SA518391473B1 - Foamable fire resistant coating composition - Google Patents

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a foamable fire resistant coating composition comprising an epoxy resin, a curing agent, a flame retardant, a foaming agent, an acid catalyst and fiber. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a foamable fire resistant coating composition, wherein the flame retardant contains 20% or less by weight of triphenyl phosphate and has a pyrolysis temperature of 250℃ or higher, thereby reducing the gas toxicity, imparting flexibility to a foam layer, and preventing cracks from occurring on a carbonized layer, ultimately improving long-term fire resistance.

Description

FOAMABLE FIRE RESISTANT COATING COMPOSITION Full Description

Invention background

The present disclosure relates to a foamable fire resistant paint composition

.coating

Temperatures tend to rise rapidly to about 945 °C over a short period of time

Sabeel (JB) 5 minutes; In dlls, oil-related fires that frequently occur in structures or

marine stations. In areas where there is a possibility of oil-related fires

Epoxy-based fire resistant coatings, subject to hardening

Bile in the form of Wfire resistant coatings yall however; be coatings

The existing fire resistance is defective in that a large amount of noxious gases are released during the expansion of the 0 coating.

The following three US patents disclose a basic technology for fire-retardant-based coatings

Epoxy.

US Patent No. 4,529,467 proposes an epoxy-based fire retardant coating; Free

caida, where it can improve the insulation efficiency and adhesion of the paint to a substrate by forming a foam layer 5 that has a structure called small in charcoal using (Zn) zine when the paint swells in

event of a fire. however; when zinc (Zn) is used in excess; paint may not expand;

Thus the insulation efficiency decreases undesirably.

US Patent No. 5,108,832 proposes a fire retardant coating composition; epoxy based;

High flexibility by synthesizing an epoxy resin with superior flexibility. in the proposed patent 0; An epoxy resin is synthesized using an epoxy monomer having a chain structure;

A fire retardant coating composition is prepared using synthetic epoxy resin. It is signed flexibly

Epoxy based fire retardant paint by cold cycle test

US Patent No. 6,096,812 proposes a fire-resistant coating that can reduce the density of the coating by using <hydrophobic fumed silica> thereby achieving fire resistance while reducing the amount of coating composition used. All three US patents disclose a foaming mechanism for a fire-retardant paint composition using boric acid and ammonium polyphosphate. Boric acid releases a gas at about 170°C while becoming dehydrated; This allows the paint to swell. According to the foaming mechanisms of the patents that have been disclosed however; Harmful gases can be released; Which is causing a problem. At the same time; US Patent Application No. 999536-1997 discloses a 0 fire retardant coating; It demonstrates fire resistance while reducing the amount of paint used” by reducing the density of the coating using a hydrophobic fume silica based on an epoxy resin. however; A phosphorus-based flame retardant disclosed herein contains triphenyl phosphate (TPP) in an amount of 21 7 by weight or more and has a pyrolysis temperature of less than 250 °C . because of the low adh 5 weight; Triphenyl phosphate can be evaporated at a lower temperature than the accured epoxy resin so an initial foaming rate of 0 can still be increased; when a large amount of Triphenyl Phosphate is included; The toxicity of the gas can be undesirably increased (Sarg). The fire resistance decreases in the long run. There remains a need; The present disclosure proposes to present a fire retardant coating composition cola DU ALE comprising an epoxy resin a hardening agent a flame retardant Foaming agent 5 acid catalyst and efiber fibers where the flame retardant material contains

