に直列接続されたキャパシターを具備する帰還連結を有することが望ましい。 あるいは、主電力が与えられる使用として、前記共振回路網は、切り替え装置 と電源供給レールおよび/またはACアースとの間に結合された1次巻線と、前 記1次巻線からDC絶縁され、発振器の出力端子に結合された2次巻線とを具備 する変圧器を含んでいてもよい。後者の場合、前記帰還回路は、直列抵抗と下流 の並列容量とを具備するRC回路網と、前記RC回路網と一緒に、90°だけ位 相シフトされた出力信号を表す位相シフト信号を生成するために動作可能な矩形 化回路とを有する帰還連結であって、1次巻線に連結された帰還連結を含むこと が望ましい。 簡単化のためと、電気外科において典型的に発生するインピーダンスの速い変 化に対する速い応答のために、前記発振器は、好ましくは自己同調するが、その 場合、前記共振回路網は、切り替え装置と電源供給レールおよび/またはACア ースとの間に結合された1次巻線と2次巻線とを具備する変圧器と、前記2次巻 線の両端に結合された第1の同調用の容量と、負荷への結合のために2次巻線の 一端に結合された第2の結合用の容量とを有する。それ故、前記発振器が前記負 荷に結合されるとき、発振周波数は、負荷のインピーダンス値の範囲に渡って実 質的なインピーダンス整合を維持するために、負荷のインピーダンスに従って自 動的に変化する。負荷インピーダンスの範囲に渡って実質的に一定な出力を維持 するために、前記発振器は、発振周波数よりもずっと低いパルス繰り返しレート で、前記発振器にパルスを送る電力制御回路であって、前記パルスのデューティ サイクルが、発振器の出力を実質的に一定に維持するように変化される電力制御 回路を含んでいてもよい。前記電力制御回路は、電源供給レールから発振器によ って引かれる電流と、電源供給レール電圧とを監視する手段と、前記監視手段に 結合され、出力電力を表す積信号を獲得する乗算器と、前記積信号の値に従って 前記パルスデューティサイクルを変更する回路装置とを有していてもよい。 発電機は、単極性であっても、2極性であってもよい。2極性の発電機は、電 気外科あるいはジアテルミーの負荷への接続のための一対の出力端子を具備し、 前記出力端子は、前記変圧器の2次巻線の対向する端末に結合されているのが好 ましく、前記端子の少なくとも一つは、上述のように変化する負荷インピーダン スとの整合を実現するために直列結合キャパシターを介して結合されている。 次に本発明を下記の図面を参照しながら例により説明する。 図1は、電気外科用の発電機の自己同調発振器の回路図である。 図2Aから2Dまでは、発振装置が矩形波制御信号によって駆動される発振器 に関連する波形図である。 図3は、本発明に従う電気外科用の発電機の第1の自己同調発振器の回路図で ある。 図4Aから4Fまでは、図3の発振器に関連する波形図である。 図5は、さらに別の自己同調発振器である。 図1を参照すると、先行技術の電気外科用の発電機は、正極性の電圧供給レー ルV+とアースとの間の共振出力回路網12に直列に結合されたMOSFET発 振器装置をもつ自己同調発振器を具備する。共振回路12は、全巻線間と、一方 が直列結合キャパシター20によって変圧器14および並列キャパシター16か ら絶縁されている一対の出力端子18間とに結合された並列同調容量16をもつ 単巻変圧器として構成されたインダクタを具備する。変圧器2次巻線の一部は、 供給電源V+とMOSFET10のドレイン端子との間に結合された1次巻線1 4Pとして働く。帰還回路22は、2次巻線の一端をMOSFET10のゲート 端子10Gに連結する。このような発振器を具備する発電機は、上述の英国特許 出願番号2214430Aにより詳しく記載されている。この特別な発振器は、 2つの出力端子18を具備し、それは使用時に電気外科の負荷24に結合され、 2極性の電気外科用の発電機の出力を与えることに注目されたい。 電気外科用の発電機に与えられる負荷は、実行される特定の手術や、例えば、 処置される組織に関連する電気外科用の器具の動きに従って、広い範囲でかつ迅 速に変化するということはよく知られている。上述の特許に記載されているよう に、変圧器2次の間の並列同調キャパシターと、直列結合キャパシターとを具備 する、図1で示されるような共振回路網は、負荷インピーダンスの変化に従って 、発振器を負荷に整合させる。 