TR201200217T1 - Ultraviyole ile kürlenen transfer filmi, üretim metodu ve uygulaması. - Google Patents

Ultraviyole ile kürlenen transfer filmi, üretim metodu ve uygulaması.

Info

Publication number
TR201200217T1
TR201200217T1 TR2012/00217T TR201200217T TR201200217T1 TR 201200217 T1 TR201200217 T1 TR 201200217T1 TR 2012/00217 T TR2012/00217 T TR 2012/00217T TR 201200217 T TR201200217 T TR 201200217T TR 201200217 T1 TR201200217 T1 TR 201200217T1
Authority
TR
Turkey
Prior art keywords
transfer film
application
production method
ultraviolet cured
cured transfer
Prior art date
Application number
TR2012/00217T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Chen Wei
Tan Haoya
Zhou Lihui
Original Assignee
Zhuhai Dongcheng Uv Materials Co., Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Zhuhai Dongcheng Uv Materials Co., Ltd filed Critical Zhuhai Dongcheng Uv Materials Co., Ltd
Publication of TR201200217T1 publication Critical patent/TR201200217T1/tr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M7/00—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock
    • B41M7/009—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock using thermal means, e.g. infrared radiation, heat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
    • B41M5/26—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used
    • B41M5/40—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used characterised by the base backcoat, intermediate, or covering layers, e.g. for thermal transfer dye-donor or dye-receiver sheets; Heat, radiation filtering or absorbing means or layers; combined with other image registration layers or compositions; Special originals for reproduction by thermography
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M7/00—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock
    • B41M7/0045—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock using protective coatings or film forming compositions cured by mechanical wave energy, e.g. ultrasonics, cured by electromagnetic radiation or waves, e.g. ultraviolet radiation, electron beams, or cured by magnetic or electric fields, e.g. electric discharge, plasma
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M7/00—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock
    • B41M7/0081—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock using electromagnetic radiation or waves, e.g. ultraviolet radiation, electron beams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
    • B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
    • B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
    • B44C1/16—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects for applying transfer pictures or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
    • B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
    • B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
    • B44C1/16—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects for applying transfer pictures or the like
    • B44C1/165—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects for applying transfer pictures or the like for decalcomanias; sheet material therefor
    • B44C1/17—Dry transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
    • B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
    • B44C3/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing ornamental structures
    • B44C3/02—Superimposing layers

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

Mevcut buluş, son kat malzeme sahası ile ve özellikle de UV ile kürlenen bir transfer filmi ve UV ile kürlenen transfer filmin hazırlanmasına yönelik bir metot ve bu filmin uygulanması ile ilgilidir
TR2012/00217T 2009-07-06 2009-10-22 Ultraviyole ile kürlenen transfer filmi, üretim metodu ve uygulaması. TR201200217T1 (tr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN2009100886416A CN101941339B (zh) 2009-07-06 2009-07-06 紫外光固化转印膜及其制备方法和应用

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
TR201200217T1 true TR201200217T1 (tr) 2012-03-21

Family

ID=43428742

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
TR2012/00217T TR201200217T1 (tr) 2009-07-06 2009-10-22 Ultraviyole ile kürlenen transfer filmi, üretim metodu ve uygulaması.

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2487042B1 (tr)
KR (1) KR20120052280A (tr)
CN (1) CN101941339B (tr)
RU (1) RU2503548C2 (tr)
TR (1) TR201200217T1 (tr)
WO (1) WO2011003249A1 (tr)