On 20 7 by weight or less of Triphenyl Phosphate, Lely, pyrolysis temperature of 250 degrees Celsius or higher, thus reducing gas poisoning, giving flexibility to the foam layer, and preventing cracks from occurring on the creneine layer; Ultimately improving fire resistance in the long term. Including a foamable fire retardant coating composition according to the present disclosure 10 to 725 wt. of epoxy resin; 10 to 715 wt of hardening agent; 10 to 720 wt. of flame retardant material; 3 to 710 wt. of blowing agent; 20 to 740 wt. of acid catalyst and 3 to 710 wt. of fiber; based on total formula weight; The flame retardant contains 720 or less by weight of triphenyl phosphate and has a pyrolysis temperature of 250°C or higher. Whereas the foaming fire retardant paint composition according to the present disclosure contains a small amount of 0 of Triphenyl Phosphate”; Gas poisoning can be reduced. In addition, Lay cella) that the foamable fire retardant coating composition according to the present disclosure has a relatively high pyrolysis temperature of 0 °C or higher” can give flexibility to the foam layer. Furthermore it; The carbonized layer can be improved when evaluating gaseous toxicity using the KSF 2271 test method. KSF 5 2271 foamable fire retardant coating composition according to the present disclosure shows 12 minutes or more. add to that"; When assessing fire resistance using the UL 1709 test method (UL 1709) the foamable fire retardant coating composition as per the present disclosure shows a fire resistance of 3 hours or more Js without the use of additional reinforcement material (mesh). Here Lad later; detection (Jal) will be described in more detail. 0 The foaming fire retardant coating composition as per the present disclosure includes 10 to 725 wt. of epoxy resin; 10 to 715 wt of hardening agent; 10 to 720 wt of sale engl inhibitor 3 to 710 wt of blowing agent 20 to 740 wt of acid catalyst and 3 to 710 wt of fibers; Based on total formula weight. Hana The flame retardant contains 20 7 wt. or less of triphenyl cling and has a pyrolysis temperature of 250°C or 5°C higher.

E. The epoxy resin used for the present detection composition allows the coating to adhere to the substrate to be coated and the coating; when hardened; Shows durability at room temperature. add to that; Dall (aie for high temperature heat in dls on fire; can transform into a fluidized phase to expand smoothly upon cabal release) and acts as a structure of a smoked carbonized layer. Examples of epoxy resin include; without limitation; bisphenol A Joi A-type cpoxy resin “epoxy resin F type epoxy resin flame retardant epoxy resin cnovolak epoxy resin polyurethane epoxy resin multifunctional amine epoxy resin and cycloaliphatic epoxy resin

cycloaliphatic epoxy resin 0 preferably; At least one of selected bisphenol A type epoxy resins and bisphenol type 1 epoxy resins can be used as epoxy resin. Epoxy resin can have a weighted average molecular weight of 150 to 900; preferably 200 to 800; and an equivalent weight of 75 to 450 g/eq; Preferably 100 to 400 g/eq.

5 The foaming fire retardant coating composition as per the present disclosure may include 10 to 725; For example » 15 to 23 pounds by weight of epoxy resin. If the epoxy resin content is less than 710 by weight; The lack of epoxy resin can cause the adhesion of the coating to deteriorate. If the epoxy resin content is greater than 725 by weight; Excessive amount of epoxy resin can lower the foaming rate of the paint if Gua occurs such that it cannot show sufficient fire resistance.

0 in the syntax for the current list; The hardening agent is used to harden the epoxy resin. Examples of hardening agent include; without a specific yes; amides or amidoamine resins with a viscosity of 200 to 800 cP; amine value 300 to 600 mg [KOH g] and active hydrogen equivalent weight 50 to 200 [an equivalent; It was obtained by polymerizing polyethylene amine, a fatty acid dimer

fatty acid monomer fatty acid dimer 25

The hardening agent can be synthesized in the following way. Firstly; A mixture of polyethylene amine is heated; Dimer a stearic acid and a stearic acid monomer to 200 °C. The condensation reaction, Ja reaction, is initiated, and the reactant’s acid “dad” reaches 1 to 5. “Preferably” at this stage; The reaction is carried out so that the amine/acid molarity ranges from 1.2 to 2.0. if the molar ratio is less than 1.2; the viscosity is too high to be applied over a coating; If the molar ratio is greater than 2.0, cunreacted amines may remain, making it difficult to achieve desirable physical properties when applied to a coating. more specifically; Examples of a single polyethylene amine selected from the group consisting of gla cethylene diamine include diethylene triamine ctriethylene tetraamine tetraethylene pentaamine or mixtures thereof. Therefore, examples of a fatty acid dimer and monomer include monomers and dimers selected from the group consisting of soybean oil fatty acid fatty acid from tall oil fatty acid From Castor (Cu) Castor oil fatty acid Fatty acid from rice bran oil Crice bran oil fatty acid 5 Stearic acid from Flaxseed oil Oil fatty acid 11058660 Coconut oil fatty acid dauryl acid, linoleic acid, or mixtures thereof. A fatty acid monomer and dimer from tal oil can be preferably used as a fatty acid dimer and monomer. when the acid dad of the reactant reaches 1 to 5; Heating is stopped to produce amide resin 0 or preferably .amidoamine; The producing hardening agent has a viscosity of 200 to 800 cP; Amine value 0 to 600 mg [KOH g; and active hydrogen equivalent weight from 0 to 200 g/eq. when the hardening agent has physical properties that fall within the above ranges; Solidification efficiency can be maximized. Tag Ext 10 to 715 foamable fire retardant coating formulation can include; 5 for JU 11 to 7214; by weight of the hardening agent. If the hardening agent content is less