従来、帰還回路22は、キャパシターである。もしも、MOSFET10のゲ ート端子10Gに印加される帰還電圧が矩形(squared)されており、主としてM OSFET10における電力浪費を避けるために完全に”オン”の状態および完 全に”オン”の状態の間で駆動されているならば、発振器回路の異なる点におけ る信号は、図2Aから2Cにおいて示される形状を有する。図2Aの波形は、2 次巻線間の出力電圧を示している。この図において、平均電圧は水平な線によっ て示されている。無限負荷インピーダンスに対する1次電圧波形が図2Bに示さ れている。これは、図2Cの波形によって示されるようにMOSFETゲート1 0Gに対する矩形波駆動によって、非正弦曲線形を有する。駆動波形は、実際上 、出力電圧に関連して90°だけ進んでおり、MOSFETは、出力電圧波形の ゼロ交差(ゼロ交差は、ここでは平均電圧線の交差を意味する)の90°前に、 ”オン”状態に切り換えられ、対応する電圧ピーク(図2Aの負極性のピーク) の前にMOSFETを通して共振回路網から電流が引かれる。90°位相が進ん だ切り替え点において、MOSFET10のドレイン端子上の1次電圧は、負荷 インピーダンスが高いとき、供給電圧V+より高くてもよく、その結果、”オン ”時の直後に起きる電流の流し込みは、非常に高い。図2Bに示されるように、 1次電圧を非常に迅速に変化させ、所定の条件では、MOSFET上の切り替え 電位(ここでスイッチは接地されている)よりも低く振らせ、MOSFETを通 して逆の条件を作らせるのは、この電流の流し込みである。 この効果は、ゼロ電圧線より下の負極性のパルスとして図2Bで見て取れる。 MOSFET電流IDが図2Dに示されている。上述されたように、このことは 、有効でなく、潜在的なMOSFET10の損傷に通じる望ましくない状態であ る。 図2Cから見て取れるように、MOSFET10のゲート端子に印加された制 御信号の”オフ”点は、オンへの切り替えに続く出力電圧波形のピークの瞬間に ほぼ対応しており、したかって、出力電圧波形の対応する部分に関して90°位 相が進められている。 本発明に従って改善された発電機が、図3に示されている。図1の発電機と同 様に、これは、主にバッテリから電力供給される発電機として用いられるように 意図されている。図1の発振器と同様に、MOSFET10があり、発振器は、 変圧器14、並列キャパシター16、直列結合キャパシター20を有する共振出 力回路網12を具備する。2極性の出力端子18は、電気外科用の器具への接続 用に設けられている。変圧器14は、単巻変圧器であり、電気外科用の器具に対 する印加のための出力は、変圧器14の全巻線で表されている2次巻線の両端に (across the secondary winding)発生され、1次巻線は、この場合、図3で示さ れるように、巻線の上方部分である、全巻線の一部で表され、タップ14Tは、 MOSFET10のドレイン端子10Dに接続されている。 この改善された発振器の帰還回路は、2つの部分に配置されている。第1の部 分は、帰還結合であって、その出力側が、ダイオード28,30によって+5V とアースとの間にクランプされ、図2Cで示されたと同様であるが、逆にされ、 矩形にされ、90°位相を進められた信号を出力する、直列接続された帰還キャ パシター26を具備する帰還結合を有する。帰還回路のもう一つの部分は、変圧 器14と、変圧器に1次電圧を送るMOSFET10のドルイン端子との接合点 に結合された第1の入力端と、電源供給レールV+に結合された第2の入力端と を具備する比較器32を有する。そこで、比較器は、1次電圧を、電源供給電圧 に等しい閾値電圧と比較し、ノアゲート34の一つの入力端に与えられる矩形波 を出力端に生成し、ノアゲートのもう一つの入力端は、帰還キャパシター26の クランプされた出力側に結合されている。ノアゲート34は、発振器が活性であ るとき、オン/オフ制御入力361を具備するスタートパルス発生器36によっ て低く保たれている第3の入力端を有する。出力が正極性となるためには、ノア ゲート34の3つの入力端の全てが低く駆動されなければならない。さもなけれ ば、出力は負極性である。