Families Citing this family (77)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102650825B (zh) * 2011-02-28 2014-08-27 中山市立顺实业有限公司 一种含有粘着添加剂及增塑剂的干膜光阻剂
CN102205768A (zh) * 2011-03-21 2011-10-05 丁钊冲 一种平面板材装饰上光工艺
CN102268212B (zh) * 2011-06-29 2013-02-20 上海维凯化学品有限公司 一种适合真空电镀透明介质的镭射转移涂料及其制备方法
CN103059713A (zh) * 2011-10-20 2013-04-24 珠海东诚光固化材料有限公司 紫外光固化自洁涂料及其制备方法和应用
CA2850527A1 (en) * 2011-10-25 2013-05-02 The Procter & Gamble Company Sequentially primed printed substrate
CN102587616B (zh) * 2012-02-28 2014-05-28 天津盛霖化工有限公司 一种低耗能节能环保地板及其制备、使用方法
CN102825840B (zh) * 2012-05-07 2014-11-19 上海烟草集团有限责任公司 一种包装礼盒的表面整饰工艺
CN103386800B (zh) * 2012-05-07 2015-06-17 山东绿环新型建材科技有限公司 硅酸钙板uv膜压处理工艺
CN102794960B (zh) * 2012-07-10 2015-06-03 苏州市星辰科技有限公司 一种防静电离型膜、其制备方法
CN102777009A (zh) * 2012-07-26 2012-11-14 珠海东诚光固化材料有限公司 紫外光固化多彩墙纸
CN102775832B (zh) * 2012-08-07 2014-07-16 昆山市万胜化工有限公司 一种塑胶用底漆
CN102775902B (zh) * 2012-08-07 2014-07-16 昆山市万胜化工有限公司 一种塑胶用面漆
CN102800214B (zh) * 2012-08-27 2014-06-18 武汉大学 一种基于车车信息交互条件下的车辆换道冲突消解方法
EP2987642B1 (en) * 2013-03-22 2018-12-12 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Protective layer transfer sheet and intermediate transfer medium
TWI547387B (zh) * 2013-04-09 2016-09-01 巨大機械工業股份有限公司 水標紙
CN103395312A (zh) * 2013-07-05 2013-11-20 西安双灵印包材料有限公司 一种带光油涂层的转印膜及其制备方法
CN103555152A (zh) * 2013-09-27 2014-02-05 上海乘鹰新材料有限公司 Uv光固化转印胶组合物
CN103613993B (zh) * 2013-11-21 2014-09-17 武汉大学 一种羟基硅油改性的水性uv油墨及其制备方法
CN103866939B (zh) * 2014-03-14 2016-02-17 珠海东诚光固化材料有限公司 一种新型安全玻璃装饰板及其制备方法
CN104151939A (zh) * 2014-08-11 2014-11-19 福建泰新泉科技有限公司 一种高附着力的喷码用玻璃油墨
CN104327217B (zh) * 2014-08-20 2017-05-31 昆山博益鑫成高分子材料有限公司 一种紫外光固化非硅离型剂及其制备方法
CN104989048B (zh) * 2014-12-29 2017-10-13 中关村人居环境工程与材料研究院 一种紫外光固化转印平光装饰板及其制造方法
CN104442061B (zh) * 2014-12-29 2017-05-10 东莞市卓艺印刷制品有限公司 一种含有uv涂料层的转印膜
CN104989060B (zh) * 2014-12-29 2017-10-03 中关村人居环境工程与材料研究院 一种紫外光固化转印3d装饰板及其制造方法
CN104989061B (zh) * 2014-12-29 2017-12-08 中关村人居环境工程与材料研究院 一种紫外光固化彩色平光装饰板及其制造方法
EP3067218A1 (en) * 2015-03-13 2016-09-14 Eternit AG Ink-jet printing on fiber cement products
CN105298059A (zh) * 2015-10-22 2016-02-03 湖南邦弗特新材料技术有限公司 一种墙面装饰板及其uv转印与涂装技术和应用
CN105421697A (zh) * 2015-11-13 2016-03-23 湖南邦弗特新材料技术有限公司 一种环保型墙面装饰板及其制备方法
US20170156456A1 (en) * 2015-12-03 2017-06-08 Watchitude, Llc Method of printing on silicone bands
CN106905765A (zh) * 2015-12-22 2017-06-30 北京奥托米特电子有限公司 Uv固化耐擦洗油墨组合物及其制备方法
CN105863201A (zh) * 2016-04-14 2016-08-17 湖南邦弗特新材料技术有限公司 一种具有隔热反射功能的建筑装饰板及制备方法
CN107365553B (zh) * 2016-05-12 2020-07-24 东周化学工业（昆山）有限公司 热转印pet膜紫外光固化清漆及其制备方法
CN107450758A (zh) * 2016-05-31 2017-12-08 北京小米移动软件有限公司 在金属表面制作图案的方法、金属壳体及终端设备
CN106346598A (zh) * 2016-09-18 2017-01-25 重庆中技万彩世界实业有限公司 一种仿大理石纹抗菌装饰板的制造方法
KR102100671B1 (ko) * 2016-11-04 2020-04-14 (주)엘지하우시스 차량용 내장재의 제조방법 및 차량용 내장재
CN106497237A (zh) * 2016-11-25 2017-03-15 珠海展辰新材料有限公司 一种可固化uv色浆
CN106694292A (zh) * 2016-12-20 2017-05-24 苏州市铂汉塑胶五金有限公司 一种工件整体自动化装置
CN106626613A (zh) * 2016-12-23 2017-05-10 青岛海尔特种钢板研制开发有限公司 一种预涂金属板及其制造方法