of 710 by weight » Deficiency of hardener can cause deterioration of coating adhesion. if the hardening agent content is greater than 715 by weight; Excess amount of hardening agent can cause coating defects.” Jie, camine brushing, etc. A phosphor-based flame retardant used for the present disclosure formulation imparts elasticity to a foamed carbonated film at an initial stage by adjusting the pyrolysis rate of a curing agent Triphenyl phosphate is included in a phosphor-based flame retardant used for a foamable fire retardant paint Conventional in an amount equal to or greater than 721 by weight” and the pyrolysis temperature is less than 250°C. when using a phosphorous-based flame retardant; Triphenyl phosphate is evaporated; low molecular weight substance; At a lower temperature than the hardener 0 epoxy resin:; Thus the initial foaming can be increased. however; when a large amount of Triphenyl Phosphate is included; Gas toxicity can be increased and fire resistance can be reduced in the long run. Subsequently; The amount of phosphorus-based flame retardant used in the present disclosure can be reduced to half that of a conventional phosphorus-based flame retardant; in which; Triphenyl phosphate content can be reduced; Thus reducing gas poisoning. In addition ll the rate of pyrolysis of the hardened coating can be lowered than Gob 5 Additional use of a phosphor-based flame retardant having a pyrolysis temperature of 250 degrees Lise or Ae (so that; less than 75 in loss on heating at 250 Celsius); Cracks can be prevented on the concrete layer by giving flexibility to the foam layer; Thus achieving long-term fire resistance even without the use of a support material (mesh). The phosphor-based flame retardant in the fire-retardant coating composition ALE for foaming according to the present Disclosure 0 contains triphenyl phosphate in an amount less than or equal to 720 by weight and has a pyrolysis temperature of 250 °C or higher (i.e., less than 75 in loss on heating at 250 degrees Celsius). By specifying HAST the phosphorous-based flame retardant used in detection Jal may include at least one selected from the group consisting of caryl phosphates such as tri-5-phenylphosphate; Jai triphenyl phosphate 15001010180 tri

Cresyl phosphate 010:85.1, butylated triphenyl cphosphate cresyl diphenyl phosphate or isopropyl phenyl diphenyl phosphate tisopropyl phenyl diphenyl phosphate and bis phosphate Jie cbisphosphates resorkinol bis (RDP) resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) or bisphenol A = bis (BDP) bis(diphenyphosphate). Isopropyl Phosphate contains Triphenyl Phosphate in an amount of 5 to 710 by weight in the form of arylphosphate; It is possible to use (resorkinol bis (diphenyl phosphate)) or (bis si-8 bis (diphenyl phosphate)) containing triphenyl phosphate in an amount of less than 75 by weight in the form of bis phosphate. 0 The phosphorous-based flame retardant used in the present disclosure is preferably a mixture of arylphosphate and bisphosphate; which are mixed in a mass ratio of 1:0.5 to 1:3 preferably 1 to 1:1.5; However, the attributes of the current list are not bound by this. The foaming fire retardant coating composition of Tag for the present disclosure may include 10 to 720 wt. The flame retardant results in insufficient flame retardancy of the coating, which makes the coating burn quickly.If the content of the flame retardant is greater than 720 wt., the excess amount of flame retardant can lower the melting viscosity of the coating, which results in excessive foaming. Therefore, the microcrystalline layer can be easily broken, so that the insulation efficiency can be adequately demonstrated.In addition to this, the content of the triphenyl phosphate is increased; the desired levels of gas toxicity effect and fire resistance cannot be achieved.When the hardened coating is subjected to Heating at a high temperature, softening/liquefying, and then the carbonized layer is formed; the foaming agent used in the formulation is decomposed from the current detection to generate a large amount of gases, which makes the carbonated layer with fine holes, which leads to swelling (foaming); thus showing insulation efficiency h. includes foaming agent; grate; Any agent selected from the group consisting of melamine, yoruba curea, glycine, and combinations thereof.