このノアゲート34は、MOSFET10のゲート1 0Gに対し、バッファ増幅器38を介してパルス化された制御信号を与える。比 較器32から得られた信号とクランプされたキャパシター26の出力との極性は 、1次電圧が閾値電圧(この場合はバッテリ供給の電圧V+)よりも低いときに のみ、正極性の駆動パルスがMOSFET10に与えられているということであ り、キャパシター26からの90°信号は、共振出力回路網12からの出力電圧 が、正極性のピークから負極性のピークに下がってきていることを示している。 これらの測定の結果は、図4Aから4Eの波形図に示されている。変圧器14 の2次巻線の両端の出力電圧は図4Aに示されており、回路網12の共振周波数 と同じ周波数の正弦波(sinusoid)である。1次電圧が図4Bに示されているが、 これは、MOSFETドレイン接続10Dと変圧器14との間の接合部における 電圧であり、一方、供給電圧V+にほぼ等しい閾値電圧とこの1次電圧の比較か らもたらされる比較器32からの出力は、図4Cに示されるようにパルス化され た信号である。(図4Bの閾値電圧は、供給電圧よりも少し高いということがこ こでは注目されるべきである。それというのも、本発明の好ましい一実施例にお いては、一方で、電源供給V+と比較器との間に接続され、他方で、1次電圧接 続部と比較器との間に接続された電圧分割器は、幾分高めの閾値を選択するよう にされているからである。さらに、このことは、負極性に向かうスタートパルス がスタートパルス発生器36によって生成されるときに、発振器が始動されるよ うに、比較器の出力を負極性の状態にバイアスする効果も有する。) キャパシター26のクランプされた出力において生成された90°位相の進ん だ信号が、図4Dに示されており、そこから、位相の進んだ信号は、図4A出力 電圧に関連して90°位相の進んだ単純な矩形波であるということが見て取れる 。スタートパルス発生器36の出力が低いとすると、ノアゲート34の出力から 得られた制御信号は、図4Eで示される形、すなわち、比較器32とキャパシタ ー26との両方からの低い入力状態の発生と一致する正極性のパルスの形をとる 。結果は、MOSFET10が、90°進められた点に関連して遅らされている あ る瞬間に循環的にオンに切り換えられ、さらに、オン切り替え後の出力電圧の最 初のピークの領域(すなわち、出力電圧の微分dv/dtがゼロの領域)におい て”オフ”に切り換えられるということである。 図4Bを参照すると、MOSFET10が”オン”に切り換えられるとき、1 次電圧が、図2Cの切り替え機構に関するよりも低いので、無負荷状態における 1次電圧が、図4Bの図示の基準線によって表される切り替え電位以下に横切ら ないし、装置電流IDが反転を示しもしない(図4F参照)ということが見て取 れる。したがって、有効でなく、潜在的に損傷をあたえる逆の状態が防止される 。さらに、”オン”点は遅延されているが、”オン”点は出力電圧ピークと実質 的に一致するように維持されているので、MOSFETの全”オン”時間は、図 2Bおよび2Cの波形図によって表される処置に関して低減され、負荷インピー ダンスの両極端における電力消費の低減となり、それによって、共振出力回路網 における過度の電力浪費を防止することになる。MOSFET10の始動は、1 次電圧の波形の振幅と形状とに依存しているので、MOSFETの”オン”期間 は、出力端子18(図3参照)に現れる負荷インピーダンスに従って変化する。 この切り替え装置の使用は、相当大きな負荷インピーダンス範囲に渡って、非常 に高いエネルギ変換効率という結果をもたらすということが分かっている。実際 に、電流と電圧の両方の出力における10倍の変化を示し、10Ωから1000 Ωまでの負荷インピーダンス範囲に渡って、最大電力に対する70%よりも大き い効率を達成することが可能である。 相当低周波のパルス化された制御入力をスタートパルス発生器36に印加する ことにより、MOSFET発振器にパルスを送れるように電力制御帰還ループが 、含まれていてもよい。適切な電力制御回路の詳細は、上述の英国特許出願番号 2214430Aに示されている。