CN107116946A (zh) * 2017-05-07 2017-09-01 库尔兹压烫科技（合肥）有限公司 光固化型汽车内饰转印箔
CN109109536B (zh) * 2017-06-22 2020-09-11 大勤化成股份有限公司 转印膜结构及其制法与立体转印品的制法
CN107325312B (zh) * 2017-07-31 2020-06-05 广东毅科新材料有限公司 数码光学膜及其制备方法和应用
CN107351562B (zh) * 2017-08-07 2019-01-01 佛山荷韵特种材料有限公司 一种具有单面防粘连特性的水转印底纸及其制备方法
CN108690387A (zh) * 2017-09-14 2018-10-23 浙江欧仁新材料有限公司 轻离型力的离型剂及其制备方法
CN108912970A (zh) * 2017-09-18 2018-11-30 深圳市品格科技有限公司 一种热升华涂层及其在热升华转印工艺中的应用
CN108032642B (zh) * 2017-12-08 2019-11-12 广东印彩科技有限公司 一种水转印贴纸及其制备方法
CN108250940B (zh) * 2017-12-29 2020-08-07 上海乘鹰新材料有限公司 应用于拖鞋转印的高耐磨uv离型剂涂料及其制备方法
US10286689B1 (en) * 2018-02-08 2019-05-14 Xerox Corporation UV printed transferrable materials
CN108587332A (zh) * 2018-03-05 2018-09-28 库尔兹压烫科技（合肥）有限公司 具有抗黄变性能的嵌件注塑装饰转印箔
CN108528080A (zh) * 2018-03-05 2018-09-14 库尔兹压烫科技（合肥）有限公司 一种提升油墨附着力的冷烫箔
CN108518034A (zh) * 2018-03-21 2018-09-11 浙江尤斯格林建材有限公司 一种装饰墙板的制作工艺
TR201807994A2 (tr) * 2018-06-05 2018-06-21 Atatuerk Ueniversitesi Bilimsel Arastirma Projeleri Birimi Uv i̇le sertleşen, bi̇youyumlu, süperamfi̇fobi̇k kaplama
CN108908532A (zh) * 2018-07-13 2018-11-30 中山易必固新材料科技有限公司 一种电子束固化饰面涂装中纤板及其制作工艺
CN109263322A (zh) * 2018-09-11 2019-01-25 东莞市松烁硅胶科技有限公司 一种硅胶按键模内一体成型图文转印方法
CN109226393A (zh) * 2018-09-30 2019-01-18 重庆矢崎仪表有限公司 一种表盘拉丝方法
CN109706784A (zh) * 2018-11-30 2019-05-03 上海盈实纸塑材料有限公司 一种离型纸用新型防水防辐射离型剂及其制备方法
CN109986897A (zh) * 2019-04-02 2019-07-09 东莞泰博世实业投资有限公司 一种局部印刷转移膜及其制备方法
CN110497710A (zh) * 2019-07-09 2019-11-26 东莞泰博世实业投资有限公司 一种双面印刷膜及其制备方法
CN110964250A (zh) * 2019-12-06 2020-04-07 东莞市美盈森环保科技有限公司 耐磨哑胶丝印uv彩盒防掉粉方法
CN110936459A (zh) * 2019-12-20 2020-03-31 福州立雅家具有限公司 一种家具做旧工艺
EP4117829B1 (en) * 2020-03-13 2025-08-27 K H Exports India Private Limited Leather edge painting and process thereof
CN111471375B (zh) * 2020-04-30 2022-06-28 上海展辰涂料有限公司 一种抗划痕的光固化净味哑光白面漆
CN111845108A (zh) * 2020-08-06 2020-10-30 柯尼卡美能达办公系统(中国)有限公司 盲文印刷装置以及盲文印刷方法
TWI737442B (zh) * 2020-08-11 2021-08-21 正清國際有限公司 熱轉印膜元件
CN112592630B (zh) * 2020-11-02 2022-05-31 广东天元汇邦新材料股份有限公司 一种珠光转印膜及其制备方法制备和应用
CN112457053B (zh) * 2020-11-11 2022-07-15 江苏朗园美盛新材料科技有限公司 一种改性硅酸钙板及其表面处理方法以及应用
CN113022186B (zh) * 2021-02-24 2022-07-26 广州市宝墨光固化科技有限公司 一种uv打印金色或银色图案的工艺及其应用
CN113004808B (zh) * 2021-03-12 2022-12-16 西安思摩威新材料有限公司 一种低介电系数紫外光固化胶及其使用方法和应用
CN115195317B (zh) * 2021-04-12 2024-02-13 浙江兆奕光电有限公司 一种双层uv转印工艺
CN114149780A (zh) * 2021-11-15 2022-03-08 珠海天威新材料股份有限公司 可喷印uv压敏胶及其喷印方法、制品
CN114058214B (zh) * 2021-12-15 2024-11-22 乐凯华光印刷科技有限公司 一种uv固化喷墨墨水及其制备方法
CN114836165B (zh) * 2022-05-11 2023-10-20 湖北兴龙包装材料有限责任公司 一种uv转印胶及其制备方法
CN116039225B (zh) * 2022-12-20 2025-01-14 上海新洲包装印刷有限公司 一种多层凹凸胶印模拟用印刷装置及印刷方法
CN116100974A (zh) * 2022-12-29 2023-05-12 江苏学泰印务有限公司 一种耐高温防刮pet热转印膜的制备工艺
CN116039279A (zh) * 2022-12-30 2023-05-02 浙江大晋新材料科技有限公司 一种pet打印膜材料及其制作方法
CN116021906B (zh) * 2023-03-01 2026-01-02 佛山市长盛兴隆装饰材料有限公司 一种木纹转印膜和制备方法及承印物
CN116278433A (zh) * 2023-03-03 2023-06-23 安徽华驰环保科技有限公司 一种塑料袋的印刷方法
CN120325479A (zh) * 2025-05-14 2025-07-18 邦弗特新材料股份有限公司 一种制备含转移釉涂层产品的设备和方法