The foaming fire retardant coating composition as per current disclosure may include 3 to 710; (eg clad) 5 to 710 wt. of blowing agent. if the foaming agent content is less than 3 wt.; paint can be expanded; Thus undesirably reducing insulation efficiency. if the blowing agent content is greater than 710 by weight; The coating may be overextended; so that the fractures appear on the macerated layer; resulting in poor mechanical strength; Thereby reducing the insulation efficiency. The acid catalyst used in the formulation is degraded from the present disclosure when the cured coating has been softened by exposure to high temperature heating; Thereby allowing the macaron to swell (become foamy) due to the gases liberated during dissolution while aiding the formation of the macaron. can include acid catalyst; Without peak, any catalyst selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, melamine polyphosphate, cmelamine monophosphate, melamine bisphosphate, and combinations thereof. The foaming fire retardant coating formulation of Tag present detection may include 20 to 740 ex (JE 27 to 7235 wt. of an acid catalyst. If the acid catalyst content is less than 5 wt. 720, the macerated layer may be insufficiently formed Which makes it difficult to resist fire If the acid catalyst content is greater than 740 by weight, overforming can occur, so that the carbonized layer can be easily broken, thus reducing the insulation efficiency The fibers used in the composition from the present disclosure have the following advantages Vf The fibers have a relatively high specific surface area, which gives the anisotropy property of the coating, thus preventing the coating from flowing during the coating process. Support material; thus aie the occurrence of cracks in normal periods. (LAI) when the hardened coating is soft and smoky by heat in the event of a fire; the rate of foaming can be controlled and the occurrence of cracks can be prevented by compensating the strength of the smoky macarine layer by reacting with a catalyst Acid Because of these characteristics, the fiber used is formed MV5 The composition of the current detection is able to maintain Jie's efficiency even at high temperatures.

Examples of fibers include; without specific limitation; ceramic fiber mineral wool “001”; Kevlar “carbon fiber” and combinations thereof. Aluminosilicate fiber or magnesium silicate fiber can be used in the form of ceramic fibers; Synthetic glass fibers (silicate) can be used in the form of mineral wool; PAN-based carbon fibers can be used in the form of carbon fibers;

Kevlar as para-aramid synthetic fiber Use of synthetic para-aramid fibers (Kay). The foamable fire retardant coating composition as per the present disclosure may include 3 to 710; eg 3 to 78 wt. of fibres. If the fiber content is less than 73 by weight, then the percentage of fiber is too low to show the effect of crack prevention on the macrame layer.If 0, the fiber content is greater than 710 by weight, the excess fiber can cause deterioration of the workability of the coating due to the increase in viscosity; and it cannot Expansion of the coating well, thus reducing the insulation efficiency.In order to obtain an ideal coating and an improved coating efficiency, the Tag foamable fire-retardant coating formulation of the present detection Load may include one or more additives selected from the group consisting of a dispersant Dispersant defoamer coloring agent; 5 thickening agent pigment cthickener and hardening catalyst. The foaming fire retardant coating composition of the present disclosure may include 5 to 715 wt. of additives. If the content of additives is less than 75 wt; can not be dispersed das paint so that there is a possibility of bubbles being generated in the paint. if the additive content is greater than 715 by weight; Coating adhesion can be reduced. 0 When evaluating gaseous poisoning using the KSF 2271 test method, the foamable fire retardant paint composition according to detection Jad shows 12 minutes or more. add to that; When assessing fire resistance using UL 1709 test method the foaming fire resistant coating composition as per the present disclosure shows fire resistance of 3 hours or more even without the use of additional support material (mesh). Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the risk of tensile strength by means of Reducing the harmful gases 5 released during the expansion of the coating in the event of a fire, therefore, a resistant coating composition can be used