このような制御回路に関し、本発明の回路に よって得られる、向上させられた変換効率は、負荷インピーダンス/電力特性が 、切り換え用のMOSFET10に関する過度の共振回路電力浪費あるいは過度 の負荷なしに、拡大された負荷インピーダンスの範囲に渡って、平らであるよう に調整されるのを可能にさせ、可変位相進み切り替えは、最大出力電圧(無負荷 状態)および最大電流(短絡回路負荷)を制限する。これらの有利な点は、必要 な 電力供給を低減させ、所定の必要な電力出力に対しより安い部品を可能にする。 図3の回路は、電池電源供給の電気外科用の装置のためのものである。この装 置は本線に電源供給をされる場合に、図5に示されるように望ましくは絶縁され た2次巻線をもった出力RF変圧器の形で追加の絶縁が必要である。以前のよう に、1次巻線は、供給電源V+とMOSFET10のドレイン端子10Dとの間 に結合される。変圧器40の絶縁された2次巻線40Sは、図3の発振器の単巻 変圧器14の2次部分と同様な方法で、出力端子18に結合されている。 図3の発振器においては、直流絶縁の必要がないという理由で、出力段からの 帰還信号を直接使用することが可能であるが、本線で駆動される発振器は、90 °位相の進んだ信号を発生するために、代わりの手段を必要とする。そこで、こ の場合、図5の発振器において、帰還回路は、1次巻線40PとMOSFETI 0のドレイン端子10Dとの接合部で入手可能な1次電圧を受け取るように接続 され、インバータ46が後続するRC回路網42,44から構成される単極低域 通過フィルタを含む。これは、90°遅れた信号を実際に生成するが、MOSF ETの動作には影響を与えない。比較器32は、1次電圧を供給電圧V+、ある いは好ましくは少し高い電圧と比較するように配置されている。 ここで低域通過フィルタによって生成され、遅延を受け、90°位相が進めら れた信号と、矩形にするインバータ配置42,44,46とは、90°位相が進 んだ信号が最初の発振サイクルで得られない故に、電力が最初に与えられたとき にそれ自身で発振器を始動させないということを述べておかなければならない。 この問題は、負極性のパルスを生成するように配置されたスタートパルス発生器 36によって克服される。実際のところ、パルス始動期間は比較的短い(典型的 には50−100ns)。両方の回路において(すなわち、図3および図5の発 振器)、このパルスの短い継続時間は、MOSFET10に対する損傷の可能性 が低減されるように、初期電流の急増を制限する。次に、過剰な電流は、上述し たように、遅延された”オン”の瞬間によって回避される。 図3および図5の実施例は両方とも変圧器14または40の1次巻線を流れる 電流が、巻線の一方側のみにおいて、切り替え手段10により制御される片側切 り替え装置を含んでいる。本発明は、高電力レベルにおいては有利であるプシュ プル装置を、考えの範囲内に含んでいるということを述べておかなければならな い。なぜならば、結果として起きるDC電流成分の平衡出力(balancing-out)は 、有効変圧器鉄心飽和点の上昇によって、与えられた電力に対して、より小さい 変圧器の鉄心が用いられることを可能にさせるからである。 発振器は200kHzから2MHzまでの範囲内で動作する。負荷範囲の中央 における好ましい動作周波数は、典型的には500kHzの範囲にある。

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 1.ラジオ周波数発振器を具備する電気外科用の発電機であって、 少なくとも一つの切り替え装置と、 反対極性の電力供給レールの間のパスにある前記切り替え装置に直列接続され た共振出力回路網と、 前記切り替え装置の両端の電圧が低減している間に、前記切り替え装置が”オ ン”状態に循環的に換えられるように、発振帰還信号として切り替え制御パルス 信号を、前記切り替え装置に供給するように動作可能な発振器帰還回路であり、 ”オン”点の位相は、切り替え装置の”オン”時間が前記切り替え装置の両端の 電圧の大きさを調整するために調節されるように、動的に可変である、発振器帰 還回路とを有する、電気外科用の発電機。 2.前記発振器帰還回路は、前記発電機の負荷インピーダンス範囲の少なくと も一つの極端における”オン”点を遅延させるように動作可能である、請求項1 の発電機。 3.共振出力回路網からの出力信号電圧の正極性あるいは負極性のピークを、 0°と120°の間の値だけ遅らせるように、”オン”点の位相が遅延させられ る、請求項1または2の発電機。 