Family Cites Families (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1895419A (en) * 1930-03-29 1933-01-24 Meyercord Co Method of making decorated drawn metal articles
DE2847306A1 (de) * 1977-11-01 1979-05-03 Toppan Printing Co Ltd Abziehbildlaminat fuer polyamidgegenstaende
JPH07186597A (ja) 1993-12-27 1995-07-25 Sakura Color Prod Corp 転写紙
JPH0978473A (ja) * 1995-09-04 1997-03-25 Masahiro Tokai 布地の印刷染色方法
JPH10157399A (ja) 1996-11-29 1998-06-16 Asahi Insatsu Shiki Kk 転写フィルムとその製造方法
US6022050A (en) * 1998-09-02 2000-02-08 Monarch Marking Systems, Inc. Silicone release coating composition
US6284327B1 (en) * 1999-07-12 2001-09-04 Universal Woods Incorporated Process for making a radiation cured cement board substrate
CN2573236Y (zh) * 2002-09-18 2003-09-17 隆台企业有限公司 改良的转印贴纸
DE10341168A1 (de) * 2003-09-06 2005-04-07 Mitsubishi Hitec Paper Flensburg Gmbh Wärmeempfindliches Aufzeichnungsmaterial und seine Verwendung
US7820731B2 (en) * 2005-12-15 2010-10-26 Xerox Corporation Radiation curable inks
CN200995575Y (zh) * 2006-12-18 2007-12-26 汕头市东田转印有限公司 一种能使装饰层得到很好保护的转印膜
CN101318420A (zh) 2007-06-04 2008-12-10 白洪城 一种热转印膜及其制造工艺以及热转印制造工艺
BE1017703A6 (nl) * 2007-07-26 2009-04-07 Flooring Ind Ltd Werkwijzen voor het vervaardigen van panelen en paneel.
US7905948B2 (en) * 2007-08-14 2011-03-15 Xerox Corporation Phase change ink compositions
CN101235672B (zh) * 2008-03-06 2010-09-29 珠海东诚光固化材料有限公司 紫外光固化覆膜墙面装饰板及其制备方法
CN201209305Y (zh) * 2008-03-06 2009-03-18 谭昊涯 紫外光固化覆膜墙面装饰板
CN201176036Y (zh) * 2008-03-28 2009-01-07 黎国忠 一种光固型转印膜
CN101348047B (zh) * 2008-04-10 2010-12-22 汕头市东田转印有限公司 一种含紫外光固化型胶粘剂转移印刷膜的转印方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2487042B1 (en) 2014-09-03
EP2487042A4 (en) 2013-07-03
CN101941339A (zh) 2011-01-12
WO2011003249A1 (zh) 2011-01-13
CN101941339B (zh) 2011-12-28
RU2011146086A (ru) 2013-08-20
KR20120052280A (ko) 2012-05-23
EP2487042A1 (en) 2012-08-15
RU2503548C2 (ru) 2014-01-10