— 1 1 — for the foamable fire of the present disclosure effectively as a fire-retardant coating for an enclosed space; Jie tunnel or basement; In addition to equipment for transporting oil or gas, Jie structures or offshore stations. Here while cas detection (Jad) will be described in more detail through examples. however; These embodiments are provided solely for the purpose of illustrating the present disclosure, but the present disclosure is not to be construed as limiting these examples. Examples The foamable fire retardant coating formulations of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were prepared using the formulations shown in Table 1 and the fire resistance and gas toxicity were evaluated. 0 Table 1 (Unit: 7# by weight) METAL 1 EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE A: METAL 1 EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE COMPARATIVE COMPONENT | Comparative | Comparator 1 2 3 1 2 3 I it nah IEE EO aaa eee bh [os [wo 78 [or]] | 7 [05 basis ©" 3# 7.8 5.5 5 | 105 GIT ows [09 [ 1mm 09[ 09 09] 09 may | 09 |0485| oo 09 | 09[ 04

— 2 1 — Coo oo oo [oo fas oo | sm oo [0 [oo [55 [00 | me 55 allowed us | 0 00 | 10 | 0[ C05 : : higher less than | less than average | 538 | 538 J of 538 degrees of elevation] | 538 resistance 8 degrees | temperature degree. Methodist | Lge = |70 (a) higher |. higher than UL1709 lower than “oleae | Highest | Less than 649 °C | 649 | 649 °C Lage °C Percentage Gas toxicity (time 10 Jal less than 2 minutes 50 a mouse inactivation oo minutes from of a second or more | PR min) or more | min | 9 min | 9 min Epoxy Resin: M-bisphenol resin having 182 to 192 g/eq in equivalent weight; 0 to 144000 cP in viscosity; 25 APHA max. In color; a maximum of 0 ppm in hydrolyzable chlorine content and 100 to 400 in weighted average molecular weight

— 3 1 — hardening agent: an amide resin having a viscosity of 300 to 600 cP; 11 in color “(GH) 400 to 500 mg [KOH] g in amine value and 50 to 150 g/equivalent in active hydrogen equivalent weight Blowing agent: melamine Acid catalyst: ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant with phosphorus base #1 (Liquid): Isopropyl Triphenyl Phosphate (greater than 21 7 by weight in triphenyl phosphate content; less than 250°C pyrolysis temperature (75 or less in TGA loss on heating) phosphorus-based flame retardant #2 (Liquid): Isopropyl Triphenyl Phosphate (10 7 wt. or less 0 in Triphenyl Phosphate content” 250°C or higher in Dail Thermal Temperature (75 or less in TGA Loss on Heating) and 60 to 80cpv) Phosphorous-Based Flame Retardant #3 (Liquid): Resorquinol Bis (Diphenyl Phosphate) (less than 5 7 wt. in Triphenyl Phosphate content) 250°C or higher at Pyrolysis Temperature (75 or less in TGA (loss on heating) and 600 cP in viscosity) 5 Fiber No. 1: Aluminosilicate fiber (1 to 2.5 μm hill about 0 μm in length 5 1 < 760 °C at melting point (mel ting point Fibre #2: Magnesium silicate fiber (2 to 3 µm in diameter and 1-500 to 1” 550 melting point) Fibre #3: Mineral wool (6 µm in (average number) diameter 1502650 μm at 0 length 140005 °C melting point) Fiber No. 4: Creon fiber (7 μm hill 3 mm in length and 1.8 specific weight) Hardening catalyst: Tris-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol Dye: Titanium dioxide

— 4 1 — Thickening agent: Alkyl quaternary ammonium clay Dispersant: Polyamine amide salt solution - Unsaturated acidic polyester Defoaming agent: Poly ii Alkyl Siloxane Polymethylalkylsiloxane 5 - Fire Resistance Rating (UL1709) Fire resistance evaluated using 1111709 Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection (Materials for Structural Steel) that simulates the rise in temperature of structural steel exposed to harsh environments. Oil related fires The time-temperature curve shows a temperature rise to 1;3°C within 5 minutes and adhere to internal Weill 0 structural oil related fire test standards If the average section temperature of each test die is less than 538°Lise and the highest temperature for each sensor was less than 649°C when the test was stopped.” The fire-resistance efficiency of the test specimen can be secured for use in a fire-resistant structure The fire-resistance efficiencies of the test specimens have been evaluated Required using no-sh paint mesh-free coating without the use of W10 x 49, ANSI reinforcement material (Designation 5). The comparison results are listed in Table 1. - Evaluation of gas toxicity (down time of mouse activity; min) The toxicity of the gas was tested according to the KSF 2271 test method. Gas toxicity features f for essential include the following. Heat was applied to the test specimens coated with fire retardant paints to burn the test specimens; The smoke generated from the burned test samples was collected and subsequently transferred to an experimental 0 room with rats to be exposed to the smoke. after that"; The mean period of inactivity is measured as an indicator of intoxication. If the toxicity of gases 3 decreases, the average inactivity time can be extended. The evaluation criterion for average downtime is 9 minutes or more. As confirmed by Table 1; In Examples 1 to 3; Fluid phosphorus-based flame retardants are used each containing less than or equal to 720 wt. of triphenyl phosphate and having a Sha pyrolysis point of 250 Asie or higher;