4.前記帰還回路は、”オン”点が切り替え装置の両端における予め定められ た瞬間の電圧値の存在に一致するように動作可能である、先行請求項のいずれか の発電機。 5.前記予め定められた電圧値は、発振器の電源供給レール間の電位差と少な くとも同じ大きさである、請求項4の発電機。 6.前記予め定められた電圧値は、発振器の電源供給レール間の電位差よりも 大きいが、切り替え装置の両端のピーク瞬間電圧値に対するよりも前記電位差に 対してより近い、請求項5の発電機。 7.共振出力回路網は、前記切り替え装置と直列に結合された1次巻線を具備 する変圧器を含み、そこで前記帰還回路は、予め定められた閾値を過ぎる1次巻 線の両端の電圧に応じてタイミング信号を生成するように動作可能である、請求 項1ないし3のいずれにも従う発電機。 8.前記1次巻線は、電源供給レールの一つに結合された一端を具備し、前記 帰還回路は、1次巻線の他端における電圧を、前記一つの電源供給レールの電圧 に等しいかあるいはほぼ等しい閾値電圧と比較するように配置された比較器を含 む、請求項7の発電機。 9.前記帰還回路は、前記切り替え装置が、”オン”状態への切り替わった後 に0°および180°の間に発生する、共振回路網からの出力信号電圧の正極性 あるいは負極性のピークの領域において”オフ”状態に循環的に切り換えられる ように動作可能である、先行請求項のいずれかの発電機。 10.前記帰還回路は、前記正極性あるいは負極性のピークの領域においてパ ルスエッジをもつ位相信号であるパルス信号を獲得するための、前記共振回路網 に結合された手段と、位相シフトされたパルス信号を受け取るための前記獲得手 段に結合された一方の入力と、1次巻線の両端の電圧が前記閾値電圧と等しいと いうことを前記比較器が示すときに始まり、前記位相シフトされたパルス信号の 前記パルスエッジにおいて終了するパルスを具備する切り替え制御パルス信号を 生成するために比較器の出力に結合された他方の入力とを具備する論理回路とを 含む、請求項8および9の発電機。 11.前記獲得手段は、約90°だけシフトされた共振回路網からの出力信号 電圧の矩形に表されたものであるパルス信号を生成するために一緒に動作可能な 容量性フィルタと矩形化回路とを有し、その場合、前記論理回路は、前記入力の 両方共か、予め定められた同じ論理状態にあるときに、”オン”信号を生成する 、請求項10の発電機。 12.切り替え装置が”オン”状態にあり、発振器が無活動であるとき、比較 器出力が、スタート信号がある場合に、前記切り替え装置を”オン”状態に切り 換えさせる論理状態にあるように、前記比較器はバイアスされている請求項8, 10,11のいずれかの発電機。 13.前記論理回路は、前記スタート信号を受け取るように結合された第3の 入力を具備する請求項12および10あるいは11の発電機。 14.前記共振回路網は、切り替え装置と電源供給レールおよび/またはa. c.アースとの間に結合された1次巻線と、発振器の出力端子に結合された2次 巻線とを具備する単巻変圧器を含む、いずれの先行請求項にも従う発電機。 15.前記帰還回路は、約90°だけ位相シフトされた出力信号電圧を表す位 相シフトされた信号を獲得するために2次巻線に直列接続されたキャパシターを 具備する帰還連結を含む、請求項14および9の発電機。 16.前記共振回路網は、切り替え装置と電源供給レールおよび/またはa. c.アースとの間に結合された1次巻線と、前記1次巻線からd.c.絶縁され 、発振器の出力端子に結合された2次巻線とを具備する変圧器を含む請求項1か ら13までのいずれかの発電機。 17.前記帰還回路は、直列抵抗と下流の並列容量とを具備するRC回路網と 、前記RC回路網と一緒に、90°だけ位相シフトされた出力電圧信号を表す位 相シフト信号を生成するために動作可能な矩形化回路とを有する帰還連結であっ て、1次巻線に連結された帰還連結を含む、請求項16の発電機。 18.前記発振器は自己同調し、前記共振回路網は、 切り替え装置と電源供給レールおよび/またはa.c.