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP2487042A4 (en) UV-HARDENING TRANSFER FILM, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF
SMT201500180B (it) Materiale polimerico
EP2226350A4 (en) POLYESTER FILM, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND LOCAL LIGHT SOURCE, SOLAR BATTERY SUPPORT SHEET, AND SOLAR BATTERY COMPRISING EACH OF THE SAME
BR112012002060A2 (pt) filme óptico, método para produção do mesmo e método para controlar as características ópticas do mesmo
NL2003157A1 (nl) Radiation source, lithographic apparatus, and device manufacturing method.
BR112012002657A2 (pt) composição polimerizável para material ótico, material ótico e processo para produção de material ótico
NL2003310A1 (nl) Radiation source, lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method.
BRPI0908394A2 (pt) Composição polimerizável para material ótico, material ótico e processo para produção de material ótico
BRPI0912367A2 (pt) Composto de cromeno, composição de cromeno, composição curável fotocrômica, material fotocrômico, e, produto óptico.
EP2610335A4 (en) DRIED HYDROGEL, DRIED VITRIGEL FILM AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BOTH
BR112012023599A2 (pt) composição para o cuidado de cabelo e método para tingimento de cabelo
SMT201500144B (it) Anticorpi contro IL-25
NL2003152A1 (nl) Radiation source, lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method.
EP2940527A4 (en) LIGHT-SENSITIVE RESIN COMPOSITION, LIGHT-SENSITIVE FILM, AND METHOD FOR FORMING A RESISTANCE STRUCTURE
ES2359359T8 (es) Composición y proceso para blanquear papel.
BR112013021351A2 (pt) meio de cultura de célula para exposição à luz ultravioleta e métodos relacionados ao mesmo
EP2439246A4 (en) LIGHT-CURABLE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE COMPOSITION, LIGHT-RESISTANT ADHESIVE TASTE AND LIGHT-RESISTANT ADHESIVE ADHESIVE FOIL
NL2003306A1 (nl) Radiation source, lithographic apparatus, and device manufacturing method.
ECSP11011190A (es) Anticuerpos monoclonales anti-rhd
EP2508583A4 (en) LIGHT-RESISTANT AND PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE ADHESIVE COMPOSITION, LIGHT-RESISTANT AND PRESSURE-RESISTANT ADHESIVE TASTE AND LIGHT-RESISTANT AND PRESSURE-RESISTANT ADHESIVE ADHESIVE FOIL
BR112012009689A2 (pt) metodo de produção de filme adesivo reciclando sobras de airbergs para sapatos e um filme adesivo prosuzindo assim
BR112012000941A2 (pt) processo de produção de material óptico, material óptico e lentes ópticas
BRPI0906917A2 (pt) Tintura oligomérica catiônica, composição cosmética, e, método para tingir material orgânico
BRPI0906914A2 (pt) Tintura polimérica, composição cosméstica, e, método para pigmentar material orgânico
NL2003202A1 (nl) Radiation source, lithographic apparatus and device manufacturing method.