The foamable fire resistant coating formulations of the present disclosure demonstrate superior gas toxicity indicators while meeting fire resistance standards even without the use of a (mesh) substance. however; In comparative Examples 1 and 2 in which phosphorous-based flame retardants are used each containing ≥ 721 by weight of triphenyl phosphate; The flame resistance is poor or the gas poisoning index is less than 9 minutes. add to that; As in comparative example 3; when the liquid phosphorus-based flame retardant contains less than or equal to 720 wt. of triphenyl phosphate and has a pyrolysis temperature of 250 °C or higher; greater than 720 wt.;

The flame resistance and gas toxicity index are much poorer than in Examples 1 and 2.

Claims (1)

Protection Elements 1- A foamable fire resistant coating composition comprising: 0 to 725 by weight of epoxy resin 0 to 715 by weight of a curing agent to 720 by weight of a base flame retardant phosphorus-based ~~ flame retardant 3 to 710 wt. of foaming agent «0 to 740 wt. of acid catalyst 3 to 710 wt. of fiber» based on total formulation weight; 0 where the phosphorus-based flame retardant contains 0 or less by weight of triphenyl phosphate | phosphate and has a pyrolysis temperature of 250 gia or higher; A phosphorus-based flame retardant is a mixture of aryl phosphate and bisphosphate mixed by weight by 5 05:1 to 3:1 epoxy resin has an equivalent weight of 75 to 450 fan equivalent; The curing agent is an amide of an amidoamine resin with an amine value of 300 to 600 mg potassium hydroxide [(KOH) potassium hydroxide gm and an equivalent weight of active hydrogen ‏ 0 50 to 200 g/ (AS where waryl phosphate consists of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) phosphate and compound(s) selected from the group consisting of cisopropylated triphenyl phosphate Triceryl phosphate 10:85:71 <butylated ~~ triphenyl phosphate cresyl diphenyl phosphate isopropyl vinyl diphenyl isopropyl phenyl diphenyl phosphate and terminator combinations and Bisphosphate consists of compound(s) selected from the group Consisting of resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) (diphenyl hemp resorcinol (RDP) phosphate) 5-bisphenol A= bis(diphenylphosphate) bisphenol-A (BDP) bis(diphenyphosphate) and combinations thereof. 2- Foamable fire resistant coating In accordance with claim 1; Where the epoxy resin has a weighted average molecular weight of 0 150 to 900 and is chosen from the group consisting of epoxy resin of bisphenol A-type epoxy resin A flame retardant epoxy chisphenol F-type epoxy resin F resin epoxy resin ovolak multi-group epoxy resin Multifunctional amine epoxy resin cycloaliphatic epoxy resin 5 and combinations thereof. 3- Foamable fire resistant coating According to claim 1 wherein the curing agent is an amide Or the amidoamine resin has a viscosity of 200 to 800 centigrade. Sued Authority for Intellectual Property RE .¥ + \ A 0 § 8 Ss o + < M SNE A J > E K J TE I UN BE Ca a a a ww > Ld Ed H Ed - 2 Ld, provided that the annual financial consideration is paid for the patent and that it is not null and void for violating any of the provisions of the patent system, layout designs of integrated circuits, plant varieties and industrial designs, or its implementing regulations. Ad Issued by + bb 0.b The Saudi Authority for Intellectual Property > > > This is PO Box 1011 .| for ria 1*1 v= ; Kingdom | Arabic | For Saudi Arabia, SAIP@SAIP.GOV.SA