アースとの間に結合さ れた1次巻線と2次巻線とを具備する変圧器と、 前記2次巻線の両端に結合された同調用の第1の容量と、 負荷への結合のために2次巻線の一端に結合された結合用の第2の容量とを有 するとともに、 前記発振器が前記負荷に結合されるとき、発振器の発振周波数は、負荷のイン ピーダンス値の範囲に渡って実質的なインピーダンス整合を維持するために、負 荷のインピーダンスに従って自動的に変化する、先行請求項のいずれかの電気外 科用の発電機。 19.発振周波数よりもずっと低いパルス繰り返しレートで、前記発振器にパ ルスを送る電力制御回路であって、前記パルスのデューティサイクルは、負荷イ ンピーダンス値の範囲に渡って実質的に一定である発振器の出力電力を維持する ように変化される電力制御回路を含む、請求項18の発電機。 20.電源供給レールから発振器によって引かれる電流と、電源供給レール電 圧とを監視する手段と、前記監視手段に結合され、出力電力を表す積信号を獲得 する乗算器と、前記積信号の値に従って前記パルスデューティサイクルを変更す る回路装置とを含む、請求項19による発電機。 21.電気外科の負荷への接続のための一対の出力端子を具備するとともに、 前記出力端子は、前記変圧器の2次巻線の対向する端末に結合され、前記端子の 少なくとも一つは、直列結合キャパシターを介して上述のように結合されている 、請求項18ないし20のいずれかの発電機。
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GB939314391A GB9314391D0 (en) 1993-07-12 1993-07-12 A radio frequency oscillator and an electrosurgical generator incorporating such an oscillator
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PCT/GB1994/001504 WO1995002369A1 (en) 1993-07-12 1994-07-11 An electrosurgical generator

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010038827A1 (ja) * 2008-10-03 2010-04-08 オリンパスメディカルシステムズ株式会社 電気手術装置、電気手術装置の制御方法、高周波処置装置、及び、高周波処置方法
JPWO2010038827A1 (ja) * 2008-10-03 2012-03-01 オリンパスメディカルシステムズ株式会社 電気手術装置、電気手術装置の制御方法、高周波処置装置、及び、高周波処置方法
US8292883B2 (en) 2008-10-15 2012-10-23 Olympus Medical Systems Corp. Electrosurgical apparatus and method of controlling electrosurgical apparatus
JP2018515154A (ja) * 2015-03-06 2018-06-14 オリンパス・ウィンター・アンド・イベ・ゲゼルシャフト・ミット・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング 電気外科用ジェネレータ
US10588685B2 (en) 2015-03-06 2020-03-17 Olympus Winter & Ibe Gmbh Electrosurgical generator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP3580819B2 (ja) 2004-10-27
EP0708618B1 (en) 1997-03-19
WO1995002369A1 (en) 1995-01-26
EP0708618A1 (en) 1996-05-01
ATE150279T1 (de) 1997-04-15
DE69402202T2 (de) 1997-07-10
GB9314391D0 (en) 1993-08-25
US5438302A (en) 1995-08-01
DE69402202D1 (de) 1997-04-24

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