JPS6261658B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS6261658B2 JPS6261658B2 JP55048149A JP4814980A JPS6261658B2 JP S6261658 B2 JPS6261658 B2 JP S6261658B2 JP 55048149 A JP55048149 A JP 55048149A JP 4814980 A JP4814980 A JP 4814980A JP S6261658 B2 JPS6261658 B2 JP S6261658B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- cobalt
- feed
- precipitate
- electrolyte
- solution
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 81
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 81
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000005363 electrowinning Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 16
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 chlorine ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- KGQGQKPCLGRZAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxocobalt;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Co]=O KGQGQKPCLGRZAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium carbonate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]C([O-])=O AYJRCSIUFZENHW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- KXZQYLBVMZGIKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-pyridin-2-yl-n-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanamine Chemical group C=1C=CC=NC=1CNCC1=CC=CC=N1 KXZQYLBVMZGIKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- QXZUUHYBWMWJHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Co].[Ni] QXZUUHYBWMWJHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 34
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000006298 dechlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 239000002659 electrodeposit Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021503 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001429 cobalt ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical group [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WOXFMYVTSLAQMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Pyridinemethanamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC=N1 WOXFMYVTSLAQMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940005989 chlorate ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IUYLTEAJCNAMJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Co+2] IUYLTEAJCNAMJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXVNMSSSMOVRTC-UHFFFAOYSA-K cobalt(3+);trihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Co+3] FXVNMSSSMOVRTC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Co+2] ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- PKSIZOUDEUREFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Co] PKSIZOUDEUREFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SEGLCEQVOFDUPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COP(O)(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC SEGLCEQVOFDUPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimercury dichloride Chemical class Cl[Hg][Hg]Cl ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002816 nickel compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/04—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by wet processes
- C22B23/0453—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B23/0461—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by chemical methods
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/26—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds
- C22B3/38—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds containing phosphorus
- C22B3/384—Pentavalent phosphorus oxyacids, esters thereof
- C22B3/3846—Phosphoric acid, e.g. (O)P(OH)3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/42—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by ion-exchange extraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C1/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions
- C25C1/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions or iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese
- C25C1/08—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions or iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese of nickel or cobalt
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA333,733A CA1125227A (fr) | 1979-08-14 | 1979-08-14 | Methode d'electrodeposition sur cobalt |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5629637A JPS5629637A (en) | 1981-03-25 |
| JPS6261658B2 true JPS6261658B2 (fr) | 1987-12-22 |
Family
ID=4114925
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4814980A Granted JPS5629637A (en) | 1979-08-14 | 1980-04-14 | Cobalt electrolytic recovery |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5629637A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU529185B2 (fr) |
| BE (1) | BE884785A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA1125227A (fr) |
| FI (1) | FI66920C (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2463201B1 (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO156868C (fr) |
| PH (1) | PH18614A (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH06105777A (ja) * | 1992-09-25 | 1994-04-19 | Hitachi Ltd | 電気掃除機 |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1533398B1 (fr) | 2003-10-24 | 2011-08-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Procédé pour la production d'un électrolyte prêt à utilisation à partir de déchets contenant des ions métalliques |
| CA2790278C (fr) | 2010-03-18 | 2016-05-17 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | Tuyau en acier sans soudure pour injection de vapeur, et son procede de fabrication |
| JP5565339B2 (ja) * | 2011-02-17 | 2014-08-06 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 有効塩素の除去方法及びコバルトの回収方法 |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1199965A (fr) * | 1958-01-27 | 1959-12-17 | Freeport Sulphur Co | Procédé de séparation d'impuretés ferrugineuses |
| FR1397003A (fr) * | 1964-06-02 | 1965-04-23 | Duisburger Kupferhuette | Procédé en vue d'obtenir du cobalt à partir de solutions aqueuses |
| US4004990A (en) * | 1974-08-06 | 1977-01-25 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Limited | Process for separating and recovering nickel and cobalt |
| US4030989A (en) * | 1976-05-11 | 1977-06-21 | Anglonor S. A. | Electrowinning process |
| JPS5924168B2 (ja) * | 1977-05-14 | 1984-06-07 | 株式会社大八化学工業所 | 溶媒抽出法によるコバルトとニツケルの分離方法 |
| US4175014A (en) * | 1978-03-06 | 1979-11-20 | Amax Inc. | Cathodic dissolution of cobaltic hydroxide |
| US4151258A (en) * | 1978-03-06 | 1979-04-24 | Amax Inc. | Dissolution of cobaltic hydroxide with organic reductant |
| CA1119416A (fr) * | 1979-08-14 | 1982-03-09 | Juraj Babjak | Methode de separation du nickel en presence dans les solutions aqueuses de sulfates de cobalt |
-
1979
- 1979-08-14 CA CA333,733A patent/CA1125227A/fr not_active Expired
-
1980
- 1980-04-14 JP JP4814980A patent/JPS5629637A/ja active Granted
- 1980-07-22 AU AU60687/80A patent/AU529185B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-07-31 PH PH24373A patent/PH18614A/en unknown
- 1980-08-12 FR FR8017743A patent/FR2463201B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1980-08-13 NO NO802419A patent/NO156868C/no unknown
- 1980-08-14 FI FI802564A patent/FI66920C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-08-14 BE BE0/201756A patent/BE884785A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH06105777A (ja) * | 1992-09-25 | 1994-04-19 | Hitachi Ltd | 電気掃除機 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PH18614A (en) | 1985-08-21 |
| BE884785A (fr) | 1980-12-01 |
| FR2463201A1 (fr) | 1981-02-20 |
| AU6068780A (en) | 1981-02-19 |
| FI66920B (fi) | 1984-08-31 |
| FI802564A7 (fi) | 1981-02-15 |
| NO156868C (no) | 1987-12-09 |
| CA1125227A (fr) | 1982-06-08 |
| NO802419L (no) | 1981-02-16 |
| NO156868B (no) | 1987-08-31 |
| FR2463201B1 (fr) | 1986-05-23 |
| FI66920C (fi) | 1984-12-10 |
| AU529185B2 (en) | 1983-05-26 |
| JPS5629637A (en) | 1981-03